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Luo W, Fu X, Huang H, Wu P, Wang Y, Liu Z, He S, Pang L, Ren D, Cui Y. Planar Cell Polarity in the Multiciliated Epithelial Lining of the Mouse Eustachian Tube. Laryngoscope 2024. [PMID: 38613460 DOI: 10.1002/lary.31451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling, essential for uniform alignment and directional beating of motile cilia, has been investigated in multiciliated epithelia. As a complex structure connecting the middle ear to the nasopharynx, the eustachian tube (ET) is important in the onset of ear-nose-throat diseases. However, PCP signaling, including the orientation that is important for ciliary motility and clearance function in the ET, has not been studied. We evaluated PCP in the ET epithelium. STUDY DESIGN Morphometric examination of the mouse ET. METHODS We performed electron microscopy to assess ciliary polarity in the mouse ET, along with immunohistochemical analysis of PCP protein localization in the ET epithelium. RESULTS We discovered PCP in the ET epithelium. Motile cilia were aligned in the same direction in individual and neighboring cells; this alignment manifested as ciliary polarity in multiciliated cells. Additionally, PCP proteins were asymmetrically localized between adjacent cells in the plane of the ET. CONCLUSIONS The multiciliated ET epithelium exhibits polarization, suggesting novel structural features that may be critical for ET function. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwei Luo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Fu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongming Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peina Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanmei Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhifeng Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Longgang E.N.T hospital & Institute of E.N.T, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shiqi He
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Limin Pang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongdong Ren
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Eye & ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Cui
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Nguyen TN, Koga Y, Wakasugi T, Kitamura T, Suzuki H. Nasal polyps show decreased mucociliary transport despite vigorous ciliary beating. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2024; 90:101377. [PMID: 38232516 PMCID: PMC10827508 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2023.101377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mucociliary transport function in the airway mucosa is essential for maintaining a clean mucosal surface. This function is impaired in upper and lower airway diseases. Nasal polyps are a noticeable pathological feature that develop in some of the patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Like ordinary nasal mucosae, nasal polyps have a ciliated pseudostratified epithelium with vigorous ciliary beating. We measured ex vivo Mucociliary Transport Velocity (MCTV) and Ciliary Beat Frequency (CBF) and explored the expressions of Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) proteins in nasal polyps in comparison with turbinate mucosae. METHODS Inferior turbinates and nasal polyps were surgically collected from patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Ex vivo MCTV and CBF were measured using a high-speed digital imaging system. Expressions of PCP proteins were explored by fluorescence immunohistochemistry and quantitative RT-PCR. RESULTS The MCTV of nasal polyps was significantly lower than that of the turbinates (7.43 ± 2.01 vs. 14.56 ± 2.09 μm/s; p = 0.0361), whereas CBF did not differ between the two tissues. The MCTV vector was pointed to the posteroinferior direction in all turbinates with an average inclination angle of 41.0 degrees. Immunohistochemical expressions of Dishevelled-1, Dishevelled-3, Frizzled3, Frizzled6, Prickle2 and Vangl2 were lower in the nasal polyps than in the turbinates. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that Frizzled3 was localized along the cell junction on the apical surface. The expression levels of mRNAs for Dishevelled-1, Dishevelled-3 and Frizzled3 in the nasal polyps were also decreased in comparison with the turbinates. CONCLUSION These results indicate that muco ciliary transport in nasal polyps is impaired although vigorous ciliary beating is maintained, and that the impairment may be caused by a decrease in Dishevelled/Frizzled proteins and resultant PCP disarrangement. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Nga Nguyen
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kitakyushu, Japan; Vinh Medical University, Faculty of Public Health, Vinh City, Vietnam
| | - Yuma Koga
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Wakasugi
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Takuro Kitamura
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Hideaki Suzuki
- University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kitakyushu, Japan.
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Shiratsuchi G, Konishi S, Yano T, Yanagihashi Y, Nakayama S, Katsuno T, Kashihara H, Tanaka H, Tsukita K, Suzuki K, Herawati E, Watanabe H, Hirai T, Yagi T, Kondoh G, Gotoh S, Tamura A, Tsukita S. Dual-color live imaging unveils stepwise organization of multiple basal body arrays by cytoskeletons. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:1176-1207. [PMID: 38316902 PMCID: PMC10933483 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00066-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
For mucociliary clearance of pathogens, tracheal multiciliated epithelial cells (MCCs) organize coordinated beating of cilia, which originate from basal bodies (BBs) with basal feet (BFs) on one side. To clarify the self-organizing mechanism of coordinated intracellular BB-arrays composed of a well-ordered BB-alignment and unidirectional BB-orientation, determined by the direction of BB to BF, we generated double transgenic mice with GFP-centrin2-labeled BBs and mRuby3-Cep128-labeled BFs for long-term, high-resolution, dual-color live-cell imaging in primary-cultured tracheal MCCs. At early timepoints of MCC differentiation, BB-orientation and BB-local alignment antecedently coordinated in an apical microtubule-dependent manner. Later during MCC differentiation, fluctuations in BB-orientation were restricted, and locally aligned BB-arrays were further coordinated to align across the entire cell (BB-global alignment), mainly in an apical intermediate-sized filament-lattice-dependent manner. Thus, the high coordination of the BB-array was established for efficient mucociliary clearance as the primary defense against pathogen infection, identifying apical cytoskeletons as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Shiratsuchi
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Konishi
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tomoki Yano
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Organoid Medicine, Sakaguchi Laboratory, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Shogo Nakayama
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Katsuno
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Center for Anatomical Studies, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroka Kashihara
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroo Tanaka
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuto Tsukita
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koya Suzuki
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Elisa Herawati
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Central Java, Indonesia
| | - Hitomi Watanabe
- Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toyohiro Hirai
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yagi
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Gen Kondoh
- Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shimpei Gotoh
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tamura
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Sachiko Tsukita
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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Takagishi M, Yue Y, Gray RS, Verhey KJ, Wallingford JB. Motor protein Kif6 regulates cilia motility and polarity in brain ependymal cells. Dis Model Mech 2024; 17:dmm050137. [PMID: 38235522 PMCID: PMC10924229 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Motile cilia on ependymal cells that line brain ventricular walls beat in concert to generate a flow of laminar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Dyneins and kinesins are ATPase microtubule motor proteins that promote the rhythmic beating of cilia axonemes. Despite common consensus about the importance of axonemal dynein motor proteins, little is known about how kinesin motors contribute to cilia motility. Here, we show that Kif6 is a slow processive motor (12.2±2.0 nm/s) on microtubules in vitro and localizes to both the apical cytoplasm and the axoneme in ependymal cells, although it does not display processive movement in vivo. Using a mouse mutant that models a human Kif6 mutation in a proband displaying macrocephaly, hypotonia and seizures, we found that loss of Kif6 function causes decreased ependymal cilia motility and, subsequently, decreases fluid flow on the surface of brain ventricular walls. Disruption of Kif6 also disrupts orientation of cilia, formation of robust apical actin networks and stabilization of basal bodies at the apical surface. This suggests a role for the Kif6 motor protein in the maintenance of ciliary homeostasis within ependymal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Takagishi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Patterson Labs, The University of Texas at Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Yang Yue
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ryan S. Gray
- Departments of Nutrition and Pediatrics, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Medical School, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Kristen J. Verhey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - John B. Wallingford
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Patterson Labs, The University of Texas at Austin, TX 78712, USA
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Lyu Q, Li Q, Zhou J, Zhao H. Formation and function of multiciliated cells. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202307150. [PMID: 38032388 PMCID: PMC10689204 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202307150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, multiciliated cells (MCCs) are terminally differentiated cells that line the airway tracts, brain ventricles, and reproductive ducts. Each MCC contains dozens to hundreds of motile cilia that beat in a synchronized manner to drive fluid flow across epithelia, the dysfunction of which is associated with a group of human diseases referred to as motile ciliopathies, such as primary cilia dyskinesia. Given the dynamic and complex process of multiciliogenesis, the biological events essential for forming multiple motile cilia are comparatively unelucidated. Thanks to advancements in genetic tools, omics technologies, and structural biology, significant progress has been achieved in the past decade in understanding the molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of multiple motile cilia formation. In this review, we discuss recent studies with ex vivo culture MCC and animal models, summarize current knowledge of multiciliogenesis, and particularly highlight recent advances and their implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Lyu
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Qingchao Li
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Huijie Zhao
- Center for Cell Structure and Function, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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6
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Oyagi S, Nakamura R, Katsuno T, Sogami T, Kawai Y, Kishimoto Y, Omori K. Local coordination of epithelial planar polarity in the maintenance and regeneration of the adult rat airway. Cell Tissue Res 2023; 394:163-175. [PMID: 37460682 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-023-03809-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
The maintenance of planar polarity in airway multiciliated cells (MCCs) has been poorly characterized. We recently reported that the direction of ciliary beating in a surgically inverted tracheal segment remained inverted beyond the time required for the turnover of cells, without adjustment to global distal-to-proximal polarity. We hypothesized that the local maintenance of tissue-level polarity occurs via locally reproduced cells. To provide further insight regarding this hypothetical property, we performed allotransplantation of an inverted tracheal segment between wild-type (donor) and tdTomato-expressing (host) rats, with and without scratching the mucosa of the transplants. The origin of cells in the transplants was assessed using tdTomato-specific immunostaining. Ciliary movement and structures were observed by high-speed video and electron microscopy to analyze MCC orientations. Variabilities in the orientations of closely and distantly located MCCs were analyzed to evaluate the local- and broad-scale coordination of polarity, respectively. The epithelium was maintained by donor-derived cells in the non-scratched inverted transplant over 6 months, beyond one cycle of turnover. The inverted orientation of MCCs was also maintained throughout the non-scratched transplant. MCCs regenerated in the scratched transplant were derived from the host and exhibited diverse orientations across the transplant. However, the orientations of adjacent regenerated MCCs were often coordinated, indicating that airway MCCs can locally coordinate their orientations. A steady-state airway may maintain MCC orientation by locally reproducing MCCs via the local coordination of polarity. This local coordination enables the formation and maintenance of tissue-level polarity in small regions after mucosal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Oyagi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Min-iren Chuo Hospital, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Nakamura
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Tatsuya Katsuno
- Center of Anatomical, Pathological and Forensic Medical Researches, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tohru Sogami
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, SOSEIKAI hospital, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Kawai
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Yo Kishimoto
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Koichi Omori
