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Ma J, Scott CA, Ho YN, Mahabaleshwar H, Marsay KS, Zhang C, Teow CK, Ng SS, Zhang W, Tergaonkar V, Partridge LJ, Roy S, Amaya E, Carney TJ. Matriptase activation of Gq drives epithelial disruption and inflammation via RSK and DUOX. eLife 2021; 10:66596. [PMID: 34165081 PMCID: PMC8291973 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial tissues are primed to respond to insults by activating epithelial cell motility and rapid inflammation. Such responses are also elicited upon overexpression of the membrane-bound protease, Matriptase, or mutation of its inhibitor, Hai1. Unrestricted Matriptase activity also predisposes to carcinoma. How Matriptase leads to these cellular outcomes is unknown. We demonstrate that zebrafish hai1a mutants show increased H2O2, NfκB signalling, and IP3R -mediated calcium flashes, and that these promote inflammation, but do not generate epithelial cell motility. In contrast, inhibition of the Gq subunit in hai1a mutants rescues both the inflammation and epithelial phenotypes, with the latter recapitulated by the DAG analogue, PMA. We demonstrate that hai1a has elevated MAPK pathway activity, inhibition of which rescues the epidermal defects. Finally, we identify RSK kinases as MAPK targets disrupting adherens junctions in hai1a mutants. Our work maps novel signalling cascades mediating the potent effects of Matriptase on epithelia, with implications for tissue damage response and carcinoma progression. Cancer occurs when normal processes in the cell become corrupted or unregulated. Many proteins can contribute, including one enzyme called Matriptase that cuts other proteins at specific sites. Matriptase activity is tightly controlled by a protein called Hai1. In mice and zebrafish, when Hai1 cannot adequately control Matriptase activity, invasive cancers with severe inflammation develop. However, it is unclear how unregulated Matriptase leads to both inflammation and cancer invasion. One outcome of Matriptase activity is removal of proteins called Cadherins from the cell surface. These proteins have a role in cell adhesion: they act like glue to stick cells together. Without them, cells can dissociate from a tissue and move away, a critical step in cancer cells invading other organs. However, it is unknown exactly how Matriptase triggers the removal of Cadherins from the cell surface to promote invasion. Previous work has shown that Matriptase switches on a receptor called Proteinase-activated receptor 2, or Par2 for short, which is known to activate many enzymes, including one called phospholipase C. When activated, this enzyme releases two signals into the cell: a sugar called inositol triphosphate, IP3; and a lipid or fat called diacylglycerol, DAG. It is possible that these two signals have a role to play in how Matriptase removes Cadherins from the cell surface. To find out, Ma et al. mapped the effects of Matriptase in zebrafish lacking the Hai1 protein. This revealed that Matriptase increases IP3 and DAG levels, which initiate both inflammation and invasion. IP3 promotes inflammation by switching on pro-inflammatory signals inside the cell such as the chemical hydrogen peroxide. At the same time, DAG promotes cell invasion by activating a well-known cancer signalling pathway called MAPK. This pathway activates a protein called RSK. Ma et al. show that this protein is required to remove Cadherins from the surface of cells, thus connecting Matriptase’s activation of phospholipase C with its role in disrupting cell adhesion. An increase in the ratio of Matriptase to HAI-1 (the human equivalent of Hai1) is present in many cancers. For this reason, the signal cascades described by Ma et al. may be of interest in developing treatments for these cancers. Understanding how these signals work together could lead to more direct targeted anti-cancer approaches in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Ma
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Experimental Medicine Building, Yunnan Garden Campus, 59 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Claire A Scott
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ying Na Ho
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Experimental Medicine Building, Yunnan Garden Campus, 59 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Harsha Mahabaleshwar
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Experimental Medicine Building, Yunnan Garden Campus, 59 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Katherine S Marsay
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Changqing Zhang
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Experimental Medicine Building, Yunnan Garden Campus, 59 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christopher Kj Teow
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Experimental Medicine Building, Yunnan Garden Campus, 59 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ser Sue Ng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Weibin Zhang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vinay Tergaonkar
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lynda J Partridge
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Sudipto Roy
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Ling School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Enrique Amaya
- Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Tom J Carney
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Experimental Medicine Building, Yunnan Garden Campus, 59 Nanyang Drive, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore, Singapore
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Paiva Ferreira LKD, Paiva Ferreira LAM, Bezerra Barros GC, Mozzini Monteiro T, de Araújo Silva LA, Pereira RDA, Figueiredo PTR, Alves AF, Rodrigues LC, Piuvezam MR. MHTP, a synthetic alkaloid, attenuates combined allergic rhinitis and asthma syndrome through downregulation of the p38/ERK1/2 MAPK signaling pathway in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 96:107590. [PMID: 33857802 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The combined allergic rhinitis and asthma syndrome (CARAS) is a chronic airway inflammation of allergic individuals, with a type 2 immune response. Pharmacotherapy is based on drugs with relevant side effects. Thus, the goal of this study was to evaluate the synthetic alkaloid, MHTP in the experimental model of CARAS. Therefore, BALB/c mice were ovalbumin (OVA) -sensitized and -challenged and treated with MHTP by intranasal or oral routes. Treated animals showed a decrease (p < 0.05) of sneezing, nasal rubbings, and histamine nasal hyperactivity. Besides, MHTP presented binding energy and favorable interaction for adequate anchoring in the histamine H1 receptor. MHTP treatment inhibited the eosinophil migration into the nasal (NALF) and the bronchoalveolar (BALF) fluids. Histological analysis showed that the alkaloid decreased the inflammatory cells in the subepithelial and perivascular regions of nasal tissue and in the peribronchiolar and perivascular regions of lung tissue. The MHTP treatment also reduced the pulmonary hyperactivity by decreasing the smooth muscle layer hypertrophy and the collagen fiber deposition in the extracellular matrix. The immunomodulatory effect of the alkaloid was due to the decrease of cytokines like IL-5 and IL-17A (type 2 and 3), TSLP (epithelial), and the immunoregulatory cytokine, TGF-β. These MHTP effects on granulocytes were dependent on the p38/ERK1/2 MAP kinase signaling pathway axis. Indeed, the synthetic alkaloid reduced the frequency of activation of both kinases independent of the NF-κB (p65) pathway indicating that the molecule shut down the intracellular transduction signals underlie the cytokine gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laércia K D Paiva Ferreira
