1
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Chen J, Zehr EA, Gruschus JM, Szyk A, Liu Y, Tanner ME, Tjandra N, Roll-Mecak A. Tubulin code eraser CCP5 binds branch glutamates by substrate deformation. Nature 2024; 631:905-912. [PMID: 39020174 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07699-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Microtubule function is modulated by the tubulin code, diverse posttranslational modifications that are altered dynamically by writer and eraser enzymes1. Glutamylation-the addition of branched (isopeptide-linked) glutamate chains-is the most evolutionarily widespread tubulin modification2. It is introduced by tubulin tyrosine ligase-like enzymes and erased by carboxypeptidases of the cytosolic carboxypeptidase (CCP) family1. Glutamylation homeostasis, achieved through the balance of writers and erasers, is critical for normal cell function3-9, and mutations in CCPs lead to human disease10-13. Here we report cryo-electron microscopy structures of the glutamylation eraser CCP5 in complex with the microtubule, and X-ray structures in complex with transition-state analogues. Combined with NMR analysis, these analyses show that CCP5 deforms the tubulin main chain into a unique turn that enables lock-and-key recognition of the branch glutamate in a cationic pocket that is unique to CCP family proteins. CCP5 binding of the sequences flanking the branch point primarily through peptide backbone atoms enables processing of diverse tubulin isotypes and non-tubulin substrates. Unexpectedly, CCP5 exhibits inefficient processing of an abundant β-tubulin isotype in the brain. This work provides an atomistic view into glutamate branch recognition and resolution, and sheds light on homeostasis of the tubulin glutamylation syntax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Chen
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elena A Zehr
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James M Gruschus
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Agnieszka Szyk
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yanjie Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin E Tanner
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nico Tjandra
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Antonina Roll-Mecak
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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2
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Andreu-Carbó M, Egoldt C, Aumeier C. Microtubule shaft integrity emerges as a crucial determinant of the acetylation pattern. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2024. [PMID: 38923402 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Andreu-Carbó
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Cornelia Egoldt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Charlotte Aumeier
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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3
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Zhang Y, Guan T, Li Z, Guo B, Luo X, Guo L, Li M, Xu M, Liu M, Liu Y. Eml1 promotes axonal growth by enhancing αTAT1-mediated microtubule acetylation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2024; 1871:119770. [PMID: 38897390 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2024.119770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Microtubule stabilization is critical for axonal growth and regeneration, and many microtubule-associated proteins are involved in this process. In this study, we found that the knockdown of echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 1 (EML1) hindered axonal growth in cultured cortical and dorsal root ganglion neurons. We further revealed that EML1 facilitated the acetylation of microtubules and that the impairment of axonal growth due to EML1 inhibition could be restored by treatment with deacetylase inhibitors, suggesting that EML1 affected tubulin acetylation. Moreover, we verified an interaction between EML1 and the alpha-tubulin acetyltransferase 1, which is responsible for the acetylation of alpha-tubulin. We thus proposed that EML1 might regulate microtubule acetylation and stabilization via alpha-tubulin acetyltransferase 1 and then promote axon growth. Finally, we verified that the knockdown of EML1 in vivo also inhibited sciatic nerve regeneration. Our findings revealed a novel effect of EML1 on microtubule acetylation during axonal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Medical School, Nantong University, China
| | - Tuchen Guan
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, China
| | - Beibei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, China
| | - Xiaoqian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, China
| | - Longyu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, China
| | - Mingxuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, China
| | - Man Xu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, China.
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, China.
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4
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Shen Y, Ori-McKenney KM. Microtubule-associated protein MAP7 promotes tubulin posttranslational modifications and cargo transport to enable osmotic adaptation. Dev Cell 2024; 59:1553-1570.e7. [PMID: 38574732 PMCID: PMC11187767 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Cells remodel their cytoskeletal networks to adapt to their environment. Here, we analyze the mechanisms utilized by the cell to tailor its microtubule landscape in response to changes in osmolarity that alter macromolecular crowding. By integrating live-cell imaging, ex vivo enzymatic assays, and in vitro reconstitution, we probe the impact of cytoplasmic density on microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) and tubulin posttranslational modifications (PTMs). We find that human epithelial cells respond to fluctuations in cytoplasmic density by modulating microtubule acetylation, detyrosination, or MAP7 association without differentially affecting polyglutamylation, tyrosination, or MAP4 association. These MAP-PTM combinations alter intracellular cargo transport, enabling the cell to respond to osmotic challenges. We further dissect the molecular mechanisms governing tubulin PTM specification and find that MAP7 promotes acetylation and inhibits detyrosination. Our data identify MAP7 in modulating the tubulin code, resulting in microtubule cytoskeleton remodeling and alteration of intracellular transport as an integrated mechanism of cellular adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Shen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kassandra M Ori-McKenney
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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5
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Li Z, Lai Y, Qiu R, Tang W, Ren J, Xiao S, Fang P, Fang L. Hyperacetylated microtubules assist porcine deltacoronavirus nsp8 to degrade MDA5 via SQSTM1/p62-dependent selective autophagy. J Virol 2024; 98:e0000324. [PMID: 38353538 PMCID: PMC10949429 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00003-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The microtubule (MT) is a highly dynamic polymer that functions in various cellular processes through MT hyperacetylation. Thus, many viruses have evolved mechanisms to hijack the MT network of the cytoskeleton to allow intracellular replication of viral genomic material. Coronavirus non-structural protein 8 (nsp8), a component of the viral replication transcriptional complex, is essential for viral survival. Here, we found that nsp8 of porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV), an emerging enteropathogenic coronavirus with a zoonotic potential, inhibits interferon (IFN)-β production by targeting melanoma differentiation gene 5 (MDA5), the main pattern recognition receptor for coronaviruses in the cytoplasm. Mechanistically, PDCoV nsp8 interacted with MDA5 and induced autophagy to degrade MDA5 in wild-type cells, but not in autophagy-related (ATG)5 or ATG7 knockout cells. Further screening for autophagic degradation receptors revealed that nsp8 interacts with sequestosome 1/p62 and promotes p62-mediated selective autophagy to degrade MDA5. Importantly, PDCoV nsp8 induced hyperacetylation of MTs, which in turn triggered selective autophagic degradation of MDA5 and subsequent inhibition of IFN-β production. Overall, our study uncovers a novel mechanism employed by PDCoV nsp8 to evade host innate immune defenses. These findings offer new insights into the interplay among viruses, IFNs, and MTs, providing a promising target to develop anti-viral drugs against PDCoV.IMPORTANCECoronavirus nsp8, a component of the viral replication transcriptional complex, is well conserved and plays a crucial role in viral replication. Exploration of the role mechanism of nsp8 is conducive to the understanding of viral pathogenesis and development of anti-viral strategies against coronavirus. Here, we found that nsp8 of PDCoV, an emerging enteropathogenic coronavirus with a zoonotic potential, is an interferon antagonist. Further studies showed that PDCoV nsp8 interacted with MDA5 and sequestosome 1/p62, promoting p62-mediated selective autophagy to degrade MDA5. We further found that PDCoV nsp8 could induce hyperacetylation of MT, therefore triggering selective autophagic degradation of MDA5 and inhibiting IFN-β production. These findings reveal a novel immune evasion strategy used by PDCoV nsp8 and provide insights into potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Yinan Lai
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Runhui Qiu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenbing Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Ren
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Puxian Fang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Liurong Fang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
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6
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Andreu-Carbó M, Egoldt C, Velluz MC, Aumeier C. Microtubule damage shapes the acetylation gradient. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2029. [PMID: 38448418 PMCID: PMC10918088 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46379-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The properties of single microtubules within the microtubule network can be modulated through post-translational modifications (PTMs), including acetylation within the lumen of microtubules. To access the lumen, the enzymes could enter through the microtubule ends and at damage sites along the microtubule shaft. Here we show that the acetylation profile depends on damage sites, which can be caused by the motor protein kinesin-1. Indeed, the entry of the deacetylase HDAC6 into the microtubule lumen can be modulated by kinesin-1-induced damage sites. In contrast, activity of the microtubule acetylase αTAT1 is independent of kinesin-1-caused shaft damage. On a cellular level, our results show that microtubule acetylation distributes in an exponential gradient. This gradient results from tight regulation of microtubule (de)acetylation and scales with the size of the cells. The control of shaft damage represents a mechanism to regulate PTMs inside the microtubule by giving access to the lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cornelia Egoldt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Charlotte Aumeier
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
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7
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Du X, Gao Y, Zhang H, Xu X, Li Y, Zhao L, Luo M, Wang H. HDA6 modulates Arabidopsis pavement cell morphogenesis through epigenetic suppression of ROP6 GTPase expression and signaling. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:2523-2539. [PMID: 38214469 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The transcriptional regulation of Rho-related GTPase from plants (ROPs), which determine cell polarity formation and maintenance during plant development, still remains enigmatic. In this study, we elucidated the epigenetic mechanism of histone deacetylase HDA6 in transcriptional repression of ROP6 and its impact on cell polarity and morphogenesis in Arabidopsis leaf epidermal pavement cells (PCs). We found that the hda6 mutant axe1-4 exhibited impaired jigsaw-shaped PCs and convoluted leaves. This correlated with disruptions in the spatial organizations of cortical microtubules and filamentous actin, which is integral to PC indentation and lobe formation. Further transcriptional analyses and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed that HDA6 specifically represses ROP6 expression through histone H3K9K14 deacetylation. Importantly, overexpression of dominant negative-rop6 in axe1-4 restored interdigitated cell morphology. Our study unveils HDA6 as a key regulator in Arabidopsis PC morphogenesis through epigenetic suppression of ROP6. It reveals the pivotal role of HDA6 in the transcriptional regulation of ROP6 and provides compelling evidence for the functional interplay between histone deacetylation and ROP6-mediated cytoskeletal arrangement in the development of interdigitated PCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Du
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yingmiao Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Lifeng Zhao
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ming Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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8
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Hüsnügil HH, Güleç Taşkıran AE, Güderer I, Nehri LN, Oral G, Menemenli NŞ, Özcan Ö, Noghreh A, Akyol A, Banerjee S. Lysosomal alkalinization in nutrient restricted cancer cells activates cytoskeletal rearrangement to enhance partial epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Transl Oncol 2024; 41:101860. [PMID: 38262111 PMCID: PMC10832471 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2023.101860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nutrient restriction in cancer cells can activate a number of stress response pathways for cell survival. We aimed to determine mechanistically how nutrient depletion in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells leads to cellular adaptation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cell survival under nutrient depletion (ND) was evaluated by colony formation and in vivo tumor formation assays. Lysosomes are activated with ND; therefore, we incubated the ND cells with the V-ATPase inhibitor Bafilomycin A1 (ND+Baf). The expression of epithelial and mesenchymal markers with ND+Baf was determined by RNA sequencing and RT-qPCR while motility was determined with an in vivo Chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay. Reorganization of cytoskeletal network and lysosomal positioning was determined by immunocytochemistry. RESULTS 4 different colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines under ND showed high viability, tumor forming ability and increased expression of one or more epithelial and mesenchymal markers, suggesting the activation of partial (p)-EMT. We observed a further increase in p-EMT markers, numerous membrane protrusions, decreased cell-cell adhesion in 3D, and increased motility in ND+Baf cells. The protrusions in the ND+Baf cells were primarily mediated by microtubules and enabled the relocalization of lysosomes from the perinuclear region to the periphery. CONCLUSIONS ND activated p-EMT in CRC cells, which was exacerbated by lysosomal alkalinization. The ND+Baf cells also showed numerous protrusions containing lysosomes, which may lead to lysosomal exocytosis and enhanced motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hazal Hüsnügil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Orta Dogu Teknik Universitesi, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aliye Ezgi Güleç Taşkıran
