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Schubert C, Unden G. Regulation of Aerobic Succinate Transporter dctA of E. coli by cAMP-CRP, DcuS-DcuR, and EIIAGlc: Succinate as a Carbon Substrate and Signaling Molecule. Microb Physiol 2024; 34:108-120. [PMID: 38432210 DOI: 10.1159/000538095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION C4-dicarboxylates (C4-DC) have emerged as significant growth substrates and signaling molecules for various Enterobacteriaceae during their colonization of mammalian hosts. Particularly noteworthy is the essential role of fumarate respiration during colonization of pathogenic bacteria. To investigate the regulation of aerobic C4-DC metabolism, the study explored the transcriptional control of the main aerobic C4-DC transporter, dctA, under different carbohydrate conditions. In addition, mutants related to carbon catabolite repression (CCR) and C4-DC regulation (DcuS-DcuR) were examined to better understand the regulatory integration of aerobic C4-DC metabolism into CCR. For initial insight into posttranslational regulation, the interaction between the aerobic C4-DC transporter DctA and EIIAGlc from the glucose-specific phosphotransferase system was investigated. METHODS The expression of dctA was characterized in the presence of various carbohydrates and regulatory mutants affecting CCR. This was accomplished by fusing the dctA promoter (PdctA) to the lacZ reporter gene. Additionally, the interaction between DctA and EIIAGlc of the glucose-specific phosphotransferase system was examined in vivo using a bacterial two-hybrid system. RESULTS The dctA promoter region contains a class I cAMP-CRP-binding site at position -81.5 and a DcuR-binding site at position -105.5. DcuR, the response regulator of the C4-DC-activated DcuS-DcuR two-component system, and cAMP-CRP stimulate dctA expression. The expression of dctA is subject to the influence of various carbohydrates via cAMP-CRP, which differently modulate cAMP levels. Here we show that EIIAGlc of the glucose-specific phosphotransferase system strongly interacts with DctA, potentially resulting in the exclusion of C4-DCs when preferred carbon substrates, such as sugars, are present. In contrast to the classical inducer exclusion known for lactose permease LacY, inhibition of C4-DC uptake into the cytoplasm affects only its role as a substrate, but not as an inducer since DcuS detects C4-DCs in the periplasmic space ("substrate exclusion"). The work shows an interplay between cAMP-CRP and the DcuS-DcuR regulatory system for the regulation of dctA at both transcriptional and posttranslational levels. CONCLUSION The study highlights a hierarchical interplay between global (cAMP-CRP) and specific (DcuS-DcuR) regulation of dctA at the transcriptional and posttranslational levels. The integration of global and specific transcriptional regulation of dctA, along with the influence of EIIAGlc on DctA, fine-tunes C4-DC catabolism in response to the availability of other preferred carbon sources. It attributes DctA a central role in the control of aerobic C4-DC catabolism and suggests a new role to EIIAGlc on transporters (control of substrate uptake by substrate exclusion).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Schubert
- Institute for Molecular Physiology (IMP), Microbiology and Wine Research, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gottfried Unden
- Institute for Molecular Physiology (IMP), Microbiology and Wine Research, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany,
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Cho YB, Park JW, Unden G, Kim OB. Asuc_0142 of Actinobacillus succinogenes 130Z is the l-aspartate/C4-dicarboxylate exchanger DcuA. Microbiology (Reading) 2023; 169:001411. [PMID: 37906508 PMCID: PMC10634366 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Anaerobic bacteria often use antiporters DcuB (malate/succinate antiport) or DcuA (l-aspartate/succinate antiport) for the excretion of succinate during fumarate respiration. The rumen bacterium Actinobacillus succinogenes is able to produce large amounts of succinate by fumarate respiration, using the DcuB-type transporter DcuE for l-malate/succinate antiport. Asuc_0142 was annotated as a second DcuB-type transporter. Deletion of Asuc_0142 decreased the uptake rate for l-[14C]aspartate into A. succinogenes cells. Properties of transport by heterologously expressed Asuc_0142 were investigated in an Escherichia coli mutant deficient of anaerobic C4DC transporters. Expression of Asuc_0142 resulted in high uptake activity for l-[14C]fumarate or l-[14C]aspartate, but the former showed a strong competitive inhibition by l-aspartate. In E. coli loaded with l-[14C]aspartate, [14C]succinate or [14C]fumarate, extracellular C4DCs initiated excretion of the intracellular substrates, with a preference for l-aspartateex/succinatein or l-aspartateex/fumaratein antiport. These findings indicate that Asuc_0142 represents a DcuA-type transporter for l-aspartate uptake and l-aspartateex/C4DCin antiport, differentiating it from the DcuB-type transporter DcuE for l-malateex/succinatein antiport. Sequence analysis and predicted structural characteristics confirm structural similarity of Asuc_0142 to DcuA, and Asuc_0142 was thus re-named as DcuAAs. The bovine rumen fluid contains l-aspartate (99.6 µM), whereas fumarate and l-malate are absent. Therefore, bovine rumen colonisers depend on l-aspartate as an exogenous substrate for fumarate respiration. A. succinogenes encodes HemG (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) and PyrD (dihydroorotate dehydrogenase) for haem and pyrimidine biosynthesis. The enzymes require fumarate as an electron acceptor, suggesting an essential role for l-aspartate, DcuAAs, and fumarate respiration for A. succinogenes growing in the bovine rumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Bin Cho
- Division of EcoScience and Interdisciplinary Program of EcoCreative, Graduate School, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Won Park
- Division of EcoScience and Interdisciplinary Program of EcoCreative, Graduate School, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Gottfried Unden
- Institute for Molecular Physiology (IMP), Microbiology and Biotechnology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Biozentrum II, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ok Bin Kim
- Division of EcoScience and Interdisciplinary Program of EcoCreative, Graduate School, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea
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Tobin JD, Jamison CN, Robinson CN, McMartin KE. Variable sensitivity to diethylene glycol poisoning is related to differences in the uptake transporter for the toxic metabolite diglycolic acid. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2023; 61:207-211. [PMID: 36939119 PMCID: PMC10263375 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2022.2163659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION/CONTEXT Poisonings with diethylene glycol are characterized by acute kidney injury and peripheral neuropathy. In animal studies on the toxicities of diethylene glycol and its metabolite diglycolic acid, remarkable differences in susceptibility to acute kidney injury were observed in identically-dosed rats. In those studies, only about 60% showed acute kidney injury, yet all rats with acute kidney injury showed marked diglycolic acid accumulation in tissues, while no diglycolic acid accumulated in rats without injury. Diglycolic acid is taken into renal cells via sodium-dependent dicarboxylate transporters. When sodium-dependent dicarboxylate transporter-1 is inhibited or knocked down in human kidney cells, diglycolic acid uptake and toxicity are reduced. We hypothesize that the variation in sensitivity to tissue diglycolic acid retention and to diethylene glycol/diglycolic acid toxicity is explained by differential expression of sodium-dependent dicarboxylate transporter-1 in rat kidneys. METHODS Using kidney tissue from previous studies, we performed rt-PCR analysis of sodium-dependent dicarboxylate transporter-1 mRNA. In those studies, Wistar-Han rats were either gavage with diethylene glycol 6 g/kg every 12 h for 7 days or with single doses of diglycolic acid 300 mg/kg. Kidney tissue was harvested after euthanasia and preserved in formalin. Tissue slices were homogenized and RNA was isolated using an RNAstorm FFPE RNA Isolation Kit. The expression of sodium-dependent dicarboxylate transporter-1 mRNA was compared between groups that showed diglycolic acid accumulation and acute renal injury with those that showed no diglycolic acid accumulation or toxicity. RESULTS Significantly higher expression of sodium-dependent dicarboxylate transporter-1 mRNA was present in the kidneys of rats with acute kidney injury and diglycolic acid accumulation compared to those in rats that had no diglycolic acid in their kidneys and no acute kidney injury. DISCUSSION The likelihood of acute kidney injury after dosing of rats with diethylene glycol or diglycolic acid is linked with an enhanced ability to take up diglycolic acid into renal cells via the sodium-dependent dicarboxylate transporter-1. The variability in diethylene glycol toxicity in humans, as reported in epidemiological studies, may also be linked with differences in tissue uptake of diglycolic acid. CONCLUSIONS Animals with acute kidney injury after exposure to diethylene glycol or diglycolic acid had higher sodium-dependent dicarboxylate transporter-1 expression and greater diglycolic acid accumulation in renal tissues than animals without acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie D Tobin
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Courtney N Jamison
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Corie N Robinson
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Kenneth E McMartin
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Neuroscience, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
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Dirckx N, Zhang Q, Chu EY, Tower RJ, Li Z, Guo S, Yuan S, Khare PA, Zhang C, Verardo A, Alejandro LO, Park A, Faugere MC, Helfand SL, Somerman MJ, Riddle RC, de Cabo R, Le A, Schmidt-Rohr K, Clemens TL. A specialized metabolic pathway partitions citrate in hydroxyapatite to impact mineralization of bones and teeth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2212178119. [PMID: 36322718 PMCID: PMC9659386 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2212178119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrate is a critical metabolic substrate and key regulator of energy metabolism in mammalian cells. It has been known for decades that the skeleton contains most (>85%) of the body's citrate, but the question of why and how this metabolite should be partitioned in bone has received singularly little attention. Here, we show that osteoblasts use a specialized metabolic pathway to regulate uptake, endogenous production, and the deposition of citrate into bone. Osteoblasts express high levels of the membranous Na+-dependent citrate transporter solute carrier family 13 member 5 (Slc13a5) gene. Inhibition or genetic disruption of Slc13a5 reduced osteogenic citrate uptake and disrupted mineral nodule formation. Bones from mice lacking Slc13a5 globally, or selectively in osteoblasts, showed equivalent reductions in cortical thickness, with similarly compromised mechanical strength. Surprisingly, citrate content in mineral from Slc13a5-/- osteoblasts was increased fourfold relative to controls, suggesting the engagement of compensatory mechanisms to augment endogenous citrate production. Indeed, through the coordinated functioning of the apical membrane citrate transporter SLC13A5 and a mitochondrial zinc transporter protein (ZIP1; encoded by Slc39a1), a mediator of citrate efflux from the tricarboxylic acid cycle, SLC13A5 mediates citrate entry from blood and its activity exerts homeostatic control of cytoplasmic citrate. Intriguingly, Slc13a5-deficient mice also exhibited defective tooth enamel and dentin formation, a clinical feature, which we show is recapitulated in primary teeth from children with SLC13A5 mutations. Together, our results reveal the components of an osteoblast metabolic pathway, which affects bone strength by regulating citrate deposition into mineral hydroxyapatite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Dirckx
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Emily Y. Chu
- Department of General Dentistry, Operative Division, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Robert J. Tower
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Zhu Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Shenghao Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Shichen Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453
| | - Pratik A. Khare
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
| | - Cissy Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Angela Verardo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Lucy O. Alejandro
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Angelina Park
- Department of General Dentistry, Operative Division, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | | | - Stephen L. Helfand
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906
| | - Martha J. Somerman
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Ryan C. Riddle
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Research and Development Service, The Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Rafael de Cabo
- Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224
| | - Anne Le
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231
| | | | - Thomas L. Clemens
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
- Research and Development Service, The Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201
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Huang R, Melton P, Burton M, Beilin L, Clarke-Harris R, Cook E, Godfrey K, Burdge G, Mori T, Anderson D, Rauschert S, Craig JM, Kobor M, MacIsaac J, Morin A, Oddy W, Pennell C, Holbrook J, Lillycrop K. Adiposity associated DNA methylation signatures in adolescents are related to leptin and perinatal factors. Epigenetics 2022; 17:819-836. [PMID: 33550919 PMCID: PMC9423832 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2021.1876297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetics links perinatal influences with later obesity. We identifed differentially methylated CpG (dmCpG) loci measured at 17 years associated with concurrent adiposity measures and examined whether these were associated with hsCRP, adipokines, and early life environmental factors. Genome-wide DNA methylation from 1192 Raine Study participants at 17 years, identified 29 dmCpGs (Bonferroni corrected p < 1.06E-07) associated with body mass index (BMI), 10 with waist circumference (WC) and 9 with subcutaneous fat thickness. DmCpGs within Ras Association (RalGDS/AF-6), Pleckstrin Homology Domains 1 (RAPH1), Musashi RNA-Binding Protein 2 (MSI2), and solute carrier family 25 member 10 (SLC25A10) are associated with both BMI and WC. Validation by pyrosequencing confirmed these associations and showed that MSI2 , SLC25A10 , and RAPH1 methylation was positively associated with serum leptin. These were also associated with the early environment; MSI2 methylation (β = 0.81, p = 0.0004) was associated with pregnancy maternal smoking, SLC25A10 (CpG2 β = 0.12, p = 0.002) with pre- and early pregnancy BMI, and RAPH1 (β = -1.49, p = 0.036) with gestational weight gain. Adjusting for perinatal factors, methylation of the dmCpGs within MSI2, RAPH1, and SLC25A10 independently predicted BMI, accounting for 24% of variance. MSI2 methylation was additionally associated with BMI over time (17 years old β = 0.026, p = 0.0025; 20 years old β = 0.027, p = 0.0029) and between generations (mother β = 0.044, p = 7.5e-04). Overall findings suggest that DNA methylation in MSI2, RAPH1, and SLC25A10 in blood may be robust markers, mediating through early life factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.C. Huang