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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Xie H, Kang Y, Liu J, Huang M, Dai Z, Shi J, Wang S, Li L, Li Y, Zheng P, Sun Y, Han Q, Zhang J, Zhu Z, Xu L, Yelick PC, Cao M, Zhao C. Ependymal polarity defects coupled with disorganized ciliary beating drive abnormal cerebrospinal fluid flow and spine curvature in zebrafish. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002008. [PMID: 36862758 PMCID: PMC10013924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic scoliosis (IS) is the most common spinal deformity diagnosed in childhood or early adolescence, while the underlying pathogenesis of this serious condition remains largely unknown. Here, we report zebrafish ccdc57 mutants exhibiting scoliosis during late development, similar to that observed in human adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Zebrafish ccdc57 mutants developed hydrocephalus due to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow defects caused by uncoordinated cilia beating in ependymal cells. Mechanistically, Ccdc57 localizes to ciliary basal bodies and controls the planar polarity of ependymal cells through regulating the organization of microtubule networks and proper positioning of basal bodies. Interestingly, ependymal cell polarity defects were first observed in ccdc57 mutants at approximately 17 days postfertilization, the same time when scoliosis became apparent and prior to multiciliated ependymal cell maturation. We further showed that mutant spinal cord exhibited altered expression pattern of the Urotensin neuropeptides, in consistent with the curvature of the spine. Strikingly, human IS patients also displayed abnormal Urotensin signaling in paraspinal muscles. Altogether, our data suggest that ependymal polarity defects are one of the earliest sign of scoliosis in zebrafish and disclose the essential and conserved roles of Urotensin signaling during scoliosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Xie
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University & Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- Fang Zongxi Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yunsi Kang
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- Fang Zongxi Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Junjun Liu
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Fang Zongxi Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Min Huang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhicheng Dai
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing China
| | - Jiale Shi
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Fang Zongxi Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Fang Zongxi Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Lanqin Li
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Fang Zongxi Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Fang Zongxi Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Pengfei Zheng
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Fang Zongxi Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Fang Zongxi Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Qize Han
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Fang Zongxi Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University & Key Laboratory of Zebrafish Model for Development and Disease of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
- The Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Guangdong Zhanjiang, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zezhang Zhu
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing China
| | - Leilei Xu
- Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing China
| | - Pamela C. Yelick
- Department of Orthodontics, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Muqing Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Pathophysiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengtian Zhao
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- Fang Zongxi Center, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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Expression of Indian hedgehog signaling in murine oviductal infundibulum and its relationship with epithelial homeostasis. Cell Tissue Res 2023; 391:595-609. [PMID: 36577879 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03722-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Homeostasis of the oviductal infundibulum epithelium is continuously regulated by signaling pathways under physiological and pathological conditions. Herein, we investigated the expression of hedgehog (Hh) signaling-related components in the murine oviductal infundibulum, which is known to maintain homeostasis in the adult epithelium. Additionally, using autoimmune disease-prone MRL/MpJ-Faslpr/lpr (MRL/lpr) mice showing abnormal morphofunction of the ciliated epithelium of the infundibulum related to the oviductal inflammation, we examined the relationship between Hh signaling and pathology of the infundibulum. The expression and localization of Pax8, a marker for progenitor cells in the oviductal epithelium, and Foxj1, a marker for ciliogenesis, were examined in the infundibulum. The results showed that Pax8 was downregulated and Foxj1 was upregulated with aging, suggesting that homeostasis of the infundibulum epithelium of MRL/lpr mice was disturbed at 6 months of age. In all mice, the motile cilia of ciliated epithelial cells in the infundibulum harbored Hh signaling pathway-related molecules: patched (Ptch), smoothened (Smo), and epithelial cells harbor Gli. In contrast, Ptch, Smo, and Gli2 were significantly downregulated in the infundibulum of MRL/lpr mice at 6 months of age. The expression levels of Pax8 and Foxj1 were significantly positively correlated with those of Ptch1, Smo, and Gli2. Hh signaling is thought to be involved in homeostasis of the ciliated epithelium in the infundibulum. In MRL/lpr mice, which show exacerbated severe systemic autoimmune abnormalities, molecular alterations in Hh signaling-related components are considered to interact with local inflammation in the infundibulum, leading to disturbances in epithelial homeostasis and reproductive function.
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Tsukita K, Kitamata M, Kashihara H, Yano T, Fujiwara I, Day TF, Katsuno T, Kim J, Takenaga F, Tanaka H, Park S, Miyata M, Watanabe H, Kondoh G, Takahashi R, Tamura A, Tsukita S. Phase separation of an actin nucleator by junctional microtubules regulates epithelial function. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadf6358. [PMID: 36791197 PMCID: PMC9931218 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adf6358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) is involved in various dynamic biological phenomena. In epithelial cells, dynamic regulation of junctional actin filaments tethered to the apical junctional complex (AJC) is critical for maintaining internal homeostasis against external perturbations; however, the role of LLPS in this process remains unknown. Here, after identifying a multifunctional actin nucleator, cordon bleu (Cobl), as an AJC-enriched microtubule-associated protein, we conducted comprehensive in vitro and in vivo analyses. We found that apical microtubules promoted LLPS of Cobl at the AJC, and Cobl actin assembly activity increased upon LLPS. Thus, microtubules spatiotemporally regulated junctional actin assembly for epithelial morphogenesis and paracellular barriers. Collectively, these findings established that LLPS of the actin nucleator Cobl mediated dynamic microtubule-actin cross-talk in junctions, which fine-tuned the epithelial barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuto Tsukita
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
- Laboratory of Barriology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Manabu Kitamata
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
- Laboratory of Barriology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroka Kashihara
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
- Laboratory of Barriology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoki Yano
- Laboratory of Barriology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Organoid Medicine, Sakaguchi Laboratory, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ikuko Fujiwara
- Departments of Materials Science and Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Timothy F. Day
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
- Laboratory of Barriology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Katsuno
- Laboratory of Barriology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Center for Anatomical, Pathological and Forensic Medical Researches, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Jaewon Kim
- Graduate School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea
| | - Fumiko Takenaga
- Laboratory of Barriology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroo Tanaka
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
- Laboratory of Barriology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Sungsu Park
- Graduate School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea
| | - Makoto Miyata
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Hitomi Watanabe
- Laboratory of Integrative Biological Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Gen Kondoh
- Laboratory of Integrative Biological Science, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tamura
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
- Laboratory of Barriology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
| | - Sachiko Tsukita
- Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization, Teikyo University, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
- Laboratory of Barriology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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10
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LRP2 contributes to planar cell polarity-dependent coordination of motile cilia function. Cell Tissue Res 2023; 392:535-551. [PMID: 36764939 PMCID: PMC10172251 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-023-03757-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Motile cilia are protruding organelles on specialized epithelia that beat in a synchronous fashion to propel extracellular fluids. Coordination and orientation of cilia beating on individual cells and across tissues is a complex process dependent on planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling. Asymmetric sorting of PCP pathway components, essential to establish planar polarity, involves trafficking along the endocytic path, but the underlying regulatory processes remain incompletely understood. Here, we identified the endocytic receptor LRP2 as regulator of PCP component trafficking in ependyma, a multi-ciliated cell type that is involved in facilitating flow of the cerebrospinal fluid in the brain ventricular system. Lack of receptor expression in gene-targeted mice results in a failure to sort PCP core proteins to the anterior or posterior cell side and, consequently, in the inability to coordinate cilia arrangement and to aligned beating (loss of rotational and translational polarity). LRP2 deficiency coincides with a failure to sort NHERF1, a cytoplasmic LRP2 adaptor to the anterior cell side. As NHERF1 is essential to translocate PCP core protein Vangl2 to the plasma membrane, these data suggest a molecular mechanism whereby LRP2 interacts with PCP components through NHERF1 to control their asymmetric sorting along the endocytic path. Taken together, our findings identified the endocytic receptor LRP2 as a novel regulator of endosomal trafficking of PCP proteins, ensuring their asymmetric partition and establishment of translational and rotational planar cell polarity in the ependyma.
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11
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Ma D, Wang F, Teng J, Huang N, Chen J. Structure and function of distal and subdistal appendages of the mother centriole. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:286880. [PMID: 36727648 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Centrosomes are composed of centrioles surrounded by pericentriolar material. The two centrioles in G1 phase are distinguished by the localization of their appendages in the distal and subdistal regions; the centriole possessing both types of appendage is older and referred to as the mother centriole, whereas the other centriole lacking appendages is the daughter centriole. Both distal and subdistal appendages in vertebrate cells consist of multiple proteins assembled in a hierarchical manner. Distal appendages function mainly in the initial process of ciliogenesis, and subdistal appendages are involved in microtubule anchoring, mitotic spindle regulation and maintenance of ciliary signaling. Mutations in genes encoding components of both appendage types are implicated in ciliopathies and developmental defects. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in knowledge regarding the composition and assembly of centriolar appendages, as well as their roles in development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fulin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junlin Teng
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ning Huang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Translational Medicine Institute, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.,Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Center for Quantitative Biology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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12
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Analysis of motility and mucociliary function of tracheal epithelial cilia. Methods Cell Biol 2023; 176:159-180. [PMID: 37164536 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2022.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The airway epithelium contains numerous multiciliated cells. The apical surface of multiciliated cells is covered with cilia that move at 15-25Hz. Ciliary movement is not a simple reciprocal movement and distinctly has forward and reverse movements called effective and recovery strokes, respectively. These "asymmetric" ciliary strokes push away the mucus covering the mucosa of the airway epithelium. Mucus flow created by ciliary stroke is important for capturing and expelling dust, pollen, PM2.5, pathogens, and other particles that enter the airways from outside the body. This mechanism for protecting the airways produced by ciliary movement is called mucociliary function. Defects in ciliary motility lead to impairment of mucociliary function, resulting in recurrent airway infections such as bronchitis and pneumonia, and consequently, bronchiectasis. While the analysis of ciliary beat frequency is relatively easy, the analyses of the amplitude, velocities of strokes, and the asymmetric level require specific techniques and tips. In this chapter, we present methods for the analysis of ciliary movements of a group of cilia on the luminal surface of the trachea ex vivo and individually isolated and ATP-reactivated cilia in vitro. In addition, a method for the analysis of mucociliary function is also presented.
