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Li Y, Xue M, Dai Y, Xie Y, Wei Y, Wang C, Tian M, Fan Y, Jiang N, Xu C, Liu W, Meng Y, Zhou Y. Chinese giant salamander Bcl-w: An inhibitory role in iridovirus-induced mitochondrial apoptosis and virus replication. Virus Res 2023; 335:199196. [PMID: 37597665 PMCID: PMC10445403 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) superfamily molecules play crucial roles in mitochondrial apoptosis induced by Chinese giant salamander iridovirus (GSIV). As an anti-apoptotic molecule in the BCL-2 family, the molecular mechanism of Bcl-w during GSIV infection remains unknown. In this study, we characterized for the first time an amphibian Bcl-w from Chinese giant salamander Andrias davidianus (AdBcl-w), and its function and regulatory mechanism during GSIV infection were investigated. AdBcl-w possesses the conserved structural features of Bcl-w and shares 35-54% sequence identities with other Bcl-w. mRNA expression of AdBcl-w was most abundant in liver and muscle. The AdBcl-w mRNA expression was regulated during GSIV infection. Western blotting assays revealed that the level of Bcl-w protein was downregulated markedly as the infection progresses. Confocal microscopy showed that overexpressed AdBcl-w was translocated to the mitochondria after infection with GSIV. Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that compared with control, the apoptotic progress in cells transfected with AdBcl-w was reduced while that in cells transfected with AdBcl-w siRNA was enhanced. The number of virus major capsid protein gene copies was lower and protein synthesis was reduced in AdBcl-w overexpressing cells. In addition, AdBcl-w could bind directly to the pro-apoptotic molecule AdBak, while this interaction was weakened with GSIV infection. Moreover, p53 level was reduced and the mRNA expression levels of crucial regulatory molecules in the p53 pathway were regulated in AdBcl-w overexpressing cells during GSIV infection. These results suggested that AdBcl-w inhibit GSIV replication by regulating the virus induced mitochondrial apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Li
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences 8 Wudayuan First Road, Wuhan 430223, China.
| | - Mingyang Xue
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences 8 Wudayuan First Road, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Yanlin Dai
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences 8 Wudayuan First Road, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Yixing Xie
- Zhangjiajie Giant Salamander National Nature Reserve Affairs Center, Zhangjiajie, Hunan 427400, China
| | - Ying Wei
- Zhangjiajie Giant Salamander National Nature Reserve Affairs Center, Zhangjiajie, Hunan 427400, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Zhangjiajie Giant Salamander National Nature Reserve Affairs Center, Zhangjiajie, Hunan 427400, China
| | - Mingzhu Tian
- Zhangjiajie Giant Salamander National Nature Reserve Affairs Center, Zhangjiajie, Hunan 427400, China
| | - Yuding Fan
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences 8 Wudayuan First Road, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences 8 Wudayuan First Road, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences 8 Wudayuan First Road, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Wenzhi Liu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences 8 Wudayuan First Road, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Yan Meng
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences 8 Wudayuan First Road, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences 8 Wudayuan First Road, Wuhan 430223, China.
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2
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Sequence and expression regulation of the BCL2L2 gene in pigs. Gene 2023; 851:146992. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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3
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Kim U, Kim KS, Park JK, Um HD. Hyperacetylation of the C-terminal domain of p53 inhibits the formation of the p53/p21 complex. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 635:52-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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4
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An integrative systems biology approach to overcome venetoclax resistance in acute myeloid leukemia. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010439. [PMID: 36099249 PMCID: PMC9469948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The over-expression of the Bcl-2 protein is a common feature of many solid cancers and hematological malignancies, and it is typically associated with poor prognosis and resistance to chemotherapy. Bcl-2-specific inhibitors, such as venetoclax, have recently been approved for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and small lymphocytic lymphoma, and they are showing promise in clinical trials as a targeted therapy for patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, successful treatment of AML with Bcl-2-specific inhibitors is often followed by the rapid development of drug resistance. An emerging paradigm for overcoming drug resistance in cancer treatment is through the targeting of mitochondrial energetics and metabolism. In AML in particular, it was recently observed that inhibition of mitochondrial translation via administration of the antibiotic tedizolid significantly affects mitochondrial bioenergetics, activating the integrated stress response (ISR) and subsequently sensitizing drug-resistant AML cells to venetoclax. Here we develop an integrative systems biology approach to acquire a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind this process, and in particular, of the specific role of the ISR in the commitment of cells to apoptosis. Our multi-scale mathematical model couples the ISR to the intrinsic apoptosis pathway in venetoclax-resistant AML cells, includes the metabolic effects of treatment, and integrates RNA, protein level, and cellular viability data. Using the mathematical model, we identify the dominant mechanisms by which ISR activation helps to overcome venetoclax resistance, and we study the temporal sequencing of combination treatment to determine the most efficient and robust combination treatment protocol. In this work, we develop a multi-scale systems biology approach to study the mechanisms by which the integrated stress response (ISR) activation helps to overcome venetoclax resistance in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The multi-scale model enables the integration of RNA-level, protein-level, and cellular viability and proliferation data. The model developed in this work can predict several important features of the resistant AML cell lines that are consistent with experimental data. Further, our integrative systems biology approach led to the determination of the optimal combination treatment protocol.
