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Kane GI, Brassil ML, Diaz-Infante MB, Atukorale PU. Nanocarrier design for pathogen-inspired innate immune agonist delivery. Trends Immunol 2024; 45:678-692. [PMID: 39191543 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2024.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024]
Abstract
In complex diseases such as cancer, modulating cytokine signatures of disease using innate immune agonists holds therapeutic promise. Novel multi-agonist treatments offer tunable control of the immune system because they are uniquely pathogen inspired, eliciting robust antitumor responses by promoting synergistic cytokine responses. However, the chief strategic hurdle is ensuring multi-agonist delivery to the same target cells, highlighting the importance of using nanomaterial-based carriers. Here, we place nanocarriers in center stage and review the delivery hurdles related to the varying extra- and intracellular localizations of innate immune receptors. We discuss a range of nanomaterials used for multi-agonist delivery, highlighting their respective benefits and drawbacks. Our overarching stance is that rational nanocarrier design is crucial for developing pathogen-inspired multi-agonist immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Griffin I Kane
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA; UMass Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Meghan L Brassil
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA; UMass Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Miranda B Diaz-Infante
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA; UMass Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Prabhani U Atukorale
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell, and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA; Division of Innate Immunity, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA; UMass Cancer Center, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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2
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Roy U. Computational Investigation of Selected Spike Protein Mutations in SARS-CoV-2: Delta, Omicron, and Some Circulating Subvariants. Pathogens 2023; 13:10. [PMID: 38276156 PMCID: PMC10820870 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Among the multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants recently reported, the Delta variant has generated the most perilous and widespread effects. Another variant, Omicron, has been identified specifically for its high transmissibility. Omicron contains numerous spike (S) protein mutations and numbers much larger than those of its predecessor variants. In this report, the author has discussed some essential structural aspects and time-based structure changes of a selected set of spike protein mutations within the Delta and Omicron variants. The expected impact of multiple point mutations within the spike protein's receptor-binding domain (RBD) and S1 of these variants are examined. Additionally, the RBDs of the more recently emerged subvariants BA.4, BA.5, and BA.2.12.1 are discussed. Within the latter group, BA.5 represents the most prevalent form of SARS-CoV-2 globally until recently. This computational work also briefly explores the temporal mutation profile for the currently circulating variants of interest (VOIs), variants under monitoring (VUMs), and variants being monitored (VBMs) including XBB.1.5, BQ.1, BA.2.75, CH.1.1, XBB, XBF, EG.5 (or Eris), and BA.2.86 (or Pirola). It is expected that these structural data can facilitate the tasks of identifying drug targets and neutralizing antibodies for the evolving variants/subvariants of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urmi Roy
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA
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3
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Palikova YA, Palikov VA, Novikova NI, Slashcheva GA, Rasskazova EA, Tukhovskaya EA, Danilkovich AV, Dyachenko IA, Belogurov Jr. AA, Kudriaeva AA, Bugrimov DY, Krasnorutskaya ON, Murashev AN. Derinat ® has an immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effect on the model of acute lung injury in male SD rats. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1111340. [PMID: 36642990 PMCID: PMC9837527 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1111340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To simulate acute lung injury (ALI) in SD male rats they we administered intratracheally with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) followed by hyperventilation of the lungs (HVL), which lead to functional changes in the respiratory system and an increase in the blood serum concentration of inflammatory cytokines. LPS + HVL after 4 h lead to pronounced histological signs of lung damage. We have studied the effectiveness of Derinat® when administered intramuscularly at dose of 7.5 mg/kg for 8 days in the ALI model. Derinat® administration lead to an increase in the concentration of most of the studied cytokines in a day. In the ALI model the administration of Derinat® returned the concentration of cytokines to its original values already 48 h after LPS + HVL, and also normalized the parameters of pulmonary respiration in comparison with animals without treatment. By the eighth day after LPS + HVL, respiratory parameters and cytokine levels, as well as biochemical and hematological parameters did not differ between groups, while histological signs of residual effects of lung damage were found in all animals, and were more pronounced in Derinat® group, which may indicate stimulation of the local immune response. Thus, the administration of Derinat® stimulates the immune response, has a pronounced protective effect against cytokinemia and respiratory failure caused by ALI, has immunomodulatory effect, and also stimulates a local immune response in lung tissues. Thus, Derinat® is a promising treatment for ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia A. Palikova
- Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (BIBCh RAS), 6 Prospekt Nauki, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Victor A. Palikov
- Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (BIBCh RAS), 6 Prospekt Nauki, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Nadezhda I. Novikova
- Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (BIBCh RAS), 6 Prospekt Nauki, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Gulsara A. Slashcheva
- Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (BIBCh RAS), 6 Prospekt Nauki, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A. Rasskazova
- Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (BIBCh RAS), 6 Prospekt Nauki, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Elena A. Tukhovskaya
- Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (BIBCh RAS), 6 Prospekt Nauki, Pushchino, Russia,*Correspondence: Elena A. Tukhovskaya,
| | - Alexey V. Danilkovich
- Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (BIBCh RAS), 6 Prospekt Nauki, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Igor A. Dyachenko
- Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (BIBCh RAS), 6 Prospekt Nauki, Pushchino, Russia
| | - Alexey A. Belogurov Jr.
