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Balykina A, Naida L, Kirkgöz K, Nikolaev VO, Fock E, Belyakov M, Whaley A, Whaley A, Shpakova V, Rukoyatkina N, Gambaryan S. Antiplatelet Effects of Flavonoid Aglycones Are Mediated by Activation of Cyclic Nucleotide-Dependent Protein Kinases. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4864. [PMID: 38732081 PMCID: PMC11084604 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Flavonoid aglycones are secondary plant metabolites that exhibit a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and antiplatelet effects. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying their inhibitory effect on platelet activation remain poorly understood. In this study, we applied flow cytometry to analyze the effects of six flavonoid aglycones (luteolin, myricetin, quercetin, eriodictyol, kaempferol, and apigenin) on platelet activation, phosphatidylserine externalization, formation of reactive oxygen species, and intracellular esterase activity. We found that these compounds significantly inhibit thrombin-induced platelet activation and decrease formation of reactive oxygen species in activated platelets. The tested aglycones did not affect platelet viability, apoptosis induction, or procoagulant platelet formation. Notably, luteolin, myricetin, quercetin, and apigenin increased thrombin-induced thromboxane synthase activity, which was analyzed by a spectrofluorimetric method. Our results obtained from Western blot analysis and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry demonstrated that the antiplatelet properties of the studied phytochemicals are mediated by activation of cyclic nucleotide-dependent signaling pathways. Specifically, we established by using Förster resonance energy transfer that the molecular mechanisms are, at least partly, associated with the inhibition of phosphodiesterases 2 and/or 5. These findings underscore the therapeutic potential of flavonoid aglycones for clinical application as antiplatelet agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Balykina
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia; (A.B.); (E.F.); (A.W.); (N.R.)
- Faculty of General Medicine, Saint Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Lidia Naida
- Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnologies, Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, Saint Petersburg 195251, Russia;
| | - Kürsat Kirkgöz
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (K.K.); (V.O.N.)
| | - Viacheslav O. Nikolaev
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany; (K.K.); (V.O.N.)
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ekaterina Fock
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia; (A.B.); (E.F.); (A.W.); (N.R.)
| | - Michael Belyakov
- Research Institute of Hygiene, Occupational Pathology and Human Ecology, Saint Petersburg 188663, Russia;
| | - Anastasiia Whaley
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia; (A.B.); (E.F.); (A.W.); (N.R.)
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Saint Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University, Saint Petersburg 197022, Russia;
| | - Andrei Whaley
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Saint Petersburg State Chemical and Pharmaceutical University, Saint Petersburg 197022, Russia;
| | - Valentina Shpakova
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AS, UK;
| | - Natalia Rukoyatkina
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia; (A.B.); (E.F.); (A.W.); (N.R.)
| | - Stepan Gambaryan
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia; (A.B.); (E.F.); (A.W.); (N.R.)
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2
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Kayser C, Lohse MJ, Bock A. Real-Time Measurements of Intracellular cAMP Gradients Using FRET-Based cAMP Nanorulers. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2483:1-13. [PMID: 35286666 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2245-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is one of the most important and ubiquitous second messengers in cells downstream of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). In a single cell, cAMP can exert innumerous specific cell functions in response to more than one hundred different GPCRs. Cells achieve this extraordinary functional specificity of cAMP signaling by limiting the spread of these signals in space and time. To do so, cells establish nanometer-size cAMP gradients by immobilizing cAMP via cAMP binding proteins and via targeted activity of cAMP-degrading phosphodiesterases (PDEs). As cAMP gradients appear to be essential for cell function, new technologies are needed to accurately measure cAMP gradients in intact cells with nanometer-resolution. Here we describe FRET-based cAMP nanorulers to measure local, nanometer-size cAMP gradients in intact cells in the direct vicinity of PDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Kayser
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Receptor Signaling Lab, Robert-Roessle-Strasse 10, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin J Lohse
- ISAR Bioscience Institute, Semmelweisstraße 5, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Bock
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Receptor Signaling Lab, Robert-Roessle-Strasse 10, Berlin, Germany.
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, Haertelstrasse, Leipzig, Germany.
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Kim N, Shin S, Bae SW. cAMP Biosensors Based on Genetically Encoded Fluorescent/Luminescent Proteins. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2021; 11:bios11020039. [PMID: 33572585 PMCID: PMC7911721 DOI: 10.3390/bios11020039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) plays a key role in signal transduction pathways as a second messenger. Studies on the cAMP dynamics provided useful scientific insights for drug development and treatment of cAMP-related diseases such as some cancers and prefrontal cortex disorders. For example, modulation of cAMP-mediated intracellular signaling pathways by anti-tumor drugs could reduce tumor growth. However, most early stage tools used for measuring the cAMP level in living organisms require cell disruption, which is not appropriate for live cell imaging or animal imaging. Thus, in the last decades, tools were developed for real-time monitoring of cAMP distribution or signaling dynamics in a non-invasive manner. Genetically-encoded sensors based on fluorescent proteins and luciferases could be powerful tools to overcome these drawbacks. In this review, we discuss the recent genetically-encoded cAMP sensors advances, based on single fluorescent protein (FP), Föster resonance energy transfer (FRET), single luciferase, and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) for real-time non-invasive imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namdoo Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Kongju National University, Gongju 32588, Korea;
| | - Seunghan Shin
- Green Chemistry & Materials Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Cheonan 31056, Korea;
| | - Se Won Bae
- Green Chemistry & Materials Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Cheonan 31056, Korea;
- Department of Chemistry and Cosmetics, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-64-754-3543
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4
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Bock A, Annibale P, Konrad C, Hannawacker A, Anton SE, Maiellaro I, Zabel U, Sivaramakrishnan S, Falcke M, Lohse MJ. Optical Mapping of cAMP Signaling at the Nanometer Scale. Cell 2020; 182:1519-1530.e17. [PMID: 32846156 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cells relay a plethora of extracellular signals to specific cellular responses by using only a few second messengers, such as cAMP. To explain signaling specificity, cAMP-degrading phosphodiesterases (PDEs) have been suggested to confine cAMP to distinct cellular compartments. However, measured rates of fast cAMP diffusion and slow PDE activity render cAMP compartmentalization essentially impossible. Using fluorescence spectroscopy, we show that, contrary to earlier data, cAMP at physiological concentrations is predominantly bound to cAMP binding sites and, thus, immobile. Binding and unbinding results in largely reduced cAMP dynamics, which we term "buffered diffusion." With a large fraction of cAMP being buffered, PDEs can create nanometer-size domains of low cAMP concentrations. Using FRET-cAMP nanorulers, we directly map cAMP gradients at the nanoscale around PDE molecules and the areas of resulting downstream activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA). Our study reveals that spatiotemporal cAMP signaling is under precise control of nanometer-size domains shaped by PDEs that gate activation of downstream effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bock
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Paolo Annibale
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Charlotte Konrad
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Annette Hannawacker
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Selma E Anton
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Isabella Maiellaro
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Zabel
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sivaraj Sivaramakrishnan
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Martin Falcke
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Department of Physics, Humboldt University, Newtonstr. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin J Lohse
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany; Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany; ISAR Bioscience Institute, 82152 Munich/Planegg, Germany.
