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Cheung A, Levitsky J. CAQ Corner: Basic concepts of transplant immunology. Liver Transpl 2023; 29:331-339. [PMID: 37160065 PMCID: PMC9935643 DOI: 10.1002/lt.26501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Cheung
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Comprehensive Transplant Center , Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine , Chicago , Illinois , USA
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2
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Duneton C, Winterberg PD, Ford ML. Activation and regulation of alloreactive T cell immunity in solid organ transplantation. Nat Rev Nephrol 2022; 18:663-676. [PMID: 35902775 PMCID: PMC9968399 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-022-00600-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Transplantation is the only curative treatment for patients with kidney failure but it poses unique immunological challenges that must be overcome to prevent allograft rejection and ensure long-term graft survival. Alloreactive T cells are important contributors to graft rejection, and a clearer understanding of the mechanisms by which these cells recognize donor antigens - through direct, indirect or semi-direct pathways - will facilitate their therapeutic targeting. Post-T cell priming rejection responses can also be modified by targeting pathways that regulate T cell trafficking, survival cytokines or innate immune activation. Moreover, the quantity and quality of donor-reactive memory T cells crucially shape alloimmune responses. Of note, many fundamental concepts in transplant immunology have been derived from models of infection. However, the programmed differentiation of allograft-specific T cell responses is probably distinct from that of pathogen-elicited responses, owing to the dearth of pathogen-derived innate immune activation in the transplantation setting. Understanding the fundamental (and potentially unique) immunological pathways that lead to allograft rejection is therefore a prerequisite for the rational development of therapeutics that promote transplantation tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Duneton
- Paediatric Nephrology, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pamela D Winterberg
- Paediatric Nephrology, Emory University Department of Paediatrics and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Mandy L Ford
- Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Jo YY, Kweon H, Kim DW, Baek K, Chae WS, Kang YJ, Oh JH, Kim SG, Garagiola U. Silk sericin application increases bone morphogenic protein-2/4 expression via a toll-like receptor-mediated pathway. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 190:607-617. [PMID: 34508721 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenic protein-2/4 (BMP-2/4) is an osteoinductive protein that accelerates osteogenesis when administered to bony defects. Sericin is produced by silkworms, and has a biological activity that differs depending on the degumming method used. Our results indicated that the high molecular weight fraction of silk sericin (MW > 30 kDa) obtained via sonication had a more abundant β-sheet structure than the low molecular weight fraction. Administration of the β-sheet structure silk sericin increased BMP-2/4 expression in a dose-dependent manner in RAW264.7 cells and human monocytes. This sericin increased the expression levels of toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, TLR-3, and TLR-4 in RAW264.7 cells. Application of a TLR-2 antibody or TLR pathway blocker decreased BMP-2/4 expression following sericin administration. In the animal model, the bone volume and BMP-2/4 expression were higher in rats treated with a sericin-incorporated gelatin sponge than in rats treated with a gelatin sponge alone or a sponge-incorporated with denatured sericin. In conclusion, sericin with a more abundant β-sheet structure increased BMP-2/4 expression and bone formation better than sericin with a less abundant β-sheet structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Young Jo
- Sericultural and Apicultural Materials Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea.
| | - HaeYong Kweon
- Sericultural and Apicultural Materials Division, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, RDA, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dae-Won Kim
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 28644, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyunghwa Baek
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Dentistry and Research Institute of Oral Science, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 28644, Gangwondo, Republic of Korea.
| | - Weon-Sik Chae
- Daegu Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yei-Jin Kang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 28644, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji-Hyeon Oh
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 28644, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seong-Gon Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 28644, Republic of Korea.
