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Qu G, Jiang W, Long Z, Zhou X, Wang Y, Yang G, Tang C, Xu Y. Assessing the causal relationship between immune cells and prostatitis: evidence from bidirectional mendelian randomization analysis. Mamm Genome 2024; 35:474-483. [PMID: 38816661 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-024-10044-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Prostatitis represents a common disease of the male genitourinary system, significantly impacting the physical and mental health of male patients. While numerous studies have suggested a potential link between immune cell activity and prostatitis, the exact causal role of immune cells in prostatitis remains uncertain. This study aims to explore the causal relationship between immune cell characteristics and prostatitis using a bidirectional Mendelian randomization approach. This study utilizes data from the public GWAS database and employs bidirectional Mendelian randomization analysis to investigate the causal relationship between immune cells and prostatitis. The causal relationship between 731 immune cell features and prostatitis was primarily investigated through inverse variance weighting (IVW), complemented by MR-Egger regression, a simple model, the weighted median method, and a weighted model. Ultimately, the results underwent sensitivity analysis to assess the heterogeneity, horizontal pleiotropy, and stability of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in immune cells and prostatitis. MR analysis revealed 17 immune cells exhibiting significant causal effects on prostatitis. In contrast, findings from reverse MR indicated a significant causal relationship between prostatitis and 13 immune cells. Our study utilizes bidirectional Mendelian Randomization to establish causal relationships between specific immune cell phenotypes and prostatitis, highlighting the reciprocal influence between immune system behavior and the disease. Our findings suggest targeted therapeutic approaches and the importance of including diverse populations for broader validation and personalized treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genyi Qu
- Department of Urology, Zhuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Zhuzhou, 412007, China
| | - Weimin Jiang
- Department of Urology, Zhuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Zhuzhou, 412007, China
| | - Zhaohui Long
- Department of Urology, Zhuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Zhuzhou, 412007, China
| | - Xing Zhou
- Department of Urology, Zhuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Zhuzhou, 412007, China
| | - Yijie Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Zhuzhou, 412007, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Urology, Zhuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Zhuzhou, 412007, China
| | - Cheng Tang
- Department of Urology, Zhuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Zhuzhou, 412007, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Department of Urology, Zhuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Zhuzhou, 412007, China.
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SARS-CoV-2 vaccine research and development: Conventional vaccines and biomimetic nanotechnology strategies. Asian J Pharm Sci 2020; 16:136-146. [PMID: 32905011 PMCID: PMC7462629 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of a massively producible vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel coronavirus, is essential for stopping the current coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. A vaccine must stimulate effective antibody and T cell responses in vivo to induce long-term protection. Scientific researchers have been developing vaccine candidates for the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) since the outbreaks of these diseases. The prevalence of new biotechnologies such as genetic engineering has shed light on the generation of vaccines against novel viruses. In this review, we present the status of the development of coronavirus vaccines, focusing particularly on the biomimetic nanoparticle technology platform, which is likely to have a major role in future developments of personalized medicine.
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Nicholson LK, Pratap H, Bowers E, Gunzburger E, Bandi SR, Gardner EM, Palmer BE, Wright T, Kittelson J, Janoff EN. Effective B cell activation in vitro during viremic HIV-1 infection with surrogate T cell stimulation. Immunobiology 2018; 223:839-849. [PMID: 30219203 PMCID: PMC6264910 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Identifying HIV-1-associated B cell defects and responses to activation may direct interventions to circumvent their impaired antibody responses to infection and vaccines. Among 34 viremic HIV-1-infected and 20 seronegative control adults, we measured baseline frequencies and activation of B and T cell subsets, expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), potential determinants of B cell activation in vivo and B and T cell responses in vitro. At baseline, HIV-1 infection was associated with increased IgM memory and decreased anergic cell frequencies, as well as increased activation in all 10 B cell subsets compared with controls. HIV-1 status, TFH activation, and BAFF were significant potential drivers of B cell activation. Despite high baseline activation among HIV-1-infected subjects, stimulation in vitro with combined surrogates for antigen (anti-IgM), cognate (CD40 ligand) and soluble T cell factors (IL-4) elicited comparable B cell activation, transitions from naïve to class-switched memory cells and AID expression in both groups. In summary, viremic HIV-1 infection perturbs circulating B cell subsets and activation at each stage of B cell maturation. However, that appropriate stimulation of B cells elicits effective activation and maturation provides impetus for advancing vaccine development to prevent secondary infections by circumventing early B cell defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay K Nicholson
- Mucosal and Vaccine Research Program Colorado (MAVRC), United States; Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States; Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Harsh Pratap
- Mucosal and Vaccine Research Program Colorado (MAVRC), United States; Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States; Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Elisabeth Bowers
- Mucosal and Vaccine Research Program Colorado (MAVRC), United States; Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States; Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Elise Gunzburger
- Departments of Biostatistics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Srinivasa R Bandi
- Mucosal and Vaccine Research Program Colorado (MAVRC), United States; Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Edward M Gardner
- Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States; Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Brent E Palmer
- Mucosal and Vaccine Research Program Colorado (MAVRC), United States; Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Timothy Wright
- Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Denver, CO, United States
| | - John Kittelson
- Mucosal and Vaccine Research Program Colorado (MAVRC), United States; Departments of Biostatistics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Edward N Janoff
- Mucosal and Vaccine Research Program Colorado (MAVRC), United States; Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, United States; Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO, United States.