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5
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Kannabiran SA, Gosejacob D, Niemann B, Nikolaev VO, Pfeifer A. Real-time monitoring of cAMP in brown adipocytes reveals differential compartmentation of β 1 and β 3-adrenoceptor signalling. Mol Metab 2020; 37:100986. [PMID: 32247064 PMCID: PMC7191645 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.100986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective 3′,5′-Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a central second messenger governing brown adipocyte differentiation and function. β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) stimulate adenylate cyclases which produce cAMP. Moreover, cyclic nucleotide levels are tightly controlled by phosphodiesterases (PDEs), which can generate subcellular microdomains of cAMP. Since the spatio-temporal organisation of the cAMP signalling pathway in adipocytes is still unclear, we sought to monitor real-time cAMP dynamics by live cell imaging in pre-mature and mature brown adipocytes. Methods We measured the real-time dynamics of cAMP in murine pre-mature and mature brown adipocytes during stimulation of individual β-AR subtypes, as well as its regulation by PDEs using a Förster Resonance Energy Transfer based biosensor and pharmacological tools. We also correlated these data with β-AR stimulated lipolysis and analysed the expression of β-ARs and PDEs in brown adipocytes using qPCR and immunoblotting. Furthermore, subcellular distribution of PDEs was studied using cell fractionation and immunoblots. Results Using pre-mature and mature brown adipocytes isolated from transgenic mice expressing a highly sensitive cytosolic biosensor Epac1-camps, we established real-time measurements of cAMP responses. PDE4 turned out to be the major PDE regulating cytosolic cAMP in brown preadipocytes. Upon maturation, PDE3 gets upregulated and contributes with PDE4 to control β1-AR-induced cAMP. Unexpectedly, β3-AR initiated cAMP is resistant to increased PDE3 protein levels and simultaneously, the control of this microdomain by PDE4 is reduced upon brown adipocyte maturation. Therefore we postulate the existence of distinct cAMP pools in brown adipocytes. One cAMP pool is formed by β1-AR associated with PDE3 and PDE4, while another pool is centred around β3-AR and is much less controlled by these PDEs. Functionally, lower control of β3-AR initiated cAMP by PDE3 and PDE4 facilitates brown adipocyte lipolysis, while lipolysis activated by β1-AR and is under tight control of PDE3 and PDE4. Conclusions We have established a real-time live cell imaging approach to analyse brown adipocyte cAMP dynamics in real-time using a cAMP biosensor. We showed that during the differentiation from pre-mature to mature murine brown adipocytes, there was a change in PDE-dependent compartmentation of β1-and β3-AR-initiated cAMP responses by PDE3 and PDE4 regulating lipolysis. Establishment of real-time cAMP analysis using a FRET biosensor in brown adipocytes. Real-time dynamics of cAMP generation from different β-adrenoceptor subtypes in pre- and mature brown adipocytes. Expression analysis of PDE families in pre- and mature brown adipocytes. Differences in PDE3- and PDE4-dependent regulation of β1- and β3-adrenoceptor initiated cAMP signalling in brown adipocytes. Differential compartmentation of β1- and β3-adrenoceptor signalling in brown adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Arcot Kannabiran
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany; Research Training Group 1873, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dominic Gosejacob
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Birte Niemann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany; Bonn International Graduate School of Drug Sciences (BIGS DrugS), Germany
| | - Viacheslav O Nikolaev
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Alexander Pfeifer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany; Research Training Group 1873, University of Bonn, 53127, Bonn, Germany; Bonn International Graduate School of Drug Sciences (BIGS DrugS), Germany.
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Schleicher K, Zaccolo M. Axelrod Symposium 2019: Phosphoproteomic Analysis of G-Protein-Coupled Pathways. Mol Pharmacol 2020; 99:383-391. [PMID: 32111700 DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.118869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
By limiting unrestricted activation of intracellular effectors, compartmentalized signaling of cyclic nucleotides confers specificity to extracellular stimuli and is critical for the development and health of cells and organisms. Dissecting the molecular mechanisms that allow local control of cyclic nucleotide signaling is essential for our understanding of physiology and pathophysiology, but mapping the dynamics and regulation of compartmentalized signaling is a challenge. In this minireview we summarize advanced imaging and proteomics techniques that have been successfully used to probe compartmentalized cAMP signaling in eukaryotic cells. Subcellularly targeted fluorescence resonance energy transfer sensors can precisely locate and measure compartmentalized cAMP, and this allows us to estimate the range of effector activation. Because cAMP effector proteins often cluster together with their targets and cAMP regulatory proteins to form discrete cAMP signalosomes, proteomics and phosphoproteomics analysis have more recently been used to identify additional players in the cAMP-signaling cascade. We propose that the synergistic use of the techniques discussed could prove fruitful in generating a detailed map of cAMP signalosomes and reveal new details of compartmentalized signaling. Compiling a dynamic map of cAMP nanodomains in defined cell types would establish a blueprint for better understanding the alteration of signaling compartments associated with disease and would provide a molecular basis for targeted therapeutic strategies. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: cAMP signaling is compartmentalized. Some functionally important cellular signaling compartments operate on a nanometer scale, and their integrity is essential to maintain cellular function and appropriate responses to extracellular stimuli. Compartmentalized signaling provides an opportunity for precision medicine interventions. Our detailed understanding of the composition, function, and regulation of cAMP-signaling nanodomains in health and disease is essential and will benefit from harnessing the right combination of advanced biochemical and imaging techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Schleicher
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Manuela Zaccolo
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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7
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cGMP signalling in cardiomyocyte microdomains. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 47:1327-1339. [PMID: 31652306 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
3',5'-Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is one of the major second messengers critically involved in the regulation of cardiac electrophysiology, hypertrophy, and contractility. Recent molecular and cellular studies have significantly advanced our understanding of the cGMP signalling cascade, its local microdomain-specific regulation and its role in protecting the heart from pathological stress. Here, we summarise recent findings on cardiac cGMP microdomain regulation and discuss their potential clinical significance.