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13
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Junker AD, Woodhams LG, Soh AWJ, O’Toole ET, Bayly PV, Pearson CG. Basal bodies bend in response to ciliary forces. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar146. [PMID: 36287828 PMCID: PMC9727800 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e22-10-0468-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Motile cilia beat with an asymmetric waveform consisting of a power stroke that generates a propulsive force and a recovery stroke that returns the cilium back to the start. Cilia are anchored to the cell cortex by basal bodies (BBs) that are directly coupled to the ciliary doublet microtubules (MTs). We find that, consistent with ciliary forces imposing on BBs, bending patterns in BB triplet MTs are responsive to ciliary beating. BB bending varies as environmental conditions change the ciliary waveform. Bending occurs where striated fibers (SFs) attach to BBs and mutants with short SFs that fail to connect to adjacent BBs exhibit abnormal BB bending, supporting a model in which SFs couple ciliary forces between BBs. Finally, loss of the BB stability protein Poc1, which helps interconnect BB triplet MTs, prevents the normal distributed BB and ciliary bending patterns. Collectively, BBs experience ciliary forces and manage mechanical coupling of these forces to their surrounding cellular architecture for normal ciliary beating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony D. Junker
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Louis G. Woodhams
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Adam W. J. Soh
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Eileen T. O’Toole
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80302
| | - Philip V. Bayly
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130
| | - Chad G. Pearson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045,*Address correspondence to: Chad G. Pearson ()
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14
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Coordination of Cilia Movements in Multi-Ciliated Cells. J Dev Biol 2022; 10:jdb10040047. [PMID: 36412641 PMCID: PMC9680496 DOI: 10.3390/jdb10040047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple motile cilia are formed at the apical surface of multi-ciliated cells in the epithelium of the oviduct or the fallopian tube, the trachea, and the ventricle of the brain. Those cilia beat unidirectionally along the tissue axis, and this provides a driving force for directed movements of ovulated oocytes, mucus, and cerebrospinal fluid in each of these organs. Furthermore, cilia movements show temporal coordination between neighboring cilia. To establish such coordination of cilia movements, cilia need to sense and respond to various cues, including the organ's orientation and movements of neighboring cilia. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms by which cilia movements of multi-ciliated cells are coordinated, focusing on planar cell polarity and the cytoskeleton, and highlight open questions for future research.
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15
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Chatzifrangkeskou M, Skourides PA. The apical ciliary adhesion complex is established at the basal foot of motile cilia and depends on the microtubule network. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19028. [PMID: 36347932 PMCID: PMC9643470 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22871-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ciliary Adhesion (CA) complex forms in close association with the basal bodies of cilia during the early stages of ciliogenesis and is responsible for mediating complex interactions with the actin networks of multiciliated cells (MCCs). However, its precise localization with respect to basal body accessory structures and the interactions that lead to its establishment in MCCs are not well understood. Here, we studied the distribution of the CA proteins using super-resolution imaging and possible interactions with the microtubule network. The results of this study reveal that the apical CA complex forms at the distal end of the basal foot and depends on microtubules. Our data also raise the possibility that CAs may have additional roles in the regulation of the organization of the microtubule network of MCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chatzifrangkeskou
- grid.6603.30000000121167908Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, P.O Box 20537, 2109 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Paris A. Skourides
- grid.6603.30000000121167908Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cyprus, P.O Box 20537, 2109 Nicosia, Cyprus
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16
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Faubel RJ, Santos Canellas VS, Gaesser J, Beluk NH, Feinstein TN, Wang Y, Yankova M, Karunakaran KB, King SM, Ganapathiraju MK, Lo CW. Flow blockage disrupts cilia-driven fluid transport in the epileptic brain. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 144:691-706. [PMID: 35980457 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-022-02463-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A carpet of ependymal motile cilia lines the brain ventricular system, forming a network of flow channels and barriers that pattern cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow at the surface. This CSF transport system is evolutionary conserved, but its physiological function remains unknown. Here we investigated its potential role in epilepsy with studies focused on CDKL5 deficiency disorder (CDD), a neurodevelopmental disorder with early-onset epilepsy refractory to seizure medications and the most common cause of infant epilepsy. CDKL5 is a highly conserved X-linked gene suggesting its function in regulating cilia length and motion in the green alga Chlamydomonas might have implication in the etiology of CDD. Examination of the structure and function of airway motile cilia revealed both the CDD patients and the Cdkl5 knockout mice exhibit cilia lengthening and abnormal cilia motion. Similar defects were observed for brain ventricular cilia in the Cdkl5 knockout mice. Mapping ependymal cilia generated flow in the ventral third ventricle (v3V), a brain region with important physiological functions showed altered patterning of flow. Tracing of cilia-mediated inflow into v3V with fluorescent dye revealed the appearance of a flow barrier at the inlet of v3V in Cdkl5 knockout mice. Analysis of mice with a mutation in another epilepsy-associated kinase, Yes1, showed the same disturbance of cilia motion and flow patterning. The flow barrier was also observed in the Foxj1± and FOXJ1CreERT:Cdkl5y/fl mice, confirming the contribution of ventricular cilia to the flow disturbances. Importantly, mice exhibiting altered cilia-driven flow also showed increased susceptibility to anesthesia-induced seizure-like activity. The cilia-driven flow disturbance arises from altered cilia beating orientation with the disrupted polarity of the cilia anchoring rootlet meshwork. Together these findings indicate motile cilia disturbances have an essential role in CDD-associated seizures and beyond, suggesting cilia regulating kinases may be a therapeutic target for medication-resistant epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina J Faubel
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15201, USA
| | - Veronica S Santos Canellas
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15201, USA
| | - Jenna Gaesser
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15201, USA
| | - Nancy H Beluk
- Division of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Tim N Feinstein
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15201, USA
| | - Yong Wang
- Laboratory for Fluid Physics, Pattern Formation and Biocomplexity, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Am Faßberg 17, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Maya Yankova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, And Electron Microscopy Facility, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030-3305, USA
| | - Kalyani B Karunakaran
- Supercomputer Education and Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Stephen M King
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, And Electron Microscopy Facility, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, 06030-3305, USA
| | - Madhavi K Ganapathiraju
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15201, USA
| | - Cecilia W Lo
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15201, USA.
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17
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Soh AWJ, Pearson CG. Ciliate cortical organization and dynamics for cell motility: Comparing ciliates and vertebrates. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2022; 69:e12880. [PMID: 34897878 PMCID: PMC9188629 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The generation of efficient fluid flow is crucial for organismal development and homeostasis, sexual reproduction, and motility. Multi-ciliated cells possess fields of motile cilia that beat in synchrony to propel fluid. Ciliary arrays are remarkably conserved in their organization and function. Ciliates have polarized multi-ciliary arrays (MCAs) to promote fluid flow for cell motility. The ciliate cortex is decorated with hundreds of basal bodies (BB) forming linear rows along the cell's anterior-posterior axis. BBs scaffold and position cilia to form the organized ciliary array. Nascent BBs assemble at the base of BBs. As nascent BBs mature, they integrate into the cortical BB and cytoskeletal network and nucleate their own cilium. The organization of MCAs is balanced between cortical stability and cortical dynamism. The cortical cytoskeletal network both establishes and maintains a stable organization of the MCA in the face of mechanical forces exerted by ciliary beating. At the same time, MCA organization is plastic, such that it remodels for optimal ciliary mobility during development and in response to environmental conditions. Such plasticity promotes effective feeding and ecological behavior required for these organisms. Together, these properties allow an organism to effectively sense, adapt to, and move through its environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam W. J. Soh
- Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Chad G. Pearson
- Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045
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18
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Kim E, Mathai SK, Stancil IT, Ma X, Hernandez-Gutierrez A, Becerra JN, Marrero-Torres E, Hennessy CE, Hatakka K, Wartchow EP, Estrella A, Huber JP, Cardwell JH, Burnham EL, Zhang Y, Evans CM, Vladar EK, Schwartz DA, Dobrinskikh E, Yang IV. Aberrant Multiciliogenesis in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2022; 67:188-200. [PMID: 35608953 PMCID: PMC9348560 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2021-0554oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously identified a novel molecular subtype of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) defined by increased expression of cilium-associated genes, airway mucin gene MUC5B, and KRT5 marker of basal cell airway progenitors. Here we show the association of MUC5B and cilia gene expression in human IPF airway epithelial cells, providing further rationale for examining the role of cilium genes in the pathogenesis of IPF. We demonstrate increased multiciliogenesis and changes in motile cilia structure of multiciliated cells both in IPF and bleomycin lung fibrosis models. Importantly, conditional deletion of a cilium gene, Ift88 (intraflagellar transport 88), in Krt5 basal cells reduces Krt5 pod formation and lung fibrosis, whereas no changes are observed in Ift88 conditional deletion in club cell progenitors. Our findings indicate that aberrant injury-activated primary ciliogenesis and Hedgehog signaling may play a causative role in Krt5 pod formation, which leads to aberrant multiciliogenesis and lung fibrosis. This implies that modulating cilium gene expression in Krt5 cell progenitors is a potential therapeutic target for IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunjoo Kim
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and
| | | | | | - Xiaoqian Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | | | | | - Emilette Marrero-Torres
- Department of Medicine-M.D. Program, San Juan Bautista School of Medicine, Caguas, Puerto Rico
| | | | | | - Eric P. Wartchow
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | | | | | | | - Yingze Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; and
| | | | | | | | - Evgenia Dobrinskikh
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Ivana V. Yang
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado
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19
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Ji W, Tang Z, Chen Y, Wang C, Tan C, Liao J, Tong L, Xiao G. Ependymal Cilia: Physiology and Role in Hydrocephalus. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:927479. [PMID: 35903173 PMCID: PMC9315228 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.927479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), a colorless liquid that generally circulates from the lateral ventricles to the third and fourth ventricles, provides essential nutrients for brain homeostasis and growth factors during development. As evidenced by an increasing corpus of research, CSF serves a range of important functions. While it is considered that decreased CSF flow is associated to the development of hydrocephalus, it has recently been postulated that motile cilia, which line the apical surfaces of ependymal cells (ECs), play a role in stimulating CSF circulation by cilia beating. Ependymal cilia protrude from ECs, and their synchronous pulsing transports CSF from the lateral ventricle to the third and fourth ventricles, and then to the subarachnoid cavity for absorption. As a result, we postulated that malfunctioning ependymal cilia could disrupt normal CSF flow, raising the risk of hydrocephalus. This review aims to demonstrate the physiological functions of ependymal cilia, as well as how cilia immobility or disorientation causes problems. We also conclude conceivable ways of treatment of hydrocephalus currently for clinical application and provide theoretical support for regimen improvements by investigating the relationship between ependymal cilia and hydrocephalus development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiye Ji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Hydrocephalus, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhi Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yibing Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Hydrocephalus, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chuansen Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Hydrocephalus, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Changwu Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Hydrocephalus, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Junbo Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Hydrocephalus, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lei Tong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Hydrocephalus, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Gelei Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Diagnosis and Treatment Center for Hydrocephalus, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Gelei Xiao,
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20
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Abstract
Several tissues contain cells with multiple motile cilia that generate a fluid or particle flow to support development and organ functions; defective motility causes human disease. Developmental cues orient motile cilia, but how cilia are locked into their final position to maintain a directional flow is not understood. Here we find that the actin cytoskeleton is highly dynamic during early development of multiciliated cells (MCCs). While apical actin bundles become increasingly more static, subapical actin filaments are nucleated from the distal tip of ciliary rootlets. Anchorage of these subapical actin filaments requires the presence of microridge-like structures formed during MCC development, and the activity of Nonmuscle Myosin II. Optogenetic manipulation of Ezrin, a core component of the microridge actin-anchoring complex, or inhibition of Myosin Light Chain Kinase interfere with rootlet anchorage and orientation. These observations identify microridge-like structures as an essential component of basal body rootlet anchoring in MCCs. Motile cilia beat in a defined direction to orchestrate developmental programs, but also to execute janitorial tasks such as clearing airways. Here they show that motile cilia of the Xenopus epidermis are anchored to microridge-like membrane protrusions to maintain their directionality.
