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Fu Q, Yang X, Wang M, Zhu K, Wang Y, Song J. Activatable Probes for Ratiometric Imaging of Endogenous Biomarkers In Vivo. ACS NANO 2024; 18:3916-3968. [PMID: 38258800 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Dynamic variations in the concentration and abnormal distribution of endogenous biomarkers are strongly associated with multiple physiological and pathological states. Therefore, it is crucial to design imaging systems capable of real-time detection of dynamic changes in biomarkers for the accurate diagnosis and effective treatment of diseases. Recently, ratiometric imaging has emerged as a widely used technique for sensing and imaging of biomarkers due to its advantage of circumventing the limitations inherent to conventional intensity-dependent signal readout methods while also providing built-in self-calibration for signal correction. Here, the recent progress of ratiometric probes and their applications in sensing and imaging of biomarkers are outlined. Ratiometric probes are classified according to their imaging mechanisms, and ratiometric photoacoustic imaging, ratiometric optical imaging including photoluminescence imaging and self-luminescence imaging, ratiometric magnetic resonance imaging, and dual-modal ratiometric imaging are discussed. The applications of ratiometric probes in the sensing and imaging of biomarkers such as pH, reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), glutathione (GSH), gas molecules, enzymes, metal ions, and hypoxia are discussed in detail. Additionally, this Review presents an overview of challenges faced in this field along with future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinrui Fu
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266021, China
| | - Xiao Yang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266021, China
| | - Mengzhen Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266021, China
| | - Kang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yin Wang
- Institute for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, College of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266021, China
| | - Jibin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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Liao S, Zhou M, Wang Y, Lu C, Yin B, Zhang Y, Liu H, Yin X, Song G. Emerging biomedical imaging-based companion diagnostics for precision medicine. iScience 2023; 26:107277. [PMID: 37520706 PMCID: PMC10371849 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor heterogeneity, which leads to individual variations in tumor microenvironments, causes poor prognoses and limits therapeutic response. Emerging technology such as companion diagnostics (CDx) detects biomarkers and monitors therapeutic responses, allowing identification of patients who would benefit most from treatment. However, currently, most US Food and Drug Administration-approved CDx tests are designed to detect biomarkers in vitro and ex vivo, making it difficult to dynamically report variations of targets in vivo. Various medical imaging techniques offer dynamic measurement of tumor heterogeneity and treatment response, complementing CDx tests. Imaging-based companion diagnostics allow for patient stratification for targeted medicines and identification of patient populations benefiting from alternative therapeutic methods. This review summarizes recent developments in molecular imaging for predicting and assessing responses to cancer therapies, as well as the various biomarkers used in imaging-based CDx tests. We hope this review provides informative insights into imaging-based companion diagnostics and advances precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Liao
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo, Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical, Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Mengjie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo, Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical, Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Youjuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo, Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical, Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Chang Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo, Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical, Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Baoli Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo, Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical, Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo, Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical, Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Huiyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo, Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical, Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xia Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo, Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical, Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Guosheng Song
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo, Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical, Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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Li X, Wang R, Zhang Y, Han S, Gan Y, Liang Q, Ma X, Rong P, Wang W, Li W. Molecular imaging of tumor-associated macrophages in cancer immunotherapy. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2022; 14:17588359221076194. [PMID: 35251314 PMCID: PMC8891912 DOI: 10.1177/17588359221076194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), the most abundant inflammatory cell group in the tumor microenvironment, play an essential role in tumor immune regulation. The infiltration degree of TAMs in the tumor microenvironment is closely related to tumor growth and metastasis, and TAMs have become a promising target in tumor immunotherapy. Molecular imaging is a new interdisciplinary subject that combines medical imaging technology with molecular biology, nuclear medicine, radiation medicine, and computer science. The latest progress in molecular imaging allows the biological processes of cells to be visualized in vivo, which makes it possible to better understand the density and distribution of macrophages in the tumor microenvironment. This review mainly discusses the application of targeting TAM in tumor immunotherapy and the imaging characteristics and progress of targeting TAM molecular probes using various imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Li
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Institute, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruike Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Institute, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yangnan Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Institute, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuangze Han
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Institute, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Gan
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Institute, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Liang
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Institute, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqian Ma
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
- Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Institute, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Rong