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5
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Zhang L, Wang D, Han X, Guo X, Cao Y, Xia Y, Gao D. Novel read-through fusion transcript Bcl2l2-Pabpn1 in glioblastoma cells. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:4686-4697. [PMID: 35894779 PMCID: PMC9443946 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Read‐through fusion transcripts have recently been identified as chimeric RNAs and have since been linked to tumour growth in some cases. Many fusion genes generated by chromosomal rearrangements have been described in glioblastoma. However, read‐through fusion transcripts between neighbouring genes in glioblastoma remain unexplored. We performed paired‐end RNA‐seq of rat C6 glioma cells and normal cells and discovered a read‐through fusion transcript Bcl2l2‐Pabpn1 in which exon 3 of Bcl‐2‐like protein 2 (Bcl2l2) fused to exon 2 of Polyadenylate‐binding protein 1 (Pabpn1). This fusion transcript was found in both human glioblastoma and normal cells. Unlike other fusions reported in glioblastoma, Bcl2l2‐Pabpn1 appeared to result from RNA processing rather than genomic rearrangement. Bcl2l2‐Pabpn1 fusion transcript encoded a fusion protein with BH4, BCL and RRM domains. Functionally, Bcl2l2‐Pabpn1 knockdown by targeting its fusion junction decreased its expression, and suppressed cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro. Mechanistically, Bcl2l2‐Pabpn1 blocked Bax activity and activated PI3K/AKT pathway to promote glioblastoma progression. Together, our work characterized a glioblastoma‐associated Bcl2l2‐Pabpn1 fusion transcript shared by humans and rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,School of Nursing, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Dan Wang
- School of Medical Information and Engineering, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Guo
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Cao
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ying Xia
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Dianshuai Gao
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Xuzhou Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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6
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Kim U, Kim KS, Park JK, Um HD. Involvement of the p53/p21 complex in p53-dependent gene expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 621:151-156. [PMID: 35834924 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor regulates cell functions either by acting as a transcription factor or by interacting with other proteins. Previously, we reported that the non-transcriptional actions of p53 can be facilitated by the binding of p53 to p21. Herein, we investigated whether p53/p21 interaction influences the transcriptional activity of p53. We observed that the expression of the p53 promoter-based reporter gene is dependent on p21 levels. Moreover, using a p21 variant that is unable to bind p53, we showed that p53 promoter activity requires p53/p21 interaction. To investigate the possible role of p21 in regulating the expression of endogenous p53 targets, we analyzed mRNA levels of Puma, Mdm2, and Gadd45a in untreated control and γ-ray-irradiated cells. We observed that while Puma expression is dependent on p53 regardless of γ-irradiation, p53 mediates the expression of Mdm2 and Gadd45a only in irradiated cells. Notably, p53/p21 interaction is required only for the p53-dependent expression of the tested genes and not Mdm2 and Gadd45a in non-irradiated cells. Moreover, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed that p21 is required for the binding of p53 to the promoters of Puma, Mdm2, and Gadd45a. Collectively, our data support the view that the p53/p21 complex is involved in regulating p53-dependent gene expression. These findings provide a new foundation for understanding the transcriptional action of p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ukjin Kim
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Nowon-Ro 75, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01812, South Korea
| | - Kwang Seok Kim
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Nowon-Ro 75, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01812, South Korea
| | - Jong-Kuk Park
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Nowon-Ro 75, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01812, South Korea.
| | - Hong-Duck Um
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Nowon-Ro 75, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01812, South Korea.
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7
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Kulbay M, Johnson B, Ricaud G, Séguin-Grignon MN, Bernier J. Energetic metabolic reprogramming in Jurkat DFF40-deficient cancer cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 477:2213-2233. [PMID: 35460011 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04433-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
DNA fragmentation factor 40 (DFF40), or the caspase-activated DNase (CAD), is an endonuclease specific for double-stranded DNA. Alterations in its function and expression have been linked to apoptosis resistance, a mechanism likely used by cancer cells. However, how the DFF40-related apoptosis resistance pathway occurs remains unclear. Here, we sought to determine if DFF40 expression could be linked to cell metabolism through the regulation of mitochondrial integrity and function. We demonstrated that DFF40-deficient cells are more resistant to staurosporine and tributyltin (TBT)-induced apoptosis, and express higher levels of Mcl-1 at basal state. Treatment with TBT induces higher Bcl-2 and caspase-9 mRNA transcripts in DFF40 KO Jurkat cells, as well as enhanced Bcl-2 phosphorylation. A loss of DFF40 expression induces a higher mitochondrial mass, mtDNA copy number, mitochondrial membrane potential, and glycolysis rates in resting T cells. DFF40-deficient cells exhibit the Warburg effect phenotype, where they rely significantly more on glycolysis than oxidative phosphorylation and have a higher proliferative state, demonstrated by a higher Ki-67 transcription factor expression and AKT phosphorylation. Finally, we demonstrated with cell fractioning that DFF40 can translocate to the mitochondria following apoptosis induction. Our study reveals that DFF40 may act as a regulator of mitochondria during cell death and its loss could compromise mitochondrial integrity and cause an energetic reprogramming in pathologies such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Kulbay
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531 Boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Blvd. Edouard Montpetit, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Bruno Johnson
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531 Boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | - Guillaume Ricaud
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531 Boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada
| | | | - Jacques Bernier
- INRS-Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531 Boul. des Prairies, Laval, QC, H7V 1B7, Canada.
