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Pedroza-Escobar D, Castillo-Maldonado I, González-Cortés T, Delgadillo-Guzmán D, Ruíz-Flores P, Cruz JHS, Espino-Silva PK, Flores-Loyola E, Ramirez-Moreno A, Avalos-Soto J, Téllez-López MÁ, Velázquez-Gauna SE, García-Garza R, Vertti RDAP, Torres-León C. Molecular Bases of Protein Antigenicity and Determinants of Immunogenicity, Anergy, and Mitogenicity. Protein Pept Lett 2023; 30:719-733. [PMID: 37691216 DOI: 10.2174/0929866530666230907093339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immune system is able to recognize substances that originate from inside or outside the body and are potentially harmful. Foreign substances that bind to immune system components exhibit antigenicity and are defined as antigens. The antigens exhibiting immunogenicity can induce innate or adaptive immune responses and give rise to humoral or cell-mediated immunity. The antigens exhibiting mitogenicity can cross-link cell membrane receptors on B and T lymphocytes leading to cell proliferation. All antigens vary greatly in physicochemical features such as biochemical nature, structural complexity, molecular size, foreignness, solubility, and so on. OBJECTIVE Thus, this review aims to describe the molecular bases of protein-antigenicity and those molecular bases that lead to an immune response, lymphocyte proliferation, or unresponsiveness. CONCLUSION The epitopes of an antigen are located in surface areas; they are about 880-3,300 Da in size. They are protein, carbohydrate, or lipid in nature. Soluble antigens are smaller than 1 nm and are endocytosed less efficiently than particulate antigens. The more the structural complexity of an antigen increases, the more the antigenicity increases due to the number and variety of epitopes. The smallest immunogens are about 4,000-10,000 Da in size. The more phylogenetically distant immunogens are from the immunogen-recipient, the more immunogenicity increases. Antigens that are immunogens can trigger an innate or adaptive immune response. The innate response is induced by antigens that are pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Exogenous antigens, T Dependent or T Independent, induce humoral immunogenicity. TD protein-antigens require two epitopes, one sequential and one conformational to induce antibodies, whereas, TI non-protein-antigens require only one conformational epitope to induce low-affinity antibodies. Endogenous protein antigens require only one sequential epitope to induce cell-mediated immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pedroza-Escobar
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica, Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila, Unidad Torreon, Torreon, Coahuila, 27000, Mexico
| | - Irais Castillo-Maldonado
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica, Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila, Unidad Torreon, Torreon, Coahuila, 27000, Mexico
| | - Tania González-Cortés
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica, Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila, Unidad Torreon, Torreon, Coahuila, 27000, Mexico
| | - Dealmy Delgadillo-Guzmán
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila, Unidad Torreon, Torreon, Coahuila, 27000, Mexico
| | - Pablo Ruíz-Flores
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica, Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila, Unidad Torreon, Torreon, Coahuila, 27000, Mexico
| | - Jorge Haro Santa Cruz
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica, Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila, Unidad Torreon, Torreon, Coahuila, 27000, Mexico
| | - Perla-Karina Espino-Silva
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica, Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila, Unidad Torreon, Torreon, Coahuila, 27000, Mexico
| | - Erika Flores-Loyola
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila, Unidad Torreon, Torreon, Coahuila, 27276, Mexico
| | - Agustina Ramirez-Moreno
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila, Unidad Torreon, Torreon, Coahuila, 27276, Mexico
| | - Joaquín Avalos-Soto
- Cuerpo Academico Farmacia y Productos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Juarez del Estado de Durango, Gomez Palacio, Mexico
| | - Miguel-Ángel Téllez-López
- Cuerpo Academico Farmacia y Productos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Juarez del Estado de Durango, Gomez Palacio, Mexico
| | | | - Rubén García-Garza
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila, Unidad Torreon, Torreon, Coahuila, 27000, Mexico
| | | | - Cristian Torres-León
- Centro de Investigacion y Jardin Etnobiologico, Universidad Autonoma de Coahuila, Viesca, Coahuila, 27480, Mexico
