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Brancher JA, Schuh R, Torres MFP, de Melo Teixeira do Brasil J, Hueb MA, Dos Santos Haemmerle CA, Proff P, Alam MK, Kirschneck C, Küchler EC. Assessing the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms in Wingless signaling pathway genes and sella turcica morphology. J Anat 2023; 243:167-173. [PMID: 36898853 PMCID: PMC10273339 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sella turcica development involves molecular factors and genes responsible for ossification. It is possible that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in key genes are involved in morphological variation of sella turcica. Genes belonging to the WNT signaling pathway are involved in the ossification process and are candidates of sella turcica morphology. This study aimed to evaluate if SNPs in WNT6 (rs6754599) and WNT10A (rs10177996 and rs3806557) genes are associated with the calcification and patterns of the sella turcica. Nonsyndromic individuals were included in the research. Cephalometric radiographs were examined and the sella calcification was evaluated and classified according to the calcification of the interclinoid ligament (no calcification, partial calcification, and incomplete calcification) and sella turcica pattern (normal sella turcica, bridge type A-ribbon-like fusion, bridge type B-extension of the clinoid processes, incomplete bridge, hypertrophic posterior clinoid process, hypotrophic posterior clinoid process, irregularity in the posterior part, pyramidal shape of the dorsum, double contour of the floor, oblique anterior wall, and oblique contour of the floor). DNA samples were used to evaluate SNPs in the WNT genes (rs6754599, rs10177996, and rs3806557) using real-time PCR. Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test were used to compare the allele and genotype distributions according to sella turcica phenotypes. The alpha was set as 5% for all comparisons. A total of 169 individuals were included, 133 (78.7%) present sella turcica partially or completely calcified. Sella turcica anomalies were found in 131 individuals (77.5%). Sella turcica bridge type A (27.8%), posterior hypertrophic clinoid process (17.1%), and sella turcica bridge type B (11.2%) were the most prevalent morphological patterns observed. Individuals carrying the TT genotype in rs10177996 (TT vs. CT + CC) had higher chance to present a partially calcified sella turcica (p = 0.047; Odds ratio = 2.27, Confidence Interval 95% 1.01-5.13). In conclusion, the SNP in WNT10A is associated with the calcification phenotype of the sella turcica, the pleiotropic effect of this gene should be taken into consideration in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rodrigo Schuh
- Anatomy Department, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria Angélica Hueb
- Department of Biomaterials, University of Uberaba-UNIUBE, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Peter Proff
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Erika Calvano Küchler
- Department of Biomaterials, University of Uberaba-UNIUBE, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- School of Dentistry, Tuiuti University from Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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2
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Auger NA, Medina-Feliciano JG, Quispe-Parra DJ, Colón-Marrero S, Ortiz-Zuazaga H, García-Arrarás JE. Characterization and Expression of Holothurian Wnt Signaling Genes during Adult Intestinal Organogenesis. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:309. [PMID: 36833237 PMCID: PMC9957329 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt signaling has been shown to play multiple roles in regenerative processes, one of the most widely studied of which is the regeneration of the intestinal luminal epithelia. Most studies in this area have focused on self-renewal of the luminal stem cells; however, Wnt signaling may also have more dynamic functions, such as facilitating intestinal organogenesis. To explore this possibility, we employed the sea cucumber Holothuria glaberrima that can regenerate a full intestine over the course of 21 days after evisceration. We collected RNA-seq data from various intestinal tissues and regeneration stages and used these data to define the Wnt genes present in H. glaberrima and the differential gene expression (DGE) patterns during the regenerative process. Twelve Wnt genes were found, and their presence was confirmed in the draft genome of H. glaberrima. The expressions of additional Wnt-associated genes, such as Frizzled and Disheveled, as well as genes from the Wnt/β-catenin and Wnt/Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) pathways, were also analyzed. DGE showed unique distributions of Wnt in early- and late-stage intestinal regenerates, consistent with the Wnt/β-catenin pathway being upregulated during early-stages and the Wnt/PCP pathway being upregulated during late-stages. Our results demonstrate the diversity of Wnt signaling during intestinal regeneration, highlighting possible roles in adult organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah A. Auger
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan 00925, Puerto Rico
| | | | - David J. Quispe-Parra
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan 00925, Puerto Rico
| | - Stephanie Colón-Marrero
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan 00925, Puerto Rico
| | - Humberto Ortiz-Zuazaga
- Department of Computer Science, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan 00925, Puerto Rico
| | - José E. García-Arrarás
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan 00925, Puerto Rico
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3
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To β or Not to β: How Important Is β-Catenin Dependent and Independent WNT Signaling in CLL? Cancers (Basel) 2022; 15:cancers15010194. [PMID: 36612190 PMCID: PMC9818906 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15010194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
WNT pathways play an important role in cancer development and progression, but WNT pathways can also inhibit growth in melanoma, prostate, and ovarian cancers. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is known for its overexpression of several WNT ligands and receptors. Canonical WNT signaling is β-catenin-dependent, whereas non-canonical WNT signaling is β-catenin-independent. Research on WNT in CLL focuses mainly on non-canonical signaling due to the high expression of the WNT-5a receptor ROR1. However, it was also shown that mutations in canonical WNT pathway genes can lead to WNT activation in CLL. The focus of this review is β-catenin-independent signaling and β-catenin-dependent signaling within CLL cells and the role of WNT in the leukemic microenvironment. The major role of WNT pathways in CLL pathogenesis also makes WNT a possible therapeutic target, directly or in combination with other drugs.
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4
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Bao H, Wu W, Li Y, Zong Z, Chen S. WNT6 participates in the occurrence and development of ovarian cancer by upregulating/activating the typical Wnt pathway and Notch1 signaling pathway. Gene 2022; 846:146871. [PMID: 36075327 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Wnt/β-catenin pathway is associated with the progression of various cancers such as gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, and endometrial cancer. Using the Kaplan-Meier Plotter database, we found that WNT6 was associated with progression-free survival (PFS) outcomes. Immunohistochemical analysis of ovarian cancer samples and normal ovaries showed that the expression of WNT6 protein was significantly increased in ovarian cancer samples. Further, we explored the possible role of WNT6 in the occurrence and development of ovarian cancer. Our results showed that the mRNA and protein expression of WNT6 were significantly higher in CAOV3 and OVCAR3 cells compared with other ovarian cancer cell lines and normal ovarian cell line IOSE-80 as well. The transformation of CAOV3 and OVCAR3 cells with short interfering WNT6 (siWNT6) significantly inhibited their proliferation and lamellipodia formation, causing cell cycle arrest and promoting cell apoptosis. Western blot experiments confirmed that the down-regulation of WNT6 inhibited the expression of β-catenin and Notch1. These results suggest that WNT6 plays an important role in the occurrence and development of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijuan Bao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Gynecologic Oncology Research Office, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
| | - Wu Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Gynecologic Oncology Research Office, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Gynecologic Oncology Research Office, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China
| | - Zhihong Zong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Gynecologic Oncology Research Office, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China; China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, China.
| | - Shuo Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Gynecologic Oncology Research Office, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Major Obstetric Diseases, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510150, China.