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - P.E. Melton
- Curtin/UWA Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Australia
| | - M.A. Burton
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - L.J. Beilin
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - R Clarke-Harris
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - E Cook
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - K.M. Godfrey
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - G.C. Burdge
- School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - T.A. Mori
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - D Anderson
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - S. Rauschert
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - J. M. Craig
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Environmental & Genetic Epidemiology Research, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - M.S. Kobor
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, VancouverCanada
| | - J.L. MacIsaac
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, VancouverCanada
| | - A.M. Morin
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, VancouverCanada
| | - W.H. Oddy
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Australia
| | - C.E. Pennell
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Newcastle, Australia
| | - J.D. Holbrook
- Curtin/UWA Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - K.A. Lillycrop
- Curtin/UWA Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Sauer DB, Marden JJ, Sudar JC, Song J, Mulligan C, Wang DN. Structural basis of ion - substrate coupling in the Na +-dependent dicarboxylate transporter VcINDY. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2644. [PMID: 35551191 PMCID: PMC9098524 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30406-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Na+-dependent dicarboxylate transporter from Vibrio cholerae (VcINDY) is a prototype for the divalent anion sodium symporter (DASS) family. While the utilization of an electrochemical Na+ gradient to power substrate transport is well established for VcINDY, the structural basis of this coupling between sodium and substrate binding is not currently understood. Here, using a combination of cryo-EM structure determination, succinate binding and site-directed cysteine alkylation assays, we demonstrate that the VcINDY protein couples sodium- and substrate-binding via a previously unseen cooperative mechanism by conformational selection. In the absence of sodium, substrate binding is abolished, with the succinate binding regions exhibiting increased flexibility, including HPinb, TM10b and the substrate clamshell motifs. Upon sodium binding, these regions become structurally ordered and create a proper binding site for the substrate. Taken together, these results provide strong evidence that VcINDY's conformational selection mechanism is a result of the sodium-dependent formation of the substrate binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Sauer
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jennifer J Marden
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Joseph C Sudar
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Jinmei Song
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | | | - Da-Neng Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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Sauer DB, Wang B, Sudar JC, Song J, Marden J, Rice WJ, Wang DN. The ups and downs of elevator-type di-/tricarboxylate membrane transporters. FEBS J 2022; 289:1515-1523. [PMID: 34403567 PMCID: PMC9832446 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The divalent anion sodium symporter (DASS) family contains both sodium-driven anion cotransporters and anion/anion exchangers. The family belongs to a broader ion transporter superfamily (ITS), which comprises 24 families of transporters, including those of AbgT antibiotic efflux transporters. The human proteins in the DASS family play major physiological roles and are drug targets. We recently determined multiple structures of the human sodium-dependent citrate transporter (NaCT) and the succinate/dicarboxylate transporter from Lactobacillus acidophilus (LaINDY). Structures of both proteins show high degrees of structural similarity to the previously determined VcINDY fold. Conservation between these DASS protein structures and those from the AbgT family indicates that the VcINDY fold represents the overall protein structure for the entire ITS. The new structures of NaCT and LaINDY are captured in the inward- or outward-facing conformations, respectively. The domain arrangements in these structures agree with a rigid body elevator-type transport mechanism for substrate translocation across the membrane. Two separate NaCT structures in complex with a substrate or an inhibitor allowed us to explain the inhibition mechanism and propose a detailed classification scheme for grouping disease-causing mutations in the human protein. Structural understanding of multiple kinetic states of DASS proteins is a first step toward the detailed characterization of their entire transport cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B. Sauer
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Bing Wang
- Cryo-Electron Microscopy Core, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Joseph C. Sudar
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jinmei Song
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Jennifer Marden
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - William J. Rice
- Cryo-Electron Microscopy Core, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Da-Neng Wang
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Lee CP, Elsässer M, Fuchs P, Fenske R, Schwarzländer M, Millar AH. The versatility of plant organic acid metabolism in leaves is underpinned by mitochondrial malate-citrate exchange. Plant Cell 2021; 33:3700-3720. [PMID: 34498076 PMCID: PMC8643697 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Malate and citrate underpin the characteristic flexibility of central plant metabolism by linking mitochondrial respiratory metabolism with cytosolic biosynthetic pathways. However, the identity of mitochondrial carrier proteins that influence both processes has remained elusive. Here we show by a systems approach that DICARBOXYLATE CARRIER 2 (DIC2) facilitates mitochondrial malate-citrate exchange in vivo in Arabidopsis thaliana. DIC2 knockout (dic2-1) retards growth of vegetative tissues. In vitro and in organello analyses demonstrate that DIC2 preferentially imports malate against citrate export, which is consistent with altered malate and citrate utilization in response to prolonged darkness of dic2-1 plants or a sudden shift to darkness of dic2-1 leaves. Furthermore, isotopic glucose tracing reveals a reduced flux towards citrate in dic2-1, which results in a metabolic diversion towards amino acid synthesis. These observations reveal the physiological function of DIC2 in mediating the flow of malate and citrate between the mitochondrial matrix and other cell compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Pong Lee
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Marlene Elsässer
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, D-48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Philippe Fuchs
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, D-48143 Münster, Germany
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Friedrich-Ebert-Allee 144, D-53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ricarda Fenske
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Markus Schwarzländer
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 8, D-48143 Münster, Germany
| | - A Harvey Millar
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Western Australia, Australia
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Jeong J, Lee J, Kim JH, Lim C. Metabolic flux from the Krebs cycle to glutamate transmission tunes a neural brake on seizure onset. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009871. [PMID: 34714823 PMCID: PMC8555787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Kohlschütter-Tönz syndrome (KTS) manifests as neurological dysfunctions, including early-onset seizures. Mutations in the citrate transporter SLC13A5 are associated with KTS, yet their underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we report that a Drosophila SLC13A5 homolog, I'm not dead yet (Indy), constitutes a neurometabolic pathway that suppresses seizure. Loss of Indy function in glutamatergic neurons caused "bang-induced" seizure-like behaviors. In fact, glutamate biosynthesis from the citric acid cycle was limiting in Indy mutants for seizure-suppressing glutamate transmission. Oral administration of the rate-limiting α-ketoglutarate in the metabolic pathway rescued low glutamate levels in Indy mutants and ameliorated their seizure-like behaviors. This metabolic control of the seizure susceptibility was mapped to a pair of glutamatergic neurons, reversible by optogenetic controls of their activity, and further relayed onto fan-shaped body neurons via the ionotropic glutamate receptors. Accordingly, our findings reveal a micro-circuit that links neural metabolism to seizure, providing important clues to KTS-associated neurodevelopmental deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiwon Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongbin Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-hyung Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chunghun Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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10
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Lan Y, Zhu W, Duan X, Deng T, Li S, Liu Y, Yang Z, Wen Y, Luo L, Zhao S, Wang J, Zhao Z, Wu W, Zeng G. Glycine suppresses kidney calcium oxalate crystal depositions via regulating urinary excretions of oxalate and citrate. J Cell Physiol 2021; 236:6824-6835. [PMID: 33772775 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
An abnormal urine composition is a key reason for kidney stone formation, but little is known about the roles of small metabolites in the urine during kidney stone formation. Here, we found urine glycine in patients with kidney calcium oxalate (CaOx) stone was significantly lower than that in healthy people via 1 H NMR spectra detection, and investigated the role and underlying mechanism of glycine in the regulation of CaOx stone formation. Our results showed that glycine could significantly attenuate ethylene glycol-induced CaOx crystal depositions in rat kidney via decreasing urine oxalate and increasing urine citrate. Mechanism studies revealed that glycine could decrease urine oxalate through downregulating Slc26a6 expression, whereas increase urine citrate via inhibiting Nadc1 expression. Moreover, glycine decreased the protein expression of both Slc26a6 and Nadc1 via increasing the expression of miRNA-411-3p, which directly bound to the 3'-untranslated regions of Slc26a6 and Nadc1 messenger RNAs, in vitro and in vivo. Together, our results revealed a novel role of glycine in the regulation of kidney CaOx crystal formation and provided a potential target for the treatment of kidney CaOx stone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lan
- Department of Urology and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Urology and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaolu Duan
- Department of Urology and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tuo Deng
- Department of Urology and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shujue Li
- Department of Urology and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Urology and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- Department of Urology and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Urology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yaoan Wen
- Department of Urology and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lianming Luo
- Department of Urology and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shankun Zhao
- Department of Urology and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiamin Wang
- Department of Urology and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhijian Zhao
- Department of Urology and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenqi Wu
- Department of Urology and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guohua Zeng
- Department of Urology and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Moffatt P, Boraschi-Diaz I, Marulanda J, Bardai G, Rauch F. Calvaria Bone Transcriptome in Mouse Models of Osteogenesis Imperfecta. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105290. [PMID: 34069814 PMCID: PMC8157281 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a bone fragility disorder that is usually caused by mutations affecting collagen type I. We compared the calvaria bone tissue transcriptome of male 10-week-old heterozygous Jrt (Col1a1 mutation) and homozygous oim mice (Col1a2 mutation) to their respective littermate results. We found that Jrt and oim mice shared 185 differentially expressed genes (upregulated: 106 genes; downregulated: 79 genes). A total of seven genes were upregulated by a factor of two or more in both mouse models (Cyp2e1, Slc13a5, Cgref1, Smpd3, Ifitm5, Cthrc1 and Rerg). One gene (Gypa, coding for a blood group antigen) was downregulated by a factor of two or more in both OI mouse models. Overrepresentation analyses revealed that genes involved in ‘ossification’ were significantly overrepresented among upregulated genes in both Jrt and oim mice, whereas hematopoietic genes were downregulated. Several genes involved in Wnt signaling and transforming growth factor beta signaling were upregulated in oim mice, but less so in Jrt mice. Thus, this study identified a set of genes that are dysregulated across various OI mouse models and are likely to play an important role in the pathophysiology of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Moffatt
- Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montreal, QC H4A 0A9, Canada; (P.M.); (I.B.-D.); (J.M.); (G.B.)
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Iris Boraschi-Diaz
- Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montreal, QC H4A 0A9, Canada; (P.M.); (I.B.-D.); (J.M.); (G.B.)
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Juliana Marulanda
- Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montreal, QC H4A 0A9, Canada; (P.M.); (I.B.-D.); (J.M.); (G.B.)
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Ghalib Bardai
- Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montreal, QC H4A 0A9, Canada; (P.M.); (I.B.-D.); (J.M.); (G.B.)
| | - Frank Rauch
- Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montreal, QC H4A 0A9, Canada; (P.M.); (I.B.-D.); (J.M.); (G.B.)