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (IBCh RAS), 16/10 Miklukho-Maklay Str, Moscow, Russia,Department of Biological Chemistry, Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna A. Kudriaeva
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (IBCh RAS), 16/10 Miklukho-Maklay Str, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daniil Y Bugrimov
- Voronezh State Medical University Named After N. N. Burdenko, 10 Studencheskaya Str, Voronezh, Russia
| | - Olga N. Krasnorutskaya
- Voronezh State Medical University Named After N. N. Burdenko, 10 Studencheskaya Str, Voronezh, Russia
| | - Arkady N. Murashev
- Branch of Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (BIBCh RAS), 6 Prospekt Nauki, Pushchino, Russia,*Correspondence: Elena A. Tukhovskaya,
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4
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Lee WS, Kim DS, Kim JH, Heo Y, Yang H, Go EJ, Kim JH, Lee SJ, Ahn BC, Yum JS, Chon HJ, Kim C. Intratumoral immunotherapy using a TLR2/3 agonist, L-pampo, induces robust antitumor immune responses and enhances immune checkpoint blockade. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2022-004799. [PMID: 35764365 PMCID: PMC9240943 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-004799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are critical innate immune sensors that elicit antitumor immune responses in cancer immunotherapy. Although a few TLR agonists have been approved for the treatment of patients with early-stage superficial cancers, their therapeutic efficacy is limited in patient with advanced invasive cancers. Here, we identified the therapeutic role of a TLR2/3 agonist, L-pampo (LP), which promotes antitumor immunity and enhances the immune checkpoint blockade. METHODS We generated LP by combining a TLR2 agonist, Pam3CSK4, with a TLR3 agonist, Poly (I:C). Immune responses to stimulation with various TLR agonists were compared. Tumor-bearing mice were intratumorally treated with LP, and their tumor sizes were measured. The antitumor effects of LP treatment were determined using flow cytometry, multiplexed imaging, and NanoString nCounter immune profiling. The immunotherapeutic potential of LP in combination with α-programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) or α-cytotoxic T-lymphocytes-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) was evaluated in syngeneic MC38 colon cancer and B16F10 melanoma. RESULTS The LP treatment induced a potent activation of T helper 1 (Th1) and 2 (Th2)-mediated immunity, tumor cell apoptosis, and immunogenic tumor cell death. Intratumoral LP treatment effectively inhibited tumor progression by activating tumor-specific T cell immunity. LP-induced immune responses were mediated by CD8+ T cells and interferon-γ, but not by CD4+ T cells and CD25+ T cells. LP simultaneously activated TLR2 and TLR3 signaling, thereby extensively changing the immune-related gene signatures within the tumor microenvironment (TME). Moreover, intratumoral LP treatment led to systemic abscopal antitumor effects in non-injected distant tumors. Notably, LP treatment combined with ɑPD-1 and ɑCTLA-4 further enhanced the efficacy of monotherapy, resulting in complete tumor regression and prolonged overall survival. Furthermore, LP-based combination immunotherapy elicited durable antitumor immunity with tumor-specific immune memory in colon cancer and melanoma. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that intratumoral LP treatment improves the innate and adaptive antitumor immunity within the TME and enhances the efficacy of αPD-1 and αCTLA-4 immune checkpoint blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Suk Lee
- Laboratory of Translational Immuno-Oncology, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of).,Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Dong Sung Kim
- Laboratory of Translational Immuno-Oncology, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of).,Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Jeong Hun Kim
- Laboratory of Translational Immuno-Oncology, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Yoonki Heo
- CHA Vaccine Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Hannah Yang
- Laboratory of Translational Immuno-Oncology, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of).,Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Eun-Jin Go
- Laboratory of Translational Immuno-Oncology, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of).,Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Jin Hyoung Kim
- Laboratory of Translational Immuno-Oncology, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of).,Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Seung Joon Lee
- Laboratory of Translational Immuno-Oncology, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Byung Cheol Ahn
- CHA Vaccine Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Jung Sun Yum
- CHA Vaccine Institute, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Hong Jae Chon
- Laboratory of Translational Immuno-Oncology, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of) .,Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of).,Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Chan Kim
- Laboratory of Translational Immuno-Oncology, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of) .,Medical Oncology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University School of Medicine, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of).,Department of Biomedical Science, CHA University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Korea (the Republic of)