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Lee J, Rho JH, Roehrl MH, Wang JY. Dermatan Sulfate Is a Potential Regulator of IgH via Interactions With Pre-BCR, GTF2I, and BiP ER Complex in Pre-B Lymphoblasts. Front Immunol 2021; 12:680212. [PMID: 34113352 PMCID: PMC8185350 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.680212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dermatan sulfate (DS) and autoantigen (autoAg) complexes are capable of stimulating autoreactive CD5+ B1 cells. We examined the activity of DS on CD5+ pre-B lymphoblast NFS-25 cells. CD19, CD5, CD72, PI3K, and Fas possess varying degrees of DS affinity. The three pre-BCR components, Ig heavy chain mu (IgH), VpreB, and lambda 5, display differential DS affinities, with IgH having the strongest affinity. DS attaches to NFS-25 cells, gradually accumulates in the ER, and eventually localizes to the nucleus. DS and IgH co-localize on the cell surface and in the ER. DS associates strongly with 17 ER proteins (e.g., BiP/Grp78, Grp94, Hsp90ab1, Ganab, Vcp, Canx, Kpnb1, Prkcsh, Pdia3), which points to an IgH-associated multiprotein complex in the ER. In addition, DS interacts with nuclear proteins (Ncl, Xrcc6, Prmt5, Eftud2, Supt16h) and Lck. We also discovered that DS binds GTF2I, a required gene transcription factor at the IgH locus. These findings support DS as a potential regulator of IgH in pre-B cells at protein and gene levels. We propose a (DS•autoAg)-autoBCR dual signal model in which an autoBCR is engaged by both autoAg and DS, and, once internalized, DS recruits a cascade of molecules that may help avert apoptosis and steer autoreactive B cell fate. Through its affinity with autoAgs and its control of IgH, DS emerges as a potential key player in the development of autoreactive B cells and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongmin Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jung-hyun Rho
- MP Biomedicals New Zealand Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Michael H. Roehrl
- Department of Pathology and Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
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Wang JY, Zhang W, Rho JH, Roehrl MW, Roehrl MH. A proteomic repertoire of autoantigens identified from the classic autoantibody clinical test substrate HEp-2 cells. Clin Proteomics 2020; 17:35. [PMID: 32973414 PMCID: PMC7507713 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-020-09298-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoantibodies are a hallmark of autoimmune diseases. Autoantibody screening by indirect immunofluorescence staining of HEp-2 cells with patient sera is a current standard in clinical practice. Differential diagnosis of autoimmune disorders is based on commonly recognizable nuclear and cytoplasmic staining patterns. In this study, we attempted to identify as many autoantigens as possible from HEp-2 cells using a unique proteomic DS-affinity enrichment strategy. METHODS HEp-2 cells were cultured and lysed. Total proteins were extracted from cell lysate and fractionated with DS-Sepharose resins. Proteins were eluted with salt gradients, and fractions with low to high affinity were collected and sequenced by mass spectrometry. Literature text mining was conducted to verify the autoantigenicity of each protein. Protein interaction network and pathway analyses were performed on all identified proteins. RESULTS This study identified 107 proteins from fractions with low to high DS-affinity. Of these, 78 are verified autoantigens with previous reports as targets of autoantibodies, whereas 29 might be potential autoantigens yet to be verified. Among the 107 proteins, 82 can be located to nucleus and 15 to the mitotic cell cycle, which may correspond to the dominance of nuclear and mitotic staining patterns in HEp-2 test. There are 55 vesicle-associated proteins and 12 ribonucleoprotein granule proteins, which may contribute to the diverse speckled patterns in HEp-2 stains. There are also 32 proteins related to the cytoskeleton. Protein network analysis indicates that these proteins have significantly more interactions among themselves than would be expected of a random set, with the top 3 networks being mRNA metabolic process regulation, apoptosis, and DNA conformation change. CONCLUSIONS This study provides a proteomic repertoire of confirmed and potential autoantigens for future studies, and the findings are consistent with a mechanism for autoantigenicity: how self-molecules may form molecular complexes with DS to elicit autoimmunity. Our data contribute to the molecular etiology of autoimmunity and may deepen our understanding of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, China
| | - Jung-hyun Rho
- MP Biomedicals New Zealand Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Michael H. Roehrl
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
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Abstract