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-514-282-7193
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Reichhardt CC, Ahmadpour A, Christensen RG, Ineck NE, Murdoch GK, Thornton KJ. Understanding the influence of trenbolone acetate and polyamines on proliferation of bovine satellite cells. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2021; 74:106479. [PMID: 32615508 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 90% of beef cattle on feed in the United States receive at least one anabolic implant, which results in increased growth, efficiency, and economic return to producers. However, the complete molecular mechanism through which anabolic implants function to improve skeletal muscle growth remains unknown. This study had 2 objectives: (1) determine the effect of polyamines and their precursors on proliferation rate in bovine satellite cells (BSC); and (2) understand whether trenbolone acetate (TBA), a testosterone analog, has an impact on the polyamine biosynthetic pathway. To address these, BSC were isolated from 3 finished steers and cultured. Once cultures reached 75% confluency, they were treated in 1% fetal bovine serum (FBS) and/or 10 nM TBA, 10 mM methionine (Met), 8 mM ornithine (Orn), 2 mM putrescine (Put), 1.5 mM spermidine (Spd), or 0.5 mM spermine (Spe). Initially, a range of physiologically relevant concentrations of Met, Orn, Put, Spd, and Spe were tested to determine experimental doses to implement the aforementioned experiments. One, 12, or 24 h after treatment, mRNA was isolated from cultures and abundance of paired box transcription factor 7 (Pax7), Sprouty 1 (Spry), mitogen-activated protein kinase-1 (Mapk), ornithine decarboxylase (Odc), and S adenosylmethionine (Amd1) were determined, and normalized to 18S. No treatment × time interactions were observed (P ≥ 0.05). Treatment with TBA, Met, Orn, Put, Spd, or Spe increased (P ≤ 0.05) BSC proliferation when compared with control cultures. Treatment of cultures with Orn or Met increased (P ≤ 0.01) expression of Odc 1 h after treatment when compared with control cultures. Abundance of Amd1 was increased (P < 0.01) 1 h after treatment in cultures treated with Spd or Spe when compared with 1% FBS controls. Cultures treated with TBA had increased (P < 0.01) abundance of Spry mRNA 12 h after treatment, as well as increased mRNA abundance of Mapk (P < 0.01) 12 h and 24 h after treatment when compared with 1% FBS control cultures. Treatment with Met increased (P < 0.01) mRNA abundance of Pax7 1 h after treatment as compared with 1% FBS controls. These results indicate that treatments of BSC cultures with polyamines and their precursors increase BSC proliferation rate, as well as abundance of mRNA involved in cell proliferation. In addition, treatment of BSC cultures with TBA, polyamines, or polyamine precursors impacts expression of genes related to the polyamine biosynthetic pathway and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Reichhardt
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Science, Utah State University, 4815 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - A Ahmadpour
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Science, Utah State University, 4815 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - R G Christensen
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Science, Utah State University, 4815 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - N E Ineck
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Science, Utah State University, 4815 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - G K Murdoch
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive MS 2330, Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - K J Thornton
- Department of Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Science, Utah State University, 4815 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322, USA.
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Sampson CDD, Stewart MJ, Mindell JA, Mulligan C. Solvent accessibility changes in a Na +-dependent C 4-dicarboxylate transporter suggest differential substrate effects in a multistep mechanism. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:18524-18538. [PMID: 33087444 PMCID: PMC7939474 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The divalent anion sodium symporter (DASS) family (SLC13) plays critical roles in metabolic homeostasis, influencing many processes, including fatty acid synthesis, insulin resistance, and adiposity. DASS transporters catalyze the Na+-driven concentrative uptake of Krebs cycle intermediates and sulfate into cells; disrupting their function can protect against age-related metabolic diseases and can extend lifespan. An inward-facing crystal structure and an outward-facing model of a bacterial DASS family member, VcINDY from Vibrio cholerae, predict an elevator-like transport mechanism involving a large rigid body movement of the substrate-binding site. How substrate binding influences the conformational state of VcINDY is currently unknown. Here, we probe the interaction between substrate binding and protein conformation by monitoring substrate-induced solvent accessibility changes of broadly distributed positions in VcINDY using a site-specific alkylation strategy. Our findings reveal that accessibility to all positions tested is modulated by the presence of substrates, with the majority becoming less accessible in the presence of saturating concentrations of both Na+ and succinate. We also observe separable effects of Na+ and succinate binding at several positions suggesting distinct effects of the two substrates. Furthermore, accessibility changes to a solely succinate-sensitive position suggests that substrate binding is a low-affinity, ordered process. Mapping these accessibility changes onto the structures of VcINDY suggests that Na+ binding drives the transporter into an as-yet-unidentified conformational state, involving rearrangement of the substrate-binding site-associated re-entrant hairpin loops. These findings provide insight into the mechanism of VcINDY, which is currently the only structurally characterized representative of the entire DASS family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor D D Sampson
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew J Stewart
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph A Mindell
- Membrane Transport Biophysics Section, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Sauer DB, Trebesch N, Marden JJ, Cocco N, Song J, Koide A, Koide S, Tajkhorshid E, Wang DN. Structural basis for the reaction cycle of DASS dicarboxylate transporters. eLife 2020; 9:e61350. [PMID: 32869741 PMCID: PMC7553777 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrate, α-ketoglutarate and succinate are TCA cycle intermediates that also play essential roles in metabolic signaling and cellular regulation. These di- and tricarboxylates are imported into the cell by the divalent anion sodium symporter (DASS) family of plasma membrane transporters, which contains both cotransporters and exchangers. While DASS proteins transport substrates via an elevator mechanism, to date structures are only available for a single DASS cotransporter protein in a substrate-bound, inward-facing state. We report multiple cryo-EM and X-ray structures in four different states, including three hitherto unseen states, along with molecular dynamics simulations, of both a cotransporter and an exchanger. Comparison of these outward- and inward-facing structures reveal how the transport domain translates and rotates within the framework of the scaffold domain through the transport cycle. Additionally, we propose that DASS transporters ensure substrate coupling by a charge-compensation mechanism, and by structural changes upon substrate release.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Sauer
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Noah Trebesch
- NIH Center for Macromolecular Modeling and Bioinformatics, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Biochemistry, and Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaUnited States
| | - Jennifer J Marden
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Nicolette Cocco
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Jinmei Song
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Akiko Koide
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Shohei Koide
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
| | - Emad Tajkhorshid
- NIH Center for Macromolecular Modeling and Bioinformatics, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Biochemistry, and Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUrbanaUnited States
| | - Da-Neng Wang
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of MedicineNew YorkUnited States
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Singh VS, Tripathi P, Pandey P, Singh DN, Dubey BK, Singh C, Singh SP, Pandey R, Tripathi AK. Dicarboxylate Transporters of Azospirillum brasilense Sp7 Play an Important Role in the Colonization of Finger Millet ( Eleusine coracana) Roots. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2019; 32:828-840. [PMID: 30688544 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-18-0344-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Azospirillum brasilense is a plant growth-promoting bacterium that colonizes the roots of a large number of plants, including C3 and C4 grasses. Malate has been used as a preferred source of carbon for the enrichment and isolation Azospirillum spp., but the genes involved in their transport and utilization are not yet characterized. In this study, we investigated the role of the two types of dicarboxylate transporters (DctP and DctA) of A. brasilense in their ability to colonize and promote growth of the roots of a C4 grass. We found that DctP protein was distinctly upregulated in A. brasilense grown with malate as sole carbon source. Inactivation of dctP in A. brasilense led to a drastic reduction in its ability to grow on dicarboxylates and form cell aggregates. Inactivation of dctA, however, showed a marginal reduction in growth and flocculation. The growth and nitrogen fixation of a dctP and dctA double mutant of A. brasilense were severely compromised. We have shown here that DctPQM and DctA transporters play a major and a minor role in the transport of C4-dicarboxylates in A. brasilense, respectively. Studies on inoculation of the seedlings of a C4 grass, Eleusine corcana, with A. brasilense and its dicarboxylate transport mutants revealed that dicarboxylate transporters are required by A. brasilense for an efficient colonization of plant roots and their growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Shankar Singh
- 1 School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Prajna Tripathi
- 1 School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Parul Pandey
- 1 School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Durgesh Narain Singh
- 2 Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Division of Biotechnology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow-226015, India
| | - Basant Kumar Dubey
- 2 Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Division of Biotechnology, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow-226015, India
| | - Chhaya Singh
- 1 School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
| | - Surendra Pratap Singh
- 3 Department of Botany, Dayanand Anglo-Vedic (PG) College (Affiliated to CSJM University, Kanpur), Civil Lines, Kanpur-208001, India
| | - Rachana Pandey
- 4 Dr D Y Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth Pune-411033, India
| | - Anil Kumar Tripathi
- 1 School of Biotechnology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, India
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Rhie MN, Cho YB, Lee YJ, Kim OB. High-affinity l-malate transporter DcuE of Actinobacillus succinogenes catalyses reversible exchange of C4-dicarboxylates. Environ Microbiol Rep 2019; 11:129-139. [PMID: 30452121 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Actinobacillus succinogenes is a natural succinate producer, which is the result of fumarate respiration. Succinate production from anaerobic growth with C4 -dicarboxylates requires transporters catalysing uptake and efflux of C4 -dicarboxylates. Transporter Asuc_1999 (DcuE) found in A. succinogenes belongs to the Dcu family and was considered the main transporter for fumarate respiration. However, deletion of dcuE affected l-malate uptake of A. succinogenes rather than fumarate uptake. DcuE complemented anaerobic growth of Escherichia coli on l-malate or fumarate; thus, the transporter was characterized in E. coli heterologously. Time-dependent uptake and competitive inhibition assays demonstrated that l-malate is the most preferred substrate for uptake by DcuE. The Vmax of DcuE for l-malate was 20.04 μmol/gDW·min with Km of 57 μM. The Vmax for l-malate was comparable to that for fumarate, whereas the Km for l-malate was 8 times lower than that for fumarate. The catalytic efficiency of DcuE for l-malate was 7.3-fold higher than that for fumarate, showing high efficiency and high affinity for l-malate. Furthermore, DcuE catalysed the reversible exchange of three C4 -dicarboxylates - l-malate, fumarate and succinate - but the preferred substrate for uptake was l-malate. Under physiological conditions, the C4 -dicarboxylates were reduced to succinate. Therefore, DcuE is proposed as the l-malate/succinate antiporter in A. succinogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Na Rhie