| | - Umberto Garagiola
- Biomedical, Surgical and Oral Sciences Department, Maxillofacial and Dental Unit, School of Dentistry, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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Scozzi D, Cano M, Ma L, Zhou D, Zhu JH, O'Halloran JA, Goss C, Rauseo AM, Liu Z, Sahu SK, Peritore V, Rocco M, Ricci A, Amodeo R, Aimati L, Ibrahim M, Hachem R, Kreisel D, Mudd PA, Kulkarni HS, Gelman AE. Circulating mitochondrial DNA is an early indicator of severe illness and mortality from COVID-19. JCI Insight 2021; 6:143299. [PMID: 33444289 PMCID: PMC7934921 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.143299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundMitochondrial DNA (MT-DNA) are intrinsically inflammatory nucleic acids released by damaged solid organs. Whether circulating cell-free MT-DNA quantitation could be used to predict the risk of poor COVID-19 outcomes remains undetermined.MethodsWe measured circulating MT-DNA levels in prospectively collected, cell-free plasma samples from 97 subjects with COVID-19 at hospital presentation. Our primary outcome was mortality. Intensive care unit (ICU) admission, intubation, vasopressor, and renal replacement therapy requirements were secondary outcomes. Multivariate regression analysis determined whether MT-DNA levels were independent of other reported COVID-19 risk factors. Receiver operating characteristic and area under the curve assessments were used to compare MT-DNA levels with established and emerging inflammatory markers of COVID-19.ResultsCirculating MT-DNA levels were highly elevated in patients who eventually died or required ICU admission, intubation, vasopressor use, or renal replacement therapy. Multivariate regression revealed that high circulating MT-DNA was an independent risk factor for these outcomes after adjusting for age, sex, and comorbidities. We also found that circulating MT-DNA levels had a similar or superior area under the curve when compared against clinically established measures of inflammation and emerging markers currently of interest as investigational targets for COVID-19 therapy.ConclusionThese results show that high circulating MT-DNA levels are a potential early indicator for poor COVID-19 outcomes.FundingWashington University Institute of Clinical Translational Sciences COVID-19 Research Program and Washington University Institute of Clinical Translational Sciences (ICTS) NIH grant UL1TR002345.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Scozzi
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery
| | - Marlene Cano
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Lina Ma
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Dequan Zhou
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery
| | - Ji Hong Zhu
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery
| | | | - Charles Goss
- Division of Biostatistics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Zhiyi Liu
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery
| | - Sanjaya K Sahu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | | | - Monica Rocco
- Division of Anesthesiology, Department of Medical-Surgical Science and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Ricci
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rachele Amodeo
- Laboratory Analysis-Flow Cytometry Section, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Aimati
- Laboratory Analysis-Flow Cytometry Section, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Mohsen Ibrahim
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery.,Division of Thoracic Surgery and
| | - Ramsey Hachem
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
| | - Daniel Kreisel
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery
| | | | - Hrishikesh S Kulkarni
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, and
| | - Andrew E Gelman
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery.,Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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Frye CC, Bery AI, Kreisel D, Kulkarni HS. Sterile inflammation in thoracic transplantation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:581-601. [PMID: 32803398 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03615-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The life-saving benefits of organ transplantation can be thwarted by allograft dysfunction due to both infectious and sterile inflammation post-surgery. Sterile inflammation can occur after necrotic cell death due to the release of endogenous ligands [such as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and alarmins], which perpetuate inflammation and ongoing cellular injury via various signaling cascades. Ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a significant contributor to sterile inflammation after organ transplantation and is associated with detrimental short- and long-term outcomes. While the vicious cycle of sterile inflammation and cellular injury is remarkably consistent amongst different organs and even species, we have begun understanding its mechanistic basis only over the last few decades. This understanding has resulted in the developments of novel, yet non-specific therapies for mitigating IRI-induced graft damage, albeit with moderate results. Thus, further understanding of the mechanisms underlying sterile inflammation after transplantation is critical for identifying personalized therapies to prevent or interrupt this vicious cycle and mitigating allograft dysfunction. In this review, we identify common and distinct pathways of post-transplant sterile inflammation across both heart and lung transplantation that can potentially be targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Corbin Frye
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Amit I Bery
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Avenue, Campus Box 8052, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
| | - Daniel Kreisel
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Hrishikesh S Kulkarni
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 4523 Clayton Avenue, Campus Box 8052, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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Scozzi D, Cano M, Ma L, Zhou D, Zhu JH, O'Halloran JA, Goss C, Rauseo AM, Liu Z, Peritore V, Rocco M, Ricci A, Amodeo R, Aimati L, Ibrahim M, Hachem R, Kreisel D, Mudd PA, Kulkarni HS, Gelman AE. Circulating Mitochondrial DNA is an Early Indicator of Severe Illness and Mortality from COVID-19. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32766574 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.30.227553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (MT-DNA) are intrinsically inflammatory nucleic acids released by damaged solid organs. Whether the appearance of cell-free MT-DNA is linked to poor COVID-19 outcomes remains undetermined. Here, we quantified circulating MT-DNA in prospectively collected, cell-free plasma samples from 97 subjects with COVID-19 at the time of hospital presentation. Circulating MT-DNA were sharply elevated in patients who eventually died, required ICU admission or intubation. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that high circulating MT-DNA levels is an independent risk factor for all of these outcomes after adjusting for age, sex and comorbidities. Additionally, we found that circulating MT-DNA has a similar or superior area-under-the curve when compared to clinically established measures of systemic inflammation, as well as emerging markers currently of interest as investigational targets for COVID-19 therapy. These results show that high circulating MT-DNA levels is a potential indicator for poor COVID-19 outcomes.
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