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Larissa A M Paiva Ferreira
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Grasiela C Bezerra Barros
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | | | - Luiz A de Araújo Silva
- Biotechnology Center, Federal University of Paraíba, Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Postgraduate Program in Development and Technological Innovation in Medicines, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Ramon de A Pereira
- Institute of Biological Sciences (ICB), Federal University of Minas Gerais, Department of General Pathology, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Pedro T R Figueiredo
- Drug Research Institute of the Federal University of Paraíba, Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Adriano Francisco Alves
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Luís Cezar Rodrigues
- Biotechnology Center, Federal University of Paraíba, Laboratory of Organic Synthesis, Postgraduate Program in Development and Technological Innovation in Medicines, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Marcia Regina Piuvezam
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology, Postgraduate Program in Natural and Synthetic Bioactive Products, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Pathology, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
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3
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Wang X, Tang K, Wang Y, Chen Y, Yang M, Gu C, Wang J, Wang Y, Yuan Y. Elevated microRNA‑145‑5p increases matrix metalloproteinase‑9 by activating the nuclear factor‑κB pathway in rheumatoid arthritis. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:2703-2711. [PMID: 31322192 PMCID: PMC6691224 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study explored whether miR‑145‑5p can aggravate the development and progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) by regulating the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). ELISAs, reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR), and western blotting were used to examine the expression levels of MMP‑1, MMP‑3, MMP‑9, and MMP‑13 in fibroblast‑like synoviocytes (FLS) from patients with RA. Levels of MMP‑1, MMP‑3, MMP‑9, and MMP‑13 were assessed in the right hind ankles of a murine collagen‑induced arthritis (CIA) model by RT‑qPCR and immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis. The effects of activation or inhibition of the nuclear factor‑κB (NF‑κB) pathway on MMPs were evaluated by RT‑qPCR and western blotting. Subcellular localization of NF‑κB p65 was visualized by confocal microscopy. Overexpression of miR‑145‑5p increased the expression of MMP‑3, MMP‑9, and MMP‑13 in RA‑FLS. Moreover, injection of a miR‑145‑5p agomir into mice increased MMP‑3, MMP‑9, and MMP‑13, as demonstrated by RT‑qPCR and IHC analysis. A chemical inhibitor that selectively targets NF‑κB (BAY11‑7082) significantly attenuated MMP‑9 expression, while it did not influence the levels of MMP‑3 and MMP‑13. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that nuclear localization of p65 was significantly enhanced, indicating that miR‑145‑5p enhances activation of the NF‑κB pathway by promoting p65 nuclear translocation. miR‑145‑5p overexpression also significantly increased phosphorylated p65 levels; however, the levels of IkB‑a were reduced in response to this miRNA. Moreover, our results indicated that miR‑145‑5p aggravated RA progression by activating the NF‑κB pathway, which enhanced secretion of MMP‑9. In conclusion, modulation of miR‑145‑5p expression is potentially useful for the treatment of RA inflammation, by regulating the expression of MMPs, and MMP‑9 in particular, through inhibition of the NF‑κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Wang
- Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Airport Site, Tianjin 300308, P.R. China
| | - Ke Tang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Yaqing Chen
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Mengchen Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Chungang Gu
- Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Tianjin Third Center Hospital, Tianjin 300170, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Airport Site, Tianjin 300308, P.R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin 300211, P.R. China
| | - Yuhua Yuan
- Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital Airport Site, Tianjin 300308, P.R. China
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4
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Henehan M, De Benedetto A. Update on protease‐activated receptor 2 in cutaneous barrier, differentiation, tumorigenesis and pigmentation, and its role in related dermatologic diseases. Exp Dermatol 2019; 28:877-885. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mason Henehan
- Department of Dermatology College of Medicine University of Florida Gainesville Florida
| | - Anna De Benedetto
- Department of Dermatology College of Medicine University of Florida Gainesville Florida
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5
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Ng PY, McIntosh KA, Hargrave G, Ho KH, Paul A, Plevin R. Inhibition of cytokine-mediated JNK signalling by purinergic P2Y 11 receptors, a novel protective mechanism in endothelial cells. Cell Signal 2018; 51:59-71. [PMID: 30076967 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2018.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous research from our laboratory has demonstrated a novel phenomenon whereby GPCRs play a role in inhibiting cytokine-mediated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signalling. So far this novel phenomenon seems to have been vastly overlooked, with little research in the area. Therefore, in this study we explored this further; by assessing the potential of P2YRs to mediate inhibition of cytokine-mediated JNK signalling and related functional outcomes in human endothelial cells. We utilised primary endothelial cells, and employed the use of endogenous activators of P2YRs and well characterised pharmacological inhibitors, to assess signalling parameters mediated by P2YRs, Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), TNFα and JNK. Activation of P2YRs with adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP) resulted in a time- and concentration-dependent inhibition of IL-1β-mediated phosphorylation of JNK and associated kinase activity. The effect was specific for cytokine-mediated JNK signalling, as ATP was without effect on JNK induced by other non-specific activators (e.g. sorbitol, anisomycin), nor effective against other MAPK pathways such as p38 and the canonical NFκB cascade. Pharmacological studies demonstrated a role for the P2Y11 receptor in mediating this effect, but not the P2Y1 nor the adenosine receptors (A1, A2A, A2B & A3). The novel Gαq/11 inhibitor YM254890 and a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor H89 both partially reversed ATP-mediated inhibition of IL-1β-stimulated JNK indicating involvement of both Gαq/11 and Gαs mediated pathways. ATP also partially reversed IL-1β-mediated induction of cyclo‑oxygenase-2 (COX-2) and E-selectin. Collectively, these studies indicate the potential for activation of purinergic receptors to protect the endothelium from inflammatory driven JNK activation and may be a new target for inflammatory disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Y Ng
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, Scotland, UK
| | - Kathryn A McIntosh
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, Scotland, UK.