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Johnson-Weaver BT, Choi HW, Yang H, Granek JA, Chan C, Abraham SN, Staats HF. Nasal Immunization With Small Molecule Mast Cell Activators Enhance Immunity to Co-Administered Subunit Immunogens. Front Immunol 2021; 12:730346. [PMID: 34566991 PMCID: PMC8461742 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.730346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cell activators are a novel class of mucosal vaccine adjuvants. The polymeric compound, Compound 48/80 (C48/80), and cationic peptide, Mastoparan 7 (M7) are mast cell activators that provide adjuvant activity when administered by the nasal route. However, small molecule mast cell activators may be a more cost-efficient adjuvant alternative that is easily synthesized with high purity compared to M7 or C48/80. To identify novel mast cell activating compounds that could be evaluated for mucosal vaccine adjuvant activity, we employed high-throughput screening to assess over 55,000 small molecules for mast cell degranulation activity. Fifteen mast cell activating compounds were down-selected to five compounds based on in vitro immune activation activities including cytokine production and cellular cytotoxicity, synthesis feasibility, and selection for functional diversity. These small molecule mast cell activators were evaluated for in vivo adjuvant activity and induction of protective immunity against West Nile Virus infection in BALB/c mice when combined with West Nile Virus envelope domain III (EDIII) protein in a nasal vaccine. We found that three of the five mast cell activators, ST101036, ST048871, and R529877, evoked high levels of EDIII-specific antibody and conferred comparable levels of protection against WNV challenge. The level of protection provided by these small molecule mast cell activators was comparable to the protection evoked by M7 (67%) but markedly higher than the levels seen with mice immunized with EDIII alone (no adjuvant 33%). Thus, novel small molecule mast cell activators identified by high throughput screening are as efficacious as previously described mast cell activators when used as nasal vaccine adjuvants and represent next-generation mast cell activators for evaluation in mucosal vaccine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hae Woong Choi
- Pathology Department, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Hang Yang
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Department, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Josh A. Granek
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Department, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Cliburn Chan
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Department, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Soman N. Abraham
- Pathology Department, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Herman F. Staats
- Pathology Department, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
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6
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Harris PE, Brasel T, Massey C, Herst CV, Burkholz S, Lloyd P, Blankenberg T, Bey TM, Carback R, Hodge T, Ciotlos S, Wang L, Comer JE, Rubsamen RM. A Synthetic Peptide CTL Vaccine Targeting Nucleocapsid Confers Protection from SARS-CoV-2 Challenge in Rhesus Macaques. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:520. [PMID: 34070152 PMCID: PMC8158516 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has given rise to a COVID-19 pandemic. Several vaccines, conceived in 2020, that evoke protective spike antibody responses are being deployed in mass public health vaccination programs. Recent data suggests, however, that as sequence variation in the spike genome accumulates, some vaccines may lose efficacy. METHODS Using a macaque model of SARS-CoV-2 infection, we tested the efficacy of a peptide-based vaccine targeting MHC class I epitopes on the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein. We administered biodegradable microspheres with synthetic peptides and adjuvants to rhesus macaques. Unvaccinated control and vaccinated macaques were challenged with 1 × 108 TCID50 units of SARS-CoV-2, followed by assessment of clinical symptoms and viral load, chest radiographs, and sampling of peripheral blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid for downstream analysis. RESULTS Vaccinated animals were free of pneumonia-like infiltrates characteristic of SARS-CoV-2 infection and presented with lower viral loads relative to controls. Gene expression in cells collected from BAL samples of vaccinated macaques revealed a unique signature associated with enhanced development of adaptive immune responses relative to control macaques. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that a room temperature stable peptide vaccine based on known immunogenic HLA class I bound CTL epitopes from the nucleocapsid protein can provide protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E. Harris
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, P&S 10-502, 650 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | - Trevor Brasel
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (T.B.); (C.M.)
| | - Christopher Massey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (T.B.); (C.M.)