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Abdul-Cader MS, Amarasinghe A, Palomino-Tapia V, Ahmed-Hassan H, Bakhtawar K, Nagy E, Sharif S, Gomis S, Abdul-Careem MF. In ovo CpG DNA delivery increases innate and adaptive immune cells in respiratory, gastrointestinal and immune systems post-hatch correlating with lower infectious laryngotracheitis virus infection. PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29513732 PMCID: PMC5841808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytosine-guanosine deoxynucleotides (CpG) DNA can be delivered in ovo at embryo day (ED)18 for the stimulation of toll-like receptor (TLR)21 signaling pathway that ultimately protects chickens against a number of bacterial and viral infections. There is a dearth of information understanding the mechanisms of protection induced by in ovo delivered CpG DNA. The objective of this study was to determine the immune cell changes post-hatch following in ovo delivery of the TLR21 ligand, CpG DNA. In order to quantify changes of percentage of KUL01+, IgM+ B, cluster of differentiation (CD)4+ and CD8α+ cells, trachea, lung, duodenum, large intestine, spleen and bursa of Fabricius were collected on day 1 post-hatch. We found increased recruitments of KUL01+ cells, in organs of these body systems post-hatch following in ovo delivery of CpG DNA. Although IgM+ B cells, CD4+ and CD8α+ cells were increased in lungs and immune system organs, these cells were not quantifiable from the trachea, duodenum and large intestine immediately following the hatch. Furthermore, when CpG DNA is delivered in ovo and subsequently infected with infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) post-hatch on day 1, CpG DNA reduces morbidity and mortality resulting from ILTV infection. This study provides insights into the mechanisms of host responses elicited following in ovo delivery of CpG DNA in avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Sarjoon Abdul-Cader
- Health Research Innovation Center, Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Aruna Amarasinghe
- Health Research Innovation Center, Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Victor Palomino-Tapia
- Health Research Innovation Center, Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Hanaa Ahmed-Hassan
- Health Research Innovation Center, Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Zoonoses Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Khawaja Bakhtawar
- Health Research Innovation Center, Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Eva Nagy
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susantha Gomis
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem
- Health Research Innovation Center, Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Basha S, Pichichero ME. Decreased TNF family receptor expression on B-cells is associated with reduced humoral responses to Streptococcus pneumoniae infections in young children. Cell Immunol 2017; 320:11-19. [PMID: 28947093 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
An underdeveloped or impaired immune response in young children is associated with increased susceptibility to Streptococcus pneumonia (Spn) infections. We determined serum antibody titers against 3 Spn vaccine candidate proteins and vaccine serotype polysaccharide antigens in a group of Spn infection prone 9-18months old and found lower IgG antibody titers to all tested antigens compared to age-matched non-infection-prone children. We also found the children had significantly reduced percentages of total memory B-cells, switched memory B-cells and plasma cells. We sought a mechanistic explanation for that result by examination of TNF family receptors (TNFRs) TACI, BCMA, and BAFFR receptor expression on B-cells and found significantly lower BAFFR and TACI expression; significantly lower proliferation of B-cells stimulated with exogenous BAFF; and diminished expression of co-stimulatory receptors B7-1 and B7-2 among infection prone vs. non-prone children. We conclude that lower expression of TNFRs, lower proliferation of B-cells in response to BAFF and lower expression of B7-1 and B7-2 by B-cells may contribute to reduced antibody responses to Spn and consequent infection proneness in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleem Basha
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Rochester, NY 14621, USA
| | - Michael E Pichichero
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Rochester General Hospital Research Institute, Rochester, NY 14621, USA.