| | - Gillian Hargrave
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, Scotland, UK
| | - Ka H Ho
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, Scotland, UK
| | - Andrew Paul
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, Scotland, UK
| | - Robin Plevin
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, Scotland, UK
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6
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Du Y, Zhao Y, Li C, Zheng Q, Tian J, Li Z, Huang TY, Zhang W, Xu H. Inhibition of PKCδ reduces amyloid-β levels and reverses Alzheimer disease phenotypes. J Exp Med 2018; 215:1665-1677. [PMID: 29739836 PMCID: PMC5987914 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20171193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
β-amyloid protein (Aβ) plays a central role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD). Aβ is generated from sequential cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) and the γ-secretase complex. Although activation of some protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms such as PKCα and ε has been shown to regulate nonamyloidogenic pathways and Aβ degradation, it is unclear whether other PKC isoforms are involved in APP processing/AD pathogenesis. In this study, we report that increased PKCδ levels correlate with BACE1 expression in the AD brain. PKCδ knockdown reduces BACE1 expression, BACE1-mediated APP processing, and Aβ production. Conversely, overexpression of PKCδ increases BACE1 expression and Aβ generation. Importantly, inhibition of PKCδ by rottlerin markedly reduces BACE1 expression, Aβ levels, and neuritic plaque formation and rescues cognitive deficits in an APP Swedish mutations K594N/M595L/presenilin-1 with an exon 9 deletion-transgenic AD mouse model. Our study indicates that PKCδ plays an important role in aggravating AD pathogenesis, and PKCδ may be a potential target in AD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Du
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Yingjun Zhao
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Chuan Li
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Qiuyang Zheng
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jing Tian
- College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Eco-Environmental Science, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhuyi Li
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Timothy Y Huang
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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7
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Zhang B, Wang LS, Zhou YH. Elevated microRNA-125b promotes inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis by activation of NF-κB pathway. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 93:1151-1157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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8
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Homma T, Kato A, Bhushan B, Norton JE, Suh LA, Carter RG, Gupta DS, Schleimer RP. Role of Aspergillus fumigatus in Triggering Protease-Activated Receptor-2 in Airway Epithelial Cells and Skewing the Cells toward a T-helper 2 Bias. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016; 54:60-70. [PMID: 26072921 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0062oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus (AF) infection and sensitization are common and promote Th2 disease in individuals with asthma. Innate immune responses of bronchial epithelial cells are now known to play a key role in determination of T cell responses upon encounter with inhaled pathogens. We have recently shown that extracts of AF suppress JAK-STAT signaling in epithelial cells and thus may promote Th2 bias. To elucidate the impact of AF on human bronchial epithelial cells, we tested the hypothesis that AF can modulate the response of airway epithelial cells to favor a Th2 response and explored the molecular mechanism of the effect. Primary normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells were treated with AF extract or fractionated AF extract before stimulation with poly I:C or infection with human rhinovirus serotype 16 (HRV16). Expression of CXCL10 mRNA (real-time RT-PCR) and protein (ELISA) were measured as markers of IFN-mediated epithelial Th1-biased responses. Western blot was performed to evaluate expression of IFN regulatory factor-3 (IRF-3), NF-κB, and tyrosine-protein phosphatase nonreceptor type 11 (PTPN11), which are other markers of Th1 skewing. Knockdown experiments for protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) and PTPN11 were performed to analyze the role of PAR-2 in the mechanism of suppression by AF. AF and a high-molecular-weight fraction of AF extract (HMW-AF; > 50 kD) profoundly suppressed poly I:C- and HRV16-induced expression of both CXCL10 mRNA and protein from NHBE cells via a mechanism that relied upon PAR-2 activation. Both AF extract and a specific PAR-2 activator (AC-55541) suppressed the poly I:C activation of phospho-IRF-3 without affecting activation of NF-κB. Furthermore, HMW-AF extract enhanced the expression of PTPN11, a phosphatase known to inhibit IFN signaling, and concurrently suppressed poly I:C-induced expression of both CXCL10 mRNA and protein from NHBE cells. These results show that exposure of bronchial epithelial cells to AF extract suppressed poly I:C and HRV16 signaling via a mechanism shown to involve activation of PAR-2 and PTPN11. This action of AF may promote viral disease exacerbations and may skew epithelial cells to promote Th2 inflammation in allergic airway disorders mediated or exacerbated by AF, such as asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Homma
- 1 Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois.,2 Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Internal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kato
- 1 Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Bharat Bhushan
- 3 Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago and the Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | - James E Norton
- 1 Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lydia A Suh
- 1 Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Roderick G Carter