- Interdisciplinary Program of EcoCreative, Division of Ecoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Young Bin Cho
- Interdisciplinary Program of EcoCreative, Division of Ecoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Yeon Joo Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program of EcoCreative, Division of Ecoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
| | - Ok Bin Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program of EcoCreative, Division of Ecoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, South Korea
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Wang M, Lau LI, Sreekumar PG, Spee C, Hinton DR, Sadda SR, Kannan R. Characterization and Regulation of Carrier Proteins of Mitochondrial Glutathione Uptake in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:500-516. [PMID: 30707752 PMCID: PMC6360990 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To characterize two mitochondrial membrane transporters 2-oxoglutarate (OGC) and dicarboxylate (DIC) in human RPE (hRPE) and to elucidate their role in the regulation of mitochondrial glutathione (mGSH) uptake and cell death in oxidative stress. Methods The localization of OGC and DIC proteins in confluent hRPE, polarized hRPE monolayers and mouse retina was assessed by immunoblotting and confocal microscopy. Time- and dose-dependent expression of the two carriers were determined after treatment of hRPE with H2O2, phenyl succinate (PS), and butyl malonate (BM), respectively, for 24 hours. The effect of inhibition of OGC and DIC on apoptosis (TUNEL), mGSH, and mtDNA was determined. Silencing of OGC by siRNA knockdown on RPE cell death was studied. Kinetics of caspase 3/7 activation with OGC and DIC inhibitors and effect of cotreatment with glutathione monoethyl ester (GSH-MEE) was determined using the IncuCyte live cell imaging. Results OGC and DIC are expressed in hRPE mitochondria and exhibited a time- and dose-dependent decrease with stress. Pharmacologic inhibition caused a decrease in OGC and DIC in mitochondria without changes in mtDNA and resulted in increased apoptosis and mGSH depletion. GSH-MEE prevented apoptosis through restoration of mGSH. OGC siRNA exacerbated apoptotic cell death in stressed RPE which was inhibited by increased mGSH from GSH-MEE cotreatment. Conclusions Characterization and mechanism of action of two carrier proteins of mGSH uptake in RPE are reported. Regulation of OGC and DIC will be of value in devising therapeutic strategies for retinal disorders such as AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
- The Stephen J. Ryan Initiative for Macular Research (RIMR), Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Lin-Ing Lau
- The Stephen J. Ryan Initiative for Macular Research (RIMR), Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Parameswaran G Sreekumar
- The Stephen J. Ryan Initiative for Macular Research (RIMR), Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Christine Spee
- Department of Pathology and Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - David R Hinton
- Department of Pathology and Ophthalmology, USC Roski Eye Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Srinivas R Sadda
- The Stephen J. Ryan Initiative for Macular Research (RIMR), Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Ram Kannan
- The Stephen J. Ryan Initiative for Macular Research (RIMR), Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California, United States
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Zhang L, Liu JY, Gu H, Du Y, Zuo JF, Zhang Z, Zhang M, Li P, Dunwell JM, Cao Y, Zhang Z, Zhang YM. Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA 110- Glycine max Interactome Provides Candidate Proteins Associated with Symbiosis. J Proteome Res 2018; 17:3061-3074. [PMID: 30091610 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.8b00209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although the legume-rhizobium symbiosis is a most-important biological process, there is a limited knowledge about the protein interaction network between host and symbiont. Using interolog- and domain-based approaches, we constructed an interspecies protein interactome containing 5115 protein-protein interactions between 2291 Glycine max and 290 Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens USDA 110 proteins. The interactome was further validated by the expression pattern analysis in nodules, gene ontology term semantic similarity, co-expression analysis, and luciferase complementation image assay. In the G. max-B. diazoefficiens interactome, bacterial proteins are mainly ion channel and transporters of carbohydrates and cations, while G. max proteins are mainly involved in the processes of metabolism, signal transduction, and transport. We also identified the top 10 highly interacting proteins (hubs) for each species. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis for each hub showed that a pair of 14-3-3 proteins (SGF14g and SGF14k) and 5 heat shock proteins in G. max are possibly involved in symbiosis, and 10 hubs in B. diazoefficiens may be important symbiotic effectors. Subnetwork analysis showed that 18 symbiosis-related soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptor proteins may play roles in regulating bacterial ion channels, and SGF14g and SGF14k possibly regulate the rhizobium dicarboxylate transport protein DctA. The predicted interactome provide a valuable basis for understanding the molecular mechanism of nodulation in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Crop Information Center , College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070 , China
- School of Public Health , Xinxiang Medical University , Xinxiang 453003 , China
| | - Jin-Yang Liu
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , China
| | - Huan Gu
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University , Nanjing 210095 , China
| | - Yanfang Du
- Crop Information Center , College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070 , China
| | - Jian-Fang Zuo
- Crop Information Center , College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070 , China
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- Crop Information Center , College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070 , China
| | - Menglin Zhang
- Crop Information Center , College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070 , China
| | - Pan Li
- School of Public Health , Xinxiang Medical University , Xinxiang 453003 , China
| | - Jim M Dunwell
- School of Agriculture, Policy and Development , University of Reading , Reading RG6 6AR , United Kingdom
| | - Yangrong Cao
- College of Life Science and Technology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070 , China
| | - Zuxin Zhang
- Crop Information Center , College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070 , China
| | - Yuan-Ming Zhang
- Crop Information Center , College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070 , China
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19
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Rhie MN, Park B, Ko H, Choi I, Kim OB. Transcriptome analysis and anaerobic C 4 -dicarboxylate transport in Actinobacillus succinogenes. Microbiologyopen 2017; 7:e00565. [PMID: 29230966 PMCID: PMC6011838 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
A global transcriptome analysis of the natural succinate producer Actinobacillus succinogenes revealed that 353 genes were differentially expressed when grown on various carbon and energy sources, which were categorized into six functional groups. We then analyzed the expression pattern of 37 potential C4‐dicarboxylate transporters in detail. A total of six transporters were considered potential fumarate transporters: three transporters, Asuc_1999 (Dcu), Asuc_0304 (DASS), and Asuc_0270‐0273 (TRAP), were constitutively expressed, whereas three others, Asuc_1568 (DASS), Asuc_1482 (DASS), and Asuc_0142 (Dcu), were differentially expressed during growth on fumarate. Transport assays under anaerobic conditions with [14C]fumarate and [14C]succinate were performed to experimentally verify that A. succinogenes possesses multiple C4‐dicarboxlayte transport systems with different substrate affinities. Upon uptake of 5 mmol/L fumarate, the systems had substrate specificity for fumarate, oxaloacetate, and malate, but not for succinate. Uptake was optimal at pH 7, and was dependent on both proton and sodium gradients. Asuc_1999 was suspected to be a major C4‐dicarboxylate transporter because of its noticeably high and constitutive expression. An Asuc_1999 deletion (∆1999) decreased fumarate uptake significantly at approximately 5 mmol/L fumarate, which was complemented by the introduction of Asuc_1999. Asuc_1999 expressed in Escherichia coli catalyzed fumarate uptake at a level of 21.6 μmol·gDW−1·min−1. These results suggest that C4‐dicarboxylate transport in A. succinogenes is mediated by multiple transporters, which transport various types and concentrations of C4‐dicarboxylates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Na Rhie
- Department of Life Science, and Interdisciplinary Program of EcoCreativeEwha Womans UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Byeonghyeok Park
- Department of BiotechnologyCollege of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyKorea UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Hyeok‐Jin Ko
- Department of BiotechnologyCollege of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyKorea UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - In‐Geol Choi
- Department of BiotechnologyCollege of Life Sciences and BiotechnologyKorea UniversitySeoulKorea
| | - Ok Bin Kim
- Department of Life Science, and Interdisciplinary Program of EcoCreativeEwha Womans UniversitySeoulKorea
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20
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Irizarry AR, Yan G, Zeng Q, Lucchesi J, Hamang MJ, Ma YL, Rong JX. Defective enamel and bone development in sodium-dependent citrate transporter (NaCT) Slc13a5 deficient mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175465. [PMID: 28406943 PMCID: PMC5391028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been growing recognition of the essential roles of citrate in biomechanical properties of mineralized tissues, including teeth and bone. However, the sources of citrate in these tissues have not been well defined, and the contribution of citrate to the regulation of odontogenesis and osteogenesis has not been examined. Here, tooth and bone phenotypes were examined in sodium-dependent citrate transporter (NaCT) Slc13a5 deficient C57BL/6 mice at 13 and 32 weeks of age. Slc13a5 deficiency led to defective tooth development, characterized by absence of mature enamel, formation of aberrant enamel matrix, and dysplasia and hyperplasia of the enamel organ epithelium that progressed with age. These abnormalities were associated with fragile teeth with a possible predisposition to tooth abscesses. The lack of mature enamel was consistent with amelogenesis imperfecta. Furthermore, Slc13a5 deficiency led to decreased bone mineral density and impaired bone formation in 13-week-old mice but not in older mice. The findings revealed the potentially important role of citrate and Slc13a5 in the development and function of teeth and bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando R. Irizarry
- Department of Pathology, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JXR); (ARI)
| | - Guirui Yan
- Lilly China R&D Center, Eli Lilly & Company, Building 8, No. 338, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingqiang Zeng
- Musculoskeletal Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Lucchesi
- Musculoskeletal Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Hamang
- Musculoskeletal Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Yanfei L. Ma
- Musculoskeletal Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Company, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - James Xiaojun Rong
- Lilly China R&D Center, Eli Lilly & Company, Building 8, No. 338, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (JXR); (ARI)
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21
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Abstract
Water transport through membrane is so intricate that there are still some debates. (Aquaporins) AQPs are entirely accepted to allow water transmembrane movement depending on osmotic gradient. Cotransporters and uniporters , however, are also concerned in water homeotatsis. Urea transporter B (UT-B) has a single-channel water permeability that is similar to AQP1. Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR ) was initially thought as a water channel but now not believed to transport water directly. By cotranporters, water is transported by water osmosis coupling with substrates, which explains how water is transported across the isolated small intestine. This chapter provides information about water transport mediated by other membrane proteins except AQPs .