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Chowdhary S, Hadjantonakis AK. Journey of the mouse primitive endoderm: from specification to maturation. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210252. [PMID: 36252215 PMCID: PMC9574636 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The blastocyst is a conserved stage and distinct milestone in the development of the mammalian embryo. Blastocyst stage embryos comprise three cell lineages which arise through two sequential binary cell fate specification steps. In the first, extra-embryonic trophectoderm (TE) cells segregate from inner cell mass (ICM) cells. Subsequently, ICM cells acquire a pluripotent epiblast (Epi) or extra-embryonic primitive endoderm (PrE, also referred to as hypoblast) identity. In the mouse, nascent Epi and PrE cells emerge in a salt-and-pepper distribution in the early blastocyst and are subsequently sorted into adjacent tissue layers by the late blastocyst stage. Epi cells cluster at the interior of the ICM, while PrE cells are positioned on its surface interfacing the blastocyst cavity, where they display apicobasal polarity. As the embryo implants into the maternal uterus, cells at the periphery of the PrE epithelium, at the intersection with the TE, break away and migrate along the TE as they mature into parietal endoderm (ParE). PrE cells remaining in association with the Epi mature into visceral endoderm. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of the PrE from its specification to its maturation. This article is part of the theme issue 'Extraembryonic tissues: exploring concepts, definitions and functions across the animal kingdom'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayali Chowdhary
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Anna-Katerina Hadjantonakis
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Vrij EJ, Scholte op Reimer YS, Fuentes LR, Guerreiro IM, Holzmann V, Aldeguer JF, Sestini G, Koo BK, Kind J, van Blitterswijk CA, Rivron NC. A pendulum of induction between the epiblast and extra-embryonic endoderm supports post-implantation progression. Development 2022; 149:dev192310. [PMID: 35993866 PMCID: PMC9534490 DOI: 10.1242/dev.192310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Embryogenesis is supported by dynamic loops of cellular interactions. Here, we create a partial mouse embryo model to elucidate the principles of epiblast (Epi) and extra-embryonic endoderm co-development (XEn). We trigger naive mouse embryonic stem cells to form a blastocyst-stage niche of Epi-like cells and XEn-like cells (3D, hydrogel free and serum free). Once established, these two lineages autonomously progress in minimal medium to form an inner pro-amniotic-like cavity surrounded by polarized Epi-like cells covered with visceral endoderm (VE)-like cells. The progression occurs through reciprocal inductions by which the Epi supports the primitive endoderm (PrE) to produce a basal lamina that subsequently regulates Epi polarization and/or cavitation, which, in return, channels the transcriptomic progression to VE. This VE then contributes to Epi bifurcation into anterior- and posterior-like states. Similarly, boosting the formation of PrE-like cells within blastoids supports developmental progression. We argue that self-organization can arise from lineage bifurcation followed by a pendulum of induction that propagates over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J. Vrij
- MERLN Institute for Technology-inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, Netherlands
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Yvonne S. Scholte op Reimer
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Laury Roa Fuentes
- MERLN Institute for Technology-inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Isabel Misteli Guerreiro
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Center Utrecht, UtrechtUppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Viktoria Holzmann
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Javier Frias Aldeguer
- MERLN Institute for Technology-inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, Netherlands
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Center Utrecht, UtrechtUppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Giovanni Sestini
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bon-Kyoung Koo
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jop Kind
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW) and University Medical Center Utrecht, UtrechtUppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Clemens A. van Blitterswijk
- MERLN Institute for Technology-inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Nicolas C. Rivron
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter, Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
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7
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The glycoprotein Wnt6 regulates human dental papilla cells differentiation by canonical Wnt signaling pathway. Arch Oral Biol 2022; 141:105469. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2022.105469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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8
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Li Y, Xia Z, Yin H, Dai Y, Li F, Chen J, Qiu M, Huang H. An efficient method of inducing differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into primitive endodermal cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 599:156-163. [PMID: 35202849 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Primitive Endoderm (PrE) is an extraembryonic structure derived from inner cell mass (ICM) in the blastocysts. Its interaction with the epiblast is critical to sustain embryonic growth and embryonic pattern. In this study, we reported a simple and efficient method to induce the differentiation of mouse Embryonic Stem Cells (mESCs) into PrE cells. In the process of ESC monolayer adherent culture, 1 μM atRA and 10 μM CHIR inducers were used to activate RA and Wnt signaling pathways respectively. After 9 days of differentiation, the proportion of PrE cells was up to 85%. Further studies indicated that Wnt signaling pathway acted as a switch that RA induces mESCs differentiation between SMC and PrE cell. In the presence of only RA signaling, mESCs adopted the fate of smooth muscle cells (SMCs); Simultaneous activation of the Wnt signaling pathway changed the differentiation fate of mESCs into PrE cells. This efficient induction method can provide new cellular resources and models for relevant studies of PrE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Zhiyu Xia
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang, 311121, China; Institute of Cancer Stem Cell, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Haihong Yin
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Youran Dai
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Feixue Li
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Jianming Chen
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Mengsheng Qiu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Huarong Huang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Zhejiang, 311121, China.
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9
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Nahaboo W, Eski SE, Despin-Guitard E, Vermeersch M, Versaevel M, Saykali B, Monteyne D, Gabriele S, Magin TM, Schwarz N, Leube RE, Zwijsen A, Perez-Morga D, Singh SP, Migeotte I. Keratin filaments mediate the expansion of extra-embryonic membranes in the post-gastrulation mouse embryo. EMBO J 2022; 41:e108747. [PMID: 35266581 PMCID: PMC8982622 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021108747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesoderm arises at gastrulation and contributes to both the mouse embryo proper and its extra-embryonic membranes. Two-photon live imaging of embryos bearing a keratin reporter allowed recording filament nucleation and elongation in the extra-embryonic region. Upon separation of amniotic and exocoelomic cavities, keratin 8 formed apical cables co-aligned across multiple cells in the amnion, allantois, and blood islands. An influence of substrate rigidity and composition on cell behavior and keratin content was observed in mesoderm explants. Embryos lacking all keratin filaments displayed a deflated extra-embryonic cavity, a narrow thick amnion, and a short allantois. Single-cell RNA sequencing of sorted mesoderm cells and micro-dissected amnion, chorion, and allantois, provided an atlas of transcriptomes with germ layer and regional information. It defined the cytoskeleton and adhesion expression profile of mesoderm-derived keratin 8-enriched cells lining the exocoelomic cavity. Those findings indicate a novel role for keratin filaments in the expansion of extra-embryonic structures and suggest mechanisms of mesoderm adaptation to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wallis Nahaboo
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sema Elif Eski
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Evangéline Despin-Guitard
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marjorie Vermeersch
- Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Marie Versaevel
- Mechanobiology and Soft Matter Group, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Bechara Saykali
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daniel Monteyne
- Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Sylvain Gabriele
- Mechanobiology and Soft Matter Group, Research Institute for Biosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Thomas M Magin
- Division of Cell & Developmental Biology, Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nicole Schwarz
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rudolf E Leube
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Anatomy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - David Perez-Morga
- Center for Microscopy and Molecular Imaging (CMMI), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium.,Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, IBMM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Sumeet Pal Singh
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Migeotte
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire (IRIBHM), Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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10
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Genome-wide identification and expression profiling analysis of Wnt family genes affecting adipocyte differentiation in cattle. Sci Rep 2022; 12:489. [PMID: 35017603 PMCID: PMC8752766 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04468-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt family features conserved glycoproteins that play roles in tissue regeneration, animal development and cell proliferation and differentiation. For its functional diversity and importance, this family has been studied in several species, but not in the Bovinae. Herein we identified 19 Wnt genes in cattle, and seven other species of Bovinae, and described their corresponding protein properties. Phylogenetic analysis clustered the 149 Wnt proteins in Bovinae, and 38 Wnt proteins from the human and mouse into 12 major clades. Wnt genes from the same subfamilies shared similar protein motif compositions and exon–intron patterns. Chromosomal distribution and collinearity analysis revealed that they were conservative in cattle and five species of Bovinae. RNA-seq data analysis indicated that Wnt genes exhibited tissue-specific expression in cattle. qPCR analysis revealed a unique expression pattern of each gene during bovine adipocytes differentiation. Finally, the comprehensive analysis indicated that Wnt2B may regulate adipose differentiation by activating FZD5, which is worthy of further study. Our study presents the first genome-wide study of the Wnt gene family in Bovinae, and lays the foundation for further functional characterization of this family in bovine adipocytes differentiation.