- 1 Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dave S Gupta
- 4 Department of Medicine, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Robert P Schleimer
- 1 Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
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9
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Nakayama M, Niki Y, Kawasaki T, Takeda Y, Ikegami H, Toyama Y, Miyamoto T. IL-32-PAR2 axis is an innate immunity sensor providing alternative signaling for LPS-TRIF axis. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2960. [PMID: 24129891 PMCID: PMC3797434 DOI: 10.1038/srep02960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-32 is known to exert adujvant effects on innate immune response, however, receptors and downstream signaling pathways remain to be clarified. Here we found that IL-32γ upregulated serine protease activity of proteinase-3 (PR3), in turn triggering protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) signaling. Interestingly, silencing of PR3 or PAR2 using siRNA markedly diminished IL-32γ-induced TNFα and IFN-β mRNA expression. IL-32γ-PAR2 axis utilized TRIF and Ras-Raf-1 pathways. On stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), differential activation of protein kinase C isoforms modulated the balance between LPS-TLR4-TRIF and IL-32-PAR2-TRIF axes, because LPS was a strong inducer of IL-32γ. IL-32-PAR2-TRIF axis might serve not only as an extracellular sensor of bacterial and autologous proteases, but also as a modulator of innate and adaptive immunity during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Nakayama
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
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10
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Takei-Taniguchi R, Imai Y, Ishikawa C, Sakaguchi Y, Nakagawa N, Tsuda T, Hollenberg MD, Yamanishi K. Interleukin-17- and protease-activated receptor 2-mediated production of CXCL1 and CXCL8 modulated by cyclosporine A, vitamin D3 and glucocorticoids in human keratinocytes. J Dermatol 2011; 39:625-31. [PMID: 22211698 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2011.01462.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) is a G protein-coupled receptor which mediates a variety of functions in the skin including cutaneous inflammation. SLIGKV-NH(2) , an agonist peptide for PAR2, enhanced the interleukin (IL)-17-induced production of two CXC chemokines, CXCL1 (GRO-α) and CXCL8 (IL-8), in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) in a concentration-dependent manner. The enhanced production of those chemokines was suppressed by a PAR2-specific siRNA. The SLIGKV-NH(2) -induced production of both CXCL1 and CXCL8 was markedly reduced by cyclosporine A. The enhanced production of CXCL1 was suppressed by 1α, 24R-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) , an active form of vitamin D(3) , and weakly by glucocorticoids, dexamethasone and clobetasol propionate, whereas production of CXCL8 was not altered by any of those receptor agonists. In psoriatic skin, the thickened upper spinous layer of the epidermis was positive for PAR2 protein and the expression of the IL17A mRNA was increased. These results suggest that the IL-17-induced pro-inflammatory reaction is enhanced by the activation of PAR2 in keratinocytes, and that the effect of PAR2 is differentially modulated by cyclosporine A, the active form of vitamin D(3) and glucocorticoids.
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11
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Goh FG, Midwood KS. Intrinsic danger: activation of Toll-like receptors in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011; 51:7-23. [PMID: 21984766 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ker257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
RA is a debilitating disorder that manifests as chronic localized synovial and systemic inflammation leading to progressive joint destruction. Recent advances in the molecular basis of RA highlight the role of both the innate and adaptive immune system in disease pathogenesis. Specifically, data obtained from in vivo animal models and ex vivo human tissue explants models has confirmed the central role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in RA. TLRs are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that constitute one of the primary host defence mechanisms against infectious and non-infectious insult. This receptor family is activated by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and by damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). DAMPs are host-encoded proteins released during tissue injury and cell death that activate TLRs during sterile inflammation. DAMPs are also proposed to drive aberrant stimulation of TLRs in the RA joint resulting in increased expression of cytokines, chemokines and proteases, perpetuating a vicious inflammatory cycle that constitutes the hallmark chronic inflammation of RA. In this review, we discuss the signalling mechanisms of TLRs, the central function of TLRs in the pathogenesis of RA, the role of endogenous danger signals in driving TLR activation within the context of RA and the current preclinical and clinical strategies available to date in therapeutic targeting of TLRs in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fui G Goh
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Matrix Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, 65 Aspenlea Road, Hammersmith, London W6 8LH, UK
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12