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyue Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hongkai Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Baoxue Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
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22
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Takanashi K, Sasaki T, Kan T, Saida Y, Sugiyama A, Yamamoto Y, Yazaki K. A Dicarboxylate Transporter, LjALMT4, Mainly Expressed in Nodules of Lotus japonicus. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2016; 29:584-92. [PMID: 27183039 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-16-0071-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Legume plants can establish symbiosis with soil bacteria called rhizobia to obtain nitrogen as a nutrient directly from atmospheric N2 via symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Legumes and rhizobia form nodules, symbiotic organs in which fixed-nitrogen and photosynthetic products are exchanged between rhizobia and plant cells. The photosynthetic products supplied to rhizobia are thought to be dicarboxylates but little is known about the movement of dicarboxylates in the nodules. In terms of dicarboxylate transporters, an aluminum-activated malate transporter (ALMT) family is a strong candidate responsible for the membrane transport of carboxylates in nodules. Among the seven ALMT genes in the Lotus japonicus genome, only one, LjALMT4, shows a high expression in the nodules. LjALMT4 showed transport activity in a Xenopus oocyte system, with LjALMT4 mediating the efflux of dicarboxylates including malate, succinate, and fumarate, but not tricarboxylates such as citrate. LjALMT4 also mediated the influx of several inorganic anions. Organ-specific gene expression analysis showed LjALMT4 mRNA mainly in the parenchyma cells of nodule vascular bundles. These results suggest that LjALMT4 may not be involved in the direct supply of dicarboxylates to rhizobia in infected cells but is responsible for supplying malate as well as several anions necessary for symbiotic nitrogen fixation, via nodule vasculatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kojiro Takanashi
- 1 Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
- 2 Institute of Mountain Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan; and
| | - Takayuki Sasaki
- 3 Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kan
- 1 Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yuka Saida
- 1 Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Akifumi Sugiyama
- 1 Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yoko Yamamoto
- 3 Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki 710-0046, Japan
| | - Kazufumi Yazaki
- 1 Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
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23
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Abstract
C4-dicarboxylates and the C4-dicarboxylic amino acid l-aspartate support aerobic and anaerobic growth of Escherichia coli and related bacteria. In aerobic growth, succinate, fumarate, D- and L-malate, L-aspartate, and L-tartrate are metabolized by the citric acid cycle and associated reactions. Because of the interruption of the citric acid cycle under anaerobic conditions, anaerobic metabolism of C4-dicarboxylates depends on fumarate reduction to succinate (fumarate respiration). In some related bacteria (e.g., Klebsiella), utilization of C4-dicarboxylates, such as tartrate, is independent of fumarate respiration and uses a Na+-dependent membrane-bound oxaloacetate decarboxylase. Uptake of the C4-dicarboxylates into the bacteria (and anaerobic export of succinate) is achieved under aerobic and anaerobic conditions by different sets of secondary transporters. Expression of the genes for C4-dicarboxylate metabolism is induced in the presence of external C4-dicarboxylates by the membrane-bound DcuS-DcuR two-component system. Noncommon C4-dicarboxylates like l-tartrate or D-malate are perceived by cytoplasmic one-component sensors/transcriptional regulators. This article describes the pathways of aerobic and anaerobic C4-dicarboxylate metabolism and their regulation. The citric acid cycle, fumarate respiration, and fumarate reductase are covered in other articles and discussed here only in the context of C4-dicarboxylate metabolism. Recent aspects of C4-dicarboxylate metabolism like transport, sensing, and regulation will be treated in more detail. This article is an updated version of an article published in 2004 in EcoSal Plus. The update includes new literature, but, in particular, the sections on the metabolism of noncommon C4-dicarboxylates and their regulation, on the DcuS-DcuR regulatory system, and on succinate production by engineered E. coli are largely revised or new.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gottfried Unden
- Institute for Microbiology und Wine Research, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander Strecker
- Institute for Microbiology und Wine Research, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexandra Kleefeld
- Institute for Microbiology und Wine Research, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ok Bin Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Ewha Womans University, 120-750 Seoul, Korea
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24
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Van Hofwegen DJ, Hovde CJ, Minnich SA. Rapid Evolution of Citrate Utilization by Escherichia coli by Direct Selection Requires citT and dctA. J Bacteriol 2016; 198:1022-34. [PMID: 26833416 PMCID: PMC4800869 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00831-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The isolation of aerobic citrate-utilizing Escherichia coli (Cit(+)) in long-term evolution experiments (LTEE) has been termed a rare, innovative, presumptive speciation event. We hypothesized that direct selection would rapidly yield the same class of E. coli Cit(+) mutants and follow the same genetic trajectory: potentiation, actualization, and refinement. This hypothesis was tested with wild-type E. coli strain B and with K-12 and three K-12 derivatives: an E. coli ΔrpoS::kan mutant (impaired for stationary-phase survival), an E. coli ΔcitT::kan mutant (deleted for the anaerobic citrate/succinate antiporter), and an E. coli ΔdctA::kan mutant (deleted for the aerobic succinate transporter). E. coli underwent adaptation to aerobic citrate metabolism that was readily and repeatedly achieved using minimal medium supplemented with citrate (M9C), M9C with 0.005% glycerol, or M9C with 0.0025% glucose. Forty-six independent E. coli Cit(+) mutants were isolated from all E. coli derivatives except the E. coli ΔcitT::kan mutant. Potentiation/actualization mutations occurred within as few as 12 generations, and refinement mutations occurred within 100 generations. Citrate utilization was confirmed using Simmons, Christensen, and LeMaster Richards citrate media and quantified by mass spectrometry. E. coli Cit(+) mutants grew in clumps and in long incompletely divided chains, a phenotype that was reversible in rich media. Genomic DNA sequencing of four E. coli Cit(+) mutants revealed the required sequence of mutational events leading to a refined Cit(+) mutant. These events showed amplified citT and dctA loci followed by DNA rearrangements consistent with promoter capture events for citT. These mutations were equivalent to the amplification and promoter capture CitT-activating mutations identified in the LTEE.IMPORTANCE E. coli cannot use citrate aerobically. Long-term evolution experiments (LTEE) performed by Blount et al. (Z. D. Blount, J. E. Barrick, C. J. Davidson, and R. E. Lenski, Nature 489:513-518, 2012, http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature11514 ) found a single aerobic, citrate-utilizing E. coli strain after 33,000 generations (15 years). This was interpreted as a speciation event. Here we show why it probably was not a speciation event. Using similar media, 46 independent citrate-utilizing mutants were isolated in as few as 12 to 100 generations. Genomic DNA sequencing revealed an amplification of the citT and dctA loci and DNA rearrangements to capture a promoter to express CitT, aerobically. These are members of the same class of mutations identified by the LTEE. We conclude that the rarity of the LTEE mutant was an artifact of the experimental conditions and not a unique evolutionary event. No new genetic information (novel gene function) evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolyn J Hovde
- Bi-State School of Food Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Scott A Minnich
- Bi-State School of Food Science, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
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25
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Unden G, Wörner S, Monzel C. Cooperation of Secondary Transporters and Sensor Kinases in Transmembrane Signalling: The DctA/DcuS and DcuB/DcuS Sensor Complexes of Escherichia coli. Adv Microb Physiol 2016; 68:139-67. [PMID: 27134023 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Many membrane-bound sensor kinases require accessory proteins for function. The review describes functional control of membrane-bound sensors by transporters. The C4-dicarboxylate sensor kinase DcuS requires the aerobic or anaerobic C4-dicarboxylate transporters DctA or DcuB, respectively, for function and forms DctA/DcuS or DcuB/DcuS sensor complexes. Free DcuS is in the permanent (ligand independent) ON state. The DctA/DcuS and DcuB/DcuS complexes, on the other hand, control expression in response to C4-dicarboxylates. In DctA/DcuS, helix 8b of DctA and the PASC domain of DcuS are involved in interaction. The stimulus is perceived by the extracytoplasmic sensor domain (PASP) of DcuS. The signal is transmitted across the membrane by a piston-type movement of TM2 of DcuS which appears to be pulled (by analogy to the homologous citrate sensor CitA) by compaction of PASP after C4-dicarboxylate binding. In the cytoplasm, the signal is perceived by the PASC domain of DcuS. PASC inhibits together with DctA the kinase domain of DcuS which is released after C4-dicarboxylate binding. DcuS exhibits two modes for regulating expression of target genes. At higher C4-dicarboxylate levels, DcuS is part of the DctA/DcuS complex and in the C4-dicarboxylate-responsive form which stimulates expression of target genes in response to the concentration of the C4-dicarboxylates (catabolic use of C4-dicarboxylates, mode I regulation). At limiting C4-dicarboxylate concentrations (≤0.05mM), expression of DctA drops and free DcuS appears. Free DcuS is in the permanent ON state (mode II regulation) and stimulates low level (C4-dicarboxylate independent) DctA synthesis for DctA/DcuS complex formation and anabolic C4-dicarboxylate uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Unden
- Institute for Microbiology and Wine Research, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
| | - S Wörner
- Institute for Microbiology and Wine Research, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - C Monzel
- Institute for Microbiology and Wine Research, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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26
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Brandoni A, Torres AM. Expression of renal Oat5 and NaDC1 transporters in rats with acute biliary obstruction. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:8817-8825. [PMID: 26269671 PMCID: PMC4528024 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i29.8817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To examine renal expression of organic anion transporter 5 (Oat5) and sodium-dicarboxylate cotransporter 1 (NaDC1), and excretion of citrate in rats with acute extrahepatic cholestasis.
METHODS: Obstructive jaundice was induced in rats by double ligation and division of the common bile duct (BDL group). Controls underwent sham operation that consisted of exposure, but not ligation, of the common bile duct (Sham group). Studies were performed 21 h after surgery. During this period, animals were maintained in metabolic cages in order to collect urine. The urinary volume was determined by gravimetry. The day of the experiment, blood samples were withdrawn and used to measure total and direct bilirubin as indicative parameters of hepatic function. Serum and urine samples were used for biochemical determinations. Immunoblotting for Oat5 and NaDC1 were performed in renal homogenates and brush border membranes from Sham and BDL rats. Immunohistochemistry studies were performed in kidneys from both experimental groups. Total RNA was extracted from rat renal tissue in order to perform reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Another set of experimental animals were used to evaluate medullar renal blood flow (mRBF) using fluorescent microspheres.
RESULTS: Total and direct bilirubin levels were significantly higher in BDL animals, attesting to the adequacy of biliary obstruction. An important increase in mRBF was determined in BDL group (Sham: 0.53 ± 0.12 mL/min per 100 g body weight vs BDL: 1.58 ± 0.24 mL/min per 100 g body weight, P < 0.05). An increase in the urinary volume was observed in BDL animals. An important decrease in urinary levels of citrate was seen in BDL group. Besides, a decrease in urinary citrate excretion (Sham: 0.53 ± 0.11 g/g creatinine vs BDL: 0.07 ± 0.02 g/g creatinine, P < 0.05) and an increase in urinary excretion of H+ (Sham: 0.082 ± 0.03 μmol/g creatinine vs BDL: 0.21 ± 0.04 μmol/g creatinine, P < 0.05) were observed in BDL animals. We found upregulations of both proteins Oat5 and NaDC1 in brush border membranes where they are functional. Immunohistochemistry technique corroborated these results for both proteins. No modifications were observed in Oat5 mRNA and in NaDC1 mRNA levels in kidney from BDL group as compared with Sham ones.
CONCLUSION: Citrate excretion is decreased in BDL rats, at least in part, because of the higher NaDC1 expression. Using the outward gradient of citrate generated by NaDC1, Oat5 can reabsorb/eliminate different organic anions of pathophysiological importance.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bilirubin/blood
- Biomarkers/blood
- Biomarkers/urine
- Cholestasis, Extrahepatic/blood
- Cholestasis, Extrahepatic/genetics
- Cholestasis, Extrahepatic/metabolism
- Cholestasis, Extrahepatic/urine
- Citric Acid/urine
- Common Bile Duct/surgery
- Dicarboxylic Acid Transporters/genetics
- Dicarboxylic Acid Transporters/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Jaundice, Obstructive/blood
- Jaundice, Obstructive/genetics
- Jaundice, Obstructive/metabolism
- Jaundice, Obstructive/urine
- Kidney/metabolism
- Ligation
- Male
- Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Dependent/genetics
- Organic Anion Transporters, Sodium-Dependent/metabolism
- Rats, Wistar
- Renal Circulation
- Renal Elimination
- Symporters/genetics
- Symporters/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Up-Regulation
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27
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Scheu PD, Steinmetz PA, Dempwolff F, Graumann PL, Unden G. Polar localization of a tripartite complex of the two-component system DcuS/DcuR and the transporter DctA in Escherichia coli depends on the sensor kinase DcuS. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115534. [PMID: 25549248 PMCID: PMC4280142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The C4-dicarboxylate responsive sensor kinase DcuS of the DcuS/DcuR two-component system of E. coli is membrane-bound and reveals a polar localization. DcuS uses the C4-dicarboxylate transporter DctA as a co-regulator forming DctA/DcuS sensor units. Here it is shown by fluorescence microscopy with fusion proteins that DcuS has a dynamic and preferential polar localization, even at very low expression levels. Single assemblies of DcuS had high mobility in fast time lapse acquisitions, and fast recovery in FRAP experiments, excluding polar accumulation due to aggregation. DctA and DcuR fused to derivatives of the YFP protein are dispersed in the membrane or in the cytosol, respectively, when expressed without DcuS, but co-localize with DcuS when co-expressed at appropriate levels. Thus, DcuS is required for location of DctA and DcuR at the poles and formation of tripartite DctA/DcuS/DcuR sensor/regulator complexes. Vice versa, DctA, DcuR and the alternative succinate transporter DauA were not essential for polar localization of DcuS, suggesting that the polar trapping occurs by DcuS. Cardiolipin, the high curvature at the cell poles, and the cytoskeletal protein MreB were not required for polar localization. In contrast, polar localization of DcuS required the presence of the cytoplasmic PAS(C) and the kinase domains of DcuS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D. Scheu
