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Pierini S, Fang C, Rafail S, Facciponte JG, Huang J, De Sanctis F, Morgan MA, Uribe-Herranz M, Tanyi JL, Facciabene A. A Tumor Mitochondria Vaccine Protects against Experimental Renal Cell Carcinoma. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:4020-7. [PMID: 26378078 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria provide energy for cells via oxidative phosphorylation. Reactive oxygen species, a byproduct of this mitochondrial respiration, can damage mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and somatic mtDNA mutations have been found in all colorectal, ovarian, breast, urinary bladder, kidney, lung, and pancreatic tumors studied. The resulting altered mitochondrial proteins or tumor-associated mitochondrial Ags (TAMAs) are potentially immunogenic, suggesting that they may be targetable Ags for cancer immunotherapy. In this article, we show that the RENCA tumor cell line harbors TAMAs that can drive an antitumor immune response. We generated a cellular tumor vaccine by pulsing dendritic cells with enriched mitochondrial proteins from RENCA cells. Our dendritic cell-based RENCA mitochondrial lysate vaccine elicited a cytotoxic T cell response in vivo and conferred durable protection against challenge with RENCA cells when used in a prophylactic or therapeutic setting. By sequencing mtDNA from RENCA cells, we identified two mutated molecules: COX1 and ND5. Peptide vaccines generated from mitochondrial-encoded COX1 but not from ND5 had therapeutic properties similar to RENCA mitochondrial protein preparation. Thus, TAMAs can elicit effective antitumor immune responses, potentially providing a new immunotherapeutic strategy to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Pierini
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Camerino, Camerino 62032, Italy; and
| | - Chongyun Fang
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Stavros Rafail
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - John G Facciponte
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Jialing Huang
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Francesco De Sanctis
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Science, University of Perugia, Perugia 06122, Italy
| | - Mark A Morgan
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Mireia Uribe-Herranz
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Janos L Tanyi
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Andrea Facciabene
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104;
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Laing KJ, Dong L, Sidney J, Sette A, Koelle DM. Immunology in the Clinic Review Series; focus on host responses: T cell responses to herpes simplex viruses. Clin Exp Immunol 2012; 167:47-58. [PMID: 22132884 PMCID: PMC3248086 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2011.04502.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes virus infections are chronic and co-exist with acquired immune responses that generally prevent severe damage to the host, while allowing periodic shedding of virus and maintenance of its transmission in the community. Herpes simplex viruses type 1 and 2 (HSV-1, HSV-2) are typical in this regard and are representative of the viral subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, which has a tropism for neuronal and epithelial cells. This review will emphasize recent progress in decoding the physiologically important CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cell responses to HSV in humans. The expanding data set is discussed in the context of the search for an effective HSV vaccine as therapy for existing infections and to prevent new infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Laing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Development of a glycoprotein D-expressing dominant-negative and replication-defective herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) recombinant viral vaccine against HSV-2 infection in mice. J Virol 2011; 85:5036-47. [PMID: 21389121 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02548-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Using the T-REx (Invitrogen, California) gene switch technology and a dominant-negative mutant polypeptide of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1)-origin binding protein UL9, we previously constructed a glycoprotein D-expressing replication-defective and dominant-negative HSV-1 recombinant viral vaccine, CJ9-gD, for protection against HSV infection and disease. It was demonstrated that CJ9-gD is avirulent following intracerebral inoculation in mice, cannot establish detectable latent infection following different routes of infection, and offers highly effective protective immunity against primary HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection and disease in mouse and guinea pig models of HSV infections. Given these favorable safety and immunological profiles of CJ9-gD, aiming to maximize levels of HSV-2 glycoprotein D (gD2) expression, we have constructed an ICP0 null mutant-based dominant-negative and replication-defective HSV-2 recombinant, CJ2-gD2, that contains 2 copies of the gD2 gene driven by the tetracycline operator (tetO)-bearing HSV-1 major immediate-early ICP4 promoter. CJ2-gD2 expresses gD2 as efficiently as wild-type HSV-2 infection and can lead to a 150-fold reduction in wild-type HSV-2 viral replication in cells coinfected with CJ2-gD2 and wild-type HSV-2 at the same multiplicity of infection. CJ2-gD2 is avirulent following intracerebral injection and cannot establish a detectable latent infection following subcutaneous (s.c.) immunization. CJ2-gD2 is a more effective vaccine than HSV-1 CJ9-gD and a non-gD2-expressing dominant-negative and replication-defective HSV-2 recombinant in protection against wild-type HSV-2 genital disease. Using recall response, we showed that immunization with CJ2-gD2 elicited strong HSV-2-specific memory CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell responses. Collectively, given the demonstrated preclinical immunogenicity and its unique safety profiles, CJ2-gD2 represents a new class of HSV-2 replication-defective recombinant viral vaccines in protection against HSV-2 genital infection and disease.