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Ruf W, Disse J, Carneiro-Lobo TC, Yokota N, Schaffner F. Tissue factor and cell signalling in cancer progression and thrombosis. J Thromb Haemost 2011; 9 Suppl 1:306-15. [PMID: 21781267 PMCID: PMC3151023 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04318.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The close link between coagulation activation and clinical cancer is well established and recent progress has defined underlying molecular pathways by which tumour cells interact with the haemostatic system to promote cancer progression. Tumour type-specific oncogenic transformations cause constitutive and hypoxia-dependent upregulation of tissue factor (TF) in cancer cells, but TF expressed by vascular, stromal and inflammatory cells also contributes to the procoagulant character of the tumour microenvironment. A growing body of genetic and pharmacological evidence implicates signalling by protease activated receptors (PARs) and specifically by tumour cell-expressed TF-VIIa-PAR2 in the induction of an array of proangiogenic and immune modulating cytokines, chemokines and growth factors. Specific inhibition of this pathway results in attenuated tumour growth and angiogenesis. PARs are increasingly recognised as targets for proteases outside the coagulation system and emerging evidence indicates that alternative protease signalling pathways synergise with the coagulation system to promote tumour growth, angiogenesis and metastasis. The elucidation of new therapeutic targets in tumour-promoting protease signalling pathways requires new diagnostic approaches to identify patients that will benefit from tailored therapy targeting procoagulant or signalling aspects of the TF pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Ruf
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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13
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Anti-Inflammatory mechanisms of the proteinase-activated receptor 2-inhibiting peptide in human synovial cells. J Biomed Sci 2011; 18:43. [PMID: 21682866 PMCID: PMC3135512 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-18-43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease which affects the entire joint structure, including the synovial membrane. Disease progression was shown to involve inflammatory changes mediated by proteinase-activated receptor (PAR)-2. Previous studies demonstrated that PAR-2 messenger (m)RNA and protein levels increased in OA synovial cells, suggesting that PAR-2 is a potential therapeutic target of the disease. Methods We designed a PAR-2-inhibiting peptide (PAR2-IP) by changing an isoleucine residue in the PAR-2-activating peptide (PAR2-AP), SLIGKV, to alanine, generating the SLAGKV peptide. We used it to test PAR-2-mediated inflammatory responses, including the expressions of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB in human synovial cells. As a control, expressions of COX-2 and MMP-1 were induced by trypsin at both the mRNA and protein levels. Results The PAR2-AP increased the expression of COX-2 more dramatically than that of MMP-1. When we treated cells with the designed PAR2-IP, the trypsin-induced COX-2 level was completely inhibited at a moderate concentration of the PAR2-IP. With further examination of trypsin-induced NF-κB activation, we observed sufficient inhibitory effects of the PAR2-IP in synoviosarcoma cells and primary synovial cells from OA patients. Conclusions Our study suggests that the PAR2-IP inhibits trypsin-induced NF-κB activation, resulting in a reduction in inflammatory COX-2 expression in synovial cells. Application of PAR2-IP is suggested as a potential therapeutic strategy for OA.
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Seo JH, Seo JY, Chung HY, Kim H. Effect of pertussis toxin and herbimycin A on proteinase-activated receptor 2-mediated cyclooxygenase 2 expression in Helicobacter pylori-infected gastric epithelial AGS cells. Yonsei Med J 2011; 52:522-6. [PMID: 21488197 PMCID: PMC3101059 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2011.52.3.522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is an important risk factor for chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer, and gastric cancer. Proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2), subgroup of G-protein coupled receptor family, is highly expressed in gastric cancer, and chronic expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) plays an important role in H. pylori-associated gastric carcinogenesis and inflammation. We previously demonstrated that H. pylori induced the expression of PAR2 and COX-2 in gastric epithelial cells. Present study aims to investigate whether COX-2 expression induced by H. pylori in Korean isolates is mediated by PAR2 via activation of G(i) protein and Src kinase in gastric epithelial AGS cells. Results showed that H. pylori-induced COX-2 expression was inhibited in the cells transfected with antisense oligonucleotide for PAR2 or treated with Gi protein blocker pertussis toxin, Src kinase inhibitor herbimycin A and soybean trypsin inbitor, indicating that COX-2 expression is mediated by PAR2 through activation of Gi protein and Src kinase in gastric epithelial cells infected with H. pylori in Korean isolates. Thus, targeting the activation of PAR2 may be beneficial for prevention or treatment of gastric inflammation and carcinogenesis associated with H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hye Seo
- Department Pharmacology, Brain Korea 21 Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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15
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Adams MN, Ramachandran R, Yau MK, Suen JY, Fairlie DP, Hollenberg MD, Hooper JD. Structure, function and pathophysiology of protease activated receptors. Pharmacol Ther 2011; 130:248-82. [PMID: 21277892 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Discovered in the 1990s, protease activated receptors(1) (PARs) are membrane-spanning cell surface proteins that belong to the G protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family. A defining feature of these receptors is their irreversible activation by proteases; mainly serine. Proteolytic agonists remove the PAR extracellular amino terminal pro-domain to expose a new amino terminus, or tethered ligand, that binds intramolecularly to induce intracellular signal transduction via a number of molecular pathways that regulate a variety of cellular responses. By these mechanisms PARs function as cell surface sensors of extracellular and cell surface associated proteases, contributing extensively to regulation of homeostasis, as well as to dysfunctional responses required for progression of a number of diseases. This review examines common and distinguishing structural features of PARs, mechanisms of receptor activation, trafficking and signal termination, and discusses the physiological and pathological roles of these receptors and emerging approaches for modulating PAR-mediated signaling in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark N Adams