- Department of Biological Sciences, Orta Dogu Teknik Universitesi, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Başkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ismail Güderer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Orta Dogu Teknik Universitesi, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Leman Nur Nehri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Orta Dogu Teknik Universitesi, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Göksu Oral
- Department of Biological Sciences, Orta Dogu Teknik Universitesi, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Özün Özcan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Orta Dogu Teknik Universitesi, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ariana Noghreh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Orta Dogu Teknik Universitesi, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aytekin Akyol
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Pathology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sreeparna Banerjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Orta Dogu Teknik Universitesi, Ankara, Turkey; Cancer Systems Biology Laboratory CanSyL, Orta Dogu Teknik Universitesi, Ankara, Turkey.
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9
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Liu ML, Ma S, Tai W, Zhong X, Ni H, Zou Y, Wang J, Zhang CL. Screens in aging-relevant human ALS-motor neurons identify MAP4Ks as therapeutic targets for the disease. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:4. [PMID: 38177100 PMCID: PMC10766628 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06395-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Effective therapeutics is much needed for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), an adult-onset neurodegenerative disease mainly affecting motor neurons. By screening chemical compounds in human patient-derived and aging-relevant motor neurons, we identify a neuroprotective compound and show that MAP4Ks may serve as therapeutic targets for treating ALS. The lead compound broadly improves survival and function of motor neurons directly converted from human ALS patients. Mechanistically, it works as an inhibitor of MAP4Ks, regulates the MAP4Ks-HDAC6-TUBA4A-RANGAP1 pathway, and normalizes subcellular distribution of RANGAP1 and TDP-43. Finally, in an ALS mouse model we show that inhibiting MAP4Ks preserves motor neurons and significantly extends animal lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Lu Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Shuaipeng Ma
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Wenjiao Tai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Xiaoling Zhong
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Haoqi Ni
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Yuhua Zou
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Jingcheng Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Chun-Li Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA.
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10
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Danziger M, Xu F, Noble H, Yang P, Roque DM. Tubulin Complexity in Cancer and Metastasis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1452:21-35. [PMID: 38805123 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-58311-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Tubulin plays a fundamental role in cellular function and as the subject for microtubule-active agents in the treatment of ovarian cancer. Microtubule-binding proteins (e.g., tau, MAP1/2/4, EB1, CLIP, TOG, survivin, stathmin) and posttranslational modifications (e.g., tyrosination, deglutamylation, acetylation, glycation, phosphorylation, polyamination) further diversify tubulin functionality and may permit additional opportunities to understand microtubule behavior in disease and to develop microtubule-modifying approaches to combat ovarian cancer. Tubulin-based structures that project from suspended ovarian cancer cells known as microtentacles may contribute to metastatic potential of ovarian cancer cells and could represent an exciting novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Danziger
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Fuhua Xu
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Helen Noble
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peixin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dana M Roque
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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11
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Tang Q, Sensale S, Bond C, Xing J, Qiao A, Hugelier S, Arab A, Arya G, Lakadamyali M. Interplay between stochastic enzyme activity and microtubule stability drives detyrosination enrichment on microtubule subsets. Curr Biol 2023; 33:5169-5184.e8. [PMID: 37979580 PMCID: PMC10843832 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules in cells consist of functionally diverse subpopulations carrying distinct post-translational modifications (PTMs). Akin to the histone code, the tubulin code regulates a myriad of microtubule functions, ranging from intracellular transport to chromosome segregation. However, how individual PTMs only occur on subsets of microtubules to contribute to microtubule specialization is not well understood. In particular, microtubule detyrosination, the removal of the C-terminal tyrosine on α-tubulin subunits, marks the stable population of microtubules and modifies how microtubules interact with other microtubule-associated proteins to regulate a wide range of cellular processes. Previously, we found that in certain cell types, only ∼30% of microtubules are highly enriched with the detyrosination mark and that detyrosination spans most of the length of a microtubule, often adjacent to a completely tyrosinated microtubule. How the activity of a cytosolic detyrosinase, vasohibin (VASH), leads to only a small subpopulation of highly detyrosinated microtubules is unclear. Here, using quantitative super-resolution microscopy, we visualized nascent microtubule detyrosination events in cells consisting of 1-3 detyrosinated α-tubulin subunits after nocodazole washout. Microtubule detyrosination accumulates slowly and in a dispersed pattern across the microtubule length. By visualizing single molecules of VASH in live cells, we found that VASH engages with microtubules stochastically on a short timescale, suggesting limited removal of tyrosine per interaction, consistent with the super-resolution results. Combining these quantitative imaging results with simulations incorporating parameters from our experiments, we provide evidence for a stochastic model for cells to establish a subset of detyrosinated microtubules via a detyrosination-stabilization feedback mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Tang
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sebastian Sensale
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Department of Physics, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115-2214, USA.
| | - Charles Bond
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jiazheng Xing
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andy Qiao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Siewert Hugelier
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Arian Arab
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Gaurav Arya
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Melike Lakadamyali
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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12
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Chow SE, Hsu CC, Yang CT, Meir YJJ. YAP co-localizes with the mitotic spindle and midbody to safeguard mitotic division in lung-cancer cells. FEBS J 2023; 290:5704-5719. [PMID: 37549045 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
YES-associated protein (YAP) is a part of the Hippo pathway, with pivotal roles in several developmental processes and dual functionality as both a tumor suppressor and an oncogene. In the present study, we identified YAP activity as a microtubular scaffold protein that maintains the stability of the mitotic spindle and midbody by physically interacting with α-tubulin during mitotic progression. The interaction of YAP and α-tubulin was evident in co-immunoprecipitation assays, as well as observing their co-localization in the microtubular structure of the mitotic spindle and midbody in immunostainings. With YAP depletion, levels of ECT2, MKLP-1, and Aurora B are reduced, which is consistent with YAP functioning in midbody formation during cytokinesis. The concomitant decrease in α-tubulin and increase in acetyl-α-tubulin during YAP depletion occurred at the post-transcriptional level. This suggests that YAP maintains the stability of the mitotic spindle and midbody, which ensures appropriate chromosome segregation during mitotic division. The increase in acetyl-α-tubulin during YAP depletion may provide a lesion-halting mechanism in maintaining the microtubule structure. The depletion of YAP also results in multinuclearity and aneuploidy, which supports its role in stabilizing the mitotic spindle and midbody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Er Chow
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Nature Science, Center for General Studies, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Hsu
- Department of Nature Science, Center for General Studies, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ta Yang
- Department of Thoracic Medicine, Taoyuan Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Yaa-Jyuhn J Meir
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Limbal Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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13
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McKenna ED, Sarbanes SL, Cummings SW, Roll-Mecak A. The Tubulin Code, from Molecules to Health and Disease. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2023; 39:331-361. [PMID: 37843925 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-030123-032748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are essential dynamic polymers composed of α/β-tubulin heterodimers. They support intracellular trafficking, cell division, cellular motility, and other essential cellular processes. In many species, both α-tubulin and β-tubulin are encoded by multiple genes with distinct expression profiles and functionality. Microtubules are further diversified through abundant posttranslational modifications, which are added and removed by a suite of enzymes to form complex, stereotyped cellular arrays. The genetic and chemical diversity of tubulin constitute a tubulin code that regulates intrinsic microtubule properties and is read by cellular effectors, such as molecular motors and microtubule-associated proteins, to provide spatial and temporal specificity to microtubules in cells. In this review, we synthesize the rapidly expanding tubulin code literature and highlight limitations and opportunities for the field. As complex microtubule arrays underlie essential physiological processes, a better understanding of how cells employ the tubulin code has important implications for human disease ranging from cancer to neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth D McKenna
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, USA;
| | - Stephanie L Sarbanes
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, USA;
| | - Steven W Cummings
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, USA;
| | - Antonina Roll-Mecak
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, USA;
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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14
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Cabrera-Rodríguez R, Pérez-Yanes S, Lorenzo-Sánchez I, Trujillo-González R, Estévez-Herrera J, García-Luis J, Valenzuela-Fernández A. HIV Infection: Shaping the Complex, Dynamic, and Interconnected Network of the Cytoskeleton. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13104. [PMID: 37685911 PMCID: PMC10487602 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 has evolved a plethora of strategies to overcome the cytoskeletal barrier (i.e., actin and intermediate filaments (AFs and IFs) and microtubules (MTs)) to achieve the viral cycle. HIV-1 modifies cytoskeletal organization and dynamics by acting on associated adaptors and molecular motors to productively fuse, enter, and infect cells and then traffic to the cell surface, where virions assemble and are released to spread infection. The HIV-1 envelope (Env) initiates the cycle by binding to and signaling through its main cell surface receptors (CD4/CCR5/CXCR4) to shape the cytoskeleton for fusion pore formation, which permits viral core entry. Then, the HIV-1 capsid is transported to the nucleus associated with cytoskeleton tracks under the control of specific adaptors/molecular motors, as well as HIV-1 accessory proteins. Furthermore, HIV-1 drives the late stages of the viral cycle by regulating cytoskeleton dynamics to assure viral Pr55Gag expression and transport to the cell surface, where it assembles and buds to mature infectious virions. In this review, we therefore analyze how HIV-1 generates a cell-permissive state to infection by regulating the cytoskeleton and associated factors. Likewise, we discuss the relevance of this knowledge to understand HIV-1 infection and pathogenesis in patients and to develop therapeutic strategies to battle HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romina Cabrera-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (R.C.-R.); (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.T.-G.); (J.E.-H.); (J.G.-L.)