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21
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Vineethakumari C, Lüders J. Microtubule Anchoring: Attaching Dynamic Polymers to Cellular Structures. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:867870. [PMID: 35309944 PMCID: PMC8927778 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.867870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are dynamic, filamentous polymers composed of α- and β-tubulin. Arrays of microtubules that have a specific polarity and distribution mediate essential processes such as intracellular transport and mitotic chromosome segregation. Microtubule arrays are generated with the help of microtubule organizing centers (MTOC). MTOCs typically combine two principal activities, the de novo formation of microtubules, termed nucleation, and the immobilization of one of the two ends of microtubules, termed anchoring. Nucleation is mediated by the γ-tubulin ring complex (γTuRC), which, in cooperation with its recruitment and activation factors, provides a template for α- and β-tubulin assembly, facilitating formation of microtubule polymer. In contrast, the molecules and mechanisms that anchor newly formed microtubules at MTOCs are less well characterized. Here we discuss the mechanistic challenges underlying microtubule anchoring, how this is linked with the molecular activities of known and proposed anchoring factors, and what consequences defective microtubule anchoring has at the cellular and organismal level.
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22
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Nommick A, Boutin C, Rosnet O, Schirmer C, Bazellières E, Thomé V, Loiseau E, Viallat A, Kodjabachian L. Lrrcc1 and Ccdc61 are conserved effectors of multiciliated cell function. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:274401. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciliated epithelia perform essential functions across animal evolution, ranging from locomotion of marine organisms to mucociliary clearance of airways in mammals. These epithelia are composed of multiciliated cells (MCCs) harbouring myriads of motile cilia, which rest on modified centrioles called basal bodies (BBs), and beat coordinately to generate directed fluid flows. Thus, BB biogenesis and organization is central to MCC function. In basal eukaryotes, the coiled-coil domain proteins Lrrcc1 and Ccdc61 were shown to be required for proper BB construction and function. Here, we used the Xenopus embryonic ciliated epidermis to characterize Lrrcc1 and Ccdc61 in vertebrate MCCs. We found that they both encode BB components, localized proximally at the junction with striated rootlets. Knocking down either gene caused defects in BB docking, spacing, and polarization. Moreover, their depletion impaired the apical cytoskeleton, and altered ciliary beating. Consequently, cilia-powered fluid flow was greatly reduced in morphant tadpoles, which displayed enhanced mortality when exposed to pathogenic bacteria. This work illustrates how integration across organizational scales make elementary BB components essential for the emergence of the physiological function of ciliated epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Nommick
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Camille Boutin
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Rosnet
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Claire Schirmer
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Elsa Bazellières
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Virginie Thomé
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Etienne Loiseau
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CINaM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Annie Viallat
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, CINaM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Kodjabachian
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IBDM, Turing Center for Living Systems, Marseille, France
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23
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Nakamura R, Oyagi S, Katsuno T, Kishimoto Y, Omori K. Microscopic observation of human airway ciliary movement using wheat germ agglutinin. Methods Cell Biol 2022; 175:33-43. [PMID: 36967144 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2022.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Ciliated cells in the airway epithelium generate mucus streams to remove extraneous particles and microorganisms by beating the motile cilia. This defense mechanism is crucial for maintaining homeostasis and preventing infection in the airway. Conventional methods to assess ciliary beating have revealed that rapid (>10 times per second) and metachronal beating of cilia enables efficient mucus transport. Cilia are oriented to excrete mucus toward the outside of the body. However, conventional methods to directly observe ciliary movements uses transmitted light, which requires translucent samples. Sliced or fragmented tissues are used to observe ciliary movements in thick human airway tissues. Therefore, conventional methods are unsuitable for assessing in situ orientation of ciliary movements. The orientation of ciliary beating can be indirectly analyzed by tracking particles spread onto the epithelium; however, the particles are not efficiently transported by immature cilia. To address this issue, we developed a method for labeling airway motile cilia with fluorescently labeled wheat germ agglutinin (FL-WGA). The new method enables microscopic observation of ciliary movements without slicing or fragmenting the airway tissues. Since the airway epithelium is observed from the apical side, in situ orientation of ciliary beating can be analyzed using this method. Additionally, epithelial damage, and the number and maturity of cilia can be assessed during the observation of ciliary beating. The new method, in combination with other methods, can provide more comprehensive data regarding ciliary movements.
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24
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Daple deficiency causes hearing loss in adult mice by inducing defects in cochlear stereocilia and apical microtubules. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20224. [PMID: 34642354 PMCID: PMC8511111 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96232-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The V-shaped arrangement of hair bundles on cochlear hair cells is critical for auditory sensing. However, regulation of hair bundle arrangements has not been fully understood. Recently, defects in hair bundle arrangement were reported in postnatal Dishevelled-associating protein (ccdc88c, alias Daple)-deficient mice. In the present study, we found that adult Daple−/− mice exhibited hearing disturbances over a broad frequency range through auditory brainstem response testing. Consistently, distorted patterns of hair bundles were detected in almost all regions, more typically in the basal region of the cochlear duct. In adult Daple−/− mice, apical microtubules were irregularly aggregated, and the number of microtubules attached to plasma membranes was decreased. Similar phenotypes were manifested upon nocodazole treatment in a wild type cochlea culture without affecting the microtubule structure of the kinocilium. These results indicate critical role of Daple in hair bundle arrangement through the orchestration of apical microtubule distribution, and thereby in hearing, especially at high frequencies.
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25
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Wdr47, Camsaps, and Katanin cooperate to generate ciliary central microtubules. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5796. [PMID: 34608154 PMCID: PMC8490363 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26058-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The axonemal central pair (CP) are non-centrosomal microtubules critical for planar ciliary beat. How they form, however, is poorly understood. Here, we show that mammalian CP formation requires Wdr47, Camsaps, and microtubule-severing activity of Katanin. Katanin severs peripheral microtubules to produce central microtubule seeds in nascent cilia. Camsaps stabilize minus ends of the seeds to facilitate microtubule outgrowth, whereas Wdr47 concentrates Camsaps into the axonemal central lumen to properly position central microtubules. Wdr47 deficiency in mouse multicilia results in complete loss of CP, rotatory beat, and primary ciliary dyskinesia. Overexpression of Camsaps or their microtubule-binding regions induces central microtubules in Wdr47-/- ependymal cells but at the expense of low efficiency, abnormal numbers, and wrong location. Katanin levels and activity also impact the central microtubule number. We propose that Wdr47, Camsaps, and Katanin function together for the generation of non-centrosomal microtubule arrays in polarized subcellular compartments.