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8
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Argyrousi EK, Heckman PRA, Prickaerts J. Role of cyclic nucleotides and their downstream signaling cascades in memory function: Being at the right time at the right spot. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 113:12-38. [PMID: 32044374 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A plethora of studies indicate the important role of cAMP and cGMP cascades in neuronal plasticity and memory function. As a result, altered cyclic nucleotide signaling has been implicated in the pathophysiology of mnemonic dysfunction encountered in several diseases. In the present review we provide a wide overview of studies regarding the involvement of cyclic nucleotides, as well as their upstream and downstream molecules, in physiological and pathological mnemonic processes. Next, we discuss the regulation of the intracellular concentration of cyclic nucleotides via phosphodiesterases, the enzymes that degrade cAMP and/or cGMP, and via A-kinase-anchoring proteins that refine signal compartmentalization of cAMP signaling. We also provide an overview of the available data pointing to the existence of specific time windows in cyclic nucleotide signaling during neuroplasticity and memory formation and the significance to target these specific time phases for improving memory formation. Finally, we highlight the importance of emerging imaging tools like Förster resonance energy transfer imaging and optogenetics in detecting, measuring and manipulating the action of cyclic nucleotide signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elentina K Argyrousi
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, the Netherlands
| | - Pim R A Heckman
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, the Netherlands
| | - Jos Prickaerts
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, 6200 MD, the Netherlands.
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9
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Koschinski A, Zaccolo M. Quantification and Comparison of Signals Generated by Different FRET-Based cAMP Reporters. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1947:217-237. [PMID: 30969419 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9121-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A variety of FRET-based biosensors are currently in use for real-time monitoring of dynamic changes of intracellular cAMP. Due to differences in sensor properties, unique features of the cell type under examination and diverse specifications of the imaging setups in different laboratories, data generated using these sensors may not be immediately comparable within the same study or across studies. To facilitate comparison, often FRET data are normalized and expressed as fractional change of the maximal FRET response at sensor saturation. However, this approach may lead to misinterpretation of the underlying cAMP change. In this chapter, we provide examples of the problems that may arise when using normalized FRET data and present a method based on the conversion of FRET ratio changes into actual cAMP concentrations that mitigates these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Koschinski
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Manuela Zaccolo
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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10
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Stathopoulou K, Schobesberger S, Bork NI, Sprenger JU, Perera RK, Sotoud H, Geertz B, David JP, Christ T, Nikolaev VO, Cuello F. Divergent off-target effects of RSK N-terminal and C-terminal kinase inhibitors in cardiac myocytes. Cell Signal 2019; 63:109362. [PMID: 31344438 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
P90 ribosomal S6 kinases (RSK) are ubiquitously expressed and regulate responses to neurohumoral stimulation. To study the role of RSK signalling on cardiac myocyte function and protein phosphorylation, pharmacological RSK inhibitors were tested. Here, the ATP competitive N-terminal kinase domain-targeting compounds D1870 and SL0101 and the allosteric C-terminal kinase domain-targeting FMK were evaluated regarding their ability to modulate cardiac myocyte protein phosphorylation. Exposure to D1870 and SL0101 significantly enhanced phospholamban (PLN) Ser16 and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) Ser22/23 phosphorylation in response to D1870 and SL0101 upon exposure to phenylephrine (PE) that activates RSK. In contrast, FMK pretreatment significantly reduced phosphorylation of both proteins in response to PE. D1870-mediated enhancement of PLN Ser16 phosphorylation was also observed after exposure to isoprenaline or noradrenaline (NA) stimuli that do not activate RSK. Inhibition of β-adrenoceptors by atenolol or cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) by H89 prevented the D1870-mediated increase in PLN phosphorylation, suggesting that PKA is the kinase responsible for the observed phosphorylation. Assessment of changes in cAMP formation by FRET measurements revealed increased cAMP formation in vicinity to PLN after exposure to D1870 and SL0101. D1870 inhibited phosphodiesterase activity similarly as established PDE inhibitors rolipram or 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine. Assessment of catecholamine-mediated force development in rat ventricular muscle strips revealed significantly reduced EC50 for NA after D1870 pretreatment (DMSO/NA: 2.33 μmol/L vs. D1870/NA: 1.30 μmol/L). The data reveal enhanced cardiac protein phosphorylation by D1870 and SL0101 that was not detectable in response to FMK. This disparate effect might be attributed to off-target inhibition of PDEs with impact on muscle function as demonstrated for D1870.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantina Stathopoulou
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sophie Schobesberger
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nadja I Bork
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Julia U Sprenger
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ruwan K Perera
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hannieh Sotoud
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Birgit Geertz
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jean-Pierre David
- Institute of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Christ
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Viacheslav O Nikolaev
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friederike Cuello
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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Abstract
3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signalling plays a major role in the cardiac myocyte response to extracellular stimulation by hormones and neurotransmitters. In recent years, evidence has accumulated demonstrating that the cAMP response to different extracellular agonists is not uniform: depending on the stimulus, cAMP signals of different amplitudes and kinetics are generated in different subcellular compartments, eliciting defined physiological effects. In this review, we focus on how real-time imaging using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based reporters has provided mechanistic insight into the compartmentalisation of the cAMP signalling pathway and allowed for the precise definition of the regulation and function of subcellular cAMP nanodomains.
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12
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Bork NI, Nikolaev VO. cGMP Signaling in the Cardiovascular System-The Role of Compartmentation and Its Live Cell Imaging. Int J Mol Sci 2018. [PMID: 29534460 PMCID: PMC5877662 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous second messenger 3′,5′-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) regulates multiple physiologic processes in the cardiovascular system. Its intracellular effects are mediated by stringently controlled subcellular microdomains. In this review, we will illustrate the current techniques available for real-time cGMP measurements with a specific focus on live cell imaging methods. We will also discuss currently accepted and emerging mechanisms of cGMP compartmentation in the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja I Bork
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, Hamburg 20246, Germany.
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg 20246, Germany.
| | - Viacheslav O Nikolaev
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, Hamburg 20246, Germany.
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg 20246, Germany.