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11
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Wei M, Zhang C, Tian Y, Du X, Wang Q, Zhao H. Expression and Function of WNT6: From Development to Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:558155. [PMID: 33425886 PMCID: PMC7794017 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.558155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
WNT family member 6 (WNT6) is a member of the highly conserved WNT protein family. It plays an essential role in the normal development process, not only in embryonic morphogenesis, but also in post-natal homeostasis. WNT6 functions in mice and humans. This review summarizes the current findings on the biological functions of WNT6, describing its involvement in regulating embryogenesis, decidualization, and organ development. Aberrant WNT6 signaling is related to various pathologies, such as promoting cancer development, lung tuberculosis, and kidney fibrosis and improving the symptoms of Rett syndrome (RTT). Thus, due to its various functions, WNT6 has great potential for in-depth research. This work not only describes the signaling mechanism and function of WNT6 under physiological and pathological conditions, but also provides a theoretical basis for targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wei
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Congmin Zhang
- Department of Scientific Research Center, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yujia Tian
- Department of Scientific Research Center, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xiaohui Du
- Department of Scientific Research Center, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- The Health Check Up Center, The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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12
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Gatie MI, Kelly GM. Metabolic profile and differentiation potential of extraembryonic endoderm-like cells. Cell Death Discov 2018; 4:42. [PMID: 30302276 PMCID: PMC6158286 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-018-0102-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose metabolism has a crucial role for providing substrates required to generate ATP and regulate the epigenetic landscape. We reported that F9 embryonal carcinoma stem-like cells require cytosolic reactive oxygen species to differentiate into extraembryonic endoderm; however, mitochondrial sources were not examined. To extend these studies, we examined the metabolic profile of early and late-passage F9 cells, and show that their ability to differentiate is similar, even though each population has dramatically different metabolic profiles. Differentiated early-passage cells relied on glycolysis, while differentiated late-passage cells transitioned towards oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Unexpectedly, electron transport chain protein stoichiometry was disrupted in differentiated late-passage cells, whereas genes encoding mitofusion 1 and 2, which promote mitochondrial fusion and favor OXPHOS, were upregulated in differentiated early-passage cells. Despite this, early-passage cells cultured under conditions to promote glycolysis showed enhanced differentiation, whereas promoting OXPHOS in late-passage cells showed a similar trend. Further analysis revealed that the distinct metabolic profiles seen between the two populations is largely associated with changes in genomic integrity, linking metabolism to passage number. Together, these results indicate that passaging has no effect on the potential for F9 cells to differentiate into extraembryonic endoderm; however, it does impact their metabolic profile. Thus, it is imperative to determine the molecular and metabolic status of a stem cell population before considering its utility as a therapeutic tool for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed I Gatie
- 1Department of Biology, Collaborative Graduate Specialization in Developmental Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada
| | - Gregory M Kelly
- 1Department of Biology, Collaborative Graduate Specialization in Developmental Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada.,2Department of Paediatrics, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada.,3Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, The University of Western Ontario, London, ON Canada.,Child Health Research Institute, London, ON Canada.,5Ontario Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Toronto, ON Canada
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13
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Gonçalves CS, de Castro JV, Pojo M, Martins EP, Queirós S, Chautard E, Taipa R, Pires MM, Pinto AA, Pardal F, Custódia C, Faria CC, Clara C, Reis RM, Sousa N, Costa BM. WNT6 is a novel oncogenic prognostic biomarker in human glioblastoma. Theranostics 2018; 8:4805-4823. [PMID: 30279739 PMCID: PMC6160775 DOI: 10.7150/thno.25025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a universally fatal brain cancer, for which novel therapies targeting specific underlying oncogenic events are urgently needed. While the WNT pathway has been shown to be frequently activated in GBM, constituting a potential therapeutic target, the relevance of WNT6, an activator of this pathway, remains unknown. Methods: WNT6 protein and mRNA levels were evaluated in GBM. WNT6 levels were silenced or overexpressed in GBM cells to assess functional effects in vitro and in vivo. Phospho-kinase arrays and TCF/LEF reporter assays were used to identify WNT6-signaling pathways, and significant associations with stem cell features and cancer-related pathways were validated in patients. Survival analyses were performed with Cox regression and Log-rank tests. Meta-analyses were used to calculate the estimated pooled effect. Results: We show that WNT6 is significantly overexpressed in GBMs, as compared to lower-grade gliomas and normal brain, at mRNA and protein levels. Functionally, WNT6 increases typical oncogenic activities in GBM cells, including viability, proliferation, glioma stem cell capacity, invasion, migration, and resistance to temozolomide chemotherapy. Concordantly, in in vivo orthotopic GBM mice models, using both overexpressing and silencing models, WNT6 expression was associated with shorter overall survival, and increased features of tumor aggressiveness. Mechanistically, WNT6 contributes to activate typical oncogenic pathways, including Src and STAT, which intertwined with the WNT pathway may be critical effectors of WNT6-associated aggressiveness in GBM. Clinically, we establish WNT6 as an independent prognostic biomarker of shorter survival in GBM patients from several independent cohorts. Conclusion: Our findings establish WNT6 as a novel oncogene in GBM, opening opportunities to develop more rational therapies to treat this highly aggressive tumor.
