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Yang CL, Sun F, Wang FX, Rong SJ, Yue TT, Luo JH, Zhou Q, Wang CY, Liu SW. The interferon regulatory factors, a double-edged sword, in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Cell Immunol 2022; 379:104590. [PMID: 36030565 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease resulted from the unrestrained inflammatory attack towards the insulin-producing islet β cells. Although the exact etiology underlying T1D remains elusive, viral infections, especially those specific strains of enterovirus, are acknowledged as a critical environmental cue involved in the early phase of disease initiation. Viral infections could either directly impede β cell function, or elicit pathological autoinflammatory reactions for β cell killing. Autoimmune responses are bolstered by a massive body of virus-derived exogenous pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and the presence of β cell-derived damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). In particular, the nucleic acid components and the downstream nucleic acid sensing pathways serve as the major effector mechanism. The endogenous retroviral RNA, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and genomic fragments generated by stressed or dying β cells induce host responses reminiscent of viral infection, a phenomenon termed as viral mimicry during the early stage of T1D development. Given that the interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are considered as hub transcription factors to modulate immune responses relevant to viral infection, we thus sought to summarize the critical role of IRFs in T1D pathogenesis. We discuss with focus for the impact of IRFs on the sensitivity of β cells to cytokine stimulation, the vulnerability of β cells to viral infection/mimicry, and the intensity of immune response. Together, targeting certain IRF members, alone or together with other therapeutics, could be a promising strategy against T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Liang Yang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fa-Xi Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan-Jie Rong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tian-Tian Yue
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Nutrition, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia-Hui Luo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cong-Yi Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, the Center for Biomedical Research, NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Shi-Wei Liu
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Sciences, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, the Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
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Zanin-Zhorov A, Blazar BR. ROCK2, a critical regulator of immune modulation and fibrosis has emerged as a therapeutic target in chronic graft-versus-host disease. Clin Immunol 2021; 230:108823. [PMID: 34400321 PMCID: PMC8456981 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is an immune-mediated disorder characterized by chronic inflammation and fibrosis. Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinases (ROCKs) are key coordinators of tissue response to injury, regulating multiple functions, such as gene expression and cell migration, proliferation and survival. Relevant to cGVHD and autoimmunity, only the ROCK2 isoform drives a pro-inflammatory type 17 helper T (Th17) cell response. Moreover, ROCK2 inhibition shifts the Th17/regulatory T (Treg) cell balance toward Treg cells and restores immune homeostasis in animal models of autoimmunity and cGVHD. Furthermore, the selective inhibition of ROCK2 by belumosudil reduces fibrosis by downregulating both transforming growth factor-β signaling and profibrotic gene expression, thereby impeding the creation of focal adhesions. Consistent with its anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic activities, belumosudil has demonstrated efficacy in clinical studies, resulting in an overall response rate of >70% in patients with cGVHD who failed 2 to 5 prior lines of systemic therapy. In summary, selective ROCK2 inhibition has emerged as a promising novel therapeutic approach for treating cGVHD and other immunologic diseases with unique mechanisms of action, targeting both immune imbalance and detrimental fibrotic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- University of Minnesota Cancer Center and Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood & Marrow Transplant & Cellular Therapy, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Li H, Zhang M, Wang CC, Li XL, Zhang P, Yue LT, Miao S, Dou YC, Li YB, Duan RS. ROCK inhibitor abolishes the antibody response in experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. Mol Cell Neurosci 2016; 74:106-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra B. Pernis
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021; , ,
- Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065;
- David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021
| | - Edd Ricker
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021; , ,
- Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065;
| | - Chien-Huan Weng
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021; , ,
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry Cell and Molecular Biology, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065;
| | - Cristina Rozo
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021; , ,
| | - Woelsung Yi
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021; , ,
- David Z. Rosensweig Genomics Research Center, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021
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Cepero-Donates Y, Rakotoarivelo V, Mayhue M, Ma A, Chen YG, Ramanathan S. Homeostasis of IL-15 dependent lymphocyte subsets in the liver. Cytokine 2016; 82:95-101. [PMID: 26778709 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
IL-15 is a member of the gamma chain family of cytokines (γc - CD132). The IL-15 receptor (IL-15R) complex consists of 3 subunits: the ligand-binding IL-15Rα chain (CD215), the β chain (CD122; also used by IL-2), and the common γ chain. The biological activities of IL-15 are mostly mediated by the IL-15:IL-15Rα complex, produced by the same cell and 'trans-presented' to responder cells expressing the IL-15Rβγc. The peculiar and almost unique requirement for IL-15 to be trans-presented by IL-15Rα suggests that the biological effects of IL-15 signaling are tightly regulated even at the level of availability of IL-15. Tissue-specific deletion of IL-15Rα has shown macrophage-and dendritic cell-derived IL-15Rα mediate the homeostasis of different CD8(+) T cell subsets. Here we show that hepatocyte and macrophage- specific expression of IL-15Rα is required to maintain the homeostasis of NK and NKT cells in the liver. Thus, homeostasis of IL-15-dependent lymphocyte subsets is also regulated by trans-presentation of IL-15 by non-hematopoietic cells in the tissue environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuneivy Cepero-Donates
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Volatiana Rakotoarivelo
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Marian Mayhue
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Averil Ma
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yi-Guang Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Max McGee National Research Center for Juvenile Diabetes, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Sheela Ramanathan
- Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, QC J1H 5N4, Canada; CRCHUS, Sherbrooke, Québec, QC J1H 5N4, Canada.
