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Tong Q, Liu H, Qi Q, Dai C, Yang T, Qian F. Development of a fully human anti-GITR antibody with potent antitumor activity using H2L2 mice. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 12:1542-1557. [PMID: 35674216 PMCID: PMC9340783 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid‐induced TNF receptor‐related (GITR) can act as a co‐stimulatory receptor, representing a potential target for safely enhancing immunotherapy efficacy. GITR is triggered by a GITR ligand or an agonist antibody and activates CD8+ and CD4+ effector T cells, reducing tumor‐infiltrating Treg numbers and resulting in activation of immune responses and tumor cell destruction by effector T cells. GITR is an attractive target for immunotherapy, especially in combination therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors, as is being explored in clinical trials. Using H2L2 transgenic mice encoding the human immunoglobulin variable region and hybridoma technology, we generated a panel of fully human antibodies that showed excellent specific affinity and strong activation of human T cells. After conversion to fully human antibodies and engineering modification, we obtained an anti‐GITR antibody hab019e2 with enhanced antitumor activity in a B‐hGITR MC38 mouse model compared to Tab9H6V3, an anti‐GITR antibody that activates T cells and inhibits Treg suppression from XenoMouse. As a fully human antibody with its posttranslational modification hot spot removed, the hab019e2 antibody exerted more potent therapeutic effects, and may have potential as a novel and developable antibody targeting GITR for follow‐up drug studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuli Tong
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Human Phenome Institute and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Chempartner Co., Ltd, China
| | - Hu Liu
- Shanghai Chempartner Co., Ltd, China
| | | | | | | | - Feng Qian
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Human Phenome Institute and School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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2
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Zhang Y, Liu X, Zhao J, Wang J, Song Q, Zhao C. The phagocytic receptors of β-glucan. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 205:430-441. [PMID: 35202631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.02.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a cellular process maintaining tissue balance and plays an essential role in initiating the innate immune response. The process of phagocytosis was triggered by the binding of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) with their cell surface receptors on the phagocytes. These receptors not only perform phagocytic functions, but also bridge the gap between extracellular and intracellular communication, leading to signal transduction and the production of inflammatory mediators, which are crucial for clearing the invading pathogens and maintaining cell homeostasis. For the past few years, the application of β-glucan comes down to immunoregulation and anti-tumor territory. As a well-known PAMP, β-glucan is one of the most abundant polysaccharides in nature. By binding to specific receptors on immune cells and activating intracellular signal transduction pathways, it causes phagocytosis and promotes the release of cytokines. Further retrieval and straightening out literature related to β-glucan phagocytic receptors will help better elucidate their immunomodulatory functions. This review attempts to summarize physicochemical properties and specific processes involved in β-glucan induced phagocytosis, its phagocytic receptors, and cascade events triggered by β-glucan at the cellular and molecular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhuo Zhang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 23 East Hong Kong Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Xinning Liu
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 23 East Hong Kong Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 23 East Hong Kong Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China; Innovation Platform of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, China
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 23 East Hong Kong Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
| | - Qiaoling Song
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 23 East Hong Kong Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China; Innovation Platform of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, China
| | - Chenyang Zhao
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, 23 East Hong Kong Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China; Innovation Platform of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266100, China.
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Abstract
Fungal bioactive polysaccharides are well known and have been widely used in Asia as a part of the traditional diet and medicine. In fact, some biopolymers (mainly β-glucans or glycoconjugate) have already made their way to the market as antitumor or immunostimulating drugs. In the last decades, the relationship between structure and activity of polysaccharides and their detailed mode of action have been the core of intense research to understand and utilize their medicinal properties. Most of the antitumor polysaccharides belong to conserved β-glucans, with a linear β-(1→3)-glucan backbone and attached β-(1→6) branch. Structurally different β-glucans appear to have different affinities toward their receptors and thus generate markedly different host responses. However, their antitumor activities are mainly influenced by molecular mass, degree of branching, conformation, and structure modification of the polysaccharides. β-Glucans act on several immune receptors including Dectin-1, complement receptor (CR3) and TLR-2/6, then trigger both innate and adaptive response and enhance opsonic and nonopsonic phagocytosis. Various receptor interactions explain the possible mode of actions of polysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Xiao
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxia Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China
| | - Yongxiang Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing, China.