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8
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Kulbay M, Paimboeuf A, Ozdemir D, Bernier J. Review of cancer cell resistance mechanisms to apoptosis and actual targeted therapies. J Cell Biochem 2021; 123:1736-1761. [PMID: 34791699 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The apoptosis pathway is a programmed cell death mechanism that is crucial for cellular and tissue homeostasis and organ development. There are three major caspase-dependent pathways of apoptosis that ultimately lead to DNA fragmentation. Cancerous cells are known to highly regulate the apoptotic pathway and its role in cancer hallmark acquisition has been discussed over the past decades. Numerous mutations in cancer cell types have been reported to be implicated in chemoresistance and treatment outcome. In this review, we summarize the mutations of the caspase-dependant apoptotic pathways that are the source of cancer development and the targeted therapies currently available or in trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Kulbay
- INRS - Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Adeline Paimboeuf
- INRS - Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Derman Ozdemir
- Department of Medicine, One Brooklyn Health-Brookdale Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Jacques Bernier
- INRS - Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, Laval, Quebec, Canada
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9
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Timmerman DM, Remmers TL, Hillenius S, Looijenga LHJ. Mechanisms of TP53 Pathway Inactivation in Embryonic and Somatic Cells-Relevance for Understanding (Germ Cell) Tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22105377. [PMID: 34065345 PMCID: PMC8161298 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The P53 pathway is the most important cellular pathway to maintain genomic and cellular integrity, both in embryonic and non-embryonic cells. Stress signals induce its activation, initiating autophagy or cell cycle arrest to enable DNA repair. The persistence of these signals causes either senescence or apoptosis. Over 50% of all solid tumors harbor mutations in TP53 that inactivate the pathway. The remaining cancers are suggested to harbor mutations in genes that regulate the P53 pathway such as its inhibitors Mouse Double Minute 2 and 4 (MDM2 and MDM4, respectively). Many reviews have already been dedicated to P53, MDM2, and MDM4, while this review additionally focuses on the other factors that can deregulate P53 signaling. We discuss that P14ARF (ARF) functions as a negative regulator of MDM2, explaining the frequent loss of ARF detected in cancers. The long non-coding RNA Antisense Non-coding RNA in the INK4 Locus (ANRIL) is encoded on the same locus as ARF, inhibiting ARF expression, thus contributing to the process of tumorigenesis. Mutations in tripartite motif (TRIM) proteins deregulate P53 signaling through their ubiquitin ligase activity. Several microRNAs (miRNAs) inactivate the P53 pathway through inhibition of translation. CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) maintains an open chromatin structure at the TP53 locus, explaining its inactivation of CTCF during tumorigenesis. P21, a downstream effector of P53, has been found to be deregulated in different tumor types. This review provides a comprehensive overview of these factors that are known to deregulate the P53 pathway in both somatic and embryonic cells, as well as their malignant counterparts (i.e., somatic and germ cell tumors). It provides insights into which aspects still need to be unraveled to grasp their contribution to tumorigenesis, putatively leading to novel targets for effective cancer therapies.
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10
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Wang W, Yang Q, Huang X, Luo R, Xie K, Gao X, Yan Z, Wang P, Zhang J, Yang J, Zhang B, Gun S. Effects of miR-204 on apoptosis and inflammatory response of Clostridium perfringens beta2 toxin induced IPEC-J2 cells via targeting BCL2L2. Microb Pathog 2021; 156:104906. [PMID: 33965507 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.104906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens beta2 (CPB2) toxin can cause intestinal damage and inflammatory responses in a variety of animals, which seriously endanger the healthy development of animal husbandry. Increasing evidence has demonstrated that microRNAs (miRNAs) can play an important regulatory role in the process of pathogenic infection. In our previous study, we found that miR-204 was highly expressed in the ileum tissues of the susceptible group diarrhea piglets after infection with Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) type C. In this study, we found that miR-204 was also up-regulated in different time points after CPB2 toxin treatment. Overexpression of miR-204 promoted apoptosis and inflammatory response of intestinal porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2), whereas the opposite results were displayed after transfected with miR-204 inhibitor. Furthermore, the luciferase reporter assays confirmed that BCL2L2 was a direct target gene of miR-204. Interestingly, we found that overexpression BCL2L2 attenuated the apoptosis and inflammatory response of CPB2 toxin induced IPEC-J2 cells. In conclusion, these results find that miR-204 promotes the apoptosis and intensify inflammatory response of CPB2 toxin induced IPEC-J2 cells via targeting BCL2L2. These data provide a valuable reference for the piglets resistance diarrhea at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Qiaoli Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Ruirui Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Kaihui Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Xiaoli Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Zunqiang Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Juanli Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Jiaojiao Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Shuangbao Gun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China; Gansu Research Center for Swine Production Engineering and Technology, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
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p21 WAF1/CIP1 promotes p53 protein degradation by facilitating p53-Wip1 and p53-Mdm2 interaction. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 543:23-28. [PMID: 33503543 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.01.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Downregulation of the p53 tumor suppressor in cancers is frequently accompanied by the upregulation of Wip1 (a phosphatase) and Mdm2 (an E3 ubiquitin ligase). Mdm2 binds and ubiquitinates p53, promoting its degradation by the proteasome. As the p53/Mdm2 interaction is alleviated by the phosphorylation of the serine-15 (S15) residue of p53, Wip1, which can directly dephosphorylate phospho-S15, facilitates the Mdm2-mediated degradation of p53. Here, we found that p21WAF1/CIP1, previously shown to bind p53 and Mdm2, reduces the cellular levels of p53 protein by decreasing its stability. This is accompanied by a decrease in p53-S15 phosphorylation levels. In agreement, p21 promotes the p53/Wip1 interaction. Additionally, p21 interacts with Wip1, forming a trimeric complex of p53, p21, and Wip1. Studies using a p21 deletion mutant that cannot bind p53 revealed that the p53/p21 complex is more efficient than p53 alone in facilitating the binding of p53 to Wip1 and Mdm2. These findings indicate that p21 is a novel negative regulator of p53 stability and therefore, may be used as a target to restore p53 activity by preventing the action of Wip1 and Mdm2 on p53.