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13
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Perera RK, Fischer TH, Wagner M, Dewenter M, Vettel C, Bork NI, Maier LS, Conti M, Wess J, El-Armouche A, Hasenfuß G, Nikolaev VO. Atropine augments cardiac contractility by inhibiting cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase type 4. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15222. [PMID: 29123207 PMCID: PMC5680190 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15632-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Atropine is a clinically relevant anticholinergic drug, which blocks inhibitory effects of the parasympathetic neurotransmitter acetylcholine on heart rate leading to tachycardia. However, many cardiac effects of atropine cannot be adequately explained solely by its antagonism at muscarinic receptors. In isolated mouse ventricular cardiomyocytes expressing a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based cAMP biosensor, we confirmed that atropine inhibited acetylcholine-induced decreases in cAMP. Unexpectedly, even in the absence of acetylcholine, after G-protein inactivation with pertussis toxin or in myocytes from M2- or M1/3-muscarinic receptor knockout mice, atropine increased cAMP levels that were pre-elevated with the β-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol. Using the FRET approach and in vitro phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity assays, we show that atropine acts as an allosteric PDE type 4 (PDE4) inhibitor. In human atrial myocardium and in both intact wildtype and M2 or M1/3-receptor knockout mouse Langendorff hearts, atropine led to increased contractility and heart rates, respectively. In vivo, the atropine-dependent prolongation of heart rate increase was blunted in PDE4D but not in wildtype or PDE4B knockout mice. We propose that inhibition of PDE4 by atropine accounts, at least in part, for the induction of tachycardia and the arrhythmogenic potency of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruwan K Perera
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Clinic of Cardiology and Pulmonology, Heart Research Center Göttingen, Georg August University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas H Fischer
- Clinic of Cardiology and Pulmonology, Heart Research Center Göttingen, Georg August University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Wagner
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Dewenter
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christiane Vettel
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Mannheim Medical Faculty, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nadja I Bork
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,DZHK, German Center for Cardiovascular Research, partner sites Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck and Göttingen, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lars S Maier
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marco Conti
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Juergen Wess
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ali El-Armouche
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gerd Hasenfuß
- Clinic of Cardiology and Pulmonology, Heart Research Center Göttingen, Georg August University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany.,DZHK, German Center for Cardiovascular Research, partner sites Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck and Göttingen, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Viacheslav O Nikolaev
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany. .,DZHK, German Center for Cardiovascular Research, partner sites Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck and Göttingen, Hamburg, Germany.
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14
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Halls ML, Canals M. Genetically Encoded FRET Biosensors to Illuminate Compartmentalised GPCR Signalling. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017; 39:148-157. [PMID: 29054309 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Genetically encoded Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) biosensors have been instrumental to our understanding of how intracellular signalling is organised and regulated within cells. In the last decade, the toolbox, dynamic range and applications of these sensors have expanded beyond basic cell biology applications. In particular, FRET biosensors have shed light onto the mechanisms that control the intracellular organisation of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signalling and have allowed the visualisation of signalling events with unprecedented temporal and spatial resolution. Here we review the use of these sensors in the GPCR field and how it has already provided invaluable advances towards our understanding of the complexity of GPCR signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Halls
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
| | - Meritxell Canals
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
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15
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FRET biosensor uncovers cAMP nano-domains at β-adrenergic targets that dictate precise tuning of cardiac contractility. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15031. [PMID: 28425435 PMCID: PMC5411486 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Compartmentalized cAMP/PKA signalling is now recognized as important for physiology and pathophysiology, yet a detailed understanding of the properties, regulation and function of local cAMP/PKA signals is lacking. Here we present a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based sensor, CUTie, which detects compartmentalized cAMP with unprecedented accuracy. CUTie, targeted to specific multiprotein complexes at discrete plasmalemmal, sarcoplasmic reticular and myofilament sites, reveals differential kinetics and amplitudes of localized cAMP signals. This nanoscopic heterogeneity of cAMP signals is necessary to optimize cardiac contractility upon adrenergic activation. At low adrenergic levels, and those mimicking heart failure, differential local cAMP responses are exacerbated, with near abolition of cAMP signalling at certain locations. This work provides tools and fundamental mechanistic insights into subcellular adrenergic signalling in normal and pathological cardiac function.
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16
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Lohse C, Bock A, Maiellaro I, Hannawacker A, Schad LR, Lohse MJ, Bauer WR. Experimental and mathematical analysis of cAMP nanodomains. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174856. [PMID: 28406920 PMCID: PMC5391016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In their role as second messengers, cyclic nucleotides such as cAMP have a variety of intracellular effects. These complex tasks demand a highly organized orchestration of spatially and temporally confined cAMP action which should be best achieved by compartmentalization of the latter. A great body of evidence suggests that cAMP compartments may be established and maintained by cAMP degrading enzymes, e.g. phosphodiesterases (PDEs). However, the molecular and biophysical details of how PDEs can orchestrate cAMP gradients are entirely unclear. In this paper, using fusion proteins of cAMP FRET-sensors and PDEs in living cells, we provide direct experimental evidence that the cAMP concentration in the vicinity of an individual PDE molecule is below the detection limit of our FRET sensors (<100nM). This cAMP gradient persists in crude cytosol preparations. We developed mathematical models based on diffusion-reaction equations which describe the creation of nanocompartments around a single PDE molecule and more complex spatial PDE arrangements. The analytically solvable equations derived here explicitly determine how the capability of a single PDE, or PDE complexes, to create a nanocompartment depend on the cAMP degradation rate, the diffusive mobility of cAMP, and geometrical and topological parameters. We apply these generic models to our experimental data and determine the diffusive mobility and degradation rate of cAMP. The results obtained for these parameters differ by far from data in literature for free soluble cAMP interacting with PDE. Hence, restricted cAMP diffusion in the vincinity of PDE is necessary to create cAMP nanocompartments in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Lohse
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Bock
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Isabella Maiellaro
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Annette Hannawacker
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lothar R. Schad
- Computer Assisted Clinical Medicine, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin J. Lohse
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Wolfgang R. Bauer
- Comprehensive Heart Failure Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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17
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18