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26
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Abstract
We often think about regeneration in terms of replacing missing structures, such as organs or tissues, with new structures generated via cell proliferation and differentiation. But at a smaller scale, single cells, themselves, are capable of regenerating when part of the cell has been removed. A classic model organism that facilitates the study of cellular regeneration in the giant ciliate Stentor coeruleus. These cells, which can grow to more than a millimeter in size, have the ability to survive after extensive wounding of their surface, and are able to regenerate missing structures. Even a small piece of a cell can regenerate a whole cell with normal geometry, in a matter of hours. Such regeneration requires cells to be able to trigger organelle biogenesis in response to loss of structures. But subcellular regeneration also relies on intracellular mechanisms to create and maintain global patterning within the cell. These mechanisms are not understood, but at a conceptual level they involve processes that resemble those seen in animal development and regeneration. Here we discuss single-celled regeneration in Stentor from the viewpoint of standard regeneration paradigms in animals. For example, there is evidence that regeneration of the oral apparatus in Stentor follows a sender-receiver model similar to crustacean eyestalk regeneration. By drawing these analogies, we find that many of the concepts already known from the study of animal-scale regeneration and development can be applied to the study of regeneration at the cellular level, such as the concepts of determination, induction, mosaic vs. regulative development, and epimorphosis vs. morphallaxis. We propose that the similarities may go beyond analogy, and that some aspects of animal development and regeneration may have evolved by exploiting pre-existing subcellular developmental strategies from unicellular ancestors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wallace F. Marshall
- Department Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, United States
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27
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Tapia Contreras C, Hoyer-Fender S. The Transformation of the Centrosome into the Basal Body: Similarities and Dissimilarities between Somatic and Male Germ Cells and Their Relevance for Male Fertility. Cells 2021; 10:2266. [PMID: 34571916 PMCID: PMC8471410 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The sperm flagellum is essential for the transport of the genetic material toward the oocyte and thus the transmission of the genetic information to the next generation. During the haploid phase of spermatogenesis, i.e., spermiogenesis, a morphological and molecular restructuring of the male germ cell, the round spermatid, takes place that includes the silencing and compaction of the nucleus, the formation of the acrosomal vesicle from the Golgi apparatus, the formation of the sperm tail, and, finally, the shedding of excessive cytoplasm. Sperm tail formation starts in the round spermatid stage when the pair of centrioles moves toward the posterior pole of the nucleus. The sperm tail, eventually, becomes located opposed to the acrosomal vesicle, which develops at the anterior pole of the nucleus. The centriole pair tightly attaches to the nucleus, forming a nuclear membrane indentation. An articular structure is formed around the centriole pair known as the connecting piece, situated in the neck region and linking the sperm head to the tail, also named the head-to-tail coupling apparatus or, in short, HTCA. Finally, the sperm tail grows out from the distal centriole that is now transformed into the basal body of the flagellum. However, a centriole pair is found in nearly all cells of the body. In somatic cells, it accumulates a large mass of proteins, the pericentriolar material (PCM), that together constitute the centrosome, which is the main microtubule-organizing center of the cell, essential not only for the structuring of the cytoskeleton and the overall cellular organization but also for mitotic spindle formation and chromosome segregation. However, in post-mitotic (G1 or G0) cells, the centrosome is transformed into the basal body. In this case, one of the centrioles, which is always the oldest or mother centriole, grows the axoneme of a cilium. Most cells of the body carry a single cilium known as the primary cilium that serves as an antenna sensing the cell's environment. Besides, specialized cells develop multiple motile cilia differing in substructure from the immotile primary cilia that are essential in moving fluids or cargos over the cellular surface. Impairment of cilia formation causes numerous severe syndromes that are collectively subsumed as ciliopathies. This comparative overview serves to illustrate the molecular mechanisms of basal body formation, their similarities, and dissimilarities, in somatic versus male germ cells, by discussing the involved proteins/genes and their expression, localization, and function. The review, thus, aimed to provide a deeper knowledge of the molecular players that is essential for the expansion of clinical diagnostics and treatment of male fertility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sigrid Hoyer-Fender
- Göttingen Center of Molecular Biosciences, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute for Zoology and Anthropology-Developmental Biology, Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany;
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28
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Abstract
To gain a holistic understanding of cellular function, we must understand not just the role of individual organelles, but also how multiple macromolecular assemblies function collectively. Centrioles produce fundamental cellular processes through their ability to organise cytoskeletal fibres. In addition to nucleating microtubules, centrioles form lesser-known polymers, termed rootlets. Rootlets were identified over a 100 years ago and have been documented morphologically since by electron microscopy in different eukaryotic organisms. Rootlet-knockout animals have been created in various systems, providing insight into their physiological functions. However, the precise structure and function of rootlets is still enigmatic. Here, I consider common themes of rootlet function and assembly across diverse cellular systems. I suggest that the capability of rootlets to form physical links from centrioles to other cellular structures is a general principle unifying their functions in diverse cells and serves as an example of how cellular function arises from collective organellar activity. Summary: This Review discusses the structure and function of enigmatic cytoskeletal fibres termed centriolar rootlets, suggesting that they form physical links between subcellular structures to allow collective organelle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Mahen
- The Medical Research Council Cancer Unit, University of Cambridge, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XZ, UK
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29
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Saito H, Matsukawa-Usami F, Fujimori T, Kimura T, Ide T, Yamamoto T, Shibata T, Onoue K, Okayama S, Yonemura S, Misaki K, Soba Y, Kakui Y, Sato M, Toya M, Takeichi M. Tracheal motile cilia in mice require CAMSAP3 for formation of central microtubule pair and coordinated beating. Mol Biol Cell 2021; 32:ar12. [PMID: 34319756 PMCID: PMC8684751 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-06-0303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Motile cilia of multiciliated epithelial cells undergo synchronized beating to produce fluid flow along the luminal surface of various organs. Each motile cilium consists of an axoneme and a basal body (BB), which are linked by a “transition zone” (TZ). The axoneme exhibits a characteristic 9+2 microtubule arrangement important for ciliary motion, but how this microtubule system is generated is not yet fully understood. Here we show that calmodulin-regulated spectrin-associated protein 3 (CAMSAP3), a protein that can stabilize the minus-end of a microtubule, concentrates at multiple sites of the cilium–BB complex, including the upper region of the TZ or the axonemal basal plate (BP) where the central pair of microtubules (CP) initiates. CAMSAP3 dysfunction resulted in loss of the CP and partial distortion of the BP, as well as the failure of multicilia to undergo synchronized beating. These findings suggest that CAMSAP3 plays pivotal roles in the formation or stabilization of the CP by localizing at the basal region of the axoneme and thereby supports the coordinated motion of multicilia in airway epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Saito
- Laboratory for Cell Adhesion and Tissue Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Fumiko Matsukawa-Usami
- Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology, and Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI, the Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, 444-8787 Japan
| | - Toshihiko Fujimori
- Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology, and Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI, the Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, 444-8787 Japan
| | - Toshiya Kimura
- Laboratory for Cell Adhesion and Tissue Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ide
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takaki Yamamoto
- Nonequilibrium Physics of Living Matter RIKEN Hakubi Research Team, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Shibata
- Laboratory for Physical Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kenta Onoue
- Laboratory for Ultrastructural Research, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Satoko Okayama
- Laboratory for Ultrastructural Research, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Yonemura
- Laboratory for Ultrastructural Research, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kazuyo Misaki
- Ultrastructural Research Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yurina Soba
- Laboratory of Cytoskeletal Logistics, Center for Advanced Biomedical Sciences (TWIns), Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Kakui
- Laboratory of Cytoskeletal Logistics, Center for Advanced Biomedical Sciences (TWIns), Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan.,Waseda Institute for Advanced Study, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-0051, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Sato
- Laboratory of Cytoskeletal Logistics, Center for Advanced Biomedical Sciences (TWIns), Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan
| | - Mika Toya
- Laboratory for Cell Adhesion and Tissue Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.,Laboratory of Cytoskeletal Logistics, Center for Advanced Biomedical Sciences (TWIns), Waseda University, Tokyo 162-8480, Japan.,Major in Bioscience, Global Center for Science and Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Takeichi
- Laboratory for Cell Adhesion and Tissue Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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30
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Abstract
Centrioles are microtubule-based cylindrical structures that assemble the centrosome and template the formation of cilia. The proximal part of centrioles is associated with the pericentriolar material, a protein scaffold from which microtubules are nucleated. This activity is mediated by the γ-tubulin ring complex (γTuRC) whose central role in centrosomal microtubule organization has been recognized for decades. However, accumulating evidence suggests that γTuRC activity at this organelle is neither restricted to the pericentriolar material nor limited to microtubule nucleation. Instead, γTuRC is found along the entire centriole cylinder, at subdistal appendages, and inside the centriole lumen, where its canonical function as a microtubule nucleator might be supplemented or replaced by a function in microtubule anchoring and centriole stabilization, respectively. In this Opinion, we discuss recent insights into the expanded repertoire of γTuRC activities at centrioles and how distinct subpopulations of γTuRC might act in concert to ensure centrosome and cilia biogenesis and function, ultimately supporting cell proliferation, differentiation and homeostasis. We propose that the classical view of centrosomal γTuRC as a pericentriolar material-associated microtubule nucleator needs to be revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Schweizer
- Mechanisms of Disease Programme, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jens Lüders
- Mechanisms of Disease Programme, Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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31
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Lovera M, Lüders J. The ciliary impact of nonciliary gene mutations. Trends Cell Biol 2021; 31:876-887. [PMID: 34183231 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in genes encoding centriolar or ciliary proteins cause diseases collectively known as 'ciliopathies'. Interestingly, the Human Phenotype Ontology database lists numerous disorders that display clinical features reminiscent of ciliopathies but do not involve defects in the centriole-cilium proteome. Instead, defects in different cellular compartments may impair cilia indirectly and cause additional, nonciliopathy phenotypes. This phenotypic heterogeneity, perhaps combined with the field's centriole-cilium-centric view, may have hindered the recognition of ciliary contributions. Identifying these diseases and dissecting how the underlying gene mutations impair cilia not only will add to our understanding of cilium assembly and function but also may open up new therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Lovera