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12
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BCL-w: apoptotic and non-apoptotic role in health and disease. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:260. [PMID: 32317622 PMCID: PMC7174325 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2417-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The BCL-2 family of proteins integrates signals that trigger either cell survival or apoptosis. The balance between pro-survival and pro-apoptotic proteins is important for tissue development and homeostasis, while impaired apoptosis contributes to several pathologies and can be a barrier against effective treatment. BCL-w is an anti-apoptotic protein that shares a sequence similarity with BCL-XL, and exhibits a high conformational flexibility. BCL-w level is controlled by a number of signaling pathways, and the repertoire of transcriptional regulators largely depends on the cellular and developmental context. As only a few disease-relevant genetic alterations of BCL2L2 have been identified, increased levels of BCL-w might be a consequence of abnormal activation of signaling cascades involved in the regulation of BCL-w expression. In addition, BCL-w transcript is a target of a plethora of miRNAs. Besides its originally recognized pro-survival function during spermatogenesis, BCL-w has been envisaged in different types of normal and diseased cells as an anti-apoptotic protein. BCL-w contributes to survival of senescent and drug-resistant cells. Its non-apoptotic role in the promotion of cell migration and invasion has also been elucidated. Growing evidence indicates that a high BCL-w level can be therapeutically relevant in neurodegenerative disorders, neuron dysfunctions and after small intestinal resection, whereas BCL-w inhibition can be beneficial for cancer patients. Although several drugs and natural compounds can bi-directionally affect BCL-w level, agents that selectively target BCL-w are not yet available. This review discusses current knowledge on the role of BCL-w in health, non-cancerous diseases and cancer.
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13
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Liu SH, Wang PP, Chen CT, Li D, Liu QY, Lv L, Liu X, Wang LN, Li BX, Weng CY, Fang XS, Cao XF, Mao HB, Chen XJ, Luo SL, Zheng SX, Liu GL, Wu Y. MicroRNA-148b enhances the radiosensitivity of B-cell lymphoma cells by targeting Bcl-w to promote apoptosis. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:935-946. [PMID: 32140063 PMCID: PMC7053334 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.40756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphoma is a malignant disease of the hematopoietic system that typically affects B cells. The up-regulation of miR-148b is associated with radiosensitization in B-cell lymphoma (BCL). This study aimed to explore the role of miR-148b in regulating the radiosensitivity of BCL cells and to investigate the underlying mechanism. miR-148b directly targeted Bcl-w, decreased the cell viability and colony formation, while promoted apoptosis, in irradiated BCL cells. These changes were accompanied by decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, release of cytochrome C, increased levels of the cleaved caspase 9 and caspase 3, and increased expression of other proteins related to the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. These effects of miR-148b were effectively inhibited by Bcl-w. In addition, miR-148b inhibited the growth of tumors in nude mice implanted with xenografts of irradiated Raji cells. In patients with BCL, levels of miR-148b were downregulated, while levels of Bcl-w were upregulated; a significant negative correlation between levels of miR-148b and Bcl-w was confirmed. Taken together, these experiments showed that miR-148b promoted radiation-induced apoptosis in BCL cells by targeting anti-apoptotic Bcl-w. miR-148b might be used as a marker to predict the radiosensitivity of BCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Hong Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Pei-Pei Wang
- Department of Oncology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Cun-Te Chen
- Department of Hematology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Oncology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiong-Yao Liu
- Department of Oncology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin Lv
- Department of Oncology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Oncology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li-Na Wang
- Department of Oncology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Bao-Xiu Li
- Department of Oncology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Cheng-Yin Weng
- Department of Oncology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xi-Sheng Fang
- Department of Oncology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Fei Cao
- Department of Oncology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hai-Bo Mao
- Department of Oncology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Jun Chen
- Department of Oncology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shao-Li Luo
- Department of Gerontology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shu-Xiang Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guo-Long Liu
- Department of Oncology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yong Wu
- Department of Oncology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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14