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Koschinski A, Zaccolo M. A novel approach combining real-time imaging and the patch-clamp technique to calibrate FRET-based reporters for cAMP in their cellular microenvironment. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1294:25-40. [PMID: 25783875 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2537-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based reporters are invaluable tools to study spatiotemporal aspects of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling and compartmentalization in living cells. These sensors allow estimation of relative changes of cAMP levels in real-time and intact cells. However, one of their major shortcomings is that they do not easily allow direct measurement of cAMP concentrations. This is mainly due to the fact that the methods to calibrate these sensors in their physiological microenvironment are not generally available. All published approaches to calibrate FRET-based reporters rely at least in part on data derived under nonphysiological conditions. Here, we present a protocol to calibrate FRET reporters completely "in cell." We introduce a combination of FRET imaging of cAMP and the whole-cell patch-clamp techniques to microinfuse or dilute intracellular cAMP to known concentrations. This method represents a general tool to accurately estimate intracellular cAMP concentrations by allocating concentration values to FRET ratio changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Koschinski
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK,
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19
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Zhao CY, Greenstein JL, Winslow RL. Interaction between phosphodiesterases in the regulation of the cardiac β-adrenergic pathway. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 88:29-38. [PMID: 26388264 PMCID: PMC4641241 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In cardiac myocytes, the second messenger cAMP is synthesized within the β-adrenergic signaling pathway upon sympathetic activation. It activates Protein Kinase A (PKA) mediated phosphorylation of multiple target proteins that are functionally critical to cardiac contractility. The dynamics of cAMP are also controlled indirectly by cGMP-mediated regulation of phosphodiesterase isoenzymes (PDEs). The nature of the interactions between cGMP and the PDEs, as well as between PDE isoforms, and how these ultimately transduce the cGMP signal to regulate cAMP remains unclear. To better understand this, we have developed mechanistically detailed models of PDEs 1-4, the primary cAMP-hydrolyzing PDEs in cardiac myocytes, and integrated them into a model of the β-adrenergic signaling pathway. The PDE models are based on experimental studies performed on purified PDEs which have demonstrated that cAMP and cGMP bind competitively to the cyclic nucleotide (cN)-binding domains of PDEs 1, 2, and 3, while PDE4 regulation occurs via PKA-mediated phosphorylation. Individual PDE models reproduce experimentally measured cAMP hydrolysis rates with dose-dependent cGMP regulation. The fully integrated model replicates experimentally observed whole-cell cAMP activation-response relationships and temporal dynamics upon varying degrees of β-adrenergic stimulation in cardiac myocytes. Simulations reveal that as a result of network interactions, reduction in the level of one PDE is partially compensated for by increased activation of others. PDE2 and PDE4 exert the strongest compensatory roles among all PDEs. In addition, PDE2 competes with other PDEs to bind and hydrolyze cAMP and is a strong regulator of PDE interactions. Finally, an increasing level of cGMP gradually out-competes cAMP for the catalytic sites of PDEs 1, 2, and 3, suppresses their cAMP hydrolysis rates, and results in amplified cAMP signaling. These results provide insights into how PDEs transduce cGMP signals to regulate cAMP and how PDE interactions affect cardiac β-adrenergic response.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- Binding, Competitive
- Cyclic AMP/metabolism
- Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/genetics
- Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Cyclic GMP/metabolism
- Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 1/genetics
- Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 1/metabolism
- Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 2/genetics
- Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 2/metabolism
- Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 3/genetics
- Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 3/metabolism
- Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4/genetics
- Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterases, Type 4/metabolism
- Feedback, Physiological
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Mice
- Models, Cardiovascular
- Myocardial Contraction/physiology
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/cytology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Phosphorylation
- Protein Binding
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Y Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute for Computational Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Whiting School of Engineering, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Joseph L Greenstein
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute for Computational Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Whiting School of Engineering, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Raimond L Winslow
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Institute for Computational Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Whiting School of Engineering, 3400 N Charles Street, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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20
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Patel N, Gold MG. The genetically encoded tool set for investigating cAMP: more than the sum of its parts. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:164. [PMID: 26300778 PMCID: PMC4526808 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular fluctuations of the second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) are regulated with spatial and temporal precision. This regulation is supported by the sophisticated arrangement of cyclases, phosphodiesterases, anchoring proteins, and receptors for cAMP. Discovery of these nuances to cAMP signaling has been facilitated by the development of genetically encodable tools for monitoring and manipulating cAMP and the proteins that support cAMP signaling. In this review, we discuss the state-of-the-art in development of different genetically encoded tools for sensing cAMP and the activity of its primary intracellular receptor protein kinase A (PKA). We introduce sequences for encoding adenylyl cyclases that enable cAMP levels to be artificially elevated within cells. We chart the evolution of sequences for selectively modifying protein-protein interactions that support cAMP signaling, and for driving cAMP sensors and manipulators to different subcellular locations. Importantly, these different genetically encoded tools can be applied synergistically, and we highlight notable instances that take advantage of this property. Finally, we consider prospects for extending the utility of the tool set to support further insights into the role of cAMP in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Patel
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London London, UK
| | - Matthew G Gold
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London London, UK
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21
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Wright PT, Schobesberger S, Gorelik J. Studying GPCR/cAMP pharmacology from the perspective of cellular structure. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:148. [PMID: 26236239 PMCID: PMC4505077 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal transduction via G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) relies upon the production of cAMP and other signaling cascades. A given receptor and agonist pair, produce multiple effects upon cellular physiology which can be opposite in different cell types. The production of variable cellular effects via the signaling of the same GPCR in different cell types is a result of signal organization in space and time (compartmentation). This organization is usually based upon the physical and chemical properties of the membranes in which the GPCRs reside and the repertoire of downstream effectors and co-factors that are available at that location. In this review we explore mechanisms of GPCR signal compartmentation and broadly review the state-of-the-art methodologies which can be utilized to study them. We provide a clear rationale for a “localized” approach to the study of the pharmacology and physiology of GPCRs and particularly the secondary messenger cAMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter T Wright
- Functional Microscopy, Myocardial Function, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London , Du Cane Road, London, UK
| | - Sophie Schobesberger
- Functional Microscopy, Myocardial Function, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London , Du Cane Road, London, UK
| | - Julia Gorelik
- Functional Microscopy, Myocardial Function, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London , Du Cane Road, London, UK
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22
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Calebiro D, Maiellaro I. cAMP signaling microdomains and their observation by optical methods. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:350. [PMID: 25389388 PMCID: PMC4211404 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP) is a major intracellular mediator of many hormones and neurotransmitters and regulates a myriad of cell functions, including synaptic plasticity in neurons. Whereas cAMP can freely diffuse in the cytosol, a growing body of evidence suggests the formation of cAMP gradients and microdomains near the sites of cAMP production, where cAMP signals remain apparently confined. The mechanisms responsible for the formation of such microdomains are subject of intensive investigation. The development of optical methods based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), which allow a direct observation of cAMP signaling with high temporal and spatial resolution, is playing a fundamental role in elucidating the nature of such microdomains. Here, we will review the optical methods used for monitoring cAMP and protein kinase A (PKA) signaling in living cells, providing some examples of their application in neurons, and will discuss the major hypotheses on the formation of cAMP/PKA microdomains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Calebiro