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Dabbeche-Bouricha E, Araujo LM, Kato M, Prévost-Blondel A, Garchon HJ. Rapid dissemination of RET-transgene-driven melanoma in the presence of non-obese diabetic alleles: Critical roles of Dectin-1 and Nitric-oxide synthase type 2. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1100793. [PMID: 27467912 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1100793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice transgenic for the RET oncogene provide a remarkable model for investigating the mechanisms underlying the promotion and the development of melanoma. This model was established on the C57BL/6 genetic background. In the present study, we investigated an effect of the strongly proinflammatory and autoimmune genetic makeup of the non-obese diabetic (NOD) strain. We bred (NODxB6)F1 mice and backcrossed them with NOD mice. F1 mice and mice at subsequent generations of backcrossing showed marked acceleration of tumor development, in particular with a more frequent and earlier extension of the primary uveal melanoma. In close relation with this severe evolution, we observed a profound drop in Dectin-1 expression on CD11b(+)Ly6G(+) granulocytic myeloid cells correlating with an expansion of CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T regulatory cell and of interferon(IFN)γ-producing CD8(+) T cell subsets in tumors. IFNγ is a major inducer of the type 2 nitric-oxide synthase (Nos2) gene whose products are known to be tumorigenic. Germline inactivation of the Nos2 gene was associated with a dramatically improved tumor prognosis and a restoration of Dectin-1 expression on myeloid cells. Moreover, in vivo treatment of (NODxB6)F1.RET(+) mice with curdlan, a glucose polymer that binds Dectin-1, prevented tumor extension and was associated with marked reduction of the CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T cell subset. These observations highlight the (NODxB6)F1.RET(+) mice as a new model to investigate the role of the immune system in the host-tumor relationship and point to Dectin-1 and Nos2 as potentially promising therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emna Dabbeche-Bouricha
- Inserm U1173 and University of Versailles Saint-Quentin, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France; Inserm U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin and University Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Luiza M Araujo
- Inserm U1173 and University of Versailles Saint-Quentin , Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France
| | - Masashi Kato
- Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine , Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | | | - Henri-Jean Garchon
- Inserm U1173 and University of Versailles Saint-Quentin, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France; Ambroise Paré Hospital, Division of Genetics, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
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Tian J, Rui K, Tang X, Ma J, Wang Y, Tian X, Zhang Y, Xu H, Lu L, Wang S. MicroRNA-9 Regulates the Differentiation and Function of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells via Targeting Runx1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:1301-11. [PMID: 26091714 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) play a critical role in tumor-associated immunosuppression, thus affecting effective immunotherapies for cancers. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in regulating the differentiation and function of MDSCs remain largely unclear. In this study, we found that inhibition of microRNA (miR)-9 promoted the differentiation of MDSCs with significantly reduced immunosuppressive function whereas overexpression of miR-9 markedly enhanced the function of MDSCs. Notably, knockdown of miR-9 significantly impaired the activity of MDSCs and inhibited the tumor growth of Lewis lung carcinoma in mice. Moreover, miR-9 regulated MDSCs differentiation by targeting the runt-related transcription factor 1, an essential transcription factor in regulating MDSC differentiation and function. Furthermore, the CREB was found to regulate miR-9 expression in MDSCs. Taken together, our findings have identified a critical role of miR-9 in regulating the differentiation and function of MDSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, China; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 210013, China; and
| | - Ke Rui
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 210013, China; and
| | - Xinyi Tang
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 210013, China; and
| | - Jie Ma
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 210013, China; and
| | - Yungang Wang
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 210013, China; and
| | - Xinyu Tian
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 210013, China; and
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 210013, China; and
| | - Liwei Lu