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jens Lüders
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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32
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Liu Z, Nguyen QPH, Guan Q, Albulescu A, Erdman L, Mahdaviyeh Y, Kang J, Ouyang H, Hegele RG, Moraes T, Goldenberg A, Dell SD, Mennella V. A quantitative super-resolution imaging toolbox for diagnosis of motile ciliopathies. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/535/eaay0071. [PMID: 32188719 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aay0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Airway clearance of pathogens and particulates relies on motile cilia. Impaired cilia motility can lead to reduction in lung function, lung transplant, or death in some cases. More than 50 proteins regulating cilia motility are linked to primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), a heterogeneous, mainly recessive genetic lung disease. Accurate PCD molecular diagnosis is essential for identifying therapeutic targets and for initiating therapies that can stabilize lung function, thereby reducing socioeconomic impact of the disease. To date, PCD diagnosis has mainly relied on nonquantitative methods that have limited sensitivity or require a priori knowledge of the genes involved. Here, we developed a quantitative super-resolution microscopy workflow: (i) to increase sensitivity and throughput, (ii) to detect structural defects in PCD patients' cells, and (iii) to quantify motility defects caused by yet to be found PCD genes. Toward these goals, we built a localization map of PCD proteins by three-dimensional structured illumination microscopy and implemented quantitative image analysis and machine learning to detect protein mislocalization, we analyzed axonemal structure by stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy, and we developed a high-throughput method for detecting motile cilia uncoordination by rotational polarity. Together, our data show that super-resolution methods are powerful tools for improving diagnosis of motile ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Liu
- Biochemistry Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada.,Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Quynh P H Nguyen
- Biochemistry Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada.,Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Qingxu Guan
- Biochemistry Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada.,Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Alexandra Albulescu
- Biochemistry Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada.,Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Lauren Erdman
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada.,Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3A1, Canada
| | - Yasaman Mahdaviyeh
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada.,Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3A1, Canada
| | - Jasmine Kang
- Biochemistry Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada.,Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Hong Ouyang
- Translational Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Richard G Hegele
- Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Theo Moraes
- Translational Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Anna Goldenberg
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada.,Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 3A1, Canada.,Vector Institute, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada.,Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON M5G1M1, Canada
| | - Sharon D Dell
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G1X8, Canada. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto,Toronto, ON M5S1A8 , Canada
| | - Vito Mennella
- Biochemistry Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada. .,Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada.,Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, National Health Research Institute, Biomedical Research Center, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
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33
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Nakamura R, Katsuno T, Tsuji T, Oyagi S, Kishimoto Y, Suehiro A, Tateya I, Omori K. Airway ciliated cells regenerated on collagen sponge implants acquire planar polarities towards nearby edges of implanted areas. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2021; 15:712-721. [PMID: 34010984 DOI: 10.1002/term.3220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-engineered tracheae have been developed to replace defective tracheae. However, the direction of ciliated cells in the regenerated epithelium remains unclear. We investigated planar polarity formed in the regenerated airway epithelium after tracheal graft implantation. We partially resected the rat trachea and implanted a collagen scaffold. The direction of the basal foot was assessed by transmission electron microscopy. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to examine the biased distribution of Vangl1 and Frizzled6 proteins. The direction of mucociliary transport was analyzed by video microscopy. Our results showed that the basal feet of cilia in the proximal and distal regions of the implanted areas were respectively oriented toward the proximal and distal directions. The biased distribution of Vangl1 and Frizzled6, and the directions of mucociliary transport showed that planar polarities formed in the regenerated epithelium were oriented toward the proximal, distal, left, and right directions in the proximal, distal, left, and right regions of the implanted area. These polarities persisted until nine months after implantation. Hence, the results suggest that planar polarities formed in epithelia regenerated on tracheal grafts are directed toward the nearby edges of implanted areas and are preserved for a prolonged period. The polarities can, at least partially, contribute to clearing external materials from the implanted areas by transporting them to a normal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Nakamura
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Katsuno
- Center of Anatomical, Pathological and Forensic Medical Researches, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takuya Tsuji
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Seiji Oyagi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yo Kishimoto
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Suehiro
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ichiro Tateya
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Koichi Omori
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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34
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Nakayama S, Yano T, Namba T, Konishi S, Takagishi M, Herawati E, Nishida T, Imoto Y, Ishihara S, Takahashi M, Furuta K, Oiwa K, Tamura A, Tsukita S. Planar cell polarity induces local microtubule bundling for coordinated ciliary beating. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212042. [PMID: 33929515 PMCID: PMC8094116 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202010034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiciliated cells (MCCs) in tracheas generate mucociliary clearance through coordinated ciliary beating. Apical microtubules (MTs) play a crucial role in this process by organizing the planar cell polarity (PCP)-dependent orientation of ciliary basal bodies (BBs), for which the underlying molecular basis remains elusive. Herein, we found that the deficiency of Daple, a dishevelled-associating protein, in tracheal MCCs impaired the planar polarized apical MTs without affecting the core PCP proteins, causing significant defects in the BB orientation at the cell level but not the tissue level. Using live-cell imaging and ultra-high voltage electron microscope tomography, we found that the apical MTs accumulated and were stabilized by side-by-side association with one side of the apical junctional complex, to which Daple was localized. In vitro binding and single-molecule imaging revealed that Daple directly bound to, bundled, and stabilized MTs through its dimerization. These features convey a PCP-related molecular basis for the polarization of apical MTs, which coordinate ciliary beating in tracheal MCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Nakayama
- Laboratory of Barriology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Integrative Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoki Yano
- Laboratory of Barriology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshinori Namba
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Konishi
- Laboratory of Barriology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Maki Takagishi
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
| | - Elisa Herawati
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta, Indonesia
| | - Tomoki Nishida
- Japan Textile Products Quality and Technology Center, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Imoto
- Japan Textile Products Quality and Technology Center, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shuji Ishihara
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahide Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,International Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Ken'ya Furuta
- Advanced Information and Communications Technology Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Oiwa
- Advanced Information and Communications Technology Research Institute, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tamura
- Laboratory of Barriology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.,Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sachiko Tsukita
- Laboratory of Barriology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Advanced Comprehensive Research Organization, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
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35
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Heme-binding protein CYB5D1 is a radial spoke component required for coordinated ciliary beating. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2015689118. [PMID: 33875586 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2015689118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordinated beating is crucial for the function of multiple cilia. However, the molecular mechanism is poorly understood. Here, we characterize a conserved ciliary protein CYB5D1 with a heme-binding domain and a cordon-bleu ubiquitin-like domain. Mutation or knockdown of Cyb5d1 in zebrafish impaired coordinated ciliary beating in the otic vesicle and olfactory epithelium. Similarly, the two flagella of an insertional mutant of the CYB5D1 ortholog in Chlamydomonas (Crcyb5d1) showed an uncoordinated pattern due to a defect in the cis-flagellum. Biochemical analyses revealed that CrCYB5D1 is a radial spoke stalk protein that binds heme only under oxidizing conditions. Lack of CrCYB5D1 resulted in a reductive shift in flagellar redox state and slowing down of the phototactic response. Treatment of Crcyb5d1 with oxidants restored coordinated flagellar beating. Taken together, these data suggest that CrCYB5D1 may integrate environmental and intraciliary signals and regulate the redox state of cilia, which is crucial for the coordinated beating of multiple cilia.
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36
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The novel testicular enrichment protein Cfap58 is required for Notch-associated ciliogenesis. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:221781. [PMID: 31904090 PMCID: PMC6970087 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20192666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia and flagella are critical organelles with conserved internal structures and diverse developmental and physiological processes according to cell type. Although the core components of structures are shared with thousands of associated proteins involved in cilia or flagella formation, we hypothesized that some unknown proteins, such as outer dense fiber 2 (Odf2/Cenexin) perform distinct functions in these organelles. In the present study, we identified several uncharacterized proteins through mass spectrometry interactome analysis of Odf2/Cenexin proteins. We further examined the expression patterns and functions of a protein named cilia and flagella associated protein 58 (Cfap58) in cultured astrocytes and sperm flagella. The results of a combination of biochemical analyses and drug administration studies reveal that Cfap58 is a testis-enrichment protein that exhibits similar localization to Odf2/Cenexin proteins and is required for the elongation of the primary cilium and sperm midpiece via modulation of the Notch signaling pathway. However, the cell cycle-related functions and localization of Odf2/Cenexin in the mother centriole were not altered in Cfap58 knockdown cells. These findings indicate that Cfap58 may be partially recruited by Odf2/Cenexin proteins and is indispensable for the cilia and flagellar assembly. These data provide us with a better understanding of ciliogenesis and flagellar elongation and may aid in identifying new targets for diseases caused by Notch-mediated ciliopathies and flagellar abnormalities.