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Jiang Z, Pan L, Chen X, Chen Z, Xu D. Wnt6 influences the viability of mouse embryonic palatal mesenchymal cells via the β-catenin pathway. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:5339-5344. [PMID: 29285061 PMCID: PMC5740794 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The embryological stages of palatal shelf elongation and elevation, mainly induced by the proliferation and extracellular matrix secretion of embryonic palatal mesenchymal (MEPM) cells, are essential for normal palatal development. Wingless-related MMTV integration site gene family (Wnt) signaling pathways serve key roles in craniofacial development and palate formation. Recent studies have indicated that Wnt6 participates in embryonic development of the palate, though its exact role in palate development remains unclear. In the present study, to investigate the role of Wnt6 during the stages of palatal shelves elongation and elevation, mouse MEPM cells were cultured from dissected palatal shelves at embryonic day 13.5. Results of an MTT assay and flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that treatment with recombinant Wnt6 increased the viability of MEPM cells (P<0.01) and the proportion of cells in the S and G2/M phases (P<0.01). Meanwhile, Wnt6 activated the β-catenin signaling pathway as indicated by the dual luciferase assay result, and blockade of the WNT/β-catenin pathway reduced the cytoactivity of Wnt6 in MEPM cells (P<0.01). Collectively, these findings indicate that Wnt6 promotes the vitality of MEPM cells by increasing the S + G2/M-phase cell population, potentially through activation of the β-catenin pathway during palatal shelf elongation and elevation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Jiang
- Department of Endodontics, Xiamen Stomatological Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian 361000, P.R. China
| | - Lin Pan
- Department of Implantology, Xiamen Stomatological Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian 361000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoling Chen
- Department of Endodontics, Xiamen Stomatological Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian 361000, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqun Chen
- Department of Endodontics, Xiamen Stomatological Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian 361000, P.R. China
| | - Dongwei Xu
- Department of Endodontics, Xiamen Stomatological Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian 361000, P.R. China
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15
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Deol GSJ, Cuthbert TN, Gatie MI, Spice DM, Hilton LR, Kelly GM. Wnt and Hedgehog Signaling Regulate the Differentiation of F9 Cells into Extraembryonic Endoderm. Front Cell Dev Biol 2017; 5:93. [PMID: 29119099 PMCID: PMC5660979 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2017.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse F9 cells differentiate into primitive extraembryonic endoderm (PrE) when treated with retinoic acid (RA), and this is accompanied by an up-regulation of Gata6. The role of the GATA6 network in PrE differentiation is known, and we have shown it directly activates Wnt6. Canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling is required by F9 cells to differentiate to PrE, and this, like most developmental processes, requires input from one or more additional pathways. We found both RA and Gata6 overexpression, can induce the expression of Indian Hedgehog (Ihh) and a subset of its target genes through Gli activation during PrE induction. Chemical activation of the Hh pathway using a Smoothened agonist (SAG) also increased Gli reporter activity, and as expected, when Hh signaling was blocked with a Smoothened antagonist, cyclopamine, this RA-induced reporter activity was reduced. Interestingly, SAG alone failed to induce markers of PrE differentiation, and had no effect on Wnt/β-catenin-dependent TCF-LEF reporter activity. The expected increase in Wnt/β-catenin-dependent TCF-LEF reporter activity and PrE markers induced by RA was, however, blocked by cyclopamine. Finally, inhibiting GSK3 activity with BIO increased both TCF-LEF and Gli reporter activities. Together, we demonstrate the involvement of Hh signaling in the RA-induced differentiation of F9 cells into PrE, and while the activation of the Hh pathway itself is not sufficient, it as well as active Wnt/β-catenin are necessary for F9 cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurjoth S J Deol
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Tina N Cuthbert
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Mohamed I Gatie
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Danielle M Spice
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Lindsay R Hilton
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Gregory M Kelly
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.,Child Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada.,Ontario Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada
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16
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Li L, Xu C, Liu P, Huang J. Correlation study of DNA methylation of WNT6 gene with osteosarcoma in children. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:271-275. [PMID: 28693164 PMCID: PMC5494854 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.6135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the status and explore the impact of DNA methylation of WNT6 gene with osteosarcoma in children. A total of 50 patients with primary osteosarcoma in children were enrolled. The expression of WNT6 protein was determined by immunohistochemical staining. The DNA methylation level of WNT6 gene was evaluated by methylation-specific PCR (MSP). Human MG63 osteosarcoma cells and human normal Hfob1.19 osteoblasts were selected and cultured. Western blot analysis was utilized to measure the expression of WNT6 in the two cell lines. MSP was used to assess the status of DNA methylation of WNT6 gene. The correlation between DNA methylation of WNT6 gene and prognosis of osteosarcoma in children was evaluated by statistical analysis of the clinical and prognostic data. The results of the immunohistochemical assay showed that 84% (42/50) of primary osteosarcoma was WNT6 positive. MSP indicated that DNA methylation of WNT6 gene was found in 9 cases (18%) of primary osteosarcoma. Western blot analysis showed that WNT6 protein expression in MG63 cells was significantly higher than that in normal human Hfob1.19 osteoblasts, whereas, the level of DNA methylation of WNT6 gene in MG63 cells was significantly lower than in Hfob1.19 cells. Analysis of survival, prognosis and their correlation found that the DNA methylation level of WNT6 gene was negatively correlated with the prognosis of children with osteosarcoma. In conclusion, there was a high level of WNT6 gene expression in primary osteosarcoma, which was mainly due to low DNA methylation level of WNT6 gene. The DNA methylation of WNT6 gene was negatively correlated with the prognosis of patients with osteosarcoma in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department I of Orthopedics, Jingmen No. 2 People's Hospital, Jingmen, Hubei 448000, P.R. China
| | - Chi Xu
- School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
| | - Pingtao Liu
- Department I of Orthopedics, Jingmen No. 2 People's Hospital, Jingmen, Hubei 448000, P.R. China
| | - Jia Huang
- Department IV of Orthopedics, Jingmen No. 2 People's Hospital, Jingmen, Hubei 448000, P.R. China
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Kelly GM, Gatie MI. Mechanisms Regulating Stemness and Differentiation in Embryonal Carcinoma Cells. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:3684178. [PMID: 28373885 PMCID: PMC5360977 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3684178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Just over ten years have passed since the seminal Takahashi-Yamanaka paper, and while most attention nowadays is on induced, embryonic, and cancer stem cells, much of the pioneering work arose from studies with embryonal carcinoma cells (ECCs) derived from teratocarcinomas. This original work was broad in scope, but eventually led the way for us to focus on the components involved in the gene regulation of stemness and differentiation. As the name implies, ECCs are malignant in nature, yet maintain the ability to differentiate into the 3 germ layers and extraembryonic tissues, as well as behave normally when reintroduced into a healthy blastocyst. Retinoic acid signaling has been thoroughly interrogated in ECCs, especially in the F9 and P19 murine cell models, and while we have touched on this aspect, this review purposely highlights how some key transcription factors regulate pluripotency and cell stemness prior to this signaling. Another major focus is on the epigenetic regulation of ECCs and stem cells, and, towards that end, this review closes on what we see as a new frontier in combating aging and human disease, namely, how cellular metabolism shapes the epigenetic landscape and hence the pluripotency of all stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory M. Kelly
- Department of Biology, Molecular Genetics Unit, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Collaborative Program in Developmental Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Child Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
- Ontario Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mohamed I. Gatie
- Department of Biology, Molecular Genetics Unit, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Collaborative Program in Developmental Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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Dickson BJ, Gatie MI, Spice DM, Kelly GM. NOX1 and NOX4 are required for the differentiation of mouse F9 cells into extraembryonic endoderm. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170812. [PMID: 28152080 PMCID: PMC5289483 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Mouse F9 cells differentiate to primitive endoderm (PrE) when treated with retinoic acid (RA). Differentiation is accompanied by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, and while treating F9 cells with antioxidants attenuates differentiation, H2O2 treatment alone is sufficient to induce PrE. We identified the NADPH oxidase (NOX) complexes as candidates for the source of this endogenous ROS, and within this gene family, and over the course of differentiation, Nox1 and Nox 4 show the greatest upregulation induced by RA. Gata6, encoding a master regulator of extraembryonic endoderm is also up-regulated by RA and we provide evidence that NOX1 and NOX4 protein levels increase in F9 cells overexpressing Gata6. Pan-NOX and NOX1-specific inhibitors significantly reduced the ability of RA to induce PrE, and this was recapitulated using a genetic approach to knockdown Nox1 and/or Nox4 transcripts. Interestingly, overexpressing either gene in untreated F9 cells did not induce differentiation, even though each elevated ROS levels. Thus, the data suggests that ROS produced during PrE differentiation is dependent in part on increased NOX1 and NOX4 levels, which is under the control of GATA6. Furthermore, these results suggest that the combined activity of multiple NOX proteins is necessary for the differentiation of F9 cells to primitive endoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Dickson
- Department of Biology, Molecular Genetics Unit, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohamed I. Gatie
- Department of Biology, Molecular Genetics Unit, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Danielle M. Spice
- Department of Biology, Molecular Genetics Unit, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gregory M. Kelly
- Department of Biology, Molecular Genetics Unit, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Child Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Ontario Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Nigmatullina L, Norkin M, Dzama MM, Messner B, Sayols S, Soshnikova N. Id2 controls specification of Lgr5 + intestinal stem cell progenitors during gut development. EMBO J 2017; 36:869-885. [PMID: 28077488 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201694959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult intestinal stem cells (ISCs), their hierarchies, mechanisms of maintenance and differentiation have been extensively studied. However, when and how ISCs are established during embryogenesis remains unknown. We show here that the transcription regulator Id2 controls the specification of embryonic Lgr5+ progenitors in the developing murine small intestine. Cell fate mapping analysis revealed that Lgr5+ progenitors emerge at E13.5 in wild-type embryos and differ from the rest on the intestinal epithelium by a characteristic ISC signature. In the absence of Id2, the intestinal epithelium differentiates into Lgr5+ cells already at E9.5. Furthermore, the size of the Lgr5+ cell pool is significantly increased. We show that Id2 restricts the activity of the Wnt signalling pathway at early stages and prevents precocious differentiation of the embryonic intestinal epithelium. Id2-deficient embryonic epithelial cells cultured ex vivo strongly activate Wnt target genes as well as markers of neoplastic transformation and form fast growing undifferentiated spheroids. Furthermore, adult ISCs from Id2-deficient mice display a distinct transcriptional signature, supporting an essential role for Id2 in the correct specification of ISCs.