- Department of Pathology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212002, China; Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 210013, China; and
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Humar M, Azemar M, Maurer M, Groner B. Adaptive Resistance to Immunotherapy Directed Against p53 Can be Overcome by Global Expression of Tumor-Antigens in Dendritic Cells. Front Oncol 2014; 4:270. [PMID: 25340039 PMCID: PMC4186483 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy of cancer utilizes dendritic cells (DCs) for antigen presentation and the induction of tumor-specific immune responses. However, the therapeutic induction of anti-tumor immunity is limited by tumor escape mechanisms. In this study, immortalized dendritic D2SC/1 cells were transduced with a mutated version of the p53 tumor suppressor gene, p53M234I, or p53C132F/E168G, which are overexpressed in MethA fibrosarcoma tumor cells. In addition, D2SC/1 cells were fused with MethA tumor cells to generate a vaccine that potentially expresses a large repertoire of tumor-antigens. Cellular vaccines were transplanted onto Balb/c mice and MethA tumor growth and anti-tumor immune responses were examined in vaccinated animals. D2SC/1–p53M234I and D2SC/1–p53C132F/E168G cells induced strong therapeutic and protective MethA tumor immunity upon transplantation in Balb/c mice. However, in a fraction of immunized mice MethA tumor growth resumed after an extended latency period. Analysis of these tumors indicated loss of p53 expression. Mice, pre-treated with fusion hybrids generated from D2SC/1 and MethA tumor cells, suppressed MethA tumor growth and averted adaptive immune escape. Polyclonal B-cell responses directed against various MethA tumor proteins could be detected in the sera of D2SC/1–MethA inoculated mice. Athymic nude mice and Balb/c mice depleted of CD4+ or CD8+ T-cells were not protected against MethA tumor cell growth after immunization with D2SC/1–MethA hybrids. Our results highlight a potential drawback of cancer immunotherapy by demonstrating that the induction of a specific anti-tumor response favors the acquisition of tumor phenotypes promoting immune evasion. In contrast, the application of DC/tumor cell fusion hybrids prevents adaptive immune escape by a T-cell dependent mechanism and provides a simple strategy for personalized anti-cancer treatment without the need of selectively priming the host immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matjaz Humar
- Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Marc Azemar
- Internistische Onkologie, Tumor Biology Center , Freiburg , Germany
| | - Martina Maurer
- Basilea Pharmaceutica International Ltd. , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Bernd Groner
- Institute for Biomedical Research, Georg Speyer Haus , Frankfurt am Main , Germany
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Batbayar S, Lee DH, Kim HW. Immunomodulation of Fungal β-Glucan in Host Defense Signaling by Dectin-1. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2014; 20:433-45. [PMID: 24009832 PMCID: PMC3762275 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2012.20.5.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
During the course of evolution, animals encountered the harmful effects of fungi, which are strong pathogens. Therefore, they have developed powerful mechanisms to protect themselves against these fungal invaders. β-Glucans are glucose polymers of a linear β(1,3)-glucan backbone with β(1,6)-linked side chains. The immunostimulatory and antitumor activities of β-glucans have been reported; however, their mechanisms have only begun to be elucidated. Fungal and particulate β-glucans, despite their large size, can be taken up by the M cells of Peyer's patches, and interact with macrophages or dendritic cells (DCs) and activate systemic immune responses to overcome the fungal infection. The sampled β-glucans function as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on innate immune cells. Dectin-1 receptor systems have been incorporated as the PRRs of β-glucans in the innate immune cells of higher animal systems, which function on the front line against fungal infection, and have been exploited in cancer treatments to enhance systemic immune function. Dectin-1 on macrophages and DCs performs dual functions: internalization of β-glucan-containing particles and transmittance of its signals into the nucleus. This review will depict in detail how the physicochemical nature of β-glucan contributes to its immunostimulating effect in hosts and the potential uses of β-glucan by elucidating the dectin-1 signal transduction pathway. The elucidation of β-glucan and its signaling pathway will undoubtedly open a new research area on its potential therapeutic applications, including as immunostimulants for antifungal and anti-cancer regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sainkhuu Batbayar
- Department of Life Sciences, BK21 Cellular Stress Team, University of Seoul, Seoul 130-743, Korea