- Mater Medical Research Institute, Aubigny Place, Raymond Terrace, South Brisbane Qld 4101, Australia
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16
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Nhu QM, Shirey KA, Pennini ME, Stiltz J, Vogel SN. Proteinase-activated receptor 2 activation promotes an anti-inflammatory and alternatively activated phenotype in LPS-stimulated murine macrophages. Innate Immun 2011; 18:193-203. [PMID: 21239455 DOI: 10.1177/1753425910395044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR(2)), a 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor, contributes to inflammation either positively or negatively in different experimental systems. Previously, we reported that concurrent activation of PAR(2) and TLRs in human lung and colonic epithelial cells resulted in a synergistic increase in NF-κB-mediated gene expression, but a down-regulation of IRF-3-mediated gene expression. In this study, the effect of PAR(2) activation on LPS-induced TLR4 signaling was examined in primary murine macrophages. The PAR(2) activation of wild-type macrophages enhanced LPS-induced expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, while suppressing gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12. Similar PAR(2)-mediated effects on LPS-stimulated IL-10 and IL-12 mRNA were also observed in vivo. In contrast, PAR 2-/- macrophages exhibited diminished LPS-induced IL-10 mRNA and protein expression and downstream STAT3 activation, but increased KC mRNA and protein. PAR(2) activation also enhanced both rIL-4- and LPS-induced secretion of IL-4 and IL-13, and mRNA expression of alternatively activated macrophage (AA-M) markers, e.g. arginase-1, mannose receptor, Ym-1. Thus, in the context of a potent inflammatory stimulus like LPS, PAR(2) activation acts to re-establish tissue homeostasis by dampening the production of inflammatory mediators and causing the differentiation of macrophages that may contribute to the development of a Th2 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan M Nhu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore (UMB), School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Kanke T, Kabeya M, Kubo S, Kondo S, Yasuoka K, Tagashira J, Ishiwata H, Saka M, Furuyama T, Nishiyama T, Doi T, Hattori Y, Kawabata A, Cunningham MR, Plevin R. Novel antagonists for proteinase-activated receptor 2: inhibition of cellular and vascular responses in vitro and in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 158:361-71. [PMID: 19719785 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00342.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR(2)) is a G-protein coupled receptor associated with many pathophysiological functions. To date, the development of PAR(2) antagonists has been limited. Here, we identify a number of novel peptide-mimetic PAR(2) antagonists and demonstrate inhibitory effects on PAR(2)-mediated intracellular signalling pathways and vascular responses. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The peptide-mimetic compound library based on the structures of PAR(2) agonist peptides were screened for inhibition of PAR(2)-induced calcium mobilisation in human keratinocytes. Representative compounds were further evaluated by radioligand binding and inhibition of NFkappaB transcriptional activity and IL-8 production. The vascular effects of the antagonists were assessed using in vitro and in vivo models. KEY RESULTS Two compounds, K-12940 and K-14585, significantly reduced SLIGKV-induced Ca(2+) mobilisation in primary human keratinocytes. Both K-12940 and K-14585 exhibited competitive inhibition for the binding of a high-affinity radiolabelled PAR(2)-ligand, [(3)H]-2-furoyl-LIGRL-NH(2), to human PAR(2) with K(i) values of 1.94 and 0.627 microM respectively. NFkappaB reporter activity and IL-8 production were also significantly reduced. Furthermore, relaxation of rat-isolated aorta induced by SLIGRL-NH(2) was inhibited competitively by K-14585. K-14585 also significantly lowered plasma extravasation in the dorsal skin of guinea pigs and reduced salivation in mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS K-12940 and K-14585 antagonized PAR(2) competitively, resulting in inhibition of PAR(2)-mediated signalling and physiological responses both in vitro and in vivo. These peptide-mimetic PAR(2) antagonists could be useful in evaluating PAR(2)-mediated biological events and might lead to a new generation of therapeutically useful antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kanke
- Tokyo New Drug Research Laboratories, Kowa Company Limited, Noguchicho, Higashimurayama, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Goh FG, Ng PY, Nilsson M, Kanke T, Plevin R. Dual effect of the novel peptide antagonist K-14585 on proteinase-activated receptor-2-mediated signalling. Br J Pharmacol 2010; 158:1695-704. [PMID: 19917067 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00415.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Here we have examined the effects of the novel peptide antagonist N-[1-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)methyl]-3-(1-pyrrolidinylmethyl)-1H-indol-5-yl]aminocarbonyl]-glycinyl-L-lysinyl-L-phenylalanyl-N-benzhydrylamide (K-14585) on proteinase-activated receptor (PAR)(2)-mediated intracellular signalling events. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using NCTC2544 cells expressing PAR(2), we assessed the effects of K-14585 on PAR(2)-mediated [(3)H] inositol phosphate accumulation, MAP kinase activation, p65 NFkappaB phosphorylation and DNA binding and IL-8 production. KEY RESULTS Pretreatment with K-14585 (5 microM) inhibited [(3)H] inositol phosphate levels stimulated by PAR(2)-activating peptide Ser-Leu-Ile-Gly-Lys-Val (SLIGKV-OH) in PAR(2)-expressing NCTC2544 cells. K-14585 pretreatment did not influence PAR(2)-mediated extracellular regulated kinase activation but inhibited p38 MAP kinase phosphorylation. At a higher concentration (30 microM), K-14585 alone stimulated p38 MAP kinase activation. These effects were replicated in EAhy926 cells, endogenously expressing PAR(2), but not in parental or PAR(4)-expressing NCTC2544 cells, suggesting these effects were PAR(2)-dependent. SLIGKV-mediated stimulation of p38 MAP kinase phosphorylation was substantially reduced by the G(q/11) inhibitor YM-254890, without affecting K-14585-mediated phosphorylation. Pretreatment with K-14585 inhibited PAR(2)-mediated p65 NFkappaB phosphorylation and NFkappaB-DNA binding. K-14585 (30 microM) alone stimulated comparable NFkappaB reporter activity to SLIGKV-OH. K-14585 inhibited SLIGKV-stimulated IL-8 production, but given alone increased IL-8. While SLIGKV-induced IL-8 formation was reduced by both SB203580 and YM-254890, the response to K-14585 was sensitive to SB203580 but not YM-254890. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These data reveal that K-14585 has a duality of action functioning both as an antagonist and agonist due to either partial agonist actions or possible agonist-directed signalling. The data also suggest two modes of p38 MAP kinase activation emanating from PAR(2), one G(q/11)-dependent and the other G(q/11)-independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fui Goon Goh
- Division of Physiology & Pharmacology, Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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Wang S, Zhang M, Liang B, Xu J, Xie Z, Liu C, Viollet B, Yan D, Zou MH. AMPKalpha2 deletion causes aberrant expression and activation of NAD(P)H oxidase and consequent endothelial dysfunction in vivo: role of 26S proteasomes. Circ Res 2010; 106:1117-28. [PMID: 20167927 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.109.212530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an energy sensor and ubiquitously expressed in vascular cells. Recent studies suggest that AMPK activation improves endothelial function by counteracting oxidative stress in endothelial cells. How AMPK suppresses oxidative stress remains to be established. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to examine the effects of AMPK in regulating NAD(P)H oxidase, oxidative stress, and endothelial function. METHODS AND RESULTS The markers of oxidative stress, NAD(P)H oxidase subunit expression (gp91(phox), p47(phox), p67(phox), NOX1 to -4), NAD(P)H oxidase-mediated superoxide production, 26S proteasome activity, IkappaBalpha degradation, and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB (p50 and p65) were examined in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells and mouse aortas isolated from AMPKalpha2 deficient mice. Compared to the wild type, acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation was significantly impaired in parallel with increased production of oxidants in AMPKalpha2(-/-) mice. Further, pretreatment of aorta with either superoxide dismutase (SOD) or tempol or apocynin significantly improved acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation in AMPKalpha2(-/-) mice. Analysis of aortic endothelial cells from AMPKalpha2(-/-) mice and human umbilical vein endothelial cells expressing dominant negative AMPK or AMPKalpha2-specific siRNA revealed that loss of AMPK activity increased NAD(P)H oxidase subunit expression (gp91(phox), p47(phox), p67(phox), NOX1 and -4), NAD(P)H oxidase-mediated superoxide production, 26S proteasome activity, IkappaBalpha degradation, and nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB (p50 and p65), whereas AMPK activation by AICAR or overexpression of constitutively active AMPK had the opposite effect. Consistently, we found that genetic deletion of AMPKalpha2 in low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout (LDLr(-/-)) strain markedly increased 26S proteasome activity, IkappaB degradation, NF-kappaB transactivation, NAD(P)H oxidase subunit overexpression, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction, all of which were largely suppressed by chronic administration of MG132, a potent cell permeable proteasome inhibitor. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that AMPKalpha2 functions as a physiological suppressor of NAD(P)H oxidase and ROS production in endothelial cells. In this way, AMPK maintains the nonatherogenic and noninflammatory phenotype of endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangxi Wang
- Section of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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McIntosh K, Cunningham MR, Cadalbert L, Lockhart J, Boyd G, Ferrell W, Plevin R. Proteinase-activated receptor-2 mediated inhibition of TNFalpha-stimulated JNK activation - A novel paradigm for G(q/11) linked GPCRs. Cell Signal 2010; 22:265-73. [PMID: 19781631 PMCID: PMC2806525 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this study we examined the potential for PAR(2) and TNFalpha to synergise at the level of MAP kinase signalling in PAR(2) expressing NCTC2544 cells. However, to our surprise we found that activation of PAR(2) by trypsin or the specific activating peptide SLIGKV-OH strongly inhibited both the phosphorylation and activity of JNK. In contrast neither p38 MAP kinase nor ERK activation was affected although TNFalpha stimulated IkappaBalpha loss was partially reversed. The inhibitory effect was not observed in parental cells nor in cells expressing PAR(4), however inhibition was reversed by pre-incubation with the novel PAR(2) antagonist K14585, suggesting that the effect is specific for PAR(2) activation. SLIGKV-OH was found to be more potent in inhibiting TNFalpha-induced JNK activation than in stimulating JNK alone, suggesting agonist-directed signalling. The PKC activator PMA, also mimicked the inhibitory effect of SLIGKV-OH, and the effects of both agents were reversed by pre-treatment with the PKC inhibitor, GF109203X. Furthermore, incubation with the novel G(q/11) inhibitor YM25480 also reversed PAR(2) mediated inhibition. Activation of PAR(2) was found to disrupt TNFR1 binding to RIP and TRADD and this was reversed by both GF109203X and YM25480. A similar mode of inhibition observed in HUVECs through PAR(2) or P2Y2 receptors demonstrates the potential of a novel paradigm for GPCRs linked to G(q/11), in mediating inhibition of TNFalpha-stimulated JNK activation. This has important implications in assessing the role of GPCRs in inflammation and other conditions.