Specific antibodies against biomolecules are conventional, but robust tools for the structural and functional analysis of target molecules. Since CCN family proteins are composed of four distinct modules that together determine the functionalities as full-length molecules depending upon extracellular microenvironment, specific antibody against independent modules are quite useful in CCN family research. Three distinct strategies are considerable for raising antibodies specific to four modules: IGFBP, VWC, TSP1, and CT modules. In the first strategy, full-length CCN family proteins are used to immunize mice to obtain a number of hybridoma clones producing different monoclonal antibodies, which are to be characterized to locate the epitopes in particular modules. Second methodology is a straightforward one, in which each modular protein fragment or synthetic peptide is prepared and is used for the immunization of animals independently. Finally, DNA immunization technology is recently known to be useful in developing module-specific antibodies against CCN family proteins as well. Preparation of antibodies is a quite classical and established technique, and thus nowadays is managed mostly by professional and commercial facilities. Therefore in this chapter, essentials of each strategy are introduced, rather than experimental details in each process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kubota
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Dental School/Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry and Molecular Dentistry, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Masaharu Takigawa
- Advanced Research Center for Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, Okayama University Dental School/Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1, Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama, 700-8525, Japan
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Hosseini H, Li Y, Kanellakis P, Tay C, Cao A, Liu E, Peter K, Tipping P, Toh BH, Bobik A, Kyaw T. Toll-Like Receptor (TLR)4 and MyD88 are Essential for Atheroprotection by Peritoneal B1a B Cells. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:e002947. [PMID: 27930350 PMCID: PMC5210362 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.115.002947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously identified peritoneal B1a cells that secrete natural IgM as a key atheroprotective B cell subset. However, the molecules that activate atheroprotective B1a cells are unknown. Here, we investigated whether Toll-like receptors (TLRs) TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 expressed by B1a cells are required for IgM-mediated atheroprotection. METHODS AND RESULTS We adoptively transferred B1a cells from wild-type mice or from mice deficient in TLR2, TLR4, TLR9, or myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88) into ApoE-/- mice depleted of peritoneal B1a cells by splenectomy and fed a high-fat diet for 8 weeks. Elevations in plasma total, anti-oxLDL (oxidized low-density lipoprotein), anti-leukocyte, anti-CD3, anti-CD8, and anti-CD4 IgMs in atherosclerotic mice required B1a cells expressing TLR4 and MyD88, indicating a critical role for TLR4-MyD88 signaling for IgM secretion. Suppression of atherosclerosis was also critically dependent on B1a cells expressing TLR4-MyD88. Atherosclerosis suppression was associated not only with reductions in lesion apoptotic cells, necrotic cores, and oxLDL, but also with reduced lesion CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) expression, including macrophages expressing TGF-β1, was increased, consistent with increased IgM-mediated phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages. Reductions in lesion inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL) 1β, and IL-18 were consistent with augmented TGF-β1 expression. CONCLUSIONS TLR4-MyD88 expression on B1a cells is critical for their IgM-dependent atheroprotection that not only reduced lesion apoptotic cells and necrotic cores, but also decreased CD4 and CD8 T-cell infiltrates and augmented TGF-β1 expression accompanied by reduced lesion inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Hosseini
- BakerIDI heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Southern Clinical School, Clayton, Australia
| | - Yi Li
- BakerIDI heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Southern Clinical School, Clayton, Australia
| | | | - Christopher Tay
- BakerIDI heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Southern Clinical School, Clayton, Australia
| | - Anh Cao
- BakerIDI heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Edgar Liu
- BakerIDI heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Karlheinz Peter
- BakerIDI heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Peter Tipping
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Southern Clinical School, Clayton, Australia
| | - Ban-Hock Toh
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Southern Clinical School, Clayton, Australia
| | - Alex Bobik
- BakerIDI heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Tin Kyaw
- BakerIDI heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Southern Clinical School, Clayton, Australia