| | - Silvia Pérez-Yanes
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (R.C.-R.); (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.T.-G.); (J.E.-H.); (J.G.-L.)
| | - Iria Lorenzo-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (R.C.-R.); (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.T.-G.); (J.E.-H.); (J.G.-L.)
| | - Rodrigo Trujillo-González
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (R.C.-R.); (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.T.-G.); (J.E.-H.); (J.G.-L.)
- Analysis Department, Faculty of Mathematics, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Judith Estévez-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (R.C.-R.); (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.T.-G.); (J.E.-H.); (J.G.-L.)
| | - Jonay García-Luis
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (R.C.-R.); (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.T.-G.); (J.E.-H.); (J.G.-L.)
| | - Agustín Valenzuela-Fernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunología Celular y Viral, Unidad de Farmacología, Sección de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de La Laguna (ULL), 38200 La Laguna, Spain; (R.C.-R.); (S.P.-Y.); (I.L.-S.); (R.T.-G.); (J.E.-H.); (J.G.-L.)
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15
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Cario A, Berger CL. Tau, microtubule dynamics, and axonal transport: New paradigms for neurodegenerative disease. Bioessays 2023; 45:e2200138. [PMID: 37489532 PMCID: PMC10630968 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of Tauopathies, a diverse class of neurodegenerative diseases associated with the Microtubule Associated Protein (MAP) Tau, is usually described by a common mechanism in which Tau dysfunction results in the loss of axonal microtubule stability. Here, we reexamine and build upon the canonical disease model to encompass other Tau functions. In addition to regulating microtubule dynamics, Tau acts as a modulator of motor proteins, a signaling hub, and a scaffolding protein. This diverse array of functions is related to the dynamic nature of Tau isoform expression, post-translational modification (PTM), and conformational flexibility. Thus, there is no single mechanism that can describe Tau dysfunction. The effects of specific pathogenic mutations or aberrant PTMs need to be examined on all of the various functions of Tau in order to understand the unique etiology of each disease state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Cario
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Christopher L. Berger
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
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16
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Calogero AM, Basellini MJ, Isilgan HB, Longhena F, Bellucci A, Mazzetti S, Rolando C, Pezzoli G, Cappelletti G. Acetylated α-Tubulin and α-Synuclein: Physiological Interplay and Contribution to α-Synuclein Oligomerization. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12287. [PMID: 37569662 PMCID: PMC10418364 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence supports that altered α-tubulin acetylation occurs in Parkinson's disease (PD), a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the deposition of α-synuclein fibrillary aggregates within Lewy bodies and nigrostriatal neuron degeneration. Nevertheless, studies addressing the interplay between α-tubulin acetylation and α-synuclein are lacking. Here, we investigated the relationship between α-synuclein and microtubules in primary midbrain murine neurons and the substantia nigra of post-mortem human brains. Taking advantage of immunofluorescence and Proximity Ligation Assay (PLA), a method allowing us to visualize protein-protein interactions in situ, combined with confocal and super-resolution microscopy, we found that α-synuclein and acetylated α-tubulin colocalized and were in close proximity. Next, we employed an α-synuclein overexpressing cellular model and tested the role of α-tubulin acetylation in α-synuclein oligomer formation. We used the α-tubulin deacetylase HDAC6 inhibitor Tubacin to modulate α-tubulin acetylation, and we evaluated the presence of α-synuclein oligomers by PLA. We found that the increase in acetylated α-tubulin significantly induced α-synuclein oligomerization. In conclusion, we unraveled the link between acetylated α-tubulin and α-synuclein and demonstrated that α-tubulin acetylation could trigger the early step of α-synuclein aggregation. These data suggest that the proper regulation of α-tubulin acetylation might be considered a therapeutic strategy to take on PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Maria Calogero
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.J.B.); (H.B.I.); (S.M.); (C.R.)
- Fondazione Grigioni per il Morbo di Parkinson, 20125 Milan, Italy;
| | - Milo Jarno Basellini
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.J.B.); (H.B.I.); (S.M.); (C.R.)
| | - Huseyin Berkcan Isilgan
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.J.B.); (H.B.I.); (S.M.); (C.R.)
| | - Francesca Longhena
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (F.L.); (A.B.)
| | - Arianna Bellucci
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (F.L.); (A.B.)
| | - Samanta Mazzetti
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.J.B.); (H.B.I.); (S.M.); (C.R.)
- Fondazione Grigioni per il Morbo di Parkinson, 20125 Milan, Italy;
| | - Chiara Rolando
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.J.B.); (H.B.I.); (S.M.); (C.R.)
| | - Gianni Pezzoli
- Fondazione Grigioni per il Morbo di Parkinson, 20125 Milan, Italy;
- Parkinson Institute, ASST-Pini-CTO, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Graziella Cappelletti
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; (M.J.B.); (H.B.I.); (S.M.); (C.R.)
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
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17
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Liu ML, Ma S, Tai W, Zhong X, Ni H, Zou Y, Wang J, Zhang CL. Chemical screens in aging-relevant human motor neurons identify MAP4Ks as therapeutic targets for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.24.538014. [PMID: 37162962 PMCID: PMC10168247 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.24.538014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Effective therapeutics is much needed for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), an adult-onset neurodegenerative disease mainly affecting motor neurons. By screening chemical compounds in human patient-derived and aging-relevant motor neurons, we identify a neuroprotective compound and show that MAP4Ks may serve as therapeutic targets for treating ALS. The lead compound broadly improves survival and function of motor neurons directly converted from human ALS patients. Mechanistically, it works as an inhibitor of MAP4Ks, regulates the MAP4Ks-HDAC6-TUBA4A-RANGAP1 pathway, and normalizes subcellular distribution of RANGAP1 and TDP-43. Finally, in an ALS mouse model we show that inhibiting MAP4Ks preserves motor neurons and significantly extends animal lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Lu Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Shuaipeng Ma
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Wenjiao Tai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Xiaoling Zhong
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Haoqi Ni
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Yuhua Zou
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jingcheng Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Chun-Li Zhang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Hamon Center for Regenerative Science and Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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18
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Kirsch-Volders M, Fenech M. Towards prevention of aneuploidy-associated cellular senescence and aging: more questions than answers? MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2023; 792:108474. [PMID: 37866738 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2023.108474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to discuss how aneuploidy contributes to the aging process, and to identify plausible strategies for its prevention. After an overview of mechanisms leading to aneuploidy and the major features of cellular senescence, we discuss the link between (i) aneuploidy and cellular senescence; (ii) aneuploidy and aging; and (iii) cellular senescence and aging. We also consider (i) interactions between aneuploidy, micronuclei, cellular senescence and aging, (ii) the potential of nutritional treatments to prevent aneuploidy-associated senescence and aging, and (iii) knowledge and technological gaps. Evidence for a causal link between aneuploidy, senescence and aging is emerging. In vitro, aneuploidy accompanies the entry into cellular senescence and can itself induce senescence. How aneuploidy contributes in vivo to cellular senescence is less clear. Several routes depending on aneuploidy and/or senescence converge towards chronic inflammation, the major driver of unhealthy aging. Aneuploidy can induce the pro-inflammatory Senescence Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP), either directly or as a result of micronucleus (MN) induction leading to leakage of DNA into the cytoplasm and triggering of the cGAS-STING pathway of innate immune response. A major difficulty in understanding the impact of aneuploidy on senescence and aging in vivo, results from the heterogeneity of cellular senescence in different tissues at the cytological and molecular level. Due to this complexity, there is at the present time no biomarker or biomarker combination characteristic for all types of senescent cells. In conclusion, a deeper understanding of the critical role aneuploidy plays in cellular senescence and aging is essential to devise practical strategies to protect human populations from aneuploidy-associated pathologies. We discuss emerging evidence, based on in vitro and in vivo studies, that adequate amounts of specific micronutrients are essential for prevention of aneuploidy in humans and that precise nutritional intervention may be essential to help avoid the scourge of aneuploidy-driven diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micheline Kirsch-Volders
- Laboratory for Cell Genetics, Department Biology, Faculty of Sciences and Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Michael Fenech
- Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, SA 5000, Australia; Genome Health Foundation, North Brighton, SA 5048, Australia.