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Tribulo P, Moss JI, Ozawa M, Jiang Z, Tian XC, Hansen PJ. WNT regulation of embryonic development likely involves pathways independent of nuclear CTNNB1. Reproduction 2017; 153:405-419. [PMID: 28069902 DOI: 10.1530/rep-16-0610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The bovine was used to examine the potential for WNT signaling to affect the preimplantation embryo. Expression of seven key genes involved in canonical WNT signaling declined to a nadir at the morula or blastocyst stage. Expression of 80 genes associated with WNT signaling in the morula and inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm (TE) of the blastocyst was also evaluated. Many genes associated with WNT signaling were characterized by low transcript abundance. Seven genes were different between ICM and TE, and all of them were overexpressed in TE as compared to ICM, including WNT6, FZD1, FZD7, LRP6, PORCN, APC and SFRP1 Immunoreactive CTNNB1 was localized primarily to the plasma membrane at all stages examined from the 2-cell to blastocyst stages of development. Strikingly, neither CTNNB1 nor non-phospho (i.e., active) CTNNB1 was observed in the nucleus of blastomeres at any stage of development even after the addition of WNT activators to culture. In contrast, CTNNB1 associated with the plasma membrane was increased by activators of WNT signaling. The planar cell polarity pathway (PCP) could be activated in the embryo as indicated by an experiment demonstrating an increase in phospho-JNK in the nucleus of blastocysts treated with the non-canonical WNT11. Furthermore, WNT11 improved development to the blastocyst stage. In conclusion, canonical WNT signaling is attenuated in the preimplantation bovine embryo but WNT can activate the PCP component JNK. Thus, regulation of embryonic development by WNT is likely to involve activation of pathways independent of nuclear actions of CTNNB1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Tribulo
- Department of Animal SciencesD.H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - James I Moss
- Department of Animal SciencesD.H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Manabu Ozawa
- Laboratory of Developmental GeneticsInstitute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zongliang Jiang
- Center for Regenerative BiologyDepartment of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Xiuchun Cindy Tian
- Center for Regenerative BiologyDepartment of Animal Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Peter J Hansen
- Department of Animal SciencesD.H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, and Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Golenia G, Gatie MI, Kelly GM. Frizzled gene expression and negative regulation of canonical WNT-β-catenin signaling in mouse F9 teratocarcinoma cells. Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 95:251-262. [PMID: 28177772 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2016-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse F9 cells differentiate into primitive endoderm (PrE) following the activation of the canonical WNT-β-catenin pathway. The upregulation of Wnt6 and activation of β-catenin-TCF-LEF-dependent transcription is known to accompany differentiation, but the Frizzled (FZD) receptor responsible for transducing the WNT6 signal is not known. Eight of the 10 Fzd genes were found to be expressed in F9 cells, with Fzd7 being the most highly expressed, and chosen for further analysis. To alter steady-state Fzd7 levels and test the effect this has on differentiation, siRNA and overexpression approaches were used to knock-down and ectopically express the Fzd7 message, respectively. siRNA knock-down of Fzd7 resulted in reduced DAB2 levels, and the overexpression activated a TCF-LEF reporter, but neither approach affected differentiation. Our focus turned to how canonical WNT6 signaling was attenuated to allow PrE cells to form parietal endoderm (PE). Dkk1, encoding a WNT antagonist, was examined and results showed that its expression increased in F9 cells treated with retinoic acid (RA) or overexpressing Wnt6. F9 cells overexpressing human DKK1 or treated with DKK1-conditioned medium and then treated with RA failed to differentiate, indicating that a negative feedback loop involving WNT6 and DKK1 attenuates canonical WNT-β-catenin signaling, thereby allowing PE cells to differentiate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Golenia
- a Department of Biology, Molecular Genetics Unit, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Mohamed I Gatie
- a Department of Biology, Molecular Genetics Unit, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Gregory M Kelly
- a Department of Biology, Molecular Genetics Unit, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.,b Child Health Research Institute, London, ON N6C 2V5, Canada.,c Ontario Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
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Chang L, Jia S, Fu Y, Zhou T, Cao J, He Q, Yang B, Li X, Sun C, Su D, Zhu H, Chen K. Ougan (Citrus reticulata cv. Suavissima) flavedo extract suppresses cancer motility by interfering with epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in SKOV3 cells. Chin Med 2015; 10:14. [PMID: 26131016 PMCID: PMC4486131 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-015-0042-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ougan (Citrus reticulata cv. Suavissima) flavedo extract (OFE) exhibited potential anti-tumor effects with unclear underlying mechanisms. This study aims to evaluate the potential anti-metastatic activities of OFE on human ovarian cancer cells, and investigate its inhibitory effect on epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). METHODS Ougan fruits were harvested. Flavedo tissues were separated and made into freeze-dried powder. Then OFE were extracted from the powder. The components of OFE were identified by the high performance liquid chromatography system with a detection wavelength of 280 nm for flavanones and 330 nm for polymethoxylated flavones. Cell viability was assessed by Sulforhodamine B assay. The effects on cancer cell migration and motility were evaluated by wound-healing and transwell assays. The mechanisms of action were investigated by examining the modulation by OFE on EMT-related signaling pathways at the concentrations of 4 μg/mL and 20 μg/mL, using qRT-PCR and western blot analyses. RESULTS Non-cytotoxic concentrations of OFE significantly suppressed the cellular migration (4 μg/mL, P = 0.005 vs. control group; 20 μg/mL, P = 0.003 vs. control group) and motility (4 μg/mL, P < 0.001 vs. control group; 20 μg/mL, P < 0.001 vs. control group) of SKOV3 cells, and inhibited transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1)-induced E-cadherin loss (4 μg/mL, P = 0.002 vs. control group; 20 μg/mL, P = 0.001 vs. control group) and mesenchymal marker upregulation, e.g., N-cadherin (4 μg/mL, P = 0.027 vs. control group; 20 μg/mL, P = 0.013 vs. control group), vimentin (4 μg/mL, P = 0.036 vs. control group; 20 μg/mL, P = 0.015 vs. control group) and fibronectin (4 μg/mL, P < 0.001 vs. control group; 20 μg/mL, P < 0.001 vs. control group). CONCLUSIONS The anti-metastatic ability of OFE inhibited EMT by interfering with the canonical TGF-β1-SMAD-Snail/Slug axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Chang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Jia
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Fu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tianyi Zhou
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ji Cao
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiaojun He
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xian Li
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chongde Sun
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dan Su