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Chopra SS, Leshchiner I, Duzkale H, McLaughlin H, Giovanni M, Zhang C, Stitziel N, Fingeroth J, Joyce RM, Lebo M, Rehm H, Vuzman D, Maas R, Sunyaev SR, Murray M, Cassa CA. Inherited CHST11/MIR3922 deletion is associated with a novel recessive syndrome presenting with skeletal malformation and malignant lymphoproliferative disease. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2015; 3:413-23. [PMID: 26436107 PMCID: PMC4585449 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) such as chondroitin are ubiquitous disaccharide carbohydrate chains that contribute to the formation and function of proteoglycans at the cell membrane and in the extracellular matrix. Although GAG-modifying enzymes are required for diverse cellular functions, the role of these proteins in human development and disease is less well understood. Here, we describe two sisters out of seven siblings affected by congenital limb malformation and malignant lymphoproliferative disease. Using Whole-Genome Sequencing (WGS), we identified in the proband deletion of a 55 kb region within chromosome 12q23 that encompasses part of CHST11 (encoding chondroitin-4-sulfotransferase 1) and an embedded microRNA (MIR3922). The deletion was homozygous in the proband but not in each of three unaffected siblings. Genotyping data from the 1000 Genomes Project suggest that deletions inclusive of both CHST11 and MIR3922 are rare events. Given that CHST11 deficiency causes severe chondrodysplasia in mice that is similar to human limb malformation, these results underscore the importance of chondroitin modification in normal skeletal development. Our findings also potentially reveal an unexpected role for CHST11 and/or MIR3922 as tumor suppressors whose disruption may contribute to malignant lymphoproliferative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer S Chopra
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ignaty Leshchiner
- Broad Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Hatice Duzkale
- Department of Medical Genetics, Yeditepe University School of Medicine Istanbul, Turkey ; Genetic Training Program, Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts ; Partners Healthcare Center for Personalized Medicine Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Heather McLaughlin
- Partners Healthcare Center for Personalized Medicine Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Monica Giovanni
- Geisinger Genomic Medicine Center, Geisinger Medical Center Danville, Pennsylvania
| | - Chengsheng Zhang
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Nathan Stitziel
- Cardiovascular Division, Washington University School of Medicine St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Joyce Fingeroth
- University of Massachusetts Medical School Worchester, Massachusetts
| | - Robin M Joyce
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew Lebo
- Partners Healthcare Center for Personalized Medicine Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Heidi Rehm
- Partners Healthcare Center for Personalized Medicine Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Dana Vuzman
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Richard Maas
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shamil R Sunyaev
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Murray
- Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Brigham and Women's Hospital Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Christopher A Cassa
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts
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Brühl H, Cihak J, Goebel N, Talke Y, Renner K, Hermann F, Rodriguez-Gomez M, Reich B, Plachý J, Stangassinger M, Mack M. Chondroitin sulfate activates B cells in vitro, expands CD138+ cells in vivo, and interferes with established humoral immune responses. J Leukoc Biol 2014; 96:65-72. [PMID: 24555985 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1a0913-502r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans have anti-inflammatory properties and interact with a variety of soluble and membrane-bound molecules. Little is known about their effects on B cells and humoral immune responses. We show that CS but not dextran or other glycosaminoglycans induces a pronounced proliferation of B cells in vitro compared with TLR4 or TLR9 ligands. With the use of inhibitors and KO mice, we demonstrate that this proliferation is mediated by the tyrosine kinases BTK and Syk but independent of CD44. Antibodies against Ig-α or Ig-β completely block CS-induced B cell proliferation. Injection of CS in mice for 4-5 days expands B cells in the spleen and results in a marked increase of CD138(+) cells in the spleen that is dependent on BTK but independent of CD4(+) T cells. Long-term treatment with CS for 14 days also increases CD138(+) cells in the bone marrow. When mice were immunized with APC or collagen and treated with CS for up to 14 days during primary or after secondary immune responses, antigen-specific humoral immune responses and antigen-specific CD138(+) plasma cells in the bone marrow were reduced significantly. These data show that CD138(+) cells, induced by treatment with CS, migrate into the bone marrow and may displace other antigen-specific plasma cells. Overall, CS is able to interfere markedly with primary and fully established humoral immune responses in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Josef Cihak
- Institute for Animal Physiology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany; and