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Akazawa S, Kobayashi M, Kuriya G, Horie I, Yu L, Yamasaki H, Okita M, Nagayama Y, Matsuyama T, Akbari M, Yui K, Kawakami A, Abiru N. Haploinsufficiency of interferon regulatory factor 4 strongly protects against autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. Diabetologia 2015; 58:2606-14. [PMID: 26271342 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3724-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Interferon regulatory factor (IRF)4 plays a critical role in lymphoid development and the regulation of immune responses. Genetic deletion of IRF4 has been shown to suppress autoimmune disease in several mouse models, but its role in autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice remains unknown. METHODS To address the role of IRF4 in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice, we generated IRF4-knockout NOD mice and investigated the impact of the genetic deletion of IRF4 on diabetes, insulitis and insulin autoantibody; the effector function of T cells in vivo and in vitro; and the proportion of dendritic cell subsets. RESULTS Heterozygous IRF4-deficient NOD mice maintained the number and phenotype of T cells at levels similar to NOD mice. However, diabetes and autoantibody production were completely suppressed in both heterozygous and homozygous IRF4-deficient NOD mice. The level of insulitis was strongly suppressed in both heterozygous and homozygous IRF4-deficient mice, with minimal insulitis observed in heterozygous mice. An adoptive transfer study revealed that IRF4 deficiency conferred disease resistance in a gene-dose-dependent manner in recipient NOD/severe combined immunodeficiency mice. Furthermore, the proportion of migratory dendritic cells in lymph nodes was reduced in heterozygous and homozygous IRF4-deficient NOD mice in an IRF4 dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that the levels of IRF4 in T cells and dendritic cells are important for the pathogenesis of diabetes in NOD mice. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Haploinsufficiency of IRF4 halted disease development in NOD mice. Our findings suggest that an IRF4-targeted strategy might be useful for modulating autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Akazawa
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Unit of Translational Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Masakazu Kobayashi
- Center for Health and Community Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Genpei Kuriya
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Hospital Organization Nagasaki Medical Center, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Ichiro Horie
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Unit of Translational Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Liping Yu
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Hironori Yamasaki
- Center for Health and Community Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Minoru Okita
- Department of Locomotive Rehabilitation Science, Unit of Rehabilitation Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yuji Nagayama
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Matsuyama
- Division of Cytokine Signaling, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Masoud Akbari
- Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Yui
- Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kawakami
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Unit of Translational Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan
| | - Norio Abiru
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Unit of Translational Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8501, Japan.