- Institute for Microbiology and Wine Research, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Philipp A. Steinmetz
- Institute for Microbiology and Wine Research, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Felix Dempwolff
- Microbiology, Faculty for Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter L. Graumann
- Microbiology, Faculty for Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gottfried Unden
- Institute for Microbiology and Wine Research, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- * E-mail:
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28
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Hering-Smith KS, Mao W, Schiro FR, Coleman-Barnett J, Pajor AM, Hamm LL. Localization of the calcium-regulated citrate transport process in proximal tubule cells. Urolithiasis 2014; 42:209-19. [PMID: 24652587 DOI: 10.1007/s00240-014-0653-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Urinary citrate is an important inhibitor of calcium-stone formation. Most of the citrate reabsorption in the proximal tubule is thought to occur via a dicarboxylate transporter NaDC1 located in the apical membrane. OK cells, an established opossum kidney proximal tubule cell line, transport citrate but the characteristics change with extracellular calcium such that low calcium solutions stimulate total citrate transport as well as increase the apparent affinity for transport. The present studies address several fundamental properties of this novel process: the polarity of the transport process, the location of the calcium-sensitivity and whether NaDC1 is present in OK cells. OK cells grown on permeable supports exhibited apical >basolateral citrate transport. Apical transport of both citrate and succinate was sensitive to extracellular calcium whereas basolateral transport was not. Apical calcium, rather than basolateral, was the predominant determinant of changes in transport. Also 2,3-dimethylsuccinate, previously identified as an inhibitor of basolateral dicarboxylate transport, inhibited apical citrate uptake. Although the calcium-sensitive transport process in OK cells is functionally not typical NaDC1, NaDC1 is present in OK cells by Western blot and PCR. By immunolocalization studies, NaDC1 was predominantly located in discrete apical membrane or subapical areas. However, by biotinylation, apical NaDC1 decreases in the apical membrane with lowering calcium. In sum, OK cells express a calcium-sensitive/regulated dicarboxylate process at the apical membrane which responds to variations in apical calcium. Despite the functional differences of this process compared to NaDC1, NaDC1 is present in these cells, but predominantly in subapical vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen S Hering-Smith
- Research Service, Southeastern Louisiana Veterans Health Care System (SLVHCS), New Orleans, LA, 70161, USA,
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Wang H, Rascoe AM, Holley DC, Gouaux E, Kavanaugh MP. Novel dicarboxylate selectivity in an insect glutamate transporter homolog. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70947. [PMID: 23951049 PMCID: PMC3737229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammals express seven transporters from the SLC1 (solute carrier 1) gene family, including five acidic amino acid transporters (EAAT1-5) and two neutral amino acid transporters (ASCT1-2). In contrast, insects of the order Diptera possess only two SLC1 genes. In this work we show that in the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus, a carrier of West Nile virus, one of its two SLC1 EAAT-like genes encodes a transporter that displays an unusual selectivity for dicarboxylic acids over acidic amino acids. In eukaryotes, dicarboxylic acid uptake has been previously thought to be mediated exclusively by transporters outside the SLC1 family. The dicarboxylate selectivity was found to be associated with two residues in transmembrane domain 8, near the presumed substrate binding site. These residues appear to be conserved in all eukaryotic SLC1 transporters (Asp444 and Thr448, human EAAT3 numbering) with the exception of this novel C. quinquefasciatus transporter and an ortholog from the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti, in which they are changed to Asn and Ala. In the prokaryotic EAAT-like SLC1 transporter DctA, a dicarboxylate transporter which was lost in the lineage leading to eukaryotes, the corresponding TMD8 residues are Ser and Ala. Functional analysis of engineered mutant mosquito and human transporters expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes provide support for a model defining interactions of charged and polar transporter residues in TMD8 with α-amino acids and ions. Together with the phylogenetic evidence, the functional data suggest that a novel route of dicarboxylic acid uptake evolved in these mosquitos by mutations in an ancestral glutamate transporter gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Avi M. Rascoe
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
| | - David C. Holley
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
| | - Eric Gouaux
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EG); (MPK)
| | - Michael P. Kavanaugh
- Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (EG); (MPK)
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Regalado A, Pierri CL, Bitetto M, Laera VL, Pimentel C, Francisco R, Passarinho J, Chaves MM, Agrimi G. Characterization of mitochondrial dicarboxylate/tricarboxylate transporters from grape berries. Planta 2013; 237:693-703. [PMID: 23096487 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1786-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Grape berries (Vitis vinifera L fruit) exhibit a double-sigmoid pattern of development that results from two successive periods of vacuolar swelling during which the nature of accumulated solutes changes significantly. Throughout the first period, called green or herbaceous stage, berries accumulate high levels of organic acids, mainly malate and tartrate. At the cellular level fruit acidity comprises both metabolism and vacuolar storage. Malic acid compartmentation is critical for optimal functioning of cytosolic enzymes. Therefore, the identification and characterization of the carriers involved in malate transport across sub-cellular compartments is of great importance. The decrease in acid content during grape berry ripening has been mainly associated to mitochondrial malate oxidation. However, no Vitis vinifera mitochondrial carrier involved in malate transport has been reported to date. Here we describe the identification of three V. vinifera mitochondrial dicarboxylate/tricarboxylate carriers (VvDTC1-3) putatively involved in mitochondrial malate, citrate and other di/tricarboxylates transport. The three VvDTCs are very similar, sharing a percentage of identical residues of at least 83 %. Expression analysis of the encoding VvDTC genes in grape berries shows that they are differentially regulated exhibiting a developmental pattern of expression. The simultaneous high expression of both VvDTC2 and VvDTC3 in grape berry mesocarp close to the onset of ripening suggests that these carriers might be involved in the transport of malate into mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Regalado
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República-EAN, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.
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Thein M, Bonde M, Bunikis I, Denker K, Sickmann A, Bergström S, Benz R. DipA, a pore-forming protein in the outer membrane of Lyme disease spirochetes exhibits specificity for the permeation of dicarboxylates. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36523. [PMID: 22590556 PMCID: PMC3349712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lyme disease Borreliae are highly dependent on the uptake of nutrients provided by their hosts. Our study describes the identification of a 36 kDa protein that functions as putative dicarboxylate-specific porin in the outer membrane of Lyme disease Borrelia. The protein was purified by hydroxyapatite chromatography from Borrelia burgdorferi B31 and designated as DipA, for dicarboxylate-specific porin A. DipA was partially sequenced, and corresponding genes were identified in the genomes of B. burgdorferi B31, Borrelia garinii PBi and Borrelia afzelii PKo. DipA exhibits high homology to the Oms38 porins of relapsing fever Borreliae. B. burgdorferi DipA was characterized using the black lipid bilayer assay. The protein has a single-channel conductance of 50 pS in 1 M KCl, is slightly selective for anions with a permeability ratio for cations over anions of 0.57 in KCl and is not voltage-dependent. The channel could be partly blocked by different di- and tricarboxylic anions. Particular high stability constants up to about 28,000 l/mol (in 0.1 M KCl) were obtained among the 11 tested anions for oxaloacetate, 2-oxoglutarate and citrate. The results imply that DipA forms a porin specific for dicarboxylates which may play an important role for the uptake of specific nutrients in different Borrelia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Thein
- Rudolf-Virchow-Center, DFG-Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mari Bonde
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ignas Bunikis
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Katrin Denker
- Rudolf-Virchow-Center, DFG-Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Albert Sickmann
- Rudolf-Virchow-Center, DFG-Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Bioanalytics, Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften – ISAS, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Sven Bergström
- Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Roland Benz
- Rudolf-Virchow-Center, DFG-Research Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Amaral AU, Cecatto C, Busanello ENB, Ribeiro CAJ, Melo DR, Leipnitz G, Castilho RF, Wajner M. Ethylmalonic acid impairs brain mitochondrial succinate and malate transport. Mol Genet Metab 2012; 105:84-90. [PMID: 22133302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Tissue accumulation and high urinary excretion of ethylmalonic acid (EMA) occur in ethylmalonic encephalopathy (EE) and short chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (SCADD). Although these autosomal recessive disorders are clinically characterized by neurological abnormalities, the mechanisms underlying the brain damage are poorly known. Considering that little is known about the neurotoxicity of EMA and that hyperlacticacidemia occurs in EE and SCADD, we evaluated the effects of this metabolite on important parameters of oxidative metabolism in isolated rat brain mitochondria. EMA inhibited either ADP-stimulated or uncoupled mitochondrial respiration supported by succinate and malate, but not by glutamate plus malate. In addition, EMA mildly stimulated oxygen consumption by succinate-respiring mitochondria in resting state. Methylmalonic acid (MMA), malonic acid (MA) and butylmalonic acid (BtMA) had a similar effect on ADP-stimulated or uncoupled respiration. Furthermore, EMA-, MMA- and BtMA-induced inhibitory effects on succinate oxidation were significantly minimized by nonselective permeabilization of the mitochondrial membranes by alamethicin, whereas MA inhibitory effect was not altered. In addition, MA was the only tested compound that reduced succinate dehydrogenase activity. We also observed that EMA markedly inhibited succinate and malate transport through the mitochondrial dicarboxylate carrier. Mitochondrial membrane potential was also reduced by EMA and MA, but not by MMA, using succinate as electron donor, whereas none of these compounds was able to alter the membrane potential using glutamate plus malate as electron donors. Taken together, our results strongly indicate that EMA impairs succinate and malate uptake through the mitochondrial dicarboxylate carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Umpierrez Amaral
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Huypens P, Pillai R, Sheinin T, Schaefer S, Huang M, Odegaard ML, Ronnebaum SM, Wettig SD, Joseph JW. The dicarboxylate carrier plays a role in mitochondrial malate transport and in the regulation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion from rat pancreatic beta cells. Diabetologia 2011; 54:135-45. [PMID: 20949348 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-010-1923-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS We have previously described a strong correlation between pyruvate cycling and insulin secretion. We have also demonstrated a particularly important role for a pyruvate-isocitrate cycling pathway involving the mitochondrial citrate/isocitrate carrier (CIC) and cytosolic NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase. CIC requires cytosolic malate as a counter-substrate during citrate and isocitrate export. Thus, considering that the mitochondrial dicarboxylate carrier (DIC) provides an important source of cytosolic malate, we investigated the potential role of DIC in control of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS). METHODS We used pharmacological and small interfering RNA (siRNA) tools to assess the role of DIC in insulin release in clonal insulin-secreting 832/13 cells and isolated rat islets. RESULTS Butylmalonate, an inhibitor of malate transport, reduced cytosolic malate and citrate levels, and inhibited GSIS in a dose-dependent manner in 832/13 cells. Suppression of DIC expression resulted in inhibition of GSIS by 5% to 69%, the extent of inhibition of insulin secretion being proportional to the level of Dic (also known as Slc25a10) gene knockdown. The most effective siRNA duplex against Dic did not affect glucose utilisation, glucose oxidation or ATP/ADP ratio, but did suppress glucose-induced increments of the NADPH/NADP(+) ratio. Confirmation of our results in primary cultures of isolated rat islets showed that butylmalonate and an adenovirus expressing an siRNA against Dic-inhibited GSIS. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Malate transport by DIC may play an important role in GSIS, possibly by providing cytosolic malate as a counter-substrate for citrate and/or isocitrate export by CIC. These studies also suggest that malate transport by DIC is (1) a critical component of NADPH production mediated by pyruvate-cycling and (2) regulates GSIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Huypens
- University of Waterloo, Kitchener, ON, Canada