| | - Nicole Goebel
- II, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Talke
- II, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Barbara Reich
- II, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jîŕi Plachý
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Matthias Mack
- II, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany;
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Promotion of anti-keyhole limpet hemocyanin IgM and IgG antibody productions in vitro by red bell pepper extract. J Funct Foods 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Wang JY, Lee J, Yan M, Rho JH, Roehrl MHA. Dermatan sulfate interacts with dead cells and regulates CD5(+) B-cell fate: implications for a key role in autoimmunity. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 178:2168-76. [PMID: 21514431 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CD5(+) (B-1a) B cells play pivotal roles in autoimmunity through expression of autoreactive B-cell receptors and production of autoantibodies. The mechanism underlying their positive selection and expansion is currently unknown. This study demonstrates that dermatan sulfate (DS) expands the B-1a cell population and augments the specific antibody response to an antigen when it is in complex with DS. DS displays preferential affinity for apoptotic and dead cells, and DS-stimulated cell cultures produce antibodies to various known autoantigens. The companion article further illustrates that autoantigens can be identified by affinity to DS, suggesting that molecules with affinity to DS have a high propensity to become autoantigens. We thus propose that the association of antigens from dead cells with DS is a possible origin of autoantigens and that autoreactive B-1a cells are positively selected and expanded by DS∙autoantigen complexes. This mechanism may also explain the clonal expansion of B-1a cells in certain B-cell malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Y Wang
- Department of Medicine, Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Goto T, Sarker MMR, Zhong M, Tanaka S, Gohda E. Enhancement of Immunoglobulin M Production in B Cells by the Extract of Red Bell Pepper. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.56.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Goto
- Department of Immunochemistry, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Md. Moklesur Rahman Sarker
- Department of Immunochemistry, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Ming Zhong
- Department of Immunochemistry, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Satoshi Tanaka
- Department of Immunochemistry, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Eiichi Gohda
- Department of Immunochemistry, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences
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Promotion of IL-4- and IL-5-dependent differentiation of anti-mu-primed B cells by ascorbic acid 2-glucoside. Immunol Lett 2009; 122:219-26. [PMID: 19201381 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2009.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Revised: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 01/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The stable ascorbic acid derivative 2-O-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-L-ascorbic acid (AA-2G) was used to investigate the role of ascorbic acid (AA) in B cell differentiation in vitro. AA-2G is stable in a solution unlike AA but is hydrolyzed by cellular alpha-glucosidase to release AA. Mouse spleen B cells were primed for 2 days with an anti-mu antibody in the presence of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-5 and then washed and recultured with AA-2G in the presence of IL-4 and IL-5. AA-2G, but not AA, dose-dependently increased IgM production, the greatest enhancement being 150% at concentrations of more than 0.5mM. In the absence of IL-4 and IL-5, primed B cells produced a negligible amount of IgM, and AA-2G had no effect. AA-2G-induced IgM production in the presence of IL-4 and IL-5 was inhibited by the alpha-glucosidase inhibitor castanospermine. Intracellular AA content, depleted during the priming period, increased by adding AA-2G at the start of reculture. Treatment of B cells with AA-2G resulted in an increase in the number of IgM-secreting cells, CD138-positive cells and CD45R/B220-negative cells. The number of viable cells in untreated cultures decreased gradually, but the decrease was significantly attenuated by AA-2G, resulting in about 70% more viable cells in AA-2G-treated cultures. AA-2G caused a slight but reproducible enhancement of DNA synthesis and a slight decrease in the number of cells with a sub-G1 DNA content. These results demonstrated that AA released from AA-2G enhanced cytokine-dependent IgM production in anti-mu-primed B cells and suggest that its effect is caused through promoting the differentiation of B cells to plasma cells and attenuating the gradual decrease in the number of viable cells.
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