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37
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Sears PR, Bustamante-Marin XM, Gong H, Markovetz MR, Superfine R, Hill DB, Ostrowski LE. Induction of ciliary orientation by matrix patterning and characterization of mucociliary transport. Biophys J 2021; 120:1387-1395. [PMID: 33705757 PMCID: PMC8105732 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2021.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired mucociliary clearance (MCC) is a key feature of many airway diseases, including asthma, bronchiectasis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cystic fibrosis, and primary ciliary dyskinesia. To improve MCC and develop new treatments for these diseases requires a thorough understanding of how mucus concentration, mucus composition, and ciliary activity affect MCC, and how different therapeutics impact this process. Although differentiated cultures of human airway epithelial cells are useful for investigations of MCC, the extent of ciliary coordination in these cultures varies, and the mechanisms controlling ciliary orientation are not completely understood. By introducing a pattern of ridges and grooves into the underlying collagen substrate, we demonstrate for the first time, to our knowledge, that changes in the extracellular matrix can induce ciliary alignment. Remarkably, 90% of human airway epithelial cultures achieved continuous directional mucociliary transport (MCT) when grown on the patterned substrate. These cultures maintain transport for months, allowing carefully controlled investigations of MCC over a wide range of normal and pathological conditions. To characterize the system, we measured the transport of bovine submaxillary gland mucin (BSM) under several conditions. Transport of 5% BSM was significantly reduced compared with that of 2% BSM, and treatment of 5% BSM with the reducing agent tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) reduced viscosity and increased the rate of MCT by approximately twofold. Addition of a small amount of high-molecular-weight DNA increased mucus viscosity and reduced MCT by ∼75%, demonstrating that the composition of mucus, as well as the concentration, can have significant effects on MCT. Our results demonstrate that a simple patterning of the collagen substrate results in highly coordinated ciliated cultures that develop directional MCT, and can be used to investigate the mechanisms controlling the regulation of ciliary orientation. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that this method provides an improved system for studying the effects of mucus composition and therapeutic agents on MCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick R Sears
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Henry Gong
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Matthew R Markovetz
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Richard Superfine
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - David B Hill
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Lawrence E Ostrowski
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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38
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Mikhailik A, Michurina TV, Dikranian K, Hearn S, Maxakov VI, Siller SS, Takemaru KI, Enikolopov G, Peunova N. nNOS regulates ciliated cell polarity, ciliary beat frequency, and directional flow in mouse trachea. Life Sci Alliance 2021; 4:4/5/e202000981. [PMID: 33653689 PMCID: PMC8008965 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202000981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Clearance of the airway is dependent on directional mucus flow across the mucociliary epithelium, and deficient flow is implicated in a range of human disorders. Efficient flow relies on proper polarization of the multiciliated cells and sufficient ciliary beat frequency. We show that NO, produced by nNOS in the multiciliated cells of the mouse trachea, controls both the planar polarity and the ciliary beat frequency and is thereby necessary for the generation of the robust flow. The effect of nNOS on the polarity of ciliated cells relies on its interactions with the apical networks of actin and microtubules and involves RhoA activation. The action of nNOS on the beat frequency is mediated by guanylate cyclase; both NO donors and cGMP can augment fluid flow in the trachea and rescue the deficient flow in nNOS mutants. Our results link insufficient availability of NO in ciliated cells to defects in flow and ciliary activity and may thereby explain the low levels of exhaled NO in ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly Mikhailik
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Tatyana V Michurina
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Krikor Dikranian
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stephen Hearn
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA
| | - Vladimir I Maxakov
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Saul S Siller
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Ken-Ichi Takemaru
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Grigori Enikolopov
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Natalia Peunova
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA .,Department of Anesthesiology, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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39
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Usami FM, Arata M, Shi D, Oka S, Higuchi Y, Tissir F, Takeichi M, Fujimori T. Intercellular and intracellular cilia orientation is coordinated by CELSR1 and CAMSAP3 in oviduct multi-ciliated cells. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs.257006. [PMID: 33468623 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.257006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms by which cilia orientation is coordinated within and between multi-ciliated cells (MCCs) are not fully understood. In the mouse oviduct, MCCs exhibit a characteristic basal body (BB) orientation and microtubule gradient along the tissue axis. The intracellular polarities were moderately maintained in cells lacking CELSR1 (cadherin EGF LAG seven-pass G-type receptor 1), a planar cell polarity (PCP) factor involved in tissue polarity regulation, although the intercellular coordination of the polarities was disrupted. However, CAMSAP3 (calmodulin-regulated spectrin-associated protein 3), a microtubule minus-end regulator, was found to be critical for determining the intracellular BB orientation. CAMSAP3 localized to the base of cilia in a polarized manner, and its mutation led to the disruption of intracellular coordination of BB orientation, as well as the assembly of microtubules interconnecting BBs, without affecting PCP factor localization. Thus, both CELSR1 and CAMSAP3 are responsible for BB orientation but in distinct ways; their cooperation should therefore be critical for generating functional multi-ciliated tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiko Matsukawa Usami
- Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, 444-8787 Japan.,Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, 444-8787 Japan
| | - Masaki Arata
- Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, 444-8787 Japan.,Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Dongbo Shi
- Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, 444-8787 Japan
| | - Sanae Oka
- Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, 444-8787 Japan
| | - Yoko Higuchi
- Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, 444-8787 Japan
| | - Fadel Tissir
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental Neurobiology Unit, Avenue Mounier 73, Box B1.73.16, Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Masatoshi Takeichi
- Laboratory for Cell Adhesion and Tissue Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-Minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Fujimori
- Division of Embryology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, 444-8787 Japan .,Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, 444-8787 Japan
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40
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Hall NA, Hehnly H. A centriole's subdistal appendages: contributions to cell division, ciliogenesis and differentiation. Open Biol 2021; 11:200399. [PMID: 33561384 PMCID: PMC8061701 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The centrosome is a highly conserved structure composed of two centrioles surrounded by pericentriolar material. The mother, and inherently older, centriole has distal and subdistal appendages, whereas the daughter centriole is devoid of these appendage structures. Both appendages have been primarily linked to functions in cilia formation. However, subdistal appendages present with a variety of potential functions that include spindle placement, chromosome alignment, the final stage of cell division (abscission) and potentially cell differentiation. Subdistal appendages are particularly interesting in that they do not always display a conserved ninefold symmetry in appendage organization on the mother centriole across eukaryotic species, unlike distal appendages. In this review, we aim to differentiate both the morphology and role of the distal and subdistal appendages, with a particular focus on subdistal appendages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Hall
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse NY, USA
| | - Heidi Hehnly
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse NY, USA
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41
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Luo WW, Chen BJ, Wang YM, Yang JM, Liu X, Yuan YS, Lin X, Chi FL, Chen P, Ren DD. Planar cell polarity governs the alignment of the nasopharyngeal epithelium in mammals. FEBS J 2021; 288:1027-1040. [PMID: 32452625 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Planar cell polarity (PCP) signalling specifies the orientation of epithelial cells and regulates directional beating of motile cilia of multiciliated epithelial cells. Clinically, defects in cilia function are associated with nasopharyngeal symptoms. The polarity of the nasopharyngeal epithelium is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrated PCP in the nasopharyngeal epithelium. Multiciliated cells (MCCs) were uniformly aligned with their long axis parallel to the tissue axis of the nasopharynx (NP). In addition, PCP proteins exhibited an asymmetrical localisation between adjacent cells. Motile cilia were uniformly aligned in the same direction within both individual cells and neighbouring cells, which manifested as cilial polarity in MCCs. Mutation of Vangl2, a mammalian homologue of the Drosophila PCP gene, resulted in significant disruption of the orientation of epithelial cells. Finally, keratin-5-positive basal cells constantly replenished the luminal ciliated cells; the new dynamic ciliated cells were also oriented parallel to the tissue axis. These results indicate a role for the PCP pathway in the uniform orientation of dynamically replenished epithelial cells in the NP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Wei Luo
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Bin-Jun Chen
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Mei Wang
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Juan-Mei Yang
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Sheng Yuan
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Lin
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Fang-Lu Chi
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dong-Dong Ren
- ENT Institute and Otorhinolaryngology Department of Affiliated Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hearing Medicine (Fudan University), Shanghai, China
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42
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Ryu H, Lee H, Lee J, Noh H, Shin M, Kumar V, Hong S, Kim J, Park S. The molecular dynamics of subdistal appendages in multi-ciliated cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:612. [PMID: 33504787 PMCID: PMC7840914 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-20902-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The motile cilia of ependymal cells coordinate their beats to facilitate a forceful and directed flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Each cilium originates from a basal body with a basal foot protruding from one side. A uniform alignment of these basal feet is crucial for the coordination of ciliary beating. The process by which the basal foot originates from subdistal appendages of the basal body, however, is unresolved. Here, we show FGFR1 Oncogene Partner (FOP) is a useful marker for delineating the transformation of a circular, unpolarized subdistal appendage into a polarized structure with a basal foot. Ankyrin repeat and SAM domain-containing protein 1A (ANKS1A) interacts with FOP to assemble region I of the basal foot. Importantly, disruption of ANKS1A reduces the size of region I. This produces an unstable basal foot, which disrupts rotational polarity and the coordinated beating of cilia in young adult mice. ANKS1A deficiency also leads to severe degeneration of the basal foot in aged mice and the detachment of cilia from their basal bodies. This role of ANKS1A in the polarization of the basal foot is evolutionarily conserved in vertebrates. Thus, ANKS1A regulates FOP to build and maintain the polarity of subdistal appendages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunchul Ryu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Korea
- Department of Life Science, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Korea
| | - Haeryung Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Korea
| | - Jiyeon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Korea
| | - Hyuna Noh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Korea
| | - Miram Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Korea
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Korea
| | - Sejeong Hong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Korea
| | - Jaebong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Cell Differentiation and Aging, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, 24252, Korea
| | - Soochul Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 04310, Korea.
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43
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Yano T, Tsukita K, Kanoh H, Nakayama S, Kashihara H, Mizuno T, Tanaka H, Matsui T, Goto Y, Komatsubara A, Aoki K, Takahashi R, Tamura A, Tsukita S. A microtubule-LUZP1 association around tight junction promotes epithelial cell apical constriction. EMBO J 2020; 40:e104712. [PMID: 33346378 PMCID: PMC7809799 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020104712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Apical constriction is critical for epithelial morphogenesis, including neural tube formation. Vertebrate apical constriction is induced by di‐phosphorylated myosin light chain (ppMLC)‐driven contraction of actomyosin‐based circumferential rings (CRs), also known as perijunctional actomyosin rings, around apical junctional complexes (AJCs), mainly consisting of tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs). Here, we revealed a ppMLC‐triggered system at TJ‐associated CRs for vertebrate apical constriction involving microtubules, LUZP1, and myosin phosphatase. We first identified LUZP1 via unbiased screening of microtubule‐associated proteins in the AJC‐enriched fraction. In cultured epithelial cells, LUZP1 was found localized at TJ‐, but not at AJ‐, associated CRs, and LUZP1 knockout resulted in apical constriction defects with a significant reduction in ppMLC levels within CRs. A series of assays revealed that ppMLC promotes the recruitment of LUZP1 to TJ‐associated CRs, where LUZP1 spatiotemporally inhibits myosin phosphatase in a microtubule‐facilitated manner. Our results uncovered a hitherto unknown microtubule‐LUZP1 association at TJ‐associated CRs that inhibits myosin phosphatase, contributing significantly to the understanding of vertebrate apical constriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Yano
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Barriology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuto Tsukita
- Laboratory of Barriology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hatsuho Kanoh
- Laboratory of Barriology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shogo Nakayama
- Laboratory of Barriology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroka Kashihara
- Laboratory of Barriology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Mizuno
- Laboratory of Barriology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroo Tanaka
- Laboratory of Barriology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.,Strategic Innovation and Research Center, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Matsui
- Laboratory for Skin Homeostasis, Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yuhei Goto
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan.,National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Basic Biology, Faculty of Life Science, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Aichi, Japan
| | - Akira Komatsubara
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan.,National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Basic Biology, Faculty of Life Science, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Aoki
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan.,National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Basic Biology, Faculty of Life Science, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Aichi, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tamura
- Laboratory of Barriology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan.,Strategic Innovation and Research Center, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sachiko Tsukita
- Laboratory of Barriology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Strategic Innovation and Research Center, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
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Evolution of the centrosome, from the periphery to the center. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2020; 66:96-103. [PMID: 33242728 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2020.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Centrosomes are central organelles that organize microtubules (MTs) in animals, fungi and several other eukaryotic lineages. Despite an important diversity of structure, the centrosomes of different lineages share the same functions and part of their molecular components. To uncover how divergent centrosomes are related to each other, we need to trace the evolutionary history of MT organization. Careful assessment of cytoskeletal architecture in extant eukaryotic species can help us infer the ancestral state and identify the subsequent changes that took place during evolution. This led to the finding that the last common ancestor of all eukaryotes was very likely a biflagellate cell with a surprisingly complex cytoskeletal organization. Centrosomes are likely derived from the basal bodies of such flagellate, but when and how many times this happened remains unclear. Here, we discuss different hypotheses for how centrosomes evolved in a eukaryotic lineage called Amorphea, to which animals, fungi and amoebozoans belong.