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Institute, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Institute, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Radiology, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410013, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Cell Transplantation and Gene Therapy Institute, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
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García-Figueiras R, Baleato-González S, Luna A, Muñoz-Iglesias J, Oleaga L, Vallejo Casas JA, Martín-Noguerol T, Broncano J, Areses MC, Vilanova JC. Assessing Immunotherapy with Functional and Molecular Imaging and Radiomics. Radiographics 2020; 40:1987-2010. [PMID: 33035135 DOI: 10.1148/rg.2020200070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is changing the treatment paradigm for cancer and has introduced new challenges in medical imaging. Because not all patients benefit from immunotherapy, pretreatment imaging should be performed to identify not only prognostic factors but also factors that allow prediction of response to immunotherapy. Follow-up studies must allow detection of nonresponders, without confusion of pseudoprogression with real progression to prevent premature discontinuation of treatment that can benefit the patient. Conventional imaging techniques and classic tumor response criteria are limited for the evaluation of the unusual patterns of response that arise from the specific mechanisms of action of immunotherapy, so advanced imaging methods must be developed to overcome these shortcomings. The authors present the fundamentals of the tumor immune microenvironment and immunotherapy and how they influence imaging findings. They also discuss advances in functional and molecular imaging techniques for the assessment of immunotherapy in clinical practice, including their use to characterize immune phenotypes, assess patient prognosis and response to therapy, and evaluate immune-related adverse events. Finally, the development of radiomics and radiogenomics in these therapies and the future role of imaging biomarkers for immunotherapy are discussed. Online supplemental material is available for this article. ©RSNA, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto García-Figueiras
- From the Department of Radiology, Oncologic Imaging, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Choupana s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain (R.G.F., S.B.G.); Department of Radiology, HT Medica, Jaén, Spain (A.L, J.B.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Vigo, Spain (J.M.I.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (L.O.); Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.A.V.C.); MRI Unit, HT Medica, Jaén, Spain (T.M.N.); Department of Medical Oncology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense, Ourense, Spain (M.C.A.); and Department of Radiology, Clínica Girona, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging, Girona, Spain (J.C.V.)
| | - Sandra Baleato-González
- From the Department of Radiology, Oncologic Imaging, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Choupana s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain (R.G.F., S.B.G.); Department of Radiology, HT Medica, Jaén, Spain (A.L, J.B.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Vigo, Spain (J.M.I.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (L.O.); Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.A.V.C.); MRI Unit, HT Medica, Jaén, Spain (T.M.N.); Department of Medical Oncology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense, Ourense, Spain (M.C.A.); and Department of Radiology, Clínica Girona, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging, Girona, Spain (J.C.V.)
| | - Antonio Luna
- From the Department of Radiology, Oncologic Imaging, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Choupana s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain (R.G.F., S.B.G.); Department of Radiology, HT Medica, Jaén, Spain (A.L, J.B.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Vigo, Spain (J.M.I.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (L.O.); Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.A.V.C.); MRI Unit, HT Medica, Jaén, Spain (T.M.N.); Department of Medical Oncology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense, Ourense, Spain (M.C.A.); and Department of Radiology, Clínica Girona, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging, Girona, Spain (J.C.V.)
| | - José Muñoz-Iglesias
- From the Department of Radiology, Oncologic Imaging, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Choupana s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain (R.G.F., S.B.G.); Department of Radiology, HT Medica, Jaén, Spain (A.L, J.B.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Vigo, Spain (J.M.I.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (L.O.); Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.A.V.C.); MRI Unit, HT Medica, Jaén, Spain (T.M.N.); Department of Medical Oncology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense, Ourense, Spain (M.C.A.); and Department of Radiology, Clínica Girona, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging, Girona, Spain (J.C.V.)
| | - Laura Oleaga
- From the Department of Radiology, Oncologic Imaging, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Choupana s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain (R.G.F., S.B.G.); Department of Radiology, HT Medica, Jaén, Spain (A.L, J.B.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Vigo, Spain (J.M.I.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (L.O.); Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.A.V.C.); MRI Unit, HT Medica, Jaén, Spain (T.M.N.); Department of Medical Oncology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense, Ourense, Spain (M.C.A.); and Department of Radiology, Clínica Girona, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging, Girona, Spain (J.C.V.)
| | - Juan Antonio Vallejo Casas
- From the Department of Radiology, Oncologic Imaging, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Choupana s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain (R.G.F., S.B.G.); Department of Radiology, HT Medica, Jaén, Spain (A.L, J.B.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Vigo, Spain (J.M.I.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (L.O.); Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.A.V.C.); MRI Unit, HT Medica, Jaén, Spain (T.M.N.); Department of Medical Oncology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense, Ourense, Spain (M.C.A.); and Department of Radiology, Clínica Girona, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging, Girona, Spain (J.C.V.)
| | - Teodoro Martín-Noguerol
- From the Department of Radiology, Oncologic Imaging, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Choupana s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain (R.G.F., S.B.G.); Department of Radiology, HT Medica, Jaén, Spain (A.L, J.B.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Vigo, Spain (J.M.I.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (L.O.); Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.A.V.C.); MRI Unit, HT Medica, Jaén, Spain (T.M.N.); Department of Medical Oncology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense, Ourense, Spain (M.C.A.); and Department of Radiology, Clínica Girona, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging, Girona, Spain (J.C.V.)