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19
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Shen Y, Ori-McKenney KM. Macromolecular Crowding Tailors the Microtubule Cytoskeleton Through Tubulin Modifications and Microtubule-Associated Proteins. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.14.544846. [PMID: 37398431 PMCID: PMC10312695 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.14.544846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Cells remodel their cytoskeletal networks to adapt to their environment. Here, we analyze the mechanisms utilized by the cell to tailor its microtubule landscape in response to changes in osmolarity that alter macromolecular crowding. By integrating live cell imaging, ex vivo enzymatic assays, and in vitro reconstitution, we probe the impact of acute perturbations in cytoplasmic density on microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) and tubulin posttranslational modifications (PTMs), unraveling the molecular underpinnings of cellular adaptation via the microtubule cytoskeleton. We find that cells respond to fluctuations in cytoplasmic density by modulating microtubule acetylation, detyrosination, or MAP7 association, without differentially affecting polyglutamylation, tyrosination, or MAP4 association. These MAP-PTM combinations alter intracellular cargo transport, enabling the cell to respond to osmotic challenges. We further dissect the molecular mechanisms governing tubulin PTM specification, and find that MAP7 promotes acetylation by biasing the conformation of the microtubule lattice, and directly inhibits detyrosination. Acetylation and detyrosination can therefore be decoupled and utilized for distinct cellular purposes. Our data reveal that the MAP code dictates the tubulin code, resulting in remodeling of the microtubule cytoskeleton and alteration of intracellular transport as an integrated mechanism of cellular adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Shen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kassandra M Ori-McKenney
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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20
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Chen J, Roll-Mecak A. Glutamylation is a negative regulator of microtubule growth. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:ar70. [PMID: 37074962 PMCID: PMC10295482 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-01-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are noncovalent polymers built from αβ-tubulin dimers. The disordered C-terminal tubulin tails are functionalized with multiple glutamate chains of variable lengths added and removed by tubulin tyrosine ligases (TTLLs) and carboxypeptidases (CCPs). Glutamylation is abundant on stable microtubule arrays such as in axonemes and axons, and its dysregulation leads to human pathologies. Despite this, the effects of glutamylation on intrinsic microtubule dynamics are unclear. Here we generate tubulin with short and long glutamate chains and show that glutamylation slows the rate of microtubule growth and increases catastrophes as a function of glutamylation levels. This implies that the higher stability of glutamylated microtubules in cells is due to effectors. Interestingly, EB1 is minimally affected by glutamylation and thus can report on the growth rates of both unmodified and glutamylated microtubules. Finally, we show that glutamate removal by CCP1 and 5 is synergistic and occurs preferentially on soluble tubulin, unlike TTLL enzymes that prefer microtubules. This substrate preference establishes an asymmetry whereby once the microtubule depolymerizes, the released tubulin is reset to a less-modified state, while polymerized tubulin accumulates the glutamylation mark. Our work shows that a modification on the disordered tubulin tails can directly affect microtubule dynamics and furthers our understanding of the mechanistic underpinnings of the tubulin code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Chen
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, and
| | - Antonina Roll-Mecak
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, and
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
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21
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Naren P, Samim KS, Tryphena KP, Vora LK, Srivastava S, Singh SB, Khatri DK. Microtubule acetylation dyshomeostasis in Parkinson's disease. Transl Neurodegener 2023; 12:20. [PMID: 37150812 PMCID: PMC10165769 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The inter-neuronal communication occurring in extensively branched neuronal cells is achieved primarily through the microtubule (MT)-mediated axonal transport system. This mechanistically regulated system delivers cargos (proteins, mRNAs and organelles such as mitochondria) back and forth from the soma to the synapse. Motor proteins like kinesins and dynein mechanistically regulate polarized anterograde (from the soma to the synapse) and retrograde (from the synapse to the soma) commute of the cargos, respectively. Proficient axonal transport of such cargos is achieved by altering the microtubule stability via post-translational modifications (PTMs) of α- and β-tubulin heterodimers, core components constructing the MTs. Occurring within the lumen of MTs, K40 acetylation of α-tubulin via α-tubulin acetyl transferase and its subsequent deacetylation by HDAC6 and SIRT2 are widely scrutinized PTMs that make the MTs highly flexible, which in turn promotes their lifespan. The movement of various motor proteins, including kinesin-1 (responsible for axonal mitochondrial commute), is enhanced by this PTM, and dyshomeostasis of neuronal MT acetylation has been observed in a variety of neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease (PD). PD is the second most common neurodegenerative condition and is closely associated with impaired MT dynamics and deregulated tubulin acetylation levels. Although the relationship between status of MT acetylation and progression of PD pathogenesis has become a chicken-and-egg question, our review aims to provide insights into the MT-mediated axonal commute of mitochondria and dyshomeostasis of MT acetylation in PD. The enzymatic regulators of MT acetylation along with their synthetic modulators have also been briefly explored. Moving towards a tubulin-based therapy that enhances MT acetylation could serve as a disease-modifying treatment in neurological conditions that lack it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmashri Naren
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Khan Sabiya Samim
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Kamatham Pushpa Tryphena
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Lalitkumar K Vora
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK.
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India.
| | - Shashi Bala Singh
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Khatri
- Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Lab, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Telangana, 500037, India.
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22
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Carmona B, Marinho HS, Matos CL, Nolasco S, Soares H. Tubulin Post-Translational Modifications: The Elusive Roles of Acetylation. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12040561. [PMID: 37106761 PMCID: PMC10136095 DOI: 10.3390/biology12040561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs), dynamic polymers of α/β-tubulin heterodimers found in all eukaryotes, are involved in cytoplasm spatial organization, intracellular transport, cell polarity, migration and division, and in cilia biology. MTs functional diversity depends on the differential expression of distinct tubulin isotypes and is amplified by a vast number of different post-translational modifications (PTMs). The addition/removal of PTMs to α- or β-tubulins is catalyzed by specific enzymes and allows combinatory patterns largely enriching the distinct biochemical and biophysical properties of MTs, creating a code read by distinct proteins, including microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), which allow cellular responses. This review is focused on tubulin-acetylation, whose cellular roles continue to generate debate. We travel through the experimental data pointing to α-tubulin Lys40 acetylation role as being a MT stabilizer and a typical PTM of long lived MTs, to the most recent data, suggesting that Lys40 acetylation enhances MT flexibility and alters the mechanical properties of MTs, preventing MTs from mechanical aging characterized by structural damage. Additionally, we discuss the regulation of tubulin acetyltransferases/desacetylases and their impacts on cell physiology. Finally, we analyze how changes in MT acetylation levels have been found to be a general response to stress and how they are associated with several human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Carmona
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Av. D. João II, Lote 4.69.01, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - H Susana Marinho
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Lopes Matos
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sofia Nolasco
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Av. D. João II, Lote 4.69.01, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal
- CIISA-Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Helena Soares
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Institute of Molecular Sciences, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Av. D. João II, Lote 4.69.01, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal
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23
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Kinesin-1 Regulates Endocytic Trafficking of Classical Swine Fever Virus along Acetylated Microtubules. J Virol 2023; 97:e0192922. [PMID: 36602362 PMCID: PMC9888263 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01929-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF), caused by classical swine fever virus (CSFV), is an important and highly infectious pig disease worldwide. Kinesin-1, a molecular motor responsible for transporting cargo along the microtubule, has been demonstrated to be involved in the infections of diverse viruses. However, the role of kinesin-1 in the CSFV life cycle remains unknown. Here, we first found that Kif5B played a positive role in CSFV entry by knockdown or overexpression of Kif5B. Subsequently, we showed that Kif5B was associated with the endosomal and lysosomal trafficking of CSFV in the early stage of CSFV infection, which was reflected by the colocalization of Kif5B and Rab7, Rab11, or Lamp1. Interestingly, trichostatin A (TSA) treatment promoted CSFV proliferation, suggesting that microtubule acetylation facilitated CSFV endocytosis. The results of chemical inhibitors and RNA interference showed that Rac1 and Cdc42 induced microtubule acetylation after CSFV infection. Furthermore, confocal microscopy revealed that cooperation between Kif5B and dynein help CSFV particles move in both directions along microtubules. Collectively, our study shed light on the role of kinesin motor Kif5B in CSFV endocytic trafficking, indicating the dynein/kinesin-mediated bidirectional CSFV movement. The elucidation of this study provides the foundation for developing CSFV antiviral drugs. IMPORTANCE The minus end-directed cytoplasmic dynein and the plus end-directed kinesin-1 are the molecular motors that transport cargo on microtubules in intracellular trafficking, which plays a notable role in the life cycles of diverse viruses. Our previous studies have reported that the CSFV entry host cell is dependent on the microtubule-based motor dynein. However, little is known about the involvement of kinesin-1 in CSFV infection. Here, we revealed the critical role of kinesin-1 that regulated the viral endocytosis along acetylated microtubules induced by Cdc42 and Rac1 after CSFV entry. Mechanistically, once CSFV transported by dynein met an obstacle, it recruited kinesin-1 to move in reverse to the anchor position. This study extends the theoretical basis of intracellular transport of CSFV and provides a potential target for the control and treatment of CSFV infection.