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Kønig SM, Rissler V, Terkelsen T, Lambrughi M, Papaleo E. Alterations of the interactome of Bcl-2 proteins in breast cancer at the transcriptional, mutational and structural level. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1007485. [PMID: 31825969 PMCID: PMC6927658 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is an essential defensive mechanism against tumorigenesis. Proteins of the B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) family regulate programmed cell death by the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. In response to intracellular stress, the apoptotic balance is governed by interactions of three distinct subgroups of proteins; the activator/sensitizer BH3 (Bcl-2 homology 3)-only proteins, the pro-survival, and the pro-apoptotic executioner proteins. Changes in expression levels, stability, and functional impairment of pro-survival proteins can lead to an imbalance in tissue homeostasis. Their overexpression or hyperactivation can result in oncogenic effects. Pro-survival Bcl-2 family members carry out their function by binding the BH3 short linear motif of pro-apoptotic proteins in a modular way, creating a complex network of protein-protein interactions. Their dysfunction enables cancer cells to evade cell death. The critical role of Bcl-2 proteins in homeostasis and tumorigenesis, coupled with mounting insight in their structural properties, make them therapeutic targets of interest. A better understanding of gene expression, mutational profile, and molecular mechanisms of pro-survival Bcl-2 proteins in different cancer types, could help to clarify their role in cancer development and may guide advancement in drug discovery. Here, we shed light on the pro-survival Bcl-2 proteins in breast cancer using different bioinformatic approaches, linking -omics with structural data. We analyzed the changes in the expression of the Bcl-2 proteins and their BH3-containing interactors in breast cancer samples. We then studied, at the structural level, a selection of interactions, accounting for effects induced by mutations found in the breast cancer samples. We find two complexes between the up-regulated Bcl2A1 and two down-regulated BH3-only candidates (i.e., Hrk and Nr4a1) as targets associated with reduced apoptosis in breast cancer samples for future experimental validation. Furthermore, we predict L99R, M75R as damaging mutations altering protein stability, and Y120C as a possible allosteric mutation from an exposed surface to the BH3-binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Mathis Kønig
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vendela Rissler
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thilde Terkelsen
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matteo Lambrughi
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elena Papaleo
- Computational Biology Laboratory, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Translational Disease Systems Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Wang B, Mai Z, Du M, Wang L, Yang F, Ma Y, Wang X, Chen T. BCL-XL directly retrotranslocates the monomeric BAK. Cell Signal 2019; 61:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Chi Y, Wang D, Wang J, Yu W, Yang J. Long Non-Coding RNA in the Pathogenesis of Cancers. Cells 2019; 8:cells8091015. [PMID: 31480503 PMCID: PMC6770362 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 509] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence and mortality rate of cancer has been quickly increasing in the past decades. At present, cancer has become the leading cause of death worldwide. Most of the cancers cannot be effectively diagnosed at the early stage. Although there are multiple therapeutic treatments, including surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted drugs, their effectiveness is still limited. The overall survival rate of malignant cancers is still low. It is necessary to further study the mechanisms for malignant cancers, and explore new biomarkers and targets that are more sensitive and effective for early diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of cancers than traditional biomarkers and methods. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a class of RNA transcripts with a length greater than 200 nucleotides. Generally, lncRNAs are not capable of encoding proteins or peptides. LncRNAs exert diverse biological functions by regulating gene expressions and functions at transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels. In the past decade, it has been demonstrated that the dysregulated lncRNA profile is widely involved in the pathogenesis of many diseases, including cancer, metabolic disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. In particular, lncRNAs have been revealed to play an important role in tumor growth and metastasis. Many lncRNAs have been shown to be potential biomarkers and targets for the diagnosis and treatment of cancers. This review aims to briefly discuss the latest findings regarding the roles and mechanisms of some important lncRNAs in the pathogenesis of certain malignant cancers, including lung, breast, liver, and colorectal cancers, as well as hematological malignancies and neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Chi
- Department of Central Laboratory & Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Di Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory & Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Junpei Wang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science of the Ministry of Education, Center for Non-coding RNA Medicine, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Weidong Yu
- Department of Central Laboratory & Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Jichun Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Science of the Ministry of Education, Center for Non-coding RNA Medicine, Beijing 100191, China.