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Tian J, Ma J, Ma K, Guo H, Baidoo SE, Zhang Y, Yan J, Lu L, Xu H, Wang S. β-Glucan enhances antitumor immune responses by regulating differentiation and function of monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:1220-30. [PMID: 23424024 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) accumulate in tumor-bearing hosts and play a major role in tumor-induced immunosuppression, which hampers effective immuno-therapeutic approaches. β-Glucans have been reported to function as potent immuno-modulators to stimulate innate and adaptive immune responses, which contributes to their antitumor property. Here, we investigated the effect of particulate β-glucans on MDSCs and found that β-glucan treatment could promote the differentiation of M-MDSCs (monocytic MDSCs) into a more mature CD11c(+) F4/80(+) Ly6C(low) population via dectin-1 pathway in vitro, which is NF-κB dependent, and the suppressive function of M-MDSCs was significantly decreased. Treatment of orally administered yeast-derived particulate β-glucan drastically downregulated MDSCs but increased the infiltrated DCs and macrophages in tumor-bearing mice, thus eliciting CTL and Th1 responses, inhibiting the suppressive activity of regulatory T cells, thereby leading to the delayed tumor progression. We show here for the first time that β-glucans induce the differentiation of MDSCs and inhibit the regulatory function of MDSCs, therefore revealing a novel mechanism for β-glucans in immunotherapy and suggesting their potential clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Zhenjiang, China
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Tian J, Ma J, Ma K, Ma B, Tang X, Baidoo SE, Tong J, Yan J, Lu L, Xu H, Wang S. Up-regulation of GITRL on dendritic cells by WGP improves anti-tumor immunity in murine Lewis lung carcinoma. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46936. [PMID: 23077535 PMCID: PMC3471954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND β-Glucans have been shown to function as a potent immunomodulator to stimulate innate and adaptive immune responses, which contributes to their anti-tumor property. However, their mechanisms of action are still elusive. Glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor ligand (GITRL), a member of the TNF superfamily, binds to its receptor, GITR, on both effector and regulatory T cells, generates a positive co-stimulatory signal implicated in a wide range of T cell functions, which is important for the development of immune responses. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, we found that whole β-glucan particles (WGPs) could activate dendritic cells (DCs) via dectin-1 receptor, and increase the expression of GITRL on DCs in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the increased GITRL on DCs could impair the regulartory T cell (Treg)-mediated suppression and enhance effector T cell proliferation in a GITR/GITRL dependent way. In tumor models, DCs with high levels of GITRL were of great potential to prime cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses and down-regulate the suppressive activity of Treg cells, thereby leading to the delayed tumor progression. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These findings suggest that particulate β-glucans can be used as an immunomodulator to stimulate potent T cell-mediated adaptive immunity while down-regulate suppressive immune activity via GITR/GITRL interaction, leading to a more efficient defense mechanism against tumor development.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/immunology
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/pathology
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Immunity, Cellular/drug effects
- Immunologic Factors/immunology
- Immunologic Factors/isolation & purification
- Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use
- Lectins, C-Type/immunology
- Lung/drug effects
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/chemistry
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
- Tumor Necrosis Factors/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factors/immunology
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- beta-Glucans/immunology
- beta-Glucans/isolation & purification
- beta-Glucans/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Tian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ke Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Bin Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xinyi Tang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Samuel Essien Baidoo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jia Tong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jun Yan
- Tumor Immunobiology Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Liwei Lu
- Department of Pathology and Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated People's Hospital, Jiangsu University School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Zhenjiang, China
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