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24
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Zhang X, Shu S, Feng Z, Qiu Y, Bao H, Zhu Z. Microtubule stabilization promotes the synthesis of type 2 collagen in nucleus pulposus cell by activating hippo-yap pathway. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1102318. [PMID: 36778003 PMCID: PMC9909034 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1102318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is the cardinal pathological mechanism that underlies low back pain. Mechanical stress of the intervertebral disc may result in a change in nucleus pulposus cells state, matrix degradation, and degeneration of the disc. Microtubules, which are components of the cytoskeleton, are involved in driving or regulating signal pathways, which sense and transmit mechano-transduction. Microtubule and the related proteins play an important role in the development of many diseases, while little is known about the role of microtubules in nucleus pulposus cells. Researchers have found that type II collagen (COL2) expression is promoted by microtubule stabilization in synovial mesenchymal stem cells. In this study, we demonstrated that microtubule stabilization promotes the expression of COL2 in nucleus pulposus cells. Stabilized microtubules stimulating Hippo signaling pathway, inhibiting YAP protein expression and activity. In addition, microtubules stabilization promotes the expression of COL2 and alleviates disc degeneration in rats. In summary, our study for the first time, identifies microtubule as a promising therapeutic target for IDD, up-regulating the synthesis of COL2 via Hippo-Yap pathway. Our findings may provide new insights into the etiologies and pathology for IDD, further, targeting of microtubule acetylation may be an effective strategy for the treatment of IDD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Hongda Bao
- *Correspondence: Hongda Bao, ; Zezhang Zhu,
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25
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Tsuji C, Dodding MP. Lumenal components of cytoplasmic microtubules. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:1953-1962. [PMID: 36524962 DOI: 10.1042/bst20220851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The lumen of cytoplasmic microtubules is a poorly explored expanse of intracellular space. Although typically represented in textbooks as a hollow tube, studies over several decades have shown that the microtubule lumen is occupied by a range of morphologically diverse components. These are predominantly globular particles of varying sizes which appear to exist either in isolation, bind to the microtubule wall, or form discontinuous columns that extend through the lumenal space. Actin filaments with morphologies distinct from the canonical cytoplasmic forms have also now been found within the microtubule lumen. In this review, we examine the historic literature that observed these lumenal components in tissues from diverse species and integrate it with recent cryo-electron tomography studies that have begun to identify lumenal proteins. We consider their cell and tissue distribution, possible mechanisms of incorporation, and potential functions. It is likely that continuing work in this area will open a new frontier in cytoskeletal biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisato Tsuji
- School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, U.K
| | - Mark P Dodding
- School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, U.K
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26
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Nakamura A, Ikeda M, Kusayanagi S, Hayashi K. An alternative splice isoform of mouse CDK5RAP2 induced cytoplasmic microtubule nucleation. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2022; 13:264-273. [PMID: 36164503 PMCID: PMC9508486 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
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27
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Szczesna E, Zehr EA, Cummings SW, Szyk A, Mahalingan KK, Li Y, Roll-Mecak A. Combinatorial and antagonistic effects of tubulin glutamylation and glycylation on katanin microtubule severing. Dev Cell 2022; 57:2497-2513.e6. [PMID: 36347241 PMCID: PMC9665884 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules have spatiotemporally complex posttranslational modification patterns. How cells interpret this tubulin modification code is largely unknown. We show that C. elegans katanin, a microtubule severing AAA ATPase mutated in microcephaly and critical for cell division, axonal elongation, and cilia biogenesis, responds precisely, differentially, and combinatorially to three chemically distinct tubulin modifications-glycylation, glutamylation, and tyrosination-but is insensitive to acetylation. Glutamylation and glycylation are antagonistic rheostats with glycylation protecting microtubules from severing. Katanin exhibits graded and divergent responses to glutamylation on the α- and β-tubulin tails, and these act combinatorially. The katanin hexamer central pore constrains the polyglutamate chain patterns on β-tails recognized productively. Elements distal to the katanin AAA core sense α-tubulin tyrosination, and detyrosination downregulates severing. The multivalent microtubule recognition that enables katanin to read multiple tubulin modification inputs explains in vivo observations and illustrates how effectors can integrate tubulin code signals to produce diverse functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szczesna
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elena A Zehr
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Steven W Cummings
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Agnieszka Szyk
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kishore K Mahalingan
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yan Li
- Proteomic Core Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Antonina Roll-Mecak
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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28
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Deb Roy A, Gross EG, Pillai GS, Seetharaman S, Etienne-Manneville S, Inoue T. Non-catalytic allostery in α-TAT1 by a phospho-switch drives dynamic microtubule acetylation. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213540. [PMID: 36222836 PMCID: PMC9565784 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202202100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatiotemporally dynamic microtubule acetylation underlies diverse physiological and pathological events. Despite its ubiquity, the molecular mechanisms that regulate the sole microtubule acetylating agent, α-tubulin-N-acetyltransferase-1 (α-TAT1), remain obscure. Here, we report that dynamic intracellular localization of α-TAT1 along with its catalytic activity determines efficiency of microtubule acetylation. Specifically, we newly identified a conserved signal motif in the intrinsically disordered C-terminus of α-TAT1, consisting of three competing regulatory elements-nuclear export, nuclear import, and cytosolic retention. Their balance is tuned via phosphorylation by CDK1, PKA, and CK2, and dephosphorylation by PP2A. While the unphosphorylated form binds to importins and resides both in cytosol and nucleus, the phosphorylated form binds to specific 14-3-3 adapters and accumulates in the cytosol for maximal substrate access. Unlike other molecules with a similar phospho-regulated signal motif, α-TAT1 uniquely uses the nucleus as a hideout. This allosteric spatial regulation of α-TAT1 function may help uncover a spatiotemporal code of microtubule acetylation in normal and aberrant cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Deb Roy
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | | | | | - Shailaja Seetharaman
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691, Université Paris Cité, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Etienne-Manneville
- Cell Polarity, Migration and Cancer Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR3691, Université Paris Cité, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Takanari Inoue
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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29
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Antel M, Simao T, Bener MB, Inaba M. Drosophila CG17003/leaky (lky) is required for microtubule acetylation in early germ cells in Drosophila ovary. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276704. [PMID: 36342916 PMCID: PMC9639842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubule acetylation is found in populations of stable, long-lived microtubules, occurring on the conserved lysine 40 (K40) residue of α-tubulin by α-tubulin acetyltransferases (αTATs). α-tubulin K40 acetylation has been shown to stabilize microtubules via enhancing microtubule resilience against mechanical stress. Here we show that a previously uncharacterized αTAT, Drosophila CG17003/leaky (lky), is required for α-tubulin K40 acetylation in early germ cells in Drosophila ovary. We found that loss of lky resulted in a progressive egg chamber fusion phenotype accompanied with mislocalization of germline-specific Vasa protein in somatic follicle cells. The same phenotype was observed upon replacement of endogenous α-tubulin84B with non-acetylatable α-tubulin84BK40A, suggesting α-tubulin K40 acetylation is responsible for the phenotype. Chemical disturbance of microtubules by Colcemid treatment resulted in a mislocalization of Vasa in follicle cells within a short period of time (~30 min), suggesting that the observed mislocalization is likely caused by direct leakage of cellular contents between germline and follicle cells. Taken together, this study provides a new function of α-tubulin acetylation in maintaining the cellular identity possibly by preventing the leakage of tissue-specific gene products between juxtaposing distinct cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Antel
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, United States of America
| | - Taylor Simao
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, United States of America
| | - Muhammed Burak Bener
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, United States of America
| | - Mayu Inaba
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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30
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Genetics, pathobiology and therapeutic opportunities of polycystic liver disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 19:585-604. [PMID: 35562534 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-022-00617-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic liver diseases (PLDs) are inherited genetic disorders characterized by progressive development of intrahepatic, fluid-filled biliary cysts (more than ten), which constitute the main cause of morbidity and markedly affect the quality of life. Liver cysts arise in patients with autosomal dominant PLD (ADPLD) or in co-occurrence with renal cysts in patients with autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD and ARPKD, respectively). Hepatic cystogenesis is a heterogeneous process, with several risk factors increasing the odds of developing larger cysts. Depending on the causative gene, PLDs can arise exclusively in the liver or in parallel with renal cysts. Current therapeutic strategies, mainly based on surgical procedures and/or chronic administration of somatostatin analogues, show modest benefits, with liver transplantation as the only potentially curative option. Increasing research has shed light on the genetic landscape of PLDs and consequent cholangiocyte abnormalities, which can pave the way for discovering new targets for therapy and the design of novel potential treatments for patients. Herein, we provide a critical and comprehensive overview of the latest advances in the field of PLDs, mainly focusing on genetics, pathobiology, risk factors and next-generation therapeutic strategies, highlighting future directions in basic, translational and clinical research.