| | - C. V. Herst
- Flow Pharma Inc., 4829 Galaxy Parkway, Suite K, Warrensville Heights, OH 44128, USA; (C.V.H.); (S.B.); (P.L.); (T.B.); (R.C.); (T.H.); (S.C.); (L.W.)
| | - Scott Burkholz
- Flow Pharma Inc., 4829 Galaxy Parkway, Suite K, Warrensville Heights, OH 44128, USA; (C.V.H.); (S.B.); (P.L.); (T.B.); (R.C.); (T.H.); (S.C.); (L.W.)
| | - Peter Lloyd
- Flow Pharma Inc., 4829 Galaxy Parkway, Suite K, Warrensville Heights, OH 44128, USA; (C.V.H.); (S.B.); (P.L.); (T.B.); (R.C.); (T.H.); (S.C.); (L.W.)
| | - Tikoes Blankenberg
- Flow Pharma Inc., 4829 Galaxy Parkway, Suite K, Warrensville Heights, OH 44128, USA; (C.V.H.); (S.B.); (P.L.); (T.B.); (R.C.); (T.H.); (S.C.); (L.W.)
- Dignity Health Mercy Medical Center, Redding, CA 96001, USA;
| | - Thomas M. Bey
- Dignity Health Mercy Medical Center, Redding, CA 96001, USA;
| | - Richard Carback
- Flow Pharma Inc., 4829 Galaxy Parkway, Suite K, Warrensville Heights, OH 44128, USA; (C.V.H.); (S.B.); (P.L.); (T.B.); (R.C.); (T.H.); (S.C.); (L.W.)
| | - Thomas Hodge
- Flow Pharma Inc., 4829 Galaxy Parkway, Suite K, Warrensville Heights, OH 44128, USA; (C.V.H.); (S.B.); (P.L.); (T.B.); (R.C.); (T.H.); (S.C.); (L.W.)
| | - Serban Ciotlos
- Flow Pharma Inc., 4829 Galaxy Parkway, Suite K, Warrensville Heights, OH 44128, USA; (C.V.H.); (S.B.); (P.L.); (T.B.); (R.C.); (T.H.); (S.C.); (L.W.)
| | - Lu Wang
- Flow Pharma Inc., 4829 Galaxy Parkway, Suite K, Warrensville Heights, OH 44128, USA; (C.V.H.); (S.B.); (P.L.); (T.B.); (R.C.); (T.H.); (S.C.); (L.W.)
| | - Jason E. Comer
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA; (T.B.); (C.M.)
| | - Reid M. Rubsamen
- Flow Pharma Inc., 4829 Galaxy Parkway, Suite K, Warrensville Heights, OH 44128, USA; (C.V.H.); (S.B.); (P.L.); (T.B.); (R.C.); (T.H.); (S.C.); (L.W.)
- The Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Case Western Reserve School of Medicine, Cleveland Medical Center, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 96001, USA
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7
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Lampe AT, Farris EJ, Brown DM, Pannier AK. High- and low-molecular-weight chitosan act as adjuvants during single-dose influenza A virus protein vaccination through distinct mechanisms. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:1224-1243. [PMID: 33289090 PMCID: PMC7897297 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The investigation of new adjuvants is essential for the development of efficacious vaccines. Chitosan (CS), a derivative of chitin, has been shown to act as an adjuvant, improving vaccine-induced immune responses. However, the effect of CS molecular weight (MW) on this adjuvanticity has not been investigated, despite MW having been shown to impact CS biological properties. Here, two MW variants of CS were investigated for their ability to enhance vaccine-elicited immune responses in vitro and in vivo, using a single-dose influenza A virus (IAV) protein vaccine model. Both low-molecular-weight (LMW) and high-molecular-weight (HMW) CS-induced interferon regulatory factor pathway signaling, antigen-presenting cell activation, and cytokine messenger RNA (mRNA) production, with LMW inducing higher mRNA levels at 24 h and HMW elevating mRNA responses at 48 h. LMW and HMW CS also induced adaptive immune responses after vaccination, indicated by enhanced immunoglobulin G production in mice receiving LMW CS and increased CD4 interleukin 4 (IL-4) and IL-2 production in mice receiving HMW CS. Importantly, both LMW and HMW CS adjuvantation reduced morbidity following homologous IAV challenge. Taken together, these results support that LMW and HMW CS can act as adjuvants, although this protection may be mediated through distinct mechanisms based on CS MW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna T Lampe
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.,Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Eric J Farris
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Deborah M Brown
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.,Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA.,Trudeau Institute, Saranac Lake, NY, USA
| | - Angela K Pannier
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
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