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Das D, Zalewski JK, Mohan S, Plageman TF, VanDemark AP, Hildebrand JD. The interaction between Shroom3 and Rho-kinase is required for neural tube morphogenesis in mice. Biol Open 2014; 3:850-60. [PMID: 25171888 PMCID: PMC4163662 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20147450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Shroom3 is an actin-associated regulator of cell morphology that is required for neural tube closure, formation of the lens placode, and gut morphogenesis in mice and has been linked to chronic kidney disease and directional heart looping in humans. Numerous studies have shown that Shroom3 likely regulates these developmental processes by directly binding to Rho-kinase and facilitating the assembly of apically positioned contractile actomyosin networks. We have characterized the molecular basis for the neural tube defects caused by an ENU-induced mutation that results in an arginine-to-cysteine amino acid substitution at position 1838 of mouse Shroom3. We show that this substitution has no effect on Shroom3 expression or localization but ablates Rock binding and renders Shroom3 non-functional for the ability to regulate cell morphology. Our results indicate that Rock is the major downstream effector of Shroom3 in the process of neural tube morphogenesis. Based on sequence conservation and biochemical analysis, we predict that the Shroom-Rock interaction is highly conserved across animal evolution and represents a signaling module that is utilized in a variety of biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debamitra Das
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Jenna K Zalewski
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Swarna Mohan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Timothy F Plageman
- College of Optometry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Andrew P VanDemark
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Hildebrand
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Rho kinase/ROCK is critical in vital signal transduction pathways central to many essential cellular activities. Since ROCK possess multiple substrates, modulation of ROCK activity is useful for treatment of many diseases. AREAS COVERED Significant progress has been made in the development of ROCK inhibitors over the past two years (Jan 2012 to Aug 2013). Patent search in this review was based on FPO IP Research and Communities and Espacenet Patent Search. In this review, patent applications will be classified into four groups for discussions. The grouping is mainly based on structures or scaffolds (groups 1 and 2) and biological functions of ROCK inhibitors (groups 3 and 4). These four groups are i) ROCK inhibitors based on classical structural elements for ROCK inhibition; ii) ROCK inhibitors based on new scaffolds; iii) bis-functional ROCK inhibitors; and iv) novel applications of ROCK inhibitors. EXPERT OPINION Although currently only one ROCK inhibitor (fasudil) is used as a drug, more drugs based on ROCK inhibition are expected to be advanced into market in the near future. Several directions should be considered for future development of ROCK inhibitors, such as soft ROCK inhibitors, bis-functional ROCK inhibitors, ROCK2 isoform-selective inhibitors, and ROCK inhibitors as antiproliferation agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangbo Feng
- Translational Research Institute, The Scripps Research Institute , Scripps Florida, #2A1, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, FL 33458 , USA +1 561 228 2201 ;
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Xu WD, Pan HF, Ye DQ, Xu Y. Targeting IRF4 in autoimmune diseases. Autoimmun Rev 2012; 11:918-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Mohan S, Rizaldy R, Das D, Bauer RJ, Heroux A, Trakselis MA, Hildebrand JD, VanDemark AP. Structure of Shroom domain 2 reveals a three-segmented coiled-coil required for dimerization, Rock binding, and apical constriction. Mol Biol Cell 2012; 23:2131-42. [PMID: 22493320 PMCID: PMC3364177 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-11-0937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Shroom (Shrm) proteins are essential regulators of cell shape and tissue morpho-logy during animal development that function by interacting directly with the coiled-coil region of Rho kinase (Rock). The Shrm-Rock interaction is sufficient to direct Rock subcellular localization and the subsequent assembly of contractile actomyosin networks in defined subcellular locales. However, it is unclear how the Shrm-Rock interaction is regulated at the molecular level. To begin investigating this issue, we present the structure of Shrm domain 2 (SD2), which mediates the interaction with Rock and is required for Shrm function. SD2 is a unique three-segmented dimer with internal symmetry, and we identify conserved residues on the surface and within the dimerization interface that are required for the Rock-Shrm interaction and Shrm activity in vivo. We further show that these residues are critical in both vertebrate and invertebrate Shroom proteins, indicating that the Shrm-Rock signaling module has been functionally and molecularly conserved. The structure and biochemical analysis of Shrm SD2 indicate that it is distinct from other Rock activators such as RhoA and establishes a new paradigm for the Rock-mediated assembly of contractile actomyosin networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swarna Mohan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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Stirzaker RA, Biswas PS, Gupta S, Song L, Bhagat G, Pernis AB. Administration of fasudil, a ROCK inhibitor, attenuates disease in lupus-prone NZB/W F1 female mice. Lupus 2012; 21:656-61. [PMID: 22345122 DOI: 10.1177/0961203312436862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence from murine studies suggests that the RhoA/ROCK pathway plays an important role in the development of autoimmune disorders. We previously demonstrated that ROCK inhibition ameliorates disease in MRL/lpr mice, a spontaneous model of lupus. This study aimed to explore the protective effects of the ROCK inhibitor fasudil in a distinct model of lupus, NZB/W F1 female mice, to assess the broad applicability of ROCK inhibition for the treatment of lupus. NZB/W F1 female mice were administered fasudil continuously in their drinking water starting at 18 or 24 weeks of age up until 44 weeks of age, or remained untreated. Fasudil treatment significantly improved survival and decreased proteinuria, particularly when treatment was started at 18 weeks. There was also a significant decrease in serum anti-dsDNA autoantibody production, glomerular IgG and C3 deposition, and glomerulonephritis. Analysis of the splenic lymphocyte compartment revealed reduced effector/memory CD4(+) T cell and plasma cell numbers in fasudil treated mice while the frequency of other B cell and T cell subsets was unchanged. These results thus indicate that fasudil can ameliorate disease in NZB/W F1 female mice, suggesting that ROCK inhibition might be broadly effective for the treatment of lupus.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Stirzaker
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Research Program, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, USA
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