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Gemünden M, Vinke S. How to teach life sciences students about dual-use research-a view from the field. Can J Microbiol 2023; 69:62-71. [PMID: 36476036 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2021-0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To reduce biological risks, raising awareness for dual-use issues already at the level of university education is essential. Currently, most life sciences education programs do not incorporate biosecurity and dual-use in their regular curricula. Consequently, the responsibility rests with individual lecturers and depends on their initiative to incorporate dual-use topics into teaching activities. Students interested in biosecurity and dual-use topics often only have the option to educate themselves in external or online courses. Here, we provide practical guidance on how to initiate and integrate a dual-use education program within the curriculum and provide a selection of existing teaching materials. In addition, we suggest key learning objectives to guide the planning of dual-use courses. Different course formats like lectures, seminars, or stand-alone events are discussed regarding their advantages, disadvantages, and suitability for conveying the learning objectives to different educational stages and audiences. As a minimum, we recommend the incorporation of dual-use issues into at least one mandatory course. Ideally, students should additionally participate in in-depth seminars, which can be voluntary and offered in cooperation with external organisations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Svenja Vinke
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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Luettgau L, Tempelmann C, Kaiser LF, Jocham G. Decisions bias future choices by modifying hippocampal associative memories. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3318. [PMID: 32620879 PMCID: PMC7335207 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17192-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Decision-making is guided by memories of option values. However, retrieving items from memory renders them malleable. Here, we show that merely retrieving values from memory and making a choice between options is sufficient both to induce changes to stimulus-reward associations in the hippocampus and to bias future decision-making. After allowing participants to make repeated choices between reward-conditioned stimuli, in the absence of any outcome, we observe that participants prefer stimuli they have previously chosen, and neglect previously unchosen stimuli, over otherwise identical-valued options. Using functional brain imaging, we show that decisions induce changes to hippocampal representations of stimulus-outcome associations. These changes are correlated with future decision biases. Our results indicate that choice-induced preference changes are partially driven by choice-induced modification of memory representations and suggest that merely making a choice - even without experiencing any outcomes - induces associative plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart Luettgau
- Biological Psychology of Decision Making, Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Claus Tempelmann
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Luca Franziska Kaiser
- Biological Psychology of Decision Making, Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Jocham
- Biological Psychology of Decision Making, Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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Zhang Y, Liu W, Li Z, Kumar V, Alvarez-Cabrera AL, Leibovitch EC, Cui Y, Mei Y, Bi GQ, Jacobson S, Zhou ZH. Atomic structure of the human herpesvirus 6B capsid and capsid-associated tegument complexes. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5346. [PMID: 31767868 PMCID: PMC6877594 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13064-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) belongs to the β-herpesvirus subfamily of the Herpesviridae. To understand capsid assembly and capsid-tegument interactions, here we report atomic structures of HHV-6B capsid and capsid-associated tegument complex (CATC) obtained by cryoEM and sub-particle reconstruction. Compared to other β-herpesviruses, HHV-6B exhibits high similarity in capsid structure but organizational differences in its CATC (pU11 tetramer). 180 "VΛ"-shaped CATCs are observed in HHV-6B, distinguishing from the 255 "Λ"-shaped dimeric CATCs observed in murine cytomegalovirus and the 310 "Δ"-shaped CATCs in human cytomegalovirus. This trend in CATC quantity correlates with the increasing genomes sizes of these β-herpesviruses. Incompatible distances revealed by the atomic structures rationalize the lack of CATC's binding to triplexes Ta, Tc, and Tf in HHV-6B. Our results offer insights into HHV-6B capsid assembly and the roles of its tegument proteins, including not only the β-herpesvirus-specific pU11 and pU14, but also those conserved across all subfamilies of Herpesviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Zhang
- Center for Integrative Imaging, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.,California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7151, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Center for Integrative Imaging, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.,California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7151, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7364, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University (ECNU), Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Zihang Li
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7151, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7364, USA
| | - Vinay Kumar
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7151, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7364, USA
| | - Ana L Alvarez-Cabrera
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7151, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7364, USA
| | - Emily C Leibovitch
- Viral Immunology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Yanxiang Cui
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7151, USA
| | - Ye Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University (ECNU), Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Bi
- Center for Integrative Imaging, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Steve Jacobson
- Viral Immunology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Z Hong Zhou
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7151, USA. .,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7364, USA.
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