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany ; Bio-Imaging Center/Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
| | - Isabella Maiellaro
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany ; Bio-Imaging Center/Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine, University of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
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23
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Otero C, Peñaloza JP, Rodas PI, Fernández-Ramires R, Velasquez L, Jung JE. Temporal and spatial regulation of cAMP signaling in disease: role of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2014; 28:593-607. [PMID: 24750474 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery, cAMP has been proposed as one of the most versatile second messengers. The remarkable feature of cAMP to tightly control highly diverse physiological processes, including metabolism, homeostasis, secretion, muscle contraction, cell proliferation and migration, immune response, and gene transcription, is reflected by millions of different articles worldwide. Compartmentalization of cAMP in space and time, maintained by mainly phosphodiesterases, contributes to the maintenance of equilibrium inside the cell where one signal can trigger many different events. Novel cAMP sensors seem to carry out certain unexpected signaling properties of cAMP and thereby to permit delicate adaptations of biologic responses. Measuring space and time events with biosensors will increase our current knowledge on the pathophysiology of diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, cognitive impairment, cancer, and renal and heart failure. Further insights into the cAMP dynamics will help to optimize the pharmacological treatment for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Otero
- Center for Integrative Medicine and Innovative Science, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; Centro para el Desarrollo de la Nanociencia y Nanotecnologia, Santiago, Chile
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24
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Stangherlin A, Koschinski A, Terrin A, Zoccarato A, Jiang H, Fields LA, Zaccolo M. Analysis of compartmentalized cAMP: a method to compare signals from differently targeted FRET reporters. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1071:59-71. [PMID: 24052380 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-622-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based reporters are important tools to study the spatiotemporal compartmentalization of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in living cells. To increase the spatial resolution of cAMP detection, new reporters with specific intracellular targeting have been developed. Therefore it has become critical to be able to appropriately compare the signals revealed by the different sensors. Here we illustrate a protocol to calibrate the response detected by different targeted FRET reporters involving the generation of a dose-response curve to the cAMP raising agent forskolin. This method represents a general tool for the accurate analysis and interpretation of intracellular cAMP changes detected at the level of different subcellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Stangherlin
- College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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25
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Stockand JD, Vallon V, Ortiz P. In vivo and ex vivo analysis of tubule function. Compr Physiol 2013; 2:2495-525. [PMID: 23720256 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c100051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of tubule function with in vivo and ex vivo approaches has been instrumental in revealing renal physiology. This work allows assignment of functional significance to known gene products expressed along the nephron, primary of which are proteins involved in electrolyte transport and regulation of these transporters. Not only we have learned much about the key roles played by these transport proteins and their proper regulation in normal physiology but also the combination of contemporary molecular biology and molecular genetics with in vivo and ex vivo analysis opened a new era of discovery informative about the root causes of many renal diseases. The power of in vivo and ex vivo analysis of tubule function is that it preserves the native setting and control of the tubule and proteins within tubule cells enabling them to be investigated in a "real-life" environment with a high degree of precision. In vivo and ex vivo analysis of tubule function continues to provide a powerful experimental outlet for testing, evaluating, and understanding physiology in the context of the novel information provided by sequencing of the human genome and contemporary genetic screening. These tools will continue to be a mainstay in renal laboratories as this discovery process continues and as we continue to identify new gene products functionally compromised in renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Stockand
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.
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26
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Biophysical techniques for detection of cAMP and cGMP in living cells. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:8025-46. [PMID: 23584022 PMCID: PMC3645729 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14048025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotides cAMP and cGMP are ubiquitous second messengers which regulate myriads of functions in virtually all eukaryotic cells. Their intracellular effects are often mediated via discrete subcellular signaling microdomains. In this review, we will discuss state-of-the-art techniques to measure cAMP and cGMP in biological samples with a particular focus on live cell imaging approaches, which allow their detection with high temporal and spatial resolution in living cells and tissues. Finally, we will describe how these techniques can be applied to the analysis of second messenger dynamics in subcellular signaling microdomains.
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27
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Jiwaji M, Daly R, Gibriel A, Barkess G, McLean P, Yang J, Pansare K, Cumming S, McLauchlan A, Kamola PJ, Bhutta MS, West AG, West KL, Kolch W, Girolami MA, Pitt AR. Unique reporter-based sensor platforms to monitor signalling in cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50521. [PMID: 23209767 PMCID: PMC3510088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In recent years much progress has been made in the development of tools for systems biology to study the levels of mRNA and protein, and their interactions within cells. However, few multiplexed methodologies are available to study cell signalling directly at the transcription factor level. Methods Here we describe a sensitive, plasmid-based RNA reporter methodology to study transcription factor activation in mammalian cells, and apply this technology to profiling 60 transcription factors in parallel. The methodology uses two robust and easily accessible detection platforms; quantitative real-time PCR for quantitative analysis and DNA microarrays for parallel, higher throughput analysis. Findings We test the specificity of the detection platforms with ten inducers and independently validate the transcription factor activation. Conclusions We report a methodology for the multiplexed study of transcription factor activation in mammalian cells that is direct and not theoretically limited by the number of available reporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meesbah Jiwaji
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- School of Life and Health Science, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rónán Daly
- School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Abdullah Gibriel
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Gráinne Barkess
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Pauline McLean
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jingli Yang
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Kshama Pansare
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- School of Life and Health Science, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Cumming
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alisha McLauchlan
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Piotr J. Kamola
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Musab S. Bhutta
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Adam G. West
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine L. West
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Walter Kolch
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Systems Biology Ireland and the Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark A. Girolami
- School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- Department of Statistical Science, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R. Pitt