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31
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Martínez-Hernández J, Parato J, Sharma A, Soleilhac JM, Qu X, Tein E, Sproul A, Andrieux A, Goldberg Y, Moutin MJ, Bartolini F, Peris L. Crosstalk between acetylation and the tyrosination/detyrosination cycle of α-tubulin in Alzheimer’s disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:926914. [PMID: 36092705 PMCID: PMC9459041 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.926914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) support a variety of neuronal functions, such as maintenance of cell structure, transport, and synaptic plasticity. Neuronal MTs are highly heterogeneous due to several tubulin isotypes and the presence of multiple post-translational modifications, such as detyrosination and acetylation. The tubulin tyrosination/detyrosination cycle is a key player in the maintenance of MT dynamics, as tyrosinated tubulin is associated with more dynamic MTs, while detyrosinated tubulin is linked to longer lived, more stable MTs. Dysfunction of tubulin re-tyrosination was recently correlated to Alzheimer’s disease progression. The implication of tubulin acetylation in Alzheimer’s disease has, however, remained controversial. Here, we demonstrate that tubulin acetylation accumulates in post-mortem brain tissues from Alzheimer’s disease patients and human neurons harboring the Alzheimer’s familial APP-V717I mutation. We further show that tubulin re-tyrosination, which is defective in Alzheimer’s disease, can control acetylated tubulin in primary neurons irrespective of the levels of the enzymes regulating tubulin acetylation, suggesting that reduced MT dynamics associated with impaired tubulin re-tyrosination might contribute to the accumulation of tubulin acetylation that we detected in Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Martínez-Hernández
- Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Julie Parato
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Natural Sciences, SUNY Empire State College, Brooklyn, NY, United States
| | - Aditi Sharma
- Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Marc Soleilhac
- Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Xiaoyi Qu
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ellen Tein
- Taub Institute for Research Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Andrew Sproul
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Taub Institute for Research Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Annie Andrieux
- Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Yves Goldberg
- Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Marie-Jo Moutin
- Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Francesca Bartolini
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Leticia Peris, ; Francesca Bartolini,
| | - Leticia Peris
- Inserm, U1216, CEA, CNRS, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- *Correspondence: Leticia Peris, ; Francesca Bartolini,
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32
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Castrogiovanni C, Inchingolo AV, Harrison JU, Dudka D, Sen O, Burroughs NJ, McAinsh AD, Meraldi P. Evidence for a HURP/EB free mixed-nucleotide zone in kinetochore-microtubules. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4704. [PMID: 35948594 PMCID: PMC9365851 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32421-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Current models infer that the microtubule-based mitotic spindle is built from GDP-tubulin with small GTP caps at microtubule plus-ends, including those that attach to kinetochores, forming the kinetochore-fibres. Here we reveal that kinetochore-fibres additionally contain a dynamic mixed-nucleotide zone that reaches several microns in length. This zone becomes visible in cells expressing fluorescently labelled end-binding proteins, a known marker for GTP-tubulin, and endogenously-labelled HURP - a protein which we show to preferentially bind the GDP microtubule lattice in vitro and in vivo. We find that in mitotic cells HURP accumulates on the kinetochore-proximal region of depolymerising kinetochore-fibres, whilst avoiding recruitment to nascent polymerising K-fibres, giving rise to a growing "HURP-gap". The absence of end-binding proteins in the HURP-gaps leads us to postulate that they reflect a mixed-nucleotide zone. We generate a minimal quantitative model based on the preferential binding of HURP to GDP-tubulin to show that such a mixed-nucleotide zone is sufficient to recapitulate the observed in vivo dynamics of HURP-gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Castrogiovanni
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Translational Research Centre in Onco-hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Alessio V Inchingolo
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Jonathan U Harrison
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Damian Dudka
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Translational Research Centre in Onco-hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Onur Sen
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Nigel J Burroughs
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Andrew D McAinsh
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
| | - Patrick Meraldi
- Department of Cell Physiology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland.
- Translational Research Centre in Onco-hematology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva 4, Switzerland.
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Transactive Response DNA-Binding Protein (TARDBP/TDP-43) Regulates Cell Permissivity to HIV-1 Infection by Acting on HDAC6. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116180. [PMID: 35682862 PMCID: PMC9181786 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The transactive response DNA-binding protein (TARDBP/TDP-43) influences the processing of diverse transcripts, including that of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6). Here, we assessed TDP-43 activity in terms of regulating CD4+ T-cell permissivity to HIV-1 infection. We observed that overexpression of wt-TDP-43 increased both mRNA and protein levels of HDAC6, resulting in impaired HIV-1 infection independently of the viral envelope glycoprotein complex (Env) tropism. Consistently, using an HIV-1 Env-mediated cell-to-cell fusion model, the overexpression of TDP-43 levels negatively affected viral Env fusion capacity. Silencing of endogenous TDP-43 significantly decreased HDAC6 levels and increased the fusogenic and infection activities of the HIV-1 Env. Using pseudovirus bearing primary viral Envs from HIV-1 individuals, overexpression of wt-TDP-43 strongly reduced the infection activity of Envs from viremic non-progressors (VNP) and rapid progressors (RP) patients down to the levels of the inefficient HIV-1 Envs observed in long-term non-progressor elite controllers (LTNP-EC). On the contrary, silencing endogenous TDP-43 significantly favored the infectivity of primary Envs from VNP and RP individuals, and notably increased the infection of those from LTNP-EC. Taken together, our results indicate that TDP-43 shapes cell permissivity to HIV-1 infection, affecting viral Env fusion and infection capacities by altering the HDAC6 levels and associated tubulin-deacetylase anti-HIV-1 activity.
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Abstract
Heart disease remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. With the advancement of modern technology, the role(s) of microtubules in the pathogenesis of heart disease has become increasingly apparent, though currently there are limited treatments targeting microtubule-relevant mechanisms. Here, we review the functions of microtubules in the cardiovascular system and their specific adaptive and pathological phenotypes in cardiac disorders. We further explore the use of microtubule-targeting drugs and highlight promising druggable therapeutic targets for the future treatment of heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily F Warner
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, United Kingdom (E.F.W., X.L.)
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University School of Medicine, People's Republic of China (Y.L.)
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrookes Hospital, United Kingdom (E.F.W., X.L.)
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35
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Joshi FM, Viar GA, Pigino G, Drechsler H, Diez S. Fabrication of High Aspect Ratio Gold Nanowires within the Microtubule Lumen. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:3659-3667. [PMID: 35446032 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanowires have great potential use as interconnects in electronic, photonic, and optoelectronic devices. To date, there are various fabrication strategies for gold nanowires, each one associated with particular drawbacks as they utilize high temperatures, toxic chemicals, or expensive compounds to produce nanowires of suboptimal quality. Inspired by nanowire fabrication strategies that used higher-order biopolymer structures as molds for electroless deposition of gold, we here report a strategy for the growth of gold nanowires from seed nanoparticles within the lumen of microtubules. Luminal targeting of seed particles occurs through covalently linked Fab fragments of an antibody recognizing the acetylated lysine 40 on the luminal side of α-tubulin. Gold nanowires grown by electroless deposition within the microtubule lumen exhibit a homogeneous morphology and high aspect ratios with a mean diameter of 20 nm. Our approach is fast, simple, and inexpensive and does not require toxic chemicals or other harsh conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foram M Joshi
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gonzalo Alvarez Viar
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gaia Pigino
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Human Technopole, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Hauke Drechsler
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Diez
- B CUBE - Center for Molecular Bioengineering, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, 01307 Dresden, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence Physics of Life, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
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36
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Microtubule Depolymerization Limits Porcine Betacoronavirus PHEV Replication. Vet Microbiol 2022; 269:109448. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Bär J, Popp Y, Bucher M, Mikhaylova M. Direct and indirect effects of tubulin post-translational modifications on microtubule stability: Insights and regulations. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2022; 1869:119241. [PMID: 35181405 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2022.119241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) mediate various cellular functions such as structural support, chromosome segregation, and intracellular transport. To achieve this, the pivotal properties of MTs have to be changeable and tightly controlled. This is enabled by a high variety of tubulin posttranslational modifications, which influence MT properties directly, via altering the MT lattice structurally, or indirectly by changing MT interaction partners. Here, the distinction between these direct and indirect effects of MT PTMs are exemplified by acetylation of the luminal α-tubulin K40 resulting in decreased rigidity of MTs, and by MT detyrosination which decreases interaction with depolymerizing proteins, thus causing more stable MTs. We discuss how these PTMs are reversed and regulated, e.g. on the level of enzyme transcription, localization, and activity via various signalling pathways including the conventional calcium-dependent proteases calpains and how advances in microscopy techniques and development of live-sensors facilitate the understanding of MT PTM interaction and effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Bär
- RG Optobiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstr. 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Guest Group "Neuronal Protein Transport", Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Yannes Popp
- RG Optobiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstr. 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Guest Group "Neuronal Protein Transport", Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Michael Bucher
- RG Optobiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstr. 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Guest Group "Neuronal Protein Transport", Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Marina Mikhaylova
- RG Optobiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstr. 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany; Guest Group "Neuronal Protein Transport", Center for Molecular Neurobiology, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Falkenried 94, 20251 Hamburg, Germany.