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Kinoshita H, Nagasaki J, Yoshikawa N, Yamamoto A, Takito S, Kawasaki M, Sugiyama T, Miyake H, Weber APM, Taniguchi M. The chloroplastic 2-oxoglutarate/malate transporter has dual function as the malate valve and in carbon/nitrogen metabolism. Plant J 2011; 65:15-26. [PMID: 21175886 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04397.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Transport of dicarboxylates across the chloroplast envelope plays an important role in transferring carbon skeletons to the nitrogen assimilation pathway and exporting reducing equivalent to the cytosol to prevent photo-inhibition (the malate valve). It was previously shown that the Arabidopsis plastidic 2-oxoglutarate/malate transporter (AtpOMT1) and the general dicarboxylate transporter (AtpDCT1) play crucial roles at the interface between carbon and nitrogen metabolism. However, based on the in vitro transport properties of the recombinant transporters, it was hypothesized that AtpOMT1 might play a dual role, also functioning as an oxaloacetate/malate transporter, which is a crucial but currently unidentified component of the chloroplast malate valve. Here, we test this hypothesis using Arabidopsis T-DNA insertional mutants of AtpOMT1. Transport studies revealed a dramatically reduced rate of oxaloacetate uptake into chloroplasts isolated from the knockout plant. CO(2) -dependent O(2) evolution assays showed that cytosolic oxaloacetate is efficiently transported into chloroplasts mainly by AtpOMT1, and supported the absence of additional oxaloacetate transporters. These findings strongly indicate that the high-affinity oxaloacetate transporter in Arabidopsis chloroplasts is AtpOMT1. Further, the knockout plants showed enhanced photo-inhibition under high light due to greater accumulation of reducing equivalents in the stroma, indicating malfunction of the malate valve in the knockout plants. The knockout mutant showed a phenotype consistent with reductions in 2-oxoglutarate transport, glutamine synthetase/glutamate synthase activity, subsequent amino acid biosynthesis and photorespiration. Our results demonstrate that AtpOMT1 acts bi-functionally as an oxaloacetate/malate transporter in the malate valve and as a 2-oxoglutarate/malate transporter mediating carbon/nitrogen metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromu Kinoshita
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, JapanFaculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, JapanRIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, JapanInstitute for Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Junko Nagasaki
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, JapanFaculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, JapanRIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, JapanInstitute for Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nanako Yoshikawa
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, JapanFaculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, JapanRIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, JapanInstitute for Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Aya Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, JapanFaculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, JapanRIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, JapanInstitute for Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Shizuka Takito
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, JapanFaculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, JapanRIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, JapanInstitute for Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michio Kawasaki
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, JapanFaculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, JapanRIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, JapanInstitute for Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tatsuo Sugiyama
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, JapanFaculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, JapanRIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, JapanInstitute for Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hiroshi Miyake
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, JapanFaculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, JapanRIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, JapanInstitute for Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas P M Weber
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, JapanFaculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, JapanRIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, JapanInstitute for Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mitsutaka Taniguchi
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8601, JapanFaculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, JapanRIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, JapanInstitute for Plant Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstraße 1, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Kwon OH, Kim S, Hahm DH, Lee SY, Kim P. Potential application of the recombinant Escherichia coli-synthesized heme as a bioavailable iron source. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 19:604-609. [PMID: 19597319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the potential use of microbial heme as an iron source, recombinant Escherichia coli coexpressing ALA synthase (HemA) as well as the NADP-dependent malic enzyme (MaeB) and dicarboxylic acid transporter (DctA) were cultured. The typical red pigment extracted from the recombinant E. coli after 38 h showed highest absorbance at 407 nm, and the amount of iron in 38.4 mg of microbial heme extract derived from 6-l fermentation broth was 4.1 mg. To determine the commercial potential of the recombinant E.coli-synthesized iron-associated heme as an iron source, mice were fed the iron-free provender with the microbial heme extract. The average body weight reduction of mice fed non-iron provender was 2.3%, whereas no detectable weight loss was evident in mice fed microbial heme addition after 15 days. The heme content of the blood from microbial heme fed mice was 4.2 mg/ml whereas that of controls was 2.4 mg/ml, which implies that the microbial heme could be available for use as an animal iron source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oh-Hee Kwon
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyunggi 420-743, Korea
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Aliverdieva DA, Mamaev DV. [Molecular characteristics of transporters of C4-dicarboxylates and mechanism of translocation]. Zh Evol Biokhim Fiziol 2009; 45:263-276. [PMID: 19569551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Transport of C4-dicarboxylate (C4-DCB) plays an important role in cell metabolism. In particular, they are intermediates of the citrate cycle. Transport of succinate across the mitochondrial membrane provides correlation between metabolism in peroxysomes and in mitochondrial. Transport of C4-DCB across all kinds of energy-transforming membranes of animal, plant, fungal, and bacterial cells is known. The review summarizes molecular characteristics of the C4-DCB transporters. Of particular interest are primary structures for carries with the known kinetic mechanism and kinetic transport parameters. For each studied group of organisms, the number of transmembrane segments in the carried molecule or the character of specificity do not correlate with a certain transport mechanism--antiport, symport with proton or symport with cation. The review describes perspective methodical approaches allowing association of peculiarities of structure with transport mechanism for individual transporters, obtaining of functional hybrid transporters--"protein chimeras", scanning of transporter transmembrane segments with the help of "cystein mutagenesis", study of transporter kinetic parameters with point mutations for essential amino acids, probing of the transporter active center with the help of alkyl and acyl substrate derivatives used to obtain the "lipophilic profile" of the channel of the C4-DCB transporter. It is recommended to use these approaches to one transporter with small sizes and large substrate specificity.
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Youn JW, Jolkver E, Krämer R, Marin K, Wendisch VF. Identification and characterization of the dicarboxylate uptake system DccT in Corynebacterium glutamicum. J Bacteriol 2008; 190:6458-66. [PMID: 18658264 PMCID: PMC2566012 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00780-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many bacteria can utilize C(4)-carboxylates as carbon and energy sources. However, Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 is not able to use tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates such as succinate, fumarate, and l-malate as sole carbon sources. Upon prolonged incubation, spontaneous mutants which had gained the ability to grow on succinate, fumarate, and l-malate could be isolated. DNA microarray analysis showed higher mRNA levels of cg0277, which subsequently was named dccT, in the mutants than in the wild type, and transcriptional fusion analysis revealed that a point mutation in the promoter region of dccT was responsible for increased expression. The overexpression of dccT was sufficient to enable the C. glutamicum wild type to grow on succinate, fumarate, and l-malate as the sole carbon sources. Biochemical analyses revealed that DccT, which is a member of the divalent anion/Na(+) symporter family, catalyzes the effective uptake of dicarboxylates like succinate, fumarate, L-malate, and likely also oxaloacetate in a sodium-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Won Youn
- Institute of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Westfalian Wilhelms University Muenster, Corrensstr. 3, D-48149 Muenster, Germany
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Zhou YF, Nan B, Nan J, Ma Q, Panjikar S, Liang YH, Wang Y, Su XD. C4-dicarboxylates sensing mechanism revealed by the crystal structures of DctB sensor domain. J Mol Biol 2008; 383:49-61. [PMID: 18725229 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2008] [Revised: 08/02/2008] [Accepted: 08/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
C(4)-dicarboxylates are the major carbon and energy sources during the symbiotic growth of rhizobia. Responses to C(4)-dicarboxylates depend on typical two-component systems (TCS) consisting of a transmembrane sensor histidine kinase and a cytoplasmic response regulator. The DctB-DctD system is the first identified TCS for C(4)-dicarboxylates sensing. Direct ligand binding to the sensor domain of DctB is believed to be the first step of the sensing events. In this report, the water-soluble periplasmic sensor domain of Sinorhizobium meliloti DctB (DctBp) was studied, and three crystal structures were solved: the apo protein, a complex with C(4) succinate, and a complex with C(3) malonate. Different from the two structurally known CitA family of carboxylate sensor proteins CitA and DcuS, the structure of DctBp consists of two tandem Per-Arnt-Sim (PAS) domains and one N-terminal helical region. Only the membrane-distal PAS domain was found to bind the ligands, whereas the proximal PAS domain was empty. Comparison of DctB, CitA, and DcuS suggests a detailed stereochemistry of C(4)-dicarboxylates ligand perception. The structures of the different ligand binding states of DctBp also revealed a series of conformational changes initiated upon ligand binding and propagated to the N-terminal domain responsible for dimerization, providing insights into understanding the detailed mechanism of the signal transduction of TCS histidine kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Feng Zhou
- National Laboratory of Protein Engineering and Plant Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Kovermann P, Meyer S, Hörtensteiner S, Picco C, Scholz-Starke J, Ravera S, Lee Y, Martinoia E. The Arabidopsis vacuolar malate channel is a member of the ALMT family. Plant J 2007; 52:1169-80. [PMID: 18005230 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2007.03367.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In plants, malate is a central metabolite and fulfills a large number of functions. Vacuolar malate may reach very high concentrations and fluctuate rapidly, whereas cytosolic malate is kept at a constant level allowing optimal metabolism. Recently, a vacuolar malate transporter (Arabidopsis thaliana tonoplast dicarboxylate transporter, AttDT) was identified that did not correspond to the well-characterized vacuolar malate channel. We therefore hypothesized that a member of the aluminum-activated malate transporter (ALMT) gene family could code for a vacuolar malate channel. Using GFP fusion constructs, we could show that AtALMT9 (A. thaliana ALMT9) is targeted to the vacuole. Promoter-GUS fusion constructs demonstrated that this gene is expressed in all organs, but is cell-type specific as GUS activity in leaves was detected nearly exclusively in mesophyll cells. Patch-clamp analysis of an Atalmt9 T-DNA insertion mutant exhibited strongly reduced vacuolar malate channel activity. In order to functionally characterize AtALMT9 as a malate channel, we heterologously expressed this gene in tobacco and in oocytes. Overexpression of AtALMT9-GFP in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves strongly enhanced the malate current densities across the mesophyll tonoplasts. Functional expression of AtALMT9 in Xenopus oocytes induced anion currents, which were clearly distinguishable from endogenous oocyte currents. Our results demonstrate that AtALMT9 is a vacuolar malate channel. Deletion mutants for AtALMT9 exhibit only slightly reduced malate content in mesophyll protoplasts and no visible phenotype, indicating that AttDT and the residual malate channel activity are sufficient to sustain the transport activity necessary to regulate the cytosolic malate homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kovermann
- Institute for Plant Biology, University of Zürich, CH-8008 Zürich, Switzerland
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Kim OB, Lux S, Unden G. Anaerobic growth of Escherichia coli on D-tartrate depends on the fumarate carrier DcuB and fumarase, rather than the L-tartrate carrier TtdT and L-tartrate dehydratase. Arch Microbiol 2007; 188:583-9. [PMID: 17643228 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-007-0279-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2007] [Revised: 05/12/2007] [Accepted: 06/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli is able to grow under anaerobic conditions on D: -tartrate when glycerol is supplied as an electron donor (D-tartrate fermentation). D-Tartrate was converted to succinate. Growth was lost in strains deficient for DcuB, the fumarate/succinate antiporter of fumarate respiration. The L-tartrate/succinate antiporter TtdT of L-tartrate fermentation, or the C4-dicarboxylate carriers DcuA and DcuC, were not able to support D-tartrate transport and fermentation. Deletion of fumB demonstrated, that fumarase B is required for growth on D-tartrate. The mutant lost most (about 79%) of D-tartrate dehydratase activity. L-Tartrate dehydratase (TtdAB), and fumarase A or C, showed no or only a small contribution to D-tartrate dehydratase activity. Therefore D-tartrate is metabolised by a sequence of reactions analogous to that from L-tartrate fermentation, including dehydration to oxaloacetate, which is then converted to malate, fumarate and succinate. The stereoisomer specific carrier TtdT and dehydratase TtdAB of L-tartrate fermentation are substituted by enzymes from general anaerobic fumarate metabolism, the antiporter DcuB and fumarase B, which have a broader substrate specificity. No D-tartrate specific carriers and enzymes are involved in the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ok Bin Kim
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Weinforschung, Universität Mainz, Becherweg 15, 55099 Mainz, Germany
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Abstract