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kunsong Chen
- Laboratory of Fruit Quality Biology/The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Schlupf J, Steinbeisser H. IGF antagonizes the Wnt/β-Catenin pathway and promotes differentiation of extra-embryonic endoderm. Differentiation 2014; 87:209-19. [PMID: 25287945 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mouse F9 teratocarcinoma cells are an established model for the differentiation of extra-embryonic endoderm (ExEn). Primitive endoderm, parietal and visceral endoderm can be generated by stimulation of F9 cells with retinoic acid and dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Here we show that Wnt/β-Catenin signaling is down-regulated during ExEn differentiation in F9 cells and that the inhibition of the Wnt pathway promotes differentiation of the three extra-embryonic endoderm lineages. Wnt inhibition is achieved through the IGF pathway, which is up-regulated during differentiation. IGF signaling antagonizes the Wnt pathway by stimulating transcription of axin2 and by stabilizing Axin1 protein. Both Axin1 and Axin2 are components of the β-Catenin destruction complex and act as intra-cellular inhibitors of the Wnt/β-Catenin pathway. The data presented reveal a mechanism which restricts pluripotency of undifferentiated cells and directs them toward extra-embryonic lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Schlupf
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Herbert Steinbeisser
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 366, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Xiao N, Lin Y, Cao H, Sirjani D, Giaccia AJ, Koong AC, Kong CS, Diehn M, Le QT. Neurotrophic factor GDNF promotes survival of salivary stem cells. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:3364-77. [PMID: 25036711 DOI: 10.1172/jci74096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-based regenerative therapy is a promising treatment for head and neck cancer patients that suffer from chronic dry mouth (xerostomia) due to salivary gland injury from radiation therapy. Current xerostomia therapies only provide temporary symptom relief, while permanent restoration of salivary function is not currently feasible. Here, we identified and characterized a stem cell population from adult murine submandibular glands. Of the different cells isolated from the submandibular gland, this specific population, Lin-CD24+c-Kit+Sca1+, possessed the highest capacity for proliferation, self renewal, and differentiation during serial passage in vitro. Serial transplantations of this stem cell population into the submandibular gland of irradiated mice successfully restored saliva secretion and increased the number of functional acini. Gene-expression analysis revealed that glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (Gdnf) is highly expressed in Lin-CD24+c-Kit+Sca1+ stem cells. Furthermore, GDNF expression was upregulated upon radiation therapy in submandibular glands of both mice and humans. Administration of GDNF improved saliva production and enriched the number of functional acini in submandibular glands of irradiated animals and enhanced salisphere formation in cultured salivary stem cells, but did not accelerate growth of head and neck cancer cells. These data indicate that modulation of the GDNF pathway may have potential therapeutic benefit for management of radiation-induced xerostomia.
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Sandieson L, Hwang JTK, Kelly GM. Redox regulation of canonical Wnt signaling affects extraembryonic endoderm formation. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:1037-49. [PMID: 24471440 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2014.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA) induces mouse F9 cells to form primitive endoderm (PrE) and increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) accompany differentiation. ROS are obligatory for differentiation and while H2O2 alone induces PrE, antioxidants attenuate the response to RA. Evidence shows that ROS can modulate the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and in this study, we show that extraembryonic endoderm formation is dependent on the redox state of nucleoredoxin (NRX). In undifferentiated F9 cells, NRX interacted with dishevelled 2 (Dvl2) and while this association was enhanced under reduced conditions, it decreased following H2O2 treatment. Depleting NRX levels caused morphological changes like those induced by RA, while increasing protein kinase A activity further induced these PrE cells to parietal endoderm. Reduced NRX levels also correlated to an increase in T-cell-factors-lymphoid enhancer factors-mediated transcription, indicative of canonical Wnt signaling. Together these results indicate that a mechanism exists whereby NRX maintains canonical Wnt signaling in the off state in F9 cells, while increased ROS levels lift these constraints. Dvl2 no longer bound to NRX is now positioned to prime the Wnt pathway(s) required for PrE formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leanne Sandieson
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Biology, Child Health Research Institute, Western University , London, Canada
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Wen JW, Hwang JT, Kelly GM. Reactive oxygen species and Wnt signalling crosstalk patterns mouse extraembryonic endoderm. Cell Signal 2012; 24:2337-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Chuykin I, Schulz H, Guan K, Bader M. Activation of the PTHRP/adenylate cyclase pathway promotes differentiation of rat XEN cells into parietal endoderm, whereas Wnt/β-catenin signaling promotes differentiation into visceral endoderm. J Cell Sci 2012; 126:128-38. [PMID: 23038778 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.110239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During early mammalian development, primitive endoderm (PrE) is specified and segregated away from the pluripotent epiblast. At a later developmental stage, PrE forms motile parietal endoderm (PE) lying proximal to the trophectoderm, and visceral endoderm (VE) that contacts the developing epiblast and extraembryonic ectoderm. Mouse extraembryonic endoderm (XEN) cells were isolated and became widely used to study signals governing lineage specification. Rat XEN cell lines have also been derived, but were distinguished from mouse by expression of SSEA1 and Oct4. We showed here that rat XEN cells grown in the presence of a GSK3 inhibitor or overexpressing β-catenin exhibited enhanced formation of cell contacts and decreased motility. Rat XEN cells treated with BMP4 revealed similar morphological changes. Furthermore, we observed that rat XEN cells cultured with GSK3 inhibitor formed adhesion and tight junctions, and acquired bottom-top polarity, indicating the formation of VE cells. In contrast, forskolin, an activator of the cAMP pathway, induced the disruption of cell contacts in rat XEN cells. Treatment with forskolin induced PE formation and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in rat XEN cells. Using microarray and real-time PCR assays, we found that VE versus PE formation of rat XEN cells was correlated with change in expression levels of VE or PE marker genes. Similar to forskolin, EMT was prompted upon treatment of rat XEN cells with recombinant parathyroid hormone related peptide (PTHRP), an activator of the cAMP pathway in vivo. Taken together, our data suggest that rat XEN cells are PrE-like cells. The activation of Wnt or BMP4 pathways in rat XEN cells leads to the acquisition of VE characteristics, whereas the activation of the PTHRP/cAMP pathway leads to EMT and the formation of PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Chuykin
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine 13125, Berlin, Robert-Rossle Strasse 10, Germany.