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Lepse N, Land J, Rutgers A, Kallenberg CGM, Stegeman CA, Abdulahad WH, Heeringa P. Toll-like receptor 9 activation enhances B cell activating factor and interleukin-21 induced anti-proteinase 3 autoantibody productionin vitro. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2015; 55:162-72. [DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kev293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Pasternak JA, Ng SH, Buchanan RM, Mertins S, Mutwiri GK, Gerdts V, Wilson HL. Oral antigen exposure in newborn piglets circumvents induction of oral tolerance in response to intraperitoneal vaccination in later life. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:50. [PMID: 25889479 PMCID: PMC4357157 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0350-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We previously determined that newborn piglets orally gavaged with Ovalbumin (OVA) responded to systemic OVA re-exposure with tolerance; if adjuvants were included in oral vaccine, piglets responded with antibody-mediated immunity (Vet Immunol Immunopathol 161(3–4):211–21, 2014). Here, we will investigate whether newborn piglets gavaged with a vaccine comprised of OVA plus unmethylated CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG; soluble component; OVA/CpG) combined with OVA plus CpG encapsulated within polyphosphazene microparticles (MP; particulate component) responded with systemic and mucosal immunity. To monitor the response to systemic antigen re-exposure, piglets were i.p.-immunized with OVA plus Incomplete Freund’s Adjuvant (IFA) one month later. Results Newborn piglets (n = 5/group) were gavaged with a combined soluble and particulate vaccine consisting of OVA (0.5-0.05 mg) plus 50 μg CpG and 0.5 mg OVA plus 50 μg CpG encapsulated within a polyphosphazene MP (0.5 mg) referred to as OVA/CpG + MP. Control piglets were gavaged with saline alone. Piglets were i.p. immunized with 10 mg OVA (or saline) in IFA at four weeks of age and then euthanized at eight weeks of age. We observed significantly higher titres of serum anti-OVA immunoglobulin (Ig) IgM, IgA, IgG, IgG1, IgG2 and IgG in piglets immunized with 0.05 mg OVA/CpG + MP relative to saline control animals. Thus, a single oral exposure at birth to a combined soluble and particulate OVA vaccine including adjuvants can circumvent induction of oral tolerance which impacts response to i.p. vaccination in later life. Further, piglets gavaged with 0.05 mg OVA/CpG + MP generated significant anti-OVA IgG and IgG1 titres in lung compared to saline control piglets but results were comparable to titres measured in parenteral control piglets. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) ex vivo-stimulated with OVA showed markedly decreased production of IL-10 cytokine after 72 hours relative to animal-matched cells incubated with media alone. No production of IFN-γ was observed from any groups. Conclusion Newborn piglets gavaged with low dose soluble and particulate OVA plus CpG ODN and polyphosphazene adjuvants produced antigen-specific antibodies in serum and lung after systemic re-exposure in later life. These data indicate circumvention of oral tolerance but not induction of oral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alex Pasternak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada.
| | - Siew Hon Ng
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada.
| | - Rachelle M Buchanan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada.
| | - Sonja Mertins
- Current address: Klinikum der Universität zu Köln, Institut für Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Goldenfelsstraße 19-21, 50935, Köln, Germany.
| | - George K Mutwiri
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada.
| | - Volker Gerdts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada.
| | - Heather L Wilson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E3, Canada.