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38
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Lin C, Zheng X, Lin S, Zhang Y, Wu J, Li Y. Mechanotransduction Regulates the Interplays Between Alveolar Epithelial and Vascular Endothelial Cells in Lung. Front Physiol 2022; 13:818394. [PMID: 35250619 PMCID: PMC8895143 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.818394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stress plays a critical role among development, functional maturation, and pathogenesis of pulmonary tissues, especially for the alveolar epithelial cells and vascular endothelial cells located in the microenvironment established with vascular network and bronchial-alveolar network. Alveolar epithelial cells are mainly loaded by cyclic strain and air pressure tension. While vascular endothelial cells are exposed to shear stress and cyclic strain. Currently, the emerging evidences demonstrated that non-physiological mechanical forces would lead to several pulmonary diseases, including pulmonary hypertension, fibrosis, and ventilation induced lung injury. Furthermore, a series of intracellular signaling had been identified to be involved in mechanotransduction and participated in regulating the physiological homeostasis and pathophysiological process. Besides, the communications between alveolar epithelium and vascular endothelium under non-physiological stress contribute to the remodeling of the pulmonary micro-environment in collaboration, including hypoxia induced injuries, endothelial permeability impairment, extracellular matrix stiffness elevation, metabolic alternation, and inflammation activation. In this review, we aim to summarize the current understandings of mechanotransduction on the relation between mechanical forces acting on the lung and biological response in mechanical overloading related diseases. We also would like to emphasize the interplays between alveolar epithelium and vascular endothelium, providing new insights into pulmonary diseases pathogenesis, and potential targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuyang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sha Lin
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinlin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yifei Li
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children of MOE, Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Bieniussa L, Jain I, Bosch Grau M, Juergens L, Hagen R, Janke C, Rak K. Microtubule and auditory function - an underestimated connection. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 137:74-86. [PMID: 35144861 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The organ of Corti, located in the cochlea within the inner ear is the receptor organ for hearing. It converts auditory signals into neuronal action potentials that are transmitted to the brain for further processing. The mature organ of Corti consists of a variety of highly differentiated sensory cells that fulfil unique tasks in the processing of auditory signals. The actin and microtubule cytoskeleton play essential function in hearing, however so far, more attention has been paid to the role of actin. Microtubules play important roles in maintaining cellular structure and intracellular transport in virtually all eukaryotic cells. Their functions are controlled by interactions with a large variety of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) and molecular motors. Current advances show that tubulin posttranslational modifications, as well as tubulin isotypes could play key roles in modulating microtubule properties and functions in cells. These mechanisms could have various effects on the stability and functions of microtubules in the highly specialised cells of the cochlea. Here, we review the current understanding of the role of microtubule-regulating mechanisms in the function of the cochlea and their implications for hearing, which highlights the importance of microtubules in the field of hearing research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Bieniussa
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery and the Comprehensive Hearing Center, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ipsa Jain
- Institute of Stem cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Montserrat Bosch Grau
- Genetics and Physiology of Hearing Laboratory, Institute Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Lukas Juergens
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Rudolf Hagen
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery and the Comprehensive Hearing Center, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Janke
- Institut Curie, Université PSL, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France; Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Orsay, France
| | - Kristen Rak
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery and the Comprehensive Hearing Center, University of Würzburg, Germany.
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Foster HE, Ventura Santos C, Carter AP. A cryo-ET survey of microtubules and intracellular compartments in mammalian axons. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:e202103154. [PMID: 34878519 PMCID: PMC7612188 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202103154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuronal axon is packed with cytoskeletal filaments, membranes, and organelles, many of which move between the cell body and axon tip. Here, we used cryo-electron tomography to survey the internal components of mammalian sensory axons. We determined the polarity of the axonal microtubules (MTs) by combining subtomogram classification and visual inspection, finding MT plus and minus ends are structurally similar. Subtomogram averaging of globular densities in the MT lumen suggests they have a defined structure, which is surprising given they likely contain the disordered protein MAP6. We found the endoplasmic reticulum in axons is tethered to MTs through multiple short linkers. We surveyed membrane-bound cargos and describe unexpected internal features such as granules and broken membranes. In addition, we detected proteinaceous compartments, including numerous virus-like capsid particles. Our observations outline novel features of axonal cargos and MTs, providing a platform for identification of their constituents.
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41
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Saunders HAJ, Johnson-Schlitz DM, Jenkins BV, Volkert PJ, Yang SZ, Wildonger J. Acetylated α-tubulin K394 regulates microtubule stability to shape the growth of axon terminals. Curr Biol 2022; 32:614-630.e5. [PMID: 35081332 PMCID: PMC8843987 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are essential to neuron shape and function. Acetylation of tubulin has the potential to directly tune the behavior and function of microtubules in cells. Although proteomic studies have identified several acetylation sites in α-tubulin, the effects of acetylation at these sites remains largely unknown. This includes the highly conserved residue lysine 394 (K394), which is located at the αβ-tubulin dimer interface. Using a fly model, we show that α-tubulin K394 is acetylated in the nervous system and is an essential residue. We found that an acetylation-blocking mutation in endogenous α-tubulin, K394R, perturbs the synaptic morphogenesis of motoneurons and reduces microtubule stability. Intriguingly, the K394R mutation has opposite effects on the growth of two functionally and morphologically distinct motoneurons, revealing neuron-type-specific responses when microtubule stability is altered. Eliminating the deacetylase HDAC6 increases K394 acetylation, and the over-expression of HDAC6 reduces microtubule stability similar to the K394R mutant. Thus, our findings implicate α-tubulin K394 and its acetylation in the regulation of microtubule stability and suggest that HDAC6 regulates K394 acetylation during synaptic morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet A. J. Saunders
- Integrated Program in Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 440 Henry Mall, Madison, WI, 53706, USA,Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 440 Henry Mall, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Dena M. Johnson-Schlitz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 440 Henry Mall, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Brian V. Jenkins
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 440 Henry Mall, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Peter J. Volkert
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 440 Henry Mall, Madison, WI, 53706, USA,Biochemistry Scholars Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 440 Henry Mall, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Sihui Z. Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 440 Henry Mall, Madison, WI, 53706, USA,Cellular & Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1525 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jill Wildonger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 440 Henry Mall, Madison, WI, 53706, USA,Current address: Pediatrics Department and Biological Sciences Division, Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA,Lead and author for correspondence:
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42
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Del Castillo U, Norkett R, Lu W, Serpinskaya A, Gelfand VI. Ataxin-2 is essential for cytoskeletal dynamics and neurodevelopment in Drosophila. iScience 2022; 25:103536. [PMID: 34977501 PMCID: PMC8689088 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxin-2 (Atx2) is a highly conserved RNA binding protein. Atx2 undergoes polyglutamine expansion leading to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2). However, the physiological functions of Atx2 in neurons remain unknown. Here, using the powerful genetics of Drosophila, we show that Atx2 is essential for normal neuronal cytoskeletal dynamics and organelle trafficking. Upon neuron-specific Atx2 loss, the microtubule and actin networks were abnormally stabilized and cargo transport was drastically inhibited. Depletion of Atx2 caused multiple morphological defects in the nervous system of third instar larvae. These include reduced brain size, impaired axon development, and decreased dendrite outgrowth. Defects in the nervous system caused loss of the ability to crawl and lethality at the pupal stage. Taken together, these data mark Atx2 as a major regulator of cytoskeletal dynamics and denote Atx2 as an essential gene in neurodevelopment, as well as a neurodegenerative factor. Atx2 is a major regulator of the cytoskeleton in neurons Atx2 is responsible for maintaining dynamic cytoskeletal networks Atx2 depletion in the Drosophila larval CNS severely impairs organelle transport Atx2 is necessary for correct neurite outgrowth and CNS development in Drosophila
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Affiliation(s)
- Urko Del Castillo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Rosalind Norkett
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Wen Lu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Anna Serpinskaya
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Vladimir I Gelfand
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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43
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Li J, Fang Y, Wu D. Mechanical forces and metabolic changes cooperate to drive cellular memory and endothelial phenotypes. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2021; 87:199-253. [PMID: 34696886 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2021.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial cells line the innermost layer of arterial, venous, and lymphatic vascular tree and accordingly are subject to hemodynamic, stretch, and stiffness mechanical forces. Normally quiescent, endothelial cells have a hemodynamic set point and become "activated" in response to disturbed hemodynamics, which may signal impending nutrient or gas depletion. Endothelial cells in the majority of tissue beds are normally inactivated and maintain vessel barrier functions, are anti-inflammatory, anti-coagulant, and anti-thrombotic. However, under aberrant mechanical forces, endothelial signaling transforms in response, resulting cellular changes that herald pathological diseases. Endothelial cell metabolism is now recognized as the primary intermediate pathway that undergirds cellular transformation. In this review, we discuss the various mechanical forces endothelial cells sense in the large vessels, microvasculature, and lymphatics, and how changes in environmental mechanical forces result in changes in metabolism, which ultimately influence cell physiology, cellular memory, and ultimately disease initiation and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Yun Fang
- Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - David Wu
- Committee on Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States.
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44
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Post-translational modifications and stabilization of microtubules regulate transport of viral factors during infections. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:1735-1748. [PMID: 34436545 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tubulin post-translational modifications (PTMs) constitute a source of diversity for microtubule (MT) functions, in addition to the different isotypes of α and β-tubulin acting as building blocks of MTs. Also, MT-associated proteins (MAPs) confer different characteristics to MTs. The combination of all these factors regulates the stability of these structures that act as rails to transport organelles within the cell, facilitating the association of motor complexes. All these functions are involved in crucial cellular processes in most cell types, ranging from spindle formation in mitosis to the defense against incoming cellular threats during phagocytosis mediated by immune cells. The regulation of MT dynamics through tubulin PTMs has evolved to depend on many different factors that act in a complex orchestrated manner. These tightly regulated processes are particularly relevant during the induction of effective immune responses against pathogens. Viruses have proved not only to hijack MTs and MAPs in order to favor an efficient infection, but also to induce certain PTMs that improve their cellular spread and lead to secondary consequences of viral processes. In this review, we offer a perspective on relevant MT-related elements exploited by viruses.