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45
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Kumar D, Reiter J. How the centriole builds its cilium: of mothers, daughters, and the acquisition of appendages. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2020; 66:41-48. [PMID: 33160100 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Centrioles are microtubule-based structures in eukaryotic cells. From organizing the microtubule cytoskeleton during interphase to focusing the mitotic spindle during mitosis, centrioles are busy at all stages of the cell cycle. One crucial interphase function of centrioles is to assemble cilia, microtubular projections that can either be motile or nonmotile. Motile cilia function in sperm locomotion and propulsion of extracellular fluids, as in mucus flow in the lung. Immotile primary cilia are critical for some forms of intercellular signaling. Here, we review how procentrioles mature into daughter and, then, mother centrioles. We highlight key steps in ciliogenesis, including the acquisition of appendages by the mother centriole, as well as the distal centriole, an understudied domain critical for ciliogenesis. Importantly, several genes mutated in ciliopathies encode distal centriolar components. We propose that understanding how centrioles are remodeled to support cilium assembly will provide insights into the molecular etiologies of ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhivya Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeremy Reiter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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46
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Bischof J, Day ME, Miller KA, LaPalme JV, Levin M. Nervous system and tissue polarity dynamically adapt to new morphologies in planaria. Dev Biol 2020; 467:51-65. [PMID: 32882234 PMCID: PMC10474925 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The coordination of tissue-level polarity with organism-level polarity is crucial in development, disease, and regeneration. Here, we characterize a new example of large-scale control of dynamic remodeling of body polarity. Exploiting the flexibility of the body plan in regenerating planarians, we used mirror duplication of the primary axis to show how established tissue-level polarity adapts to new organism-level polarity. Characterization of epithelial planar cell polarity revealed a remarkable reorientation of tissue polarity in double-headed planarians. This reorientation of cilia occurs even following irradiation-induced loss of all stem cells, suggesting independence of the polarity change from the formation of new cells. The presence of the two heads plays an important role in regulating the rate of change in overall polarity. We further present data that suggest that the nervous system itself adapts its polarity to match the new organismal anatomy as revealed by changes in nerve transport driving distinct regenerative outcomes. Thus, in planaria tissue-level polarity can dynamically reorient to match the organism-level anatomical configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Bischof
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, 200 Boston Ave., Suite 4600, Medford, MA, 01915, USA
| | - Margot E Day
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, 200 Boston Ave., Suite 4600, Medford, MA, 01915, USA
| | - Kelsie A Miller
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, 200 Boston Ave., Suite 4600, Medford, MA, 01915, USA
| | - Jennifer V LaPalme
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, 200 Boston Ave., Suite 4600, Medford, MA, 01915, USA
| | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center at Tufts University, 200 Boston Ave., Suite 4600, Medford, MA, 01915, USA.
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47
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Abdelhamed Z, Lukacs M, Cindric S, Ali S, Omran H, Stottmann RW. A novel hypomorphic allele of Spag17 causes primary ciliary dyskinesia phenotypes in mice. Dis Model Mech 2020; 13:dmm045344. [PMID: 32988999 PMCID: PMC7648611 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.045344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a human condition of dysfunctional motile cilia characterized by recurrent lung infection, infertility, organ laterality defects and partially penetrant hydrocephalus. We recovered a mouse mutant from a forward genetic screen that developed many of the hallmark phenotypes of PCD. Whole-exome sequencing identified this primary ciliary dyskinesia only (Pcdo) allele to be a nonsense mutation (c.5236A>T) in the Spag17 coding sequence creating a premature stop codon (K1746*). The Pcdo variant abolished several isoforms of SPAG17 in the Pcdo mutant testis but not in the brain. Our data indicate differential requirements for SPAG17 in different types of motile cilia. SPAG17 is essential for proper development of the sperm flagellum and is required for either development or stability of the C1 microtubule structure within the central pair apparatus of the respiratory motile cilia, but not the brain ependymal cilia. We identified changes in ependymal ciliary beating frequency, but these did not appear to alter lateral ventricle cerebrospinal fluid flow. Aqueductal stenosis resulted in significantly slower and abnormally directed cerebrospinal fluid flow, and we suggest that this is the root cause of the hydrocephalus. The Spag17Pcdo homozygous mutant mice are generally viable to adulthood but have a significantly shortened lifespan, with chronic morbidity. Our data indicate that the c.5236A>T Pcdo variant is a hypomorphic allele of Spag17 that causes phenotypes related to motile, but not primary, cilia. Spag17Pcdo is a useful new model for elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying central pair PCD pathogenesis in the mouse.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakia Abdelhamed
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine (Girl's Section), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt
| | - Marshall Lukacs
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Sandra Cindric
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Saima Ali
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Heymut Omran
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Rolf W Stottmann
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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48
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Fewell RM, Dutcher SK. Basal Feet: Walking to the Discovery of a Novel Hybrid Cilium. Dev Cell 2020; 55:115-117. [PMID: 33108752 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cilia are important cell structures found on nearly all cells. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Mennella and colleagues investigate the molecular architecture of basal foot proteins in cells with primary or motile cilia and discover a hybrid cilium with a unique assembly that regulates polarity in multiciliated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael M Fewell
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Susan K Dutcher
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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49
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Wang Z, Beneke T, Gluenz E, Wheeler RJ. The single flagellum of Leishmania has a fixed polarisation of its asymmetric beat. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:133/20/jcs246637. [PMID: 33093230 PMCID: PMC7595685 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.246637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic flagella undertake different beat types as necessary for different functions; for example, the Leishmania parasite flagellum undergoes a symmetric tip-to-base beat for forward swimming and an asymmetric base-to-tip beat to rotate the cell. In multi-ciliated tissues or organisms, the asymmetric beats are coordinated, leading to movement of the cell, organism or surrounding fluid. This coordination involves a polarisation of power stroke direction. Here, we asked whether the asymmetric beat of the single Leishmania flagellum also has a fixed polarisation. We developed high frame rate dual-colour fluorescence microscopy to visualise flagellar-associated structures in live swimming cells. This showed that the asymmetric Leishmania beat is polarised, with power strokes only occurring in one direction relative to the asymmetric flagellar machinery. Polarisation of bending was retained in deletion mutants whose flagella cannot beat but have a static bend. Furthermore, deletion mutants for proteins required for asymmetric extra-axonemal and rootlet-like flagellum-associated structures also retained normal polarisation. Leishmania beat polarisation therefore likely arises from either the nine-fold rotational symmetry of the axoneme structure or is due to differences between the outer doublet decorations. Highlighted Article: By using high speed, high-resolution fluorescence microscopy of swimming Leishmania cells, we showed that the asymmetric flagellar beat always wafts in the same direction and investigate which structures are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyin Wang
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tom Beneke
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Eva Gluenz
- The Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Richard John Wheeler
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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50
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Nguyen QPH, Liu Z, Albulescu A, Ouyang H, Zlock L, Coyaud E, Laurent E, Finkbeiner W, Moraes TJ, Raught B, Mennella V. Comparative Super-Resolution Mapping of Basal Feet Reveals a Modular but Distinct Architecture in Primary and Motile Cilia. Dev Cell 2020; 55:209-223.e7. [PMID: 33038334 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In situ molecular architecture analysis of organelles and protein assemblies is essential to understanding the role of individual components and their cellular function, and to engineering new molecular functionalities. Through a super-resolution-driven approach, here we characterize the organization of the ciliary basal foot, an appendage of basal bodies whose main role is to provide a point of anchoring to the microtubule cytoskeleton. Quantitative image analysis shows that the basal foot is organized into three main regions linked by elongated coiled-coil proteins, revealing a conserved modular architecture in primary and motile cilia, but showing distinct features reflecting its specialized functions. Using domain-specific BioID proximity labeling and super-resolution imaging, we identify CEP112 as a basal foot protein and other candidate components of this assembly, aiding future investigations on the role of basal foot across different cilia systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quynh P H Nguyen
- Biochemistry Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada; Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Zhen Liu
- Biochemistry Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada; Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Alexandra Albulescu
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Hong Ouyang
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Lorna Zlock
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Etienne Coyaud
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G1L8, Canada
| | - Estelle Laurent
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G1L8, Canada
| | - Walter Finkbeiner
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Theo J Moraes
- Translational Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada
| | - Brian Raught
- Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G1L8, Canada
| | - Vito Mennella
- Biochemistry Department, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada; Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G0A4, Canada; NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Center, Clinical & Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
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