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Li W, Peng X, Liu Y, Liu H, Liu F, He L, Liu Y, Zhang F, Guo C, Chen G, Zhang L, Dong Z, Peng Y. TLR9 and BAFF: their expression in patients with IgA nephropathy. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:1469-74. [PMID: 24993857 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Since it was first described in 1968, immunoglobulin (Ig)A nephropathy (IgAN) has become the most commonly diagnosed form of primary glomerular disease worldwide. A number of reports have shown that toll‑like receptor 9 (TLR9) and B‑cell activating factor (BAFF) may be associated with IgAN; however, sufficient evidence has not yet to be delivered. In the present study, serum levels of BAFF as well as TLR9 mRNA and protein levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were assessed. Expression of TLR9 mRNA in PBMCs was examined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and the TLR9 protein was determined by western blot analysis. The levels of serum BAFF and IgA1 were determined by specific ELISA. Serum levels of BAFF and IgA1 as well as levels of TLR9 mRNA and protein in PMBCs were significantly higher in patients with IgAN compared with patients with minimal glomerular abnormalities (P<0.05, P<0.01, P<0.01 and P<0.01, respectively) and normal controls (P<0.01, P<0.01, P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively). A correlation and regression analysis was performed to determine the pathogenesis of IgAN. In patients with IgAN, serum levels of BAFF were positively correlated with IgA1 levels (rp, 0.515; P<0.01) and mesangial IgA deposition density (rp, 0.746; P<0.01). Expression levels of TLR9 protein in PBMCs of IgAN patients were positively correlated with levels of serum BAFF (rp, 0.444; P<0.05) and IgA1 (rp, 0.633; P<0.01). These results suggested that overexpression of TLR9 mRNA and protein in PBMCs and elevated levels of serum BAFF may be associated with overexpression of serum IgA1, and, furthermore, may have a role in the development of IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Li
- Department of Nephrology, Renal Research Institute, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofei Peng
- Department of Nephrology, Renal Research Institute, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Yuyuan Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Renal Research Institute, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Renal Research Institute, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Fuyou Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Renal Research Institute, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Liyu He
- Department of Nephrology, Renal Research Institute, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Renal Research Institute, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Renal Research Institute, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Chunyan Guo
- Department of Nephrology, Renal Research Institute, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Guochun Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Renal Research Institute, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Renal Research Institute, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Nephrology, Renal Research Institute, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Youming Peng
- Department of Nephrology, Renal Research Institute, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
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Host responses to persistent Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection in surgically isolated bovine ileal segments. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 20:156-65. [PMID: 23221000 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00496-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A lack of appropriate disease models has limited our understanding of the pathogenesis of persistent enteric infections with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. A model was developed for the controlled delivery of a defined dose of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis to surgically isolated ileal segments in newborn calves. The stable intestinal segments enabled the characterization of host responses to persistent M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infections after a 9-month period, including an analysis of local mucosal immune responses relative to an adjacent uninfected intestinal compartment. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis remained localized at the initial site of intestinal infection and was not detected by PCR in the mesenteric lymph node. M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-specific T cell proliferative responses included both CD4 and γδ T cell receptor (γδTcR) T cell responses in the draining mesenteric lymph node. The levels of CD8(+) and γδTcR(+) T cells increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the lamina propria, and M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-specific tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and gamma interferon secretion by lamina propria leukocytes was also significantly (P < 0.05) increased. There was a significant (P < 0.05) accumulation of macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) in the lamina propria, but the expression of mucosal toll-like receptors 1 through 10 was not significantly changed by M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection. In conclusion, surgically isolated ileal segments provided a model system for the establishment of a persistent and localized enteric M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in cattle and facilitated the analysis of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis-specific changes in mucosal leukocyte phenotype and function. The accumulation of DC subpopulations in the lamina propria suggests that further investigation of mucosal DCs may provide insight into host responses to M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection and improve vaccine strategies to prevent M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection.
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Buchanan R, Popowych Y, Dagenais C, Arsic N, Mutwiri GK, Potter AA, Babiuk LA, Griebel PJ, Wilson HL. Interferon-gamma and B-cell Activating Factor (BAFF) promote bovine B cell activation independent of TLR9 and T-cell signaling. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2012; 145:453-63. [PMID: 22264737 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that CD21(+) B cells purified from bovine blood do not respond to CpG-ODN stimulation unless either CD14(+) monocytes or B-cell Activating Factor (BAFF), a cytokine produced by activated monocytes, are present. In this report, we present evidence that CD14(+) monocytes are critical for CpG-specific lymphocyte proliferation within the peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) population but that this response is not mediated by soluble factors produced by CpG-activated monocytes. We further determine that bovine monocytes stimulated with IFN-γ induce expression of the BAFF gene and that recombinant IFN-γ and BAFF induced robust B cell activation when cultured in the absence of CpG ODN. These data suggest that CpG-stimulated monocytes may indirectly promote B cell activation by promoting release of cytokines and/or other soluble factors from accessory cells which in turn act on CpG-stimulated B cells to promote antigen-independent and T cell independent B cell activation. Understanding the T cell independent signals that induce B cell activation has important implications for understanding B cell development in locations where T cells are limited and in understanding polyclonal B cell activation that may contribute to autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle Buchanan
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization - International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N
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