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Hwang JTK, Kelly GM. GATA6 and FOXA2 regulate Wnt6 expression during extraembryonic endoderm formation. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:3220-32. [PMID: 22607194 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2011.0492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the earliest epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions in mouse embryogenesis involves the differentiation of inner cell mass cells into primitive and then into parietal endoderm. These processes can be recapitulated in vitro using F9 teratocarcinoma cells, which differentiate into primitive endoderm when treated with retinoic acid (RA) and into parietal endoderm with subsequent treatment with dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (db-cAMP). Our previous work on how primitive endoderm develops revealed that the Wnt6 gene is upregulated by RA, leading to the activation of the canonical WNT-β-catenin pathway. The mechanism by which Wnt6 is regulated was not determined, but in silico analysis of the human WNT6 promoter region had suggested that the GATA6 and FOXA2 transcription factors might be involved [1]. Subsequent analysis determined that both Gata6 and Foxa2 mRNA are upregulated in F9 cells treated with RA or RA and db-cAMP. More specifically, overexpression of Gata6 or Foxa2 alone induced molecular and morphological markers of primitive endoderm, which occurred concomitantly with the upregulation of the Wnt6 gene. Gata6- or Foxa2-overexpressing cells were also found to have increased levels in T-cell factor (TCF)-dependent transcription, and when these cells were treated with db-cAMP, they developed into parietal endoderm. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis revealed that GATA6 and FOXA2 were bound to the Wnt6 promoter, and overexpression studies showed that these transcription factors were sufficient to switch on the gene expression of a Wnt6 reporter construct. Together, these results provide evidence for the direct regulation of Wnt6 that leads to the activation of the canonical WNT-β-catenin pathway and subsequent induction of primitive extraembryonic endoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T K Hwang
- Molecular Genetics Unit, Department of Biology, Child Health Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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WNT6 is a novel target gene of caveolin-1 promoting chemoresistance to epirubicin in human gastric cancer cells. Oncogene 2012; 32:375-87. [PMID: 22370641 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to chemotherapy is a major obstacle for curative treatment of human gastric cancer (GC). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. Wingless-type MMTV integration site family members (WNTs) are secreted glycoproteins involved in embryogenesis and, on inappropriate expression in the adult, in cancer. Here, we show expression of WNT6 in GC patient specimens, human GC cell lines and in a mouse model of GC. In human GC cells, WNT6 expression was enhanced by caveolin-1 (Cav1), a scaffold protein of plasma membrane caveolae. WNT6 knock-down and overexpression experiments demonstrated that WNT6 increased the resistance to apoptotic cell death induced by the anthracycline chemotherapeutics epirubicin (Epi) and doxorubicin (Dox). Epi increased the activity of the human WNT6 promoter through Cav1-dependent binding of β-catenin to the proximal WNT6 promoter. Epi increased both WNT6/Wnt6 and Cav1 expression in human GC cells and within the tumor area of a murine model of GC (CEA424-SV40 TAg). In GC patients, WNT6 expression was positively associated with the tumor stage and the nodal status, and inversely correlated with the response to ECF (Epi, cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil) chemotherapy. These results showed that WNT6 and Cav1 are upregulated by chemotherapeutics and enhance the resistance of GC cells to anthracycline drugs. Understanding the molecular mechanisms driving WNT6/Cav1-induced drug resistance will provide benefits in developing new therapies for GC.
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Intratumoral macrophages contribute to epithelial-mesenchymal transition in solid tumors. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:35. [PMID: 22273460 PMCID: PMC3314544 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several stromal cell subtypes including macrophages contribute to tumor progression by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) at the invasive front, a mechanism also linked to metastasis. Tumor associated macrophages (TAM) reside mainly at the invasive front but they also infiltrate tumors and in this process they mainly assume a tumor promoting phenotype. In this study, we asked if TAMs also regulate EMT intratumorally. We found that TAMs through TGF-β signaling and activation of the β-catenin pathway can induce EMT in intratumoral cancer cells. METHODS We depleted macrophages in F9-teratocarcinoma bearing mice using clodronate-liposomes and analyzed the tumors for correlations between gene and protein expression of EMT-associated and macrophage markers. The functional relationship between TAMs and EMT was characterized in vitro in the murine F9 and mammary gland NMuMG cells, using a conditioned medium culture approach. The clinical relevance of our findings was evaluated on a tissue microarray cohort representing 491 patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). RESULTS Gene expression analysis of F9-teratocarcinomas revealed a positive correlation between TAM-densities and mesenchymal marker expression. Moreover, immunohistochemistry showed that TAMs cluster with EMT phenotype cells in the tumors. In vitro, long term exposure of F9-and NMuMG-cells to macrophage-conditioned medium led to decreased expression of the epithelial adhesion protein E-cadherin, activation of the EMT-mediating β-catenin pathway, increased expression of mesenchymal markers and an invasive phenotype. In a candidate based screen, macrophage-derived TGF-β was identified as the main inducer of this EMT-associated phenotype. Lastly, immunohistochemical analysis of NSCLC patient samples identified a positive correlation between intratumoral macrophage densities, EMT markers, intraepithelial TGF-β levels and tumor grade. CONCLUSIONS Data presented here identify a novel role for macrophages in EMT-promoted tumor progression. The observation that TAMs cluster with intra-epithelial fibroblastoid cells suggests that the role of macrophages in tumor-EMT extends beyond the invasive front. As macrophage infiltration and pronounced EMT tumor phenotype correlate with increased grade in NSCLC patients, we propose that TAMs also promote tumor progression by inducing EMT locally in tumors.