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- School of Life and Health Science, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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28
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Cheepala S, Hulot JS, Morgan JA, Sassi Y, Zhang W, Naren AP, Schuetz JD. Cyclic nucleotide compartmentalization: contributions of phosphodiesterases and ATP-binding cassette transporters. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2012; 53:231-53. [PMID: 23072381 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010611-134609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotides [e.g., cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)] are ubiquitous second messengers that affect multiple cell functions from maturation of the egg to cell division, growth, differentiation, and death. The concentration of cAMP can be regulated by processes within membrane domains (local regulation) as well as throughout a cell (global regulation). The phosphodiesterases (PDEs) that degrade cAMP have well-known roles in both these processes. It has recently been discovered that ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters contribute to both local and global regulation of cAMP. This regulation may require the formation of macromolecular complexes. Some of these transporters are ubiquitously expressed, whereas others are more tissue restricted. Because some PDE inhibitors are also ABC transporter inhibitors, it is conceivable that the therapeutic benefits of their use result from the combined inhibition of both PDEs and ABC transporters. Deciphering the individual contributions of PDEs and ABC transporters to such drug effects may lead to improved therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Cheepala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA
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29
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Tian G, Sågetorp J, Xu Y, Shuai H, Degerman E, Tengholm A. Role of phosphodiesterases in the shaping of sub-plasma-membrane cAMP oscillations and pulsatile insulin secretion. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:5084-95. [PMID: 22946044 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.107201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Specificity and versatility in cyclic AMP (cAMP) signalling are governed by the spatial localisation and temporal dynamics of the signal. Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are important for shaping cAMP signals by hydrolyzing the nucleotide. In pancreatic β-cells, glucose triggers sub-plasma-membrane cAMP oscillations, which are important for insulin secretion, but the mechanisms underlying the oscillations are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of different PDEs in the generation of cAMP oscillations by monitoring the concentration of cAMP in the sub-plasma-membrane space ([cAMP](pm)) with ratiometric evanescent wave microscopy in MIN6 cells or mouse pancreatic β-cells expressing a fluorescent translocation biosensor. The general PDE inhibitor IBMX increased [cAMP](pm), and whereas oscillations were frequently observed at 50 µM IBMX, 300 µM-1 mM of the inhibitor caused a stable increase in [cAMP](pm). The [cAMP](pm) was nevertheless markedly suppressed by the adenylyl cyclase inhibitor 2',5'-dideoxyadenosine, indicating IBMX-insensitive cAMP degradation. Among IBMX-sensitive PDEs, PDE3 was most important for maintaining a low basal level of [cAMP](pm) in unstimulated cells. After glucose induction of [cAMP](pm) oscillations, inhibitors of PDE1, PDE3 and PDE4 inhibitors the average cAMP level, often without disturbing the [cAMP](pm) rhythmicity. Knockdown of the IBMX-insensitive PDE8B by shRNA in MIN6 cells increased the basal level of [cAMP](pm) and prevented the [cAMP](pm)-lowering effect of 2',5'-dideoxyadenosine after exposure to IBMX. Moreover, PDE8B-knockdown cells showed reduced glucose-induced [cAMP](pm) oscillations and loss of the normal pulsatile pattern of insulin secretion. It is concluded that [cAMP](pm) oscillations in β-cells are caused by periodic variations in cAMP generation, and that several PDEs, including PDE1, PDE3 and the IBMX-insensitive PDE8B, are required for shaping the sub-membrane cAMP signals and pulsatile insulin release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng Tian
- Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Biomedical Centre Box 571, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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30
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Edwards HV, Christian F, Baillie GS. cAMP: novel concepts in compartmentalised signalling. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2011; 23:181-90. [PMID: 21930230 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine 3,'5'-monophosphate (cAMP) is the archetypal second messenger produced at the membrane by adenylyl cyclase following activation of many different G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) types. Although discovered over fifty years ago, the notion that cAMP responses were compartmentalised was born in the 1980s. Since then, modern molecular techniques have facilitated visualisation of cellular cAMP dynamics in real time and helped us to understand how a single, ubiquitous second messenger can direct receptor-specific functions in cells. The aim of this review is to highlight emerging ideas in the cAMP field that are currently developing the concept of compartmentalised cAMP signalling systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen V Edwards
- Institute of Neuroscience and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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31
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Geiger J, Brandmann T, Hubertus K, Tjahjadi B, Schinzel R, Walter U. A protein phosphorylation-based assay for screening and monitoring of drugs modulating cyclic nucleotide pathways. Anal Biochem 2010; 407:261-9. [PMID: 20708596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic nucleotide regulation is an important target for drug development, particularly for treatment and prophylaxis of cardiovascular diseases. Determination of cyclic nucleotide levels for screening and monitoring of cyclic nucleotide modulating drug action is necessary, yet the techniques available are cumbersome and not sufficiently accurate. Here we present an approach based on the detection of cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein phosphorylation. By use of a common substrate of cyclic nucleotide-dependent protein kinases, the protein vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) featuring two phosphorylation sites specifically phosphorylated by these kinases, an assay was developed for the monitoring of intracellular cyclic nucleotide levels. The assay was tested with human platelets ex vivo treated with stimulants of nucleotide cyclases, kinases, and phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Phosphorylation of the protein VASP correlates with intracellular cyclic nucleotide concentration (R(2)>0.90 for cGMP and cAMP); however, VASP phosphorylation is more sensitive to elevated cyclic nucleotide levels and significantly more stable over time. Quantification of VASP phosphorylation offers a reliable and robust tool for fast and easy monitoring of cyclic nucleotide levels and is also applicable to unprocessed biological matrices. Owing to these properties, VASP is a promising biomarker for screening and monitoring of cyclic nucleotide modulating drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Geiger
- Institute for Clinical Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
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32
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Wachten S, Masada N, Ayling LJ, Ciruela A, Nikolaev VO, Lohse MJ, Cooper DMF. Distinct pools of cAMP centre on different isoforms of adenylyl cyclase in pituitary-derived GH3B6 cells. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:95-106. [PMID: 20016070 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.058594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Microdomains have been proposed to explain specificity in the myriad of possible cellular targets of cAMP. Local differences in cAMP levels can be generated by phosphodiesterases, which control the diffusion of cAMP. Here, we address the possibility that adenylyl cyclases, the source of cAMP, can be primary architects of such microdomains. Distinctly regulated adenylyl cyclases often contribute to total cAMP levels in endogenous cellular settings, making it virtually impossible to determine the contribution of a specific isoform. To investigate cAMP dynamics with high precision at the single-isoform level, we developed a targeted version of Epac2-camps, a cAMP sensor, in which the sensor was tagged to a catalytically inactive version of the Ca(2+)-stimulable adenylyl cyclase 8 (AC8). This sensor, and less stringently targeted versions of Epac2-camps, revealed opposite regulation of cAMP synthesis in response to Ca(2+) in GH(3)B(6) pituitary cells. Ca(2+) release triggered by thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulated the minor endogenous AC8 species. cAMP levels were decreased by inhibition of AC5 and AC6, and simultaneous activation of phosphodiesterases, in different compartments of the same cell. These findings demonstrate the existence of distinct adenylyl-cyclase-centered cAMP microdomains in live cells and open the door to their molecular micro-dissection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Wachten
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1PD, England, UK
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33
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Abstract