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Reszka NJ, Dudek T, Knipe DM. Construction and properties of a herpes simplex virus 2 dl5-29 vaccine candidate strain encoding an HSV-1 virion host shutoff protein. Vaccine 2010; 28:2754-62. [PMID: 20117270 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Revised: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The replication-defective herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) dl5-29 mutant virus strain with deletions in the U(L)5 and U(L)29 genes has been shown to protect mice and guinea pigs against challenge with wild-type (wt) HSV-2 and to protect against ocular disease caused by HSV-1 infection. The dl5-29 strain is currently being prepared for clinical trials as a herpes vaccine candidate. As a possible approach to improve the efficacy of dl5-29 as a genital herpes vaccine, we replaced the U(L)41 gene encoding the virion host shutoff function (vhs) with the U(L)41 gene from HSV-1. While the HSV-2 U(L)41 and HSV-1 U(L)41 gene products have analogous functions, vhs-1 is 40-fold less active than vhs-2. Previously, it was shown that disruption of the U(L)41 gene can increase the efficacy of dl5-29 as a vaccine against HSV-2. These properties led us to hypothesize that replacement of vhs-2 by vhs-1 would decrease cytopathic effects in infected host cells, allowing longer survival of antigen-presenting cells and induction of stronger immune responses. The new recombinant dl5-29-41.1 virus shows nearly the same immunogenicity and protection against HSV-2 challenge as the parental dl5-29 virus or a triply deleted mutant virus, dl5-29-41, in the murine model of infection, and grows to higher titers than the parental strain in complementing cells, which is important for GMP production. The results have implications for the design of future HSV-2 vaccine candidates and mechanisms of induction of protective immunity against genital herpes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia J Reszka
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Virus-encoded b7-2 costimulation molecules enhance the protective capacity of a replication-defective herpes simplex virus type 2 vaccine in immunocompetent mice. J Virol 2008; 83:953-60. [PMID: 18987142 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02022-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) and, to a lesser extent, HSV-1 cause the majority of sexually transmitted genital ulcerative disease. No effective prophylactic vaccine is currently available. Replication-defective HSV stimulates immune responses in animals but produces no progeny virus, making it potentially useful as a safe form of live vaccine against HSV. Because it does not replicate and spread in the host, however, replication-defective virus may have relatively limited capacity to solicit professional antigen presentation. We previously demonstrated that in mice devoid of B7-1 and B7-2 costimulation molecules, replication-defective HSV-2 encoding B7-1 or B7-2 induces stronger immune responses and protection against HSV-2 challenge than immunization with replication-defective virus alone. Here, we vaccinated wild-type mice fully competent to express endogenous B7 costimulation molecules with replication-defective HSV-2 or replication-defective virus encoding B7-2 and compared their capacities to protect against vaginal HSV-2 infection and disease. Replication-defective virus encoding B7-2 induced more IFN-gamma-producing CD4 T cells than did replication-defective virus alone. Immunization with B7-2-expressing virus decreased challenge virus replication in the vaginal mucosa, genital and neurological disease, and mortality more effectively than did immunization with the parental replication-defective virus. Prior immunization with B7-expressing, replication-defective virus also effectively suppressed infection of the nervous system compared to immunization with the parental virus. Thus, B7 costimulation molecules expressed at the site of HSV infection can enhance vaccine efficacy even in a fully immunocompetent host.