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17
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Kim EM, Kim J, Um HD. Bcl-2 Protein Targeting by the p53/p21 Complex—Response. Cancer Res 2018; 78:2772-2774. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-3919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Mattarei A, Romio M, Managò A, Zoratti M, Paradisi C, Szabò I, Leanza L, Biasutto L. Novel Mitochondria-Targeted Furocoumarin Derivatives as Possible Anti-Cancer Agents. Front Oncol 2018; 8:122. [PMID: 29740538 PMCID: PMC5925966 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Targeting small molecules to appropriate subcellular compartments is a way to increase their selectivity and effectiveness while minimizing side effects. This can be accomplished either by stably incorporating specific "homing" properties into the structure of the active principle, or by attaching to it a targeting moiety via a labile linker, i.e., by producing a "targeting pro-drug." Mitochondria are a recognized therapeutic target in oncology, and blocking the population of the potassium channel Kv1.3 residing in the inner mitochondrial membrane (mtKv1.3) has been shown to cause apoptosis of cancerous cells expressing it. These concepts have led us to devise novel, mitochondria-targeted, membrane-permeant drug candidates containing the furocoumarin (psoralenic) ring system and the triphenylphosphonium (TPP) lipophilic cation. The strategy has proven effective in various cancer models, including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, melanoma, and glioblastoma, stimulating us to devise further novel molecules to extend and diversify the range of available drugs of this type. New compounds were synthesized and tested in vitro; one of them-a prodrug in which the coumarinic moiety and the TPP group are linked by a bridge comprising a labile carbonate bond system-proved quite effective in in vitro cytotoxicity assays. Selective death induction is attributed to inhibition of mtKv1.3. This results in oxidative stress, which is fatal for the already-stressed malignant cells. This compound may thus be a candidate drug for the mtKv1.3-targeting therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mattarei
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Matteo Romio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Mario Zoratti
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Padova, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Cristina Paradisi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ildikò Szabò
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Luigi Leanza
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Lucia Biasutto
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Padova, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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19
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Kim EM, Jung CH, Song JY, Park JK, Um HD. Pro-apoptotic Bax promotes mesenchymal-epithelial transition by binding to respiratory complex-I and antagonizing the malignant actions of pro-survival Bcl-2 proteins. Cancer Lett 2018; 424:127-135. [PMID: 29596889 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2018.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The plasticity of solid tumors between the epithelial and mesenchymal states critically influences their malignant progression and metastasis. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which supports cancer cell invasion and metastasis, is promoted by pro-survival members (e.g., Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL) of the Bcl-2 protein family, which are well-known key apoptosis regulators. We found that Bcl-w, another pro-survival member, promotes EMT by increasing respiratory complex-I activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. In contrast, pro-apoptotic Bax facilitates mesenchymal-epithelial transition by binding to complex-I, which inhibits complex-I-induced ROS production. Functional antagonism between pro-survival and pro-apoptotic proteins in regulating tumor plasticity was directly confirmed by co-expressing Bax with Bcl-w or Bcl-XL. Therefore, the balance between the functionally opposing Bcl-2 proteins appears to be a critical determinant of cancer cell phenotypes. We further showed that sub-lethal doses of γ-radiation induced EMT by increasing Bcl-XL and Bcl-w levels and complex-I activity. We propose that Bcl-2 proteins and complex-I are potential targets for preventing tumor progression and the malignant actions of radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Mi Kim
- Division of Applied Radiation Bioscience, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chan-Hun Jung
- Division of Applied Radiation Bioscience, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jie-Young Song
- Division of Applied Radiation Bioscience, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jong Kuk Park
- Division of Applied Radiation Bioscience, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hong-Duck Um
- Division of Applied Radiation Bioscience, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, South Korea.
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20
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Ding W, Ren J, Ren H, Wang D. Long Noncoding RNA HOTAIR Modulates MiR-206-mediated Bcl-w Signaling to Facilitate Cell Proliferation in Breast Cancer. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17261. [PMID: 29222472 PMCID: PMC5722884 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17492-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
LncRNA HOX transcript antisense RNA (HOTAIR) is involved in lots of cancers. The pro-survival protein Bcl-w is frequently found in cancer development. However, the effect of HOTAIR on Bcl-w in breast cancer is not well documented. In this study, we first evaluated the correlation between HOTAIR level and Bcl-w expression in clinical breast cancer tissues. We observed that the expression levels of Bcl-w were much higher in the breast cancer samples than that in their paired noncancerous tissues. Moreover, the levels of HOTAIR were positively associated with those of Bcl-w in clinical breast cancer samples. As expected, we observed that HOTAIR was able to up-regulate the expression of Bcl-w in breast cancer cells. Mechanistically, we found that miR-206 was capable of inhibiting the expression of Bcl-w by directly binding to the 3′UTR of Bcl-w mRNA. Interestingly, HOTAIR could increase the expression of Bcl-w through sequestering miR-206 at post-transcriptional level. Functionally, our data showed that HOTAIR-induced Bcl-w by miR-206 facilitated the proliferation of breast cancer cells. Thus, we conclude that HOTAIR up-regulates Bcl-w to enhance cell proliferation through sequestering miR-206 in breast cancer. Our finding provides new insights into the mechanism of breast cancer mediated by HOTAIR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ding
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Jin Ren
- Department of Respiratory medicine, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Hui Ren
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China.