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Donnard E, Barbosa-Silva A, Guedes RLM, Fernandes GR, Velloso H, Kohn MJ, Andrade-Navarro MA, Ortega JM. Preimplantation development regulatory pathway construction through a text-mining approach. BMC Genomics 2011; 12 Suppl 4:S3. [PMID: 22369103 PMCID: PMC3287586 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-s4-s3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The integration of sequencing and gene interaction data and subsequent generation of pathways and networks contained in databases such as KEGG Pathway is essential for the comprehension of complex biological processes. We noticed the absence of a chart or pathway describing the well-studied preimplantation development stages; furthermore, not all genes involved in the process have entries in KEGG Orthology, important information for knowledge application with relation to other organisms. Results In this work we sought to develop the regulatory pathway for the preimplantation development stage using text-mining tools such as Medline Ranker and PESCADOR to reveal biointeractions among the genes involved in this process. The genes present in the resulting pathway were also used as seeds for software developed by our group called SeedServer to create clusters of homologous genes. These homologues allowed the determination of the last common ancestor for each gene and revealed that the preimplantation development pathway consists of a conserved ancient core of genes with the addition of modern elements. Conclusions The generation of regulatory pathways through text-mining tools allows the integration of data generated by several studies for a more complete visualization of complex biological processes. Using the genes in this pathway as “seeds” for the generation of clusters of homologues, the pathway can be visualized for other organisms. The clustering of homologous genes together with determination of the ancestry leads to a better understanding of the evolution of such process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Donnard
- Laboratório Biodados, Dept. de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte - MG, Brazil
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Krawetz RJ, Taiani J, Greene A, Kelly GM, Rancourt DE. Inhibition of Rho kinase regulates specification of early differentiation events in P19 embryonal carcinoma stem cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26484. [PMID: 22140430 PMCID: PMC3227584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Rho kinase pathway plays a key role in many early cell/tissue determination events that take place in embryogenesis. Rho and its downstream effector Rho kinase (ROCK) play pivotal roles in cell migration, apoptosis (membrane blebbing), cell proliferation/cell cycle, cell-cell adhesion and gene regulation. We and others have previously demonstrated that inhibition of ROCK blocks endoderm differentiation in embryonal carcinoma stem cells, however, the effect of ROCK inhibition on mesoderm and ectoderm specification has not been fully examined. In this study, the role of ROCK within the specification and differentiation of all three germ layers was examined. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS P19 cells were treated with the specific ROCK inhibitor Y-27623, and increase in differentiation efficiency into neuro-ectodermal and mesodermal lineages was observed. However, as expected a dramatic decrease in early endodermal markers was observed when ROCK was inhibited. Interestingly, within these ROCK-inhibited RA treated cultures, increased levels of mesodermal or ectodermal markers were not observed, instead it was found that the pluripotent markers SSEA-1 and Oct-4 remained up-regulated similar to that seen in undifferentiated cultures. Using standard and widely accepted methods for reproducible P19 differentiation into all three germ layers, an enhancement of mesoderm and ectoderm differentiation with a concurrent loss of endoderm lineage specification was observed with Y-27632 treatment. Evidence would suggest that this effect is in part mediated through TGF-β and SMAD signaling as ROCK-inhibited cells displayed aberrant SMAD activation and did not return to a 'ground' state after the inhibition had been removed. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Given this data and the fact that only a partial rescue of normal differentiation capacity occurred when ROCK inhibition was alleviated, the effect of ROCK inhibition on the differentiation capacity of pluripotent cell populations should be further examined to elucidate the role of the Rho-ROCK pathway in early cellular 'fate' decision making processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman J Krawetz
- Department of Surgery, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
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Galbraith RL, Poole EM, Duggan D, Muehling J, Hsu L, Makar K, Xiao L, Potter JD, Ulrich CM. Polymorphisms in WNT6 and WNT10A and colorectal adenoma risk. Nutr Cancer 2011; 63:558-64. [PMID: 21547848 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2011.542539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway upregulates transcription of genes involved in cell proliferation and cancer progression; it has been implicated in colorectal adenoma formation. To date, no studies have examined polymorphisms in WNT genes or WNT gene-environment interactions in relation to adenoma risk. Within a colonoscopy-based case-control study of 628 adenoma cases and 516 polyp-free controls, we analyzed two tagSNPs in WNT6 (rs6747776 G > C, rs6754599 G > C) and WNT10A (rs7349332 G > A, rs10177996 A > G). The WNT6 rs6747776 homozygous minor allele (CC) was associated with increased risk of colorectal adenoma (OR = 2.75, 95% CI: 1.03-7.31). We observed a statistically significant interaction between WNT6 rs6747776 and the proportion of calories from total fat (P-int = 0.02), where the highest risk was observed among those with minor alleles and lowest fat intake. We also detected a marginally significant (0.05 < P ≤ 0.10) interaction with fish intake (P-int = 0.09). Additionally, a marginally significant interaction was observed between proportion of calories from saturated fat and the WNT10A rs7349332 polymorphism. Our results suggest that genetic variability in the WNT pathway may play a role in colorectal adenoma formation or may partly mediate the increased risk of colorectal cancer associated with fat intake.
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Inoue A, Nagafuchi A, Kikuchi A. Retinoic acid induces discrete Wnt-signaling-dependent differentiation in F9 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 390:564-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Krawetz R, Kelly GM. Coordinate Gα13 and Wnt6-β-catenin signaling in F9 embryonal carcinoma cells is required for primitive endoderm differentiation. Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 87:567-80. [DOI: 10.1139/o09-014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The mouse F9 embryonal carcinoma cell line is ideally suited to study the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition accompanying the differentiation of primitive to parietal extraembryonic endoderm. In F9 cells, the application of exogenous agents including retinoic acid or activation of signal transduction cascades downstream of G-proteins triggers widespread changes in gene expression and leads to the formation of primitive endoderm. The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is completed and parietal endoderm develops as of result of increasing PKA activity in primitive endoderm cells. Expression of a constitutively active form of Gα13(Q226L) is sufficient to induce F9 cells into parietal endoderm and a model is emerging that a signaling axis linking G-protein signaling to RhoA and the ERM protein moesin is required for differentiation. In this study, we found that expression of either p115RhoGEF or a constitutively active, GTPase-deficient form of RhoA(L63) promoted primitive, but not parietal, endoderm formation. The overexpression of Gα13(Q226L) or p115RhoGEF, but not Rho(L63), caused β-catenin to translocate to the nucleus. Surprisingly, the stimulation of the Wnt-β-catenin pathway was accompanied by nuclear β-catenin and primitive endoderm formation, even when a dominant negative was used to block the signaling axis at the level of p115RhoGEF or when ROCK activity was inhibited using the pharmacological agent Y-27632. Together, results indicate that the coordinate signaling by two independent pathways, one involving canonical Wnt-β-catenin activation of target genes and the other with Gα13 signaling to ERM proteins to modulate cytoarchitectural changes, is required during the retinoic acid induced differentiation of F9 cells to primitive endoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Krawetz
- Department of Biology, Molecular Genetics Unit, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
- Child Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Gregory M. Kelly
- Department of Biology, Molecular Genetics Unit, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
- Child Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada
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Abstract
Clinicians have long used lithium to treat manic depression. They have also observed that lithium causes granulocytosis and lymphopenia while it enhances immunological activities of monocytes and lymphocytes. In fact, clinicians have long used lithium to treat granulocytopenia resulting from radiation and chemotherapy, to boost immunoglobulins after vaccination, and to enhance natural killer activity. Recent studies revealed a mechanism that ties together these disparate effects of lithium. Lithium acts through multiple pathways to inhibit glycogen synthetase kinase-3beta (GSK3 beta). This enzyme phosphorylates and inhibits nuclear factors that turn on cell growth and protection programs, including the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) and WNT/beta-catenin. In animals, lithium upregulates neurotrophins, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), nerve growth factor, neurotrophin-3 (NT3), as well as receptors to these growth factors in brain. Lithium also stimulates proliferation of stem cells, including bone marrow and neural stem cells in the subventricular zone, striatum, and forebrain. The stimulation of endogenous neural stem cells may explain why lithium increases brain cell density and volume in patients with bipolar disorders. Lithium also increases brain concentrations of the neuronal markers n-acetyl-aspartate and myoinositol. Lithium also remarkably protects neurons against glutamate, seizures, and apoptosis due to a wide variety of neurotoxins. The effective dose range for lithium is 0.6-1.0 mM in serum and >1.5 mM may be toxic. Serum lithium levels of 1.5-2.0 mM may have mild and reversible toxic effects on kidney, liver, heart, and glands. Serum levels of >2 mM may be associated with neurological symptoms, including cerebellar dysfunction. Prolonged lithium intoxication >2 mM can cause permanent brain damage. Lithium has low mutagenic and carcinogenic risk. Lithium is still the most effective therapy for depression. It "cures" a third of the patients with manic depression, improves the lives of about a third, and is ineffective in about a third. Recent studies suggest that some anticonvulsants (i.e., valproate, carbamapazine, and lamotrigene) may be useful in patients that do not respond to lithium. Lithium has been reported to be beneficial in animal models of brain injury, stroke, Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and Parkinson's diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinal cord injury, and other conditions. Clinical trials assessing the effects of lithium are under way. A recent clinical trial suggests that lithium stops the progression of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wise Young
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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