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Gender-dependent HLA-DR-restricted epitopes identified from herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein D. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2008; 15:1436-49. [PMID: 18667634 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00123-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In recent clinical trials, a herpes simplex virus (HSV) recombinant glycoprotein D (gD) vaccine was more efficacious in woman than in men. Here we report six HLA-DR-restricted T-cell gD epitope peptides that bind to multiple HLA-DR (DR1, DR4, DR7, DR13, DR15, and DRB5) molecules that represent a large proportion of the human population. Four of these peptides recalled naturally primed CD4(+) T cells in up to 45% of the 46 HSV-seropositive, asymptomatic individuals studied. For the gD(49-82), gD(77-104), and gD(121-152) peptides, the CD4(+) T-cell responses detected in HSV-seropositive, asymptomatic women were higher and more frequent than the responses detected in men. Immunization of susceptible DRB1*0101 transgenic mice with a mixture of three newly identified, gender-dependent, immunodominant epitope peptides (gD(49-82), gD(77-104), and gD(121-152)) induced a gender- and CD4(+) T-cell-dependent immunity against ocular HSV type 1 challenge. These results revealed a gender-dependent T-cell response to a discrete set of gD epitopes and suggest that while a T-cell epitope-based HSV vaccine that targets a large percentage of the human population may be feasible with a limited number of immunodominant promiscuous HLA-DR-restricted epitopes, gender should be taken into account during evaluations of such vaccines.
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Jazayeri M, Soleimanjahi H, Fotouhi F, Pakravan N. Comparison of intramuscular and footpad subcutaneous immunization with DNA vaccine encoding HSV-gD2 in mice. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2008; 32:453-61. [PMID: 18571235 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 2 is the most common infectious agent in humans that causes genital herpes disease and vaccination is a desirable method to prevent herpes infections. An effective therapeutic vaccine will need to elicit virus-specific immune responses. The route of immunization has important role in immune responses. In this study, DNA vaccine encoding glycoprotein D of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-gD2) was prepared and injected via intramuscular and footpad routes to determine the optimal method of delivery for immune stimulation. The control manipulation of immune response by concerning route of administration is highly appreciated issue by researches. Although DNA vaccine containing HSV-gD2 is effective in both intramuscular and footpad injection routes, the latter could induce significantly higher cellular responses against HSV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Jazayeri
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14110-111, Tehran, Iran
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Chentoufi AA, Zhang X, Lamberth K, Dasgupta G, Bettahi I, Nguyen A, Wu M, Zhu X, Mohebbi A, Buus S, Wechsler SL, Nesburn AB, BenMohamed L. HLA-A*0201-Restricted CD8+Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Epitopes Identified from Herpes Simplex Virus Glycoprotein D. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 180:426-37. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.1.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Disruption of the U(L)41 gene in the herpes simplex virus 2 dl5-29 mutant increases its immunogenicity and protective capacity in a murine model of genital herpes. Virology 2007; 372:165-75. [PMID: 18006033 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2007.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2007] [Revised: 10/02/2007] [Accepted: 10/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The herpes simplex virus 2 dl5-29 replication-defective mutant virus has been shown to induce protective immunity in mice and both prophylactic and therapeutic immunity in guinea pigs. In an attempt to improve the efficacy of dl5-29 we disrupted its U(L)41 gene, producing the triple mutant virus dl5-29-41L. dl5-29-41L has a decreased ability to inhibit host cell protein synthesis and a reduced cytopathic effect on cultured cells. When used to immunize mice, dl5-29-41L elicited significantly stronger neutralizing antibody responses and significantly stronger CD4(+) and CD8(+) cellular immune responses than dl5-29. The enhanced immune responses corresponded with increased protective capacity in a murine model of genital herpes. The protective immunity elicited by either virus was very durable, protecting mice for at least 7 months. Furthermore, we show that cell lysate preparations of both viruses were significantly more efficacious than the corresponding extracellular virus preparations.
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