In the central nervous system, electrogenic sodium- and potassium-coupled glutamate transporters terminate the synaptic actions of this neurotransmitter. In contrast to acidic amino acids, dicarboxylic acids are not recognized by glutamate transporters, but the related bacterial DctA transporters are capable of transporting succinate and other dicarboxylic acids. Transmembrane domain 8 contains several residues that differ between these two types of transporters. One of these, aspartate-444 of the neuronal glutamate transporter EAAC1, is conserved in glutamate transporters, but a serine residue occupies this position in DctA transporters. When aspartate-444 is mutated to serine, cysteine, alanine, or even to glutamate, uptake of d-[3H]-aspartate as well as the inwardly rectifying steady-state currents induced by acidic amino acids is impaired. Even though succinate was not capable of inducing any steady-state transport currents, the dicarboxylic acid inhibited the sodium-dependent transient currents by the mutants with a neutral substitution at position 444. In the neutral substitution mutants inhibition of the transients was also observed with acidic amino acids. In the D444E mutant, acidic amino acids were potent inhibitors of the transient currents, whereas the apparent affinity for succinate was lower by at least three orders of magnitude. Even though L-aspartate could bind to D444E with a high apparent affinity, this binding resulted in inhibition rather than stimulation of the uncoupled anion conductance. Thus, a carboxylic acid–containing side chain at position 444 prevents the interaction of glutamate transporters with succinate, and the presence of aspartate itself at this position is crucial for productive substrate binding compatible with substrate translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shlomit Teichman
- Department of Biochemistry, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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Abstract
High-affinity, sodium-dependent dicarboxylate transporter (NaDC3) is responsible for transport of Krebs cycle intermediates and may involve in regulation of aging and life span. Hydropathy analysis predicts that NaDC3 contains 11 or 12 hydrophobic transmembrane (TM) domains. However, the actual membrane topological structure of NaDC3 remains unknown. In this study, confocal immunofluorescence microscopy and membrane biotinylation of epitope-tagged N and C termini of NaDC3 provide evidence of an extracellular C terminus and an intracellular N terminus, indicating an odd number of transmembrane regions. The position of hydrophilic loops within NaDC3 was identified with antibodies against the loops domains combined with cysteine accessibility methods. A confocal image of membrane localization and transport activity assay of the cysteine insertion mutants show behavior similar to that of wild-type NaDC3 in transfected HEK293 cells, suggesting that these mutants retain a native protein configuration. We find that NaDC3 contains 11 transmembrane helices. The loops 1, 3, 5, 7, and 9 face the extracellular side, and loops 2, 4, 6, and 10 face the cytoplasmic side. A re-entrant loop-like structure between TM8 and TM9 may protrude into the membrane. Our results support the topography of 11 transmembrane domains with an extracellular C terminus and an intracellular N terminus of NaDC3, and for the first time provide experimental evidence for a novel topological model for NaDC3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Yuan Bai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, Chinese PLA General Hospital and Military Medical Postgraduate College, 28 Fuxing Rd., Beijing 100853, China
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Stellmer F, Keyser B, Burckhardt BC, Koepsell H, Streichert T, Glatzel M, Jabs S, Thiem J, Herdering W, Koeller DM, Goodman SI, Lukacs Z, Ullrich K, Burckhardt G, Braulke T, Mühlhausen C. 3-Hydroxyglutaric acid is transported via the sodium-dependent dicarboxylate transporter NaDC3. J Mol Med (Berl) 2007; 85:763-70. [PMID: 17356845 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-007-0174-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2006] [Revised: 01/16/2007] [Accepted: 02/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Patients with glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH) deficiency accumulate glutaric acid (GA) and 3-hydroxyglutaric acid (3OH-GA) in their blood and urine. To identify the transporter mediating the translocation of 3OH-GA through membranes, kidney tissue of Gcdh-/- mice have been investigated because of its central role in urinary excretion of this metabolite. Using microarray analyses of kidney-expressed genes in Gcdh-/- mice, several differentially expressed genes encoding transporter proteins were identified. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed the upregulation of the sodium-dependent dicarboxylate cotransporter 3 (NaDC3) and the organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2). Expression analysis of NaDC3 in Xenopus laevis oocytes by the two-electrode-voltage-clamp technique demonstrated the sodium-dependent translocation of 3OH-GA with a K (M) value of 0.95 mM. Furthermore, tracer flux measurements in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing OCT2 showed that 3OH-GA inhibited significantly the uptake of methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, whereas 3OH-GA is not transported by OCT2. The data demonstrate for the first time the membrane translocation of 3OH-GA mediated by NaDC3 and the cis-inhibitory effect on OCT2-mediated transport of cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Stellmer
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
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Srisawang P, Chatsudthipong A, Chatsudthipong V. Modulation of succinate transport in Hep G2 cell line by PKC. Biochim Biophys Acta 2007; 1768:1378-88. [PMID: 17395152 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Revised: 02/16/2007] [Accepted: 02/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The cellular uptake of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) intermediates is very important for cellular metabolism. However, the transport pathways for these intermediates in liver cells are not well characterized. We have examined the transport of succinate and citrate in the human hepatoma cell line Hep G2 and found that it exhibited a higher rate of succinate compared to citrate transport, which was sodium dependent. Comparison of the transport properties of Hep G2 to that of human retinal pigment epithelial (HRPE) cells transfected with human sodium dicarboxylate transporters, hNaDC-1, hNaDC-3, and hNaCT indicated that Hep G2 cells express a combination of hNaDC-3 and hNaCT. Short period activation of protein kinase C (PKC) by phorbol 12-myristate, 13-acetate (PMA) and alpha-adrenergic receptor agonist, phenylephrine (PE), downregulated sodium-dependent succinate transport presumably via hNaDC-3. The inhibition by PMA was partially prevented by cytochalasin D, suggesting that PKC reduces the hNaDC-3 activity, at least in part, by increased endocytosis. In contrast, activation of PKA by both forskolin and epidermal growth factor (EGF) had no effect on succinate transport. Our results suggest that Hep G2 cells provide a useful model for studies of di- and tricarboxylate regulation of human liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyarat Srisawang
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Hagos Y, Steffgen J, Rizwan AN, Langheit D, Knoll A, Burckhardt G, Burckhardt BC. Functional roles of cationic amino acid residues in the sodium-dicarboxylate cotransporter 3 (NaDC-3) from winter flounder. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2006; 291:F1224-31. [PMID: 16735460 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00307.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we determined the functional role of 15 positively charged amino acid residues at or within 1 of the predicted 11 transmembrane helixes of the flounder renal sodium-dicarboxylate cotransporter fNaDC-3. Using site-directed mutagenesis, histidine (H), lysine (K), and arginine (R) residues of fNaDC-3 were replaced by alanine (A), isoleucine (I), or leucine (L). Most mutants showed sodium-dependent, lithium-inhibitable [14C]succinate uptake and, in two-electrode voltage-clamp (TEVC) experiments, Km and Δ Imax values comparable to wild-type (WT) fNaDC-3. The replacement of R109 and R110 by alanine and isoleucine (RR109/110AI) prevented the expression of fNaDC-3 at the plasma membrane. When the lysines at positions 232 and 235 were replaced by isoleucine (KK232/235II), the transporter was expressed but showed small transport rates and succinate-induced currents. K114I, located within transmembrane helix 4, showed [14C]succinate uptake similar to WT but relatively small inward currents. When K114 was replaced by arginine, glutamic acid (E), or glutamine (Q), all mutants were expressed at the cell surface. In [14C]succinate uptake and TEVC experiments performed simultaneously on the same oocytes, uptake was similar to or higher than WT, whereas succinate-induced currents were either comparable (K114R) to, or considerably smaller (K114E, K114I, K114Q) than, those evoked by WT. These results suggest that a positively charged residue at position 114 is required for electrogenic sodium-dicarboxylate cotransport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes Hagos
- Zentrum Physiologie und Pathophysiologie, Abt. Vegetative Physiologie und Pathophysiologie Universität Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073 Göttingen, Germany.
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Abstract
In Staphylococcus aureus, the transport of dicarboxylates is mediated in part by the Na+-linked carrier protein SdcS. This transporter is a member of the divalent-anion/Na+ symporter (DASS) family, a group that includes the mammalian Na+/dicarboxylate cotransporters NaDC1 and NaDC3. In earlier work, we cloned and expressed SdcS in Escherichia coli and found it to have transport properties similar to those of its eukaryotic counterparts (J. A. Hall and A. M. Pajor, J. Bacteriol. 187:5189-5194, 2005). Here, we report the partial purification and subsequent reconstitution of functional SdcS into liposomes. These proteoliposomes exhibited succinate counterflow activity, as well as Na+ electrochemical-gradient-driven transport. Examination of substrate specificity indicated that the minimal requirement necessary for transport was a four-carbon terminal dicarboxylate backbone and that productive substrate-transporter interaction was sensitive to substitutions at the substrate C-2 and C-3 positions. Further analysis established that SdcS facilitates an electroneutral symport reaction having a 2:1 cation/dicarboxylate ratio. This study represents the first characterization of a reconstituted Na+-coupled DASS family member, thus providing an effective method to evaluate functional, as well as structural, aspects of DASS transporters in a system free of the complexities and constraints associated with native membrane environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Hall
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-0645, USA
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Abstract
Dicarboxylic acids (DCAs) can be obtained by oxidizing alkanes by Candida tropicalis. Through alpha-monocarboxylic acids (MCAs), alpha- and omega-oxidation yield alpha- or omega-DCAs, respectively. However, both MCAs and DCAs may be degraded to acetyl-CoA by beta-oxidation, resulting in a limited DCA yield. Acetyl-CoA can be transported into the mitochondrion for the TCA cycle by carnitine acetyltransferase (CAT), by which the energy generation and beta-oxidation are connected. In this paper, we present a method to reconstruct the metabolic pathway by inhibiting the acetyl-CoA transportation system. Metabolic engineering is applied on the acetyl-CoA transportation system, but not the key enzymes in beta-oxidation. Starting with the original strain W10-1, cat heterozygote CZ-15 and cat homozygote CKC-11 were obtained by gene knockout. The CAT specific activity in CZ-15 was about 50% lower than that in W10-1, resulting in a 21.0% increase of the DCA concentration, and a 12% increase of the molar conversion of alkane, reaching 61.6%. However, no CAT activity was detected in CKC-11, and CKC-11 could not grow on alkane. These results indicate that inhibition of beta-oxidation via reconstruction of the transportation process between organelles can facilitate DCA production, but that totally blocking the & betagr;-oxidation would be harmful for energy supply. We thus provide a novel insight into regulation of the beta-oxidation system and metabolic flux. Further understanding of beta-oxidation and the acetyl-CoA transportation system in Candida tropicalis is reached through examination of fermentation data by metabolic flux analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuan Cao
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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Ganapathy V, Fujita T. Identity of the high-affinity sodium/carboxylate cotransporter NaC3 as the N-acetyl-L-aspartate transporter. Adv Exp Med Biol 2006; 576:67-76; discussion 361-3. [PMID: 16802705 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-30172-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vadivel Ganapathy
- Vadivel Ganapathy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia 30912, USA
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Visser WF, van Roermund CWT, Ijlst L, Hellingwerf KJ, Waterham HR, Wanders RJA. First identification of a 2-ketoglutarate/isocitrate transport system in mammalian peroxisomes and its characterization. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 348:1224-31. [PMID: 16919238 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2006] [Accepted: 07/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes contain specific transporter proteins required for the translocation of various metabolites across its membrane. The presence of several members of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter family is well established, and the characterization of transporters for adenine nucleotides and (pyro)phosphate in the peroxisomal membrane has been described recently. Previously published data strongly suggest the presence of additional transporters that facilitate the translocation of reducing equivalents and acetyl-units across the peroxisomal membrane. In this paper, we demonstrate the presence of transporter activity for 2-ketoglutarate and isocitrate in the peroxisomal membrane, by functional reconstitution of bovine kidney peroxisomal membrane protein in proteoliposomes. This transporter activity is assumed to be required to sustain the activity of intraperoxisomal isocitrate-dehydrogenase, which is involved in the regeneration of NADPH in the peroxisomal matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter F Visser
- University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Centre, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Pediatrics, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Mamaev DV, Aliverdieva DA, Bondarenko DI, Sholtz KF. Study of active site topography of rat liver mitochondrial dicarboxylate transporter using lipophilic substrate derivatives. Biochemistry (Moscow) 2006; 71:800-9. [PMID: 16903835 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297906070133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Earlier it has been demonstrated that the active site (substrate-binding site + active site channel) of rat liver mitochondrial dicarboxylate transporter is characterized by rather complex topography. Probing the active site with 2-monoalkylmalonates revealed the existence of internal and external lipophilic areas separated by a polar region. A two substrate-binding site model of the transporter has been supposed. The correctness of this model has been evaluated by probing the active site with O-acyl-L-malates differing from 2-monoalkylmalonates by 0.23 nm longer distance from the anion groups to the aliphatic chain. Changes in the polar group of the probe did not prevent its binding and showed the same variable lipophilicity pattern for the transporter channel. Probing with alpha,omega-alkylene dimalonates did not reveal the second substrate-binding site at the active site. The substrate-binding site did not show any differences in affinity to O-acyl-derivatives of L-malate and D-malate, except L-malate binds more effectively than D-malate. This suggests involvement of the L-malate hydroxyl group in substrate binding and stereospecific behavior of the transporter substrate-binding site. A modified one substrate-binding site model of the dicarboxylate transporter is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Mamaev
- Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
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