Mechanical forces play important roles in the regulation of cellular functions, including polarization, migration and stem cell differentiation. Tremendous advancement in our understanding of mechanotransduction has been achieved with the recent development of imaging technologies and molecular biosensors. In particular, genetically encoded biosensors based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) technology have been widely developed and applied in the field of mechanobiology. In this article, we will provide an overview of the recent progress of FRET application in mechanobiology, specifically mechanotransduction. We first introduce fluorescent proteins and FRET technology. We then discuss the mechanotransduction processes in different cells including stem cells, with a special emphasis on the important signalling molecules involved in mechanotransduction. Finally, we discuss methods that can allow the integration of simultaneous FRET imaging and mechanical stimulation to trigger signalling transduction. In summary, FRET technology has provided a powerful tool for the study of mechanotransduction to advance our systematic understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which cells respond to mechanical stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Liu
- Department of Bioengineering and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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34
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Tsai EJ, Kass DA. Cyclic GMP signaling in cardiovascular pathophysiology and therapeutics. Pharmacol Ther 2009; 122:216-38. [PMID: 19306895 PMCID: PMC2709600 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) mediates a wide spectrum of physiologic processes in multiple cell types within the cardiovascular system. Dysfunctional signaling at any step of the cascade - cGMP synthesis, effector activation, or catabolism - have been implicated in numerous cardiovascular diseases, ranging from hypertension to atherosclerosis to cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. In this review, we outline each step of the cGMP signaling cascade and discuss its regulation and physiologic effects within the cardiovascular system. In addition, we illustrate how cGMP signaling becomes dysregulated in specific cardiovascular disease states. The ubiquitous role cGMP plays in cardiac physiology and pathophysiology presents great opportunities for pharmacologic modulation of the cGMP signal in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. We detail the various therapeutic interventional strategies that have been developed or are in development, summarizing relevant preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Tsai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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35
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Wunder F, Gnoth MJ, Geerts A, Barufe D. A novel PDE2A reporter cell line: characterization of the cellular activity of PDE inhibitors. Mol Pharm 2009; 6:326-36. [PMID: 19049345 DOI: 10.1021/mp800127n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We report here the generation and pharmacological characterization of a phosphodiesterase 2A (PDE2A) reporter cell line. Human PDE2A was stably transfected in a parental cell line expressing the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) receptor and the cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) cation channel CNGA2, acting as the biosensor for intracellular cGMP. In this reporter cell line, cGMP levels can be monitored in real-time via aequorin luminescence stimulated by calcium influx through the CNG channel. By using different PDE inhibitors, we could show that our PDE2A reporter assay specifically monitors PDE2A inhibition with high sensitivity. In the absence of ANP stimulation, the PDE2A selective inhibitors EHNA, BAY 60-7550 and PDP did not increase basal luminescence levels in this experimental setting. However, in combination with ANP, these inhibitors stimulated luminescence signals and induced leftward shifts of ANP concentration-response curves. Similar results were obtained when using IBMX, trequinsin and dipyridamole, which inhibit PDE2A nonselectively with lower potency. PDP, the most potent PDE2A inhibitor known to date, was found to exhibit much lower cellular activity as anticipated from its biochemical PDE2A inhibitory activity. By cellular uptake and transport studies we could show that PDP's cell permeability is low and that the compound is a substrate for an efflux transporter. Other PDE inhibitors including vinpocetine, milrinone, rolipram, sildenafil, zaprinast, BRL 50481 and BAY 73-6691 did not stimulate luminescence signals on our PDE2A reporter cell line. The results imply that this novel PDE2A reporter assay provides an efficient, high throughput means for the identification and characterization of PDE2A inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Wunder
- Bayer HealthCare AG, Molecular Screening Technology, Pharma Research Center, D-42096 Wuppertal, Germany.
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36
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Baillie GS. Compartmentalized signalling: spatial regulation of cAMP by the action of compartmentalized phosphodiesterases. FEBS J 2009; 276:1790-9. [PMID: 19243430 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.06926.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
cAMP is the original second messenger that is synthesized in response to a number of extracellular stimuli. Recent advances in cAMP reporter technology have given an insight into how cAMP signals retain their specificity. Spatial and temporal cAMP dynamics are regulated by discretely positioned phosphodiesterases that act as sinks to create simultaneous, multiple cAMP gradients in many cellular locations. Such gradients are sampled within microdomains that contain anchored cAMP effector proteins. Compartmentalization of proteins that produce, degrade and are activated by cAMP is crucial for the specificity of action required for normal cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S Baillie
- Division of Neuroscience and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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37
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Collins DM, Murdoch H, Dunlop AJ, Charych E, Baillie GS, Wang Q, Herberg FW, Brandon N, Prinz A, Houslay MD. Ndel1 alters its conformation by sequestering cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase-4D3 (PDE4D3) in a manner that is dynamically regulated through Protein Kinase A (PKA). Cell Signal 2008; 20:2356-69. [PMID: 18845247 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2008.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Revised: 09/26/2008] [Accepted: 09/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of the Nuclear distribution element-like (Ndel1; Nudel) protein in the recruitment of the dynein complex is critical for neurodevelopment and potentially important for neuronal disease states. The PDE4 family of phosphodiesterases specifically degrades cAMP, an important second messenger implicated in learning and memory functions. Here we show for the first time that Ndel1 can interact directly with PDE4 family members and that the interaction of Ndel1 with the PDE4D3 isoform is uniquely disrupted by elevation of intracellular cAMP levels. While all long PDE4 isoforms are subject to stimulatory PKA phosphorylation within their conserved regulatory UCR1 domain, specificity for release of PDE4D3 is conferred due to the PKA-dependent phosphorylation of Ser13 within the isoform-specific, unique amino-terminal domain of PDE4D3. Scanning peptide array analyses identify a common region on Ndel1 for PDE4 binding and an additional region that is unique to PDE4D3. The common site lies within the stutter region that links the second coiled-coil region to the unstable third coiled-coil regions of Ndel1. The additional binding region unique to PDE4D3 penetrates into the start of the third coiled-coil region that can undergo tail-to-tail interactions between Ndel1 dimers to form a 4 helix bundle. We demonstrate Ndel1 self-interaction in living cells using a BRET approach with luciferase- and GFP-tagged forms of Ndel1. BRET assessed Ndel1-Ndel1 self-interaction is amplified through the binding of PDE4 isoforms. For PDE4D3 this effect is ablated upon elevation of intracellular cAMP due to PKA-mediated phosphorylation at Ser13, while the potentiating effects of PDE4B1 and PDE4D5 are resistant to cAMP elevation. PDE4D long isoforms and Ndel1 show a similar sub-cellular distribution in hippocampus and cortex and locate to post-synaptic densities. We show that Ndel1 sequesters EPAC, but not PKA, in order to form a cAMP signalling complex. We propose that a key function of the Ndel1 signalling scaffold is to signal through cAMP by sequestering EPAC, whose activity may thus be specifically regulated by sequestered PDE4 that also stabilizes Ndel1-Ndel1 self-interaction. In the case of PDE4D3, its association with Ndel1 is dynamically regulated by PKA input through its ability to phosphorylate Ser13 in the unique N-terminal region of this isoform, triggering the specific release of PDE4D3 from Ndel1 when cAMP levels are elevated. We propose that Ser13 may act as a redistribution trigger in PDE4D3, allowing it to dynamically re-shape cAMP gradients in distinct intracellular locales upon its phosphorylation by PKA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Collins
- Neuroscience and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Wolfson Link and Davidson Buildings, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
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