| | - Jordi Broncano
- From the Department of Radiology, Oncologic Imaging, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Choupana s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain (R.G.F., S.B.G.); Department of Radiology, HT Medica, Jaén, Spain (A.L, J.B.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Vigo, Spain (J.M.I.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (L.O.); Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.A.V.C.); MRI Unit, HT Medica, Jaén, Spain (T.M.N.); Department of Medical Oncology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense, Ourense, Spain (M.C.A.); and Department of Radiology, Clínica Girona, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging, Girona, Spain (J.C.V.)
| | - María Carmen Areses
- From the Department of Radiology, Oncologic Imaging, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Choupana s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain (R.G.F., S.B.G.); Department of Radiology, HT Medica, Jaén, Spain (A.L, J.B.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Vigo, Spain (J.M.I.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (L.O.); Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.A.V.C.); MRI Unit, HT Medica, Jaén, Spain (T.M.N.); Department of Medical Oncology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense, Ourense, Spain (M.C.A.); and Department of Radiology, Clínica Girona, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging, Girona, Spain (J.C.V.)
| | - Joan C Vilanova
- From the Department of Radiology, Oncologic Imaging, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Choupana s/n, 15706, Santiago de Compostela, Spain (R.G.F., S.B.G.); Department of Radiology, HT Medica, Jaén, Spain (A.L, J.B.); Department of Nuclear Medicine, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Vigo, Spain (J.M.I.); Department of Radiology, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain (L.O.); Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Medicina Nuclear, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain (J.A.V.C.); MRI Unit, HT Medica, Jaén, Spain (T.M.N.); Department of Medical Oncology, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Ourense, Ourense, Spain (M.C.A.); and Department of Radiology, Clínica Girona, Institute of Diagnostic Imaging, Girona, Spain (J.C.V.)
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Jung KH, Park JW, Lee JH, Moon SH, Cho YS, Lee KH. 89Zr-Labeled Anti-PD-L1 Antibody PET Monitors Gemcitabine Therapy-Induced Modulation of Tumor PD-L1 Expression. J Nucl Med 2020; 62:656-664. [PMID: 32917780 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.120.250720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed an 89Zr-labeled anti-programmed death ligand 1 (anti-PD-L1) immune PET that can monitor chemotherapy-mediated modulation of tumor PD-L1 expression in living subjects. Methods: Anti-PD-L1 underwent sulfohydryl moiety-specific conjugation with maleimide-deferoxamine followed by 89Zr radiolabeling. CT26 colon cancer cells and PD-L1-overexpressing CT26/PD-L1 cells underwent binding assays, flow cytometry, and Western blotting. In vivo pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and PET imaging were evaluated in mice. Results: 89Zr-anti-PD-L1 synthesis was straightforward and efficient. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that reduction produced half-antibody fragments, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight analysis estimated 2.18 conjugations per antibody, indicating specific conjugation at the hinge-region disulfide bonds. CT26/PD-L1 cells showed 102.2 ± 6.7-fold greater 89Zr-anti-PD-L1 binding than that of weakly expressing CT26 cells. Excellent target specificity was confirmed by a drastic reduction in binding by excess cold antibody. Intravenous 89Zr-anti-PD-L1 followed biexponential blood clearance. PET/CT image analysis demonstrated decreases in major organ activity over 7 d, whereas high CT26/PD-L1 tumor activity was maintained. Again, this was suppressed by excess cold antibody. Treatment of CT26 cells with gemcitabine for 24 h augmented PD-L1 protein to 592.4% ± 114.2% of the control level and increased 89Zr-anti-PD-L1 binding, accompanied by increased AKT (protein kinase B) activation and reduced phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). In CT26 tumor-bearing mice, gemcitabine treatment substantially increased tumor uptake from 1.56% ± 0.48% to 6.24% ± 0.37% injected dose per gram (tumor-to-blood ratio, 34.7). Immunoblots revealed significant increases in tumor PD-L1 and activated AKT and a decrease in PTEN. Conclusion: 89Zr-anti-PD-L1 showed specific targeting with favorable imaging properties. Gemcitabine treatment upregulated cancer cell and tumor PD-L1 expression and increased 89Zr-anti-PD-L1 uptake. 89Zr-anti-PD-L1 PET may thus be useful for monitoring chemotherapy-mediated tumor PD-L1 modulation in living subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Ho Jung
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and
| | - Jin Won Park
- Scripps Korea Antibody Institute, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do, Korea
| | - Jin Hee Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea.,Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and
| | - Seung Hwan Moon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Seok Cho
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Han Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Korea .,Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea; and
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