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21
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Jung CH, Ho JN, Park JK, Kim EM, Hwang SG, Um HD. Involvement of SULF2 in y-irradiation-induced invasion and resistance of cancer cells by inducing IL-6 expression. Oncotarget 2017; 7:16090-103. [PMID: 26895473 PMCID: PMC4941299 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells that survive radiotherapy often display enhanced invasiveness and resistance to death stimuli. Previous findings have suggested that ionizing radiation (IR) induces such undesirable effects by stimulating the STAT3/Bcl-XL pathway. To identify novel cellular components that mediate these actions of IR, we irradiated lung cancer cells with sublethal doses of y-rays and screened for the induction of IR-responsive genes by microarray analysis. The genes encoding 2 extracellular proteins, SULF2 and IL-6, were found to be upregulated, and these results were confirmed by polymerase chain reactions and western blot analyses. Because the IR-mediated induction of SULF2 was a novel finding, we also confirmed the phenomenon in vivo using xenograft tumors in mice. Analyses of signaling processes revealed that IR induced SULF2 expression via p53, which then promoted IL-6 expression by stabilizing β-catenin, followed by stimulation of the STAT3/Bcl-XL pathway. Consistently, both SULF2 and IL-6 mediated IR-induced invasion and resistance to death stimuli. To investigate whether SULF2 contributes to IR-induced tumor metastasis, we irradiated tumors in mice with sublethal doses of IR. This treatment promoted the entry of tumor cells into the blood stream (intravasation), which was abolished by downregulating SULF2 expression in tumor cells. These results demonstrated that SULF2 can mediate the detrimental effects of IR in vivo. Therefore, SULF2 may be potentially used as a therapeutic and diagnostic target to predict and overcome the malignant effects of IR, particularly in tumors expressing p53 wild-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Hun Jung
- Division of Radiation Cancer Biology, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea
| | - Jin-Nyoung Ho
- Division of Radiation Cancer Biology, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea.,Present address: Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Urology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 463-707, Korea
| | - Jong Kuk Park
- Division of Radiation Cancer Biology, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea
| | - Eun Mi Kim
- Division of Radiation Cancer Biology, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea
| | - Sang-Gu Hwang
- Division of Radiation Cancer Biology, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea
| | - Hong-Duck Um
- Division of Radiation Cancer Biology, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul 01812, Korea
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22
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Sun Y, Ma GJ, Hu XJ, Yin XY, Peng YH. Clinical significance of LMO1 in gastric cancer tissue and its association with apoptosis of cancer cells. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:6511-6518. [PMID: 29344115 PMCID: PMC5754903 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that LMO1 gene was associated with progression, metastasis and apoptosis of leukemia, colorectal cancer and lung cancer. However, the association of LMO1 and gastric cancer remains unclear. The aim of this study is to analyze the relation between LMO1 expression and apoptosis of gastric cancer cells and explore the clinical implications of LMO1 in gastric cancer tissues. The results demonstrated that expression levels of LMO1 and Bcl-2 proteins in gastric cancer tissues were higher than those in adjacent tissues, whereas the opposite was detected for Bax expression (P<0.05). LMO1 protein was associated with TNM staging and lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer (P<0.05). The survival rate of the patients with positive LMO1 gastric carcinoma was lower than that with negative LOM1 expression, and LMO1 was as an independent prognostic factor in COX survival analysis (P<0.05). LMO1-siRNA transfected MKN45 cells had a significant decrease in LMO1 expression and the cell viability, despite of an increase in the apoptotic rate (P<0.05). Following LMO1-siRNA transfection, Bcl-2 expression decreased, while the expression of Bax increased (P<0.05). It's concluded that overexpressed LMO1 in gastric cancer could be as one of new markers of poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Sun
- Fourth Department of General Surgery, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Juan Ma
- Outpatient Department, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Jie Hu
- Fourth Department of General Surgery, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Yun Yin
- Fourth Department of General Surgery, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Hui Peng
- Third Department of General Surgery, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, P.R. China
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23
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BCL2 induced by LAMTOR3/MAPK is a druggable target of chemoradioresistance in mesenchymal lung cancer. Cancer Lett 2017; 403:48-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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24
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Tseng HY, Chen YA, Jen J, Shen PC, Chen LM, Lin TD, Wang YC, Hsu HL. Oncogenic MCT-1 activation promotes YY1-EGFR-MnSOD signaling and tumor progression. Oncogenesis 2017; 6:e313. [PMID: 28394354 PMCID: PMC5520490 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2017.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor cells often produce high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and display an increased ROS scavenging system. However, the molecular mechanism that balances antioxidative and oxidative stress in cancer cells is unclear. Here, we determined that oncogenic multiple copies in T-cell malignancy 1 (MCT-1) activity promotes the generation of intracellular ROS and mitochondrial superoxide. Overexpression of MCT-1 suppresses p53 accumulation but elevates the manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) level via the YY1-EGFR signaling cascade, which protects cells against oxidative damage. Conversely, restricting ROS generation and/or targeting YY1 in lung cancer cells effectively inhibits the EGFR-MnSOD signaling pathway and cell invasiveness induced by MCT-1. Significantly, MCT-1 overexpression in lung cancer cells promotes tumor progression, necrosis and angiogenesis, and increases the number of tumor-promoting M2 macrophages and cancer-associated fibroblasts in the microenvironment. Clinical evidence further confirms that high expression of MCT-1 is associated with an increase in YY1, EGFR and MnSOD expression, accompanied by tumor recurrence, poor overall survival and EGFR mutation status in patients with lung cancers. Together, these data indicate that the MCT-1 oncogenic pathway is implicated in oxidative metabolism and lung carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-Y Tseng
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Y-A Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - J Jen
- Department of Pharmacology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - P-C Shen
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - L-M Chen
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - T-D Lin
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Y-C Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - H-L Hsu
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
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25
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Kim EM, Jung CH, Kim J, Hwang SG, Park JK, Um HD. The p53/p21 Complex Regulates Cancer Cell Invasion and Apoptosis by Targeting Bcl-2 Family Proteins. Cancer Res 2017; 77:3092-3100. [PMID: 28377455 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 binds prosurvival Bcl-2 family proteins such as Bcl-w and Bcl-XL to liberate Bax, which in turn exerts proapoptotic or anti-invasive functions depending on stress context. On the basis of our previous finding that p53 interacts with p21, we investigated the possible involvement of p21 in these functions. Here, we report that although p53 can bind Bcl-w alone, it requires p21 to liberate Bax to suppress cell invasion and promote cell death. p21 bound Bcl-w, forming a p53/p21/Bcl-w complex in a manner that maintained all pairwise p53/p21, p21/Bcl-w, and p53/Bcl-w interactions. This allowed Bax liberation from the complex. Accordingly, a p53 derivative incapable of binding p21 failed to mediate radiotherapy-induced tumor cell death in mice. Bcl-XL also served as a target of the cooperative action of p53 and p21. Overall, our findings indicate that the p53/p21 complex rather than p53 itself regulates cell invasion and death by targeting Bcl-2 proteins. We propose that the p53/p21 complex is a functional unit that acts on multiple cell components, providing a new foundation for understanding the tumor-suppressing functions of p53 and p21. Cancer Res; 77(11); 3092-100. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Mi Kim
- Division of Applied Radiation Bioscience, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chan-Hun Jung
- Division of Applied Radiation Bioscience, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jongdoo Kim
- Division of Applied Radiation Bioscience, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Gu Hwang
- Division of Applied Radiation Bioscience, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Kuk Park
- Division of Applied Radiation Bioscience, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong-Duck Um
- Division of Applied Radiation Bioscience, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea.