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45
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Nihongaki Y, Matsubayashi HT, Inoue T. A molecular trap inside microtubules probes luminal access by soluble proteins. Nat Chem Biol 2021; 17:888-895. [PMID: 33941924 PMCID: PMC8319117 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-021-00791-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The uniquely hollow structure of microtubules (MTs) confers characteristic mechanical and biological properties. Although most regulatory processes take place at the outer surface, molecular events inside MTs, such as α-tubulin acetylation, also play a critical role. However, how regulatory proteins reach the site of action remains obscure. To assess luminal accessibility, we first identified luminally positioned residues of β-tubulin that can be fused to a protein of interest. We then developed a chemically inducible technique with which cytosolic proteins can be rapidly trapped at the lumen of intact MTs in cells. A luminal trapping assay revealed that soluble proteins of moderate size can enter the lumen via diffusion through openings at the MT ends and sides. Additionally, proteins forming a complex with tubulins can be incorporated to the lumen through the plus ends. Our approach may not only illuminate this understudied territory, but may also help understand its roles in MT-mediated functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Nihongaki
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed. ,
| | - Hideaki T. Matsubayashi
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Takanari Inoue
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA,To whom correspondence should be addressed. ,
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Ghosh A, Singh S. Regulation Of Microtubule: Current Concepts And Relevance To Neurodegenerative Diseases. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2021; 21:656-679. [PMID: 34323203 DOI: 10.2174/1871527320666210728144043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are abnormalities linked to neuronal structure and irregularities associated with the proliferation of cells, transportation, and differentiation. NDD also involves synaptic circuitry and neural network alterations known as synaptopathies. Microtubules (MTs) and MTs-associated proteins help to maintain neuronal health as well as their development. The microtubular dynamic structure plays a crucial role in the division of cells and forms mitotic spindles, thus take part in initiating stages of differentiation and polarization for various types of cells. The MTs also take part in the cellular death but MT-based cellular degenerations are not yet well excavated. In the last few years, studies have provided the protagonist activity of MTs in neuronal degeneration. In this review, we largely engrossed our discussion on the change of MT cytoskeleton structure, describing their organization, dynamics, transportation, and their failure causing NDDs. At end of this review, we are targeting the therapeutic neuroprotective strategies on clinical priority and also try to discuss the clues for the development of new MT-based therapy as a new pharmacological intervention. This will be a new potential site to block not only neurodegeneration but also promotes the regeneration of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Ghosh
- Neuroscience Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga-142001 Punjab, India
| | - Shamsher Singh
- Neuroscience Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga-142001 Punjab, India
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Xie X, Wang S, Li M, Diao L, Pan X, Chen J, Zou W, Zhang X, Feng W, Bao L. α-TubK40me3 is required for neuronal polarization and migration by promoting microtubule formation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4113. [PMID: 34226540 PMCID: PMC8257576 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24376-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tri-methylation on lysine 40 of α-tubulin (α-TubK40me3) is a recently identified post-translational modification involved in mitosis and cytokinesis. However, knowledge about α-TubK40me3 in microtubule function and post-mitotic cells remains largely incomplete. Here, we report that α-TubK40me3 is required for neuronal polarization and migration by promoting microtubule formation. α-TubK40me3 is enriched in mouse cerebral cortex during embryonic day (E)14 to E16. Knockdown of α-tubulin methyltransferase SETD2 at E14 leads to the defects in neuronal migration, which could be restored by overexpressing either a cytoplasm-localized SETD2 truncation or α-TubK40me3-mimicking mutant. Furthermore, α-TubK40me3 is preferably distributed on polymerized microtubules and potently promotes tubulin nucleation. Downregulation of α-TubK40me3 results in reduced microtubule abundance in neurites and disrupts neuronal polarization, which could be rescued by Taxol. Additionally, α-TubK40me3 is increased after losing α-tubulin K40 acetylation (α-TubK40ac) and largely rescues α-TubK40ac function. This study reveals a critical role of α-TubK40me3 in microtubule formation and neuronal development. Post-translational modifications of tubulins regulate microtubule properties and neural development. Here, the authors report that one such post-translational modification, α-TubK40me3, is required for neuronal polarization and migration by promoting microtubule formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shaogang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingyu Pan
- Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai, China
| | - Jijun Chen
- Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiguo Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai, China.,Laboratory of Perceptive Network, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenfeng Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Research Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Shanghai, China.
| | - Lan Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
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48
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MacTaggart B, Kashina A. Posttranslational modifications of the cytoskeleton. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2021; 78:142-173. [PMID: 34152688 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The cytoskeleton plays important roles in many essential processes at the cellular and organismal levels, including cell migration and motility, cell division, and the establishment and maintenance of cell and tissue architecture. In order to facilitate these varied functions, the main cytoskeletal components-microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments-must form highly diverse intracellular arrays in different subcellular areas and cell types. The question of how this diversity is conferred has been the focus of research for decades. One key mechanism is the addition of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) to the major cytoskeletal proteins. This posttranslational addition of various chemical groups dramatically increases the complexity of the cytoskeletal proteome and helps facilitate major global and local cytoskeletal functions. Cytoskeletal proteins undergo many PTMs, most of which are not well understood. Recent technological advances in proteomics and cell biology have allowed for the in-depth study of individual PTMs and their functions in the cytoskeleton. Here, we provide an overview of the major PTMs that occur on the main structural components of the three cytoskeletal systems-tubulin, actin, and intermediate filament proteins-and highlight the cellular function of these modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany MacTaggart
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anna Kashina
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Kearns S, Mason FM, Rathmell WK, Park IY, Walker C, Verhey KJ, Cianfrocco MA. Molecular determinants for α-tubulin methylation by SETD2. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100898. [PMID: 34157286 PMCID: PMC8294582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications to tubulin are important for many microtubule-based functions inside cells. It was recently shown that methylation of tubulin by the histone methyltransferase SETD2 occurs on mitotic spindle microtubules during cell division, with its absence resulting in mitotic defects. However, the catalytic mechanism of methyl addition to tubulin is unclear. We used a truncated version of human wild type SETD2 (tSETD2) containing the catalytic SET and C-terminal Set2-Rpb1-interacting (SRI) domains to investigate the biochemical mechanism of tubulin methylation. We found that recombinant tSETD2 had a higher activity toward tubulin dimers than polymerized microtubules. Using recombinant single-isotype tubulin, we demonstrated that methylation was restricted to lysine 40 of α-tubulin. We then introduced pathogenic mutations into tSETD2 to probe the recognition of histone and tubulin substrates. A mutation in the catalytic domain (R1625C) allowed tSETD2 to bind to tubulin but not methylate it, whereas a mutation in the SRI domain (R2510H) caused loss of both tubulin binding and methylation. Further investigation of the role of the SRI domain in substrate binding found that mutations within this region had differential effects on the ability of tSETD2 to bind to tubulin versus the binding partner RNA polymerase II for methylating histones in vivo, suggesting distinct mechanisms for tubulin and histone methylation by SETD2. Finally, we found that substrate recognition also requires the negatively charged C-terminal tail of α-tubulin. Together, this study provides a framework for understanding how SETD2 serves as a dual methyltransferase for both histone and tubulin methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kearns
- Program of Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Frank M Mason
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Genetics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - W Kimryn Rathmell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Genetics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - In Young Park
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Cheryl Walker
- Center for Precision Environmental Health, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kristen J Verhey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael A Cianfrocco
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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Łysyganicz PK, Pooranachandran N, Liu X, Adamson KI, Zielonka K, Elworthy S, van Eeden FJ, Grierson AJ, Malicki JJ. Loss of Deacetylation Enzymes Hdac6 and Sirt2 Promotes Acetylation of Cytoplasmic Tubulin, but Suppresses Axonemal Acetylation in Zebrafish Cilia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:676214. [PMID: 34268305 PMCID: PMC8276265 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.676214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia are evolutionarily highly conserved organelles with important functions in many organs. The extracellular component of the cilium protruding from the plasma membrane comprises an axoneme composed of microtubule doublets, arranged in a 9 + 0 conformation in primary cilia or 9 + 2 in motile cilia. These microtubules facilitate transport of intraflagellar cargoes along the axoneme. They also provide structural stability to the cilium, which may play an important role in sensory cilia, where signals are received from the movement of extracellular fluid. Post-translational modification of microtubules in cilia is a well-studied phenomenon, and acetylation on lysine 40 (K40) of alpha tubulin is prominent in cilia. It is believed that this modification contributes to the stabilization of cilia. Two classes of enzymes, histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases, mediate regulation of tubulin acetylation. Here we use a genetic approach, immunocytochemistry and behavioral tests to investigate the function of tubulin deacetylases in cilia in a zebrafish model. By mutating three histone deacetylase genes (Sirt2, Hdac6, and Hdac10), we identify an unforeseen role for Hdac6 and Sirt2 in cilia. As expected, mutation of these genes leads to increased acetylation of cytoplasmic tubulin, however, surprisingly it caused decreased tubulin acetylation in cilia in the developing eye, ear, brain and kidney. Cilia in the ear and eye showed elevated levels of mono-glycylated tubulin suggesting a compensatory mechanism. These changes did not affect the length or morphology of cilia, however, functional defects in balance was observed, suggesting that the level of tubulin acetylation may affect function of the cilium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł K Łysyganicz
- The Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Xinming Liu
- The School of Clinical Dentistry, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Kathryn I Adamson
- The Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Katarzyna Zielonka
- The Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Stone Elworthy
- The Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Fredericus J van Eeden
- The Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Grierson
- The Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jarema J Malicki
- The Bateson Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom.,Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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