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Key Words
- par-2, proteinase-activated receptor-2
- par-2 ap, par-2 activating peptide
- 2f-ligkv-oh, 2-furoyl-ligkv-hydroxyl
- jnk, c-jun n-terminal protein kinase
- nfκb, nuclear factor kappa b
- pkc, protein kinase c
- map kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- pma, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate
- tnfα, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, tnfr1, tnf-receptor-1
- gpcr, g-protein-coupled receptors
- rip, receptor interacting protein
- tradd, tnf receptor activated death domain
- traf, tnf receptor activating factor
- nhek, normal human epithelial keratinocytes
- gf109203x, 3-[1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1h-indol-3-yl]-4-(1h-indol-3-yl)-1h-pyrrole-2,5-dione monohydrochloride
- fadd, fas-associated death domain
- madd, map kinase activating death domain protein
- il-6, interleukin-6
- proteinase-activated receptor 2
- c-jun n-terminal protein kinase
- tnfα
- protein kinase c
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn McIntosh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute for Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, 27 Taylor Street, Glasgow, G4 0NR, Scotland, UK
- School of Engineering and Science, University of The West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK
| | - Margaret R. Cunningham
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute for Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, 27 Taylor Street, Glasgow, G4 0NR, Scotland, UK
| | - Laurence Cadalbert
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute for Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, 27 Taylor Street, Glasgow, G4 0NR, Scotland, UK
| | - John Lockhart
- School of Engineering and Science, University of The West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK
| | - Gary Boyd
- School of Engineering and Science, University of The West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK
| | - W.R. Ferrell
- Centre for Rheumatic Disease, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK
| | - Robin Plevin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute for Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, 27 Taylor Street, Glasgow, G4 0NR, Scotland, UK
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Dommisch H, Chung WO, Jepsen S, Hacker BM, Dale BA. Phospholipase C, p38/MAPK, and NF-kappaB-mediated induction of MIP-3alpha/CCL20 by Porphyromonas gingivalis. Innate Immun 2009; 16:226-34. [PMID: 19710093 DOI: 10.1177/1753425909339237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage inflammatory protein-3alpha/C-C chemokine ligand 20 (MIP-3alpha/CCL20) is an antimicrobial peptide that plays an important role in innate immunity. In addition to direct microbicidal effects, MIP-3alpha/CCL20 also exhibits cytokine-like functions that are critical during dendritic cell activation. The aim of the present study was to investigate further which signaling pathways are involved in the MIP-3alpha/CCL20 mRNA expression in response to whole-cell Porphyromonas gingivalis. Primary gingival epithelial cells (GECs) and the immortalized oral keratinocyte cell-line OKF6/TERT-2 were stimulated with whole-cell P. gingivalis. Prior to stimulation, GECs and OKF6/TERT-2 cells were pretreated with specific inhibitors for nuclear-factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), phospholipase C (PLC), and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K). In GECs and OKF6/TERT-2 cells, activation of NF-kappaB was examined after exposure to P. gingivalis. The gene expression of MIP-3alpha/CCL20 was significantly induced in response to P. gingivalis (P <or= 0.05) compared to unstimulated control cells. This induction was specifically blocked when cells were pre-incubated with inhibitors for NF-kappaB, MAPK, and PLC (P <or= 0.05), but not for PI3K. These results demonstrate that P. gingivalis induces the MIP-3alpha/CCL20 mRNA in a NF-kappaB-, PLC-, and MAPK-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Dommisch
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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Kouzaki H, O'Grady SM, Lawrence CB, Kita H. Proteases induce production of thymic stromal lymphopoietin by airway epithelial cells through protease-activated receptor-2. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:1427-34. [PMID: 19561109 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0900904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is produced by epithelial cells and triggers dendritic cell-mediated Th2-type inflammation. Although TSLP is up-regulated in epithelium of patients with asthma, the factors that control TSLP production have not been studied extensively. Because mouse models suggest roles for protease(s) in Th2-type immune responses, we hypothesized that proteases from airborne allergens may induce TSLP production in a human airway epithelial cell line, BEAS-2B. TSLP mRNA and protein were induced when BEAS-2B cells were exposed to prototypic proteases, namely, trypsin and papain. TSLP induction by trypsin required intact protease activity and also a protease-sensing G protein-coupled receptor, protease-activated receptor (PAR)-2; TSLP induction by papain was partially dependent on PAR-2. In humans, exposure to ubiquitous airborne fungi, such as Alternaria, is implicated in the development and exacerbation of asthma. When BEAS-2B cells or normal human bronchial epithelial cells were exposed to Alternaria extract, TSLP was potently induced. The TSLP-inducing activity of Alternaria was partially blocked by treating the extract with a cysteine protease inhibitor, E-64, or by infecting BEAS-2B cells with small interfering RNA for PAR-2. Protease-induced TSLP production by BEAS-2B cells was enhanced synergistically by IL-4 and abolished by IFN-gamma. These findings demonstrate that TSLP expression is induced in airway epithelial cells by exposure to allergen-derived proteases and that PAR-2 is involved in the process. By promoting TSLP production in the airways, proteases associated with airborne allergens may facilitate the development and/or exacerbation of Th2-type airway inflammation, particularly in allergic individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Kouzaki
- Division of Allergic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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