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26
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Bcl-2 family proteins as regulators of cancer cell invasion and metastasis: a review focusing on mitochondrial respiration and reactive oxygen species. Oncotarget 2017; 7:5193-203. [PMID: 26621844 PMCID: PMC4868680 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Bcl-2 family proteins were originally identified as key regulators of apoptosis, an impressive body of evidence has shown that pro-survival members of the Bcl-2 family, including Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, and Bcl-w, can also promote cell migration, invasion, and cancer metastasis. Interestingly, cell invasion was recently found to be suppressed by multidomain pro-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family, such as Bax and Bak. While the mechanisms underlying these new functions of Bcl-2 proteins are just beginning to be studied, reactive oxygen species (ROS) have emerged as inducers of cell invasion and the production of ROS from mitochondrial respiration is known to be promoted and suppressed by the pro-survival and multidomain pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family members, respectively. Here, I review the evidence supporting the ability of Bcl-2 proteins to regulate cancer cell invasion and metastasis, and discuss our current understanding of their underlying mechanisms, with a particular focus on mitochondrial respiration and ROS, which could have implications for the development of strategies to overcome tumor progression.
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Kim EM, Park JK, Hwang SG, Um HD. Src and epidermal growth factor receptor mediate the pro-invasive activity of Bcl-w. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:1245-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3917-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Kim EM, Park JK, Hwang SG, Kim WJ, Liu ZG, Kang SW, Um HD. Nuclear and cytoplasmic p53 suppress cell invasion by inhibiting respiratory complex-I activity via Bcl-2 family proteins. Oncotarget 2015; 5:8452-65. [PMID: 25115399 PMCID: PMC4226696 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the p53 tumor suppressor/transcription factor often accumulates in the cytoplasm of healthy cells, limited information is available on the cytoplasmic function of p53. Here, we show that cytoplasmic p53 suppresses cell invasion by reducing mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Analysis revealed that this function is mediated by Bcl-2 family proteins: Cytoplasmic p53 binds Bcl-w, liberating Bax, which then binds ND5, a subunit of respiratory complex-I, thereby suppressing complex-I activity and thus ROS production. The G13289A mutation of ND5, identified in cancer patients, prevents Bax/ND5 interactions and promotes ROS production and cell invasion. We also showed that Bcl-XL and Bak can substitute for Bcl-w and Bax, respectively, regulating complex-I activity and supporting the cytoplasmic function of p53; nuclear p53 also suppresses complex-I activity by inducing Bax expression. Studies in animal models support the notion that p53 and Bcl-2 family proteins exhibit these functions in vivo. This study demonstrates a link between p53 and Bcl-2 proteins as regulators of ROS production and cellular invasiveness, and reveals complex-I, especially ND5, as their functional target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Mi Kim
- Division of Radiation Cancer Biology, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea; Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Science, Ewha Woman's University Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Kuk Park
- Division of Radiation Cancer Biology, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Gu Hwang
- Division of Radiation Cancer Biology, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wun-Jae Kim
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Zheng-Gang Liu
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sang Won Kang
- Division of Life and Pharmaceutical Science, Ewha Woman's University Seoul, Korea
| | - Hong-Duck Um
- Division of Radiation Cancer Biology, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
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JUNG CHANHUN, KIM EUNMI, PARK JONGKUK, HWANG SANGGU, MOON SUNGKWON, KIM WUNJAE, UM HONGDUCK. Bmal1 suppresses cancer cell invasion by blocking the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt-MMP-2 signaling pathway. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:2109-13. [PMID: 23563360 PMCID: PMC3694561 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bmal1 is a core factor in the regulation of circadian rhythms. Previous studies have shown that Bmal1 suppresses tumor growth in cell culture and animal models and is downregulated in certain types of cancer. The aim of the present study was to investigated whether Bmal1 influences the invasiveness of cancer cells. We demonstrated that knockdown of Bmal1 by RNA interference promoted cancer cell invasion, whereas its overexpression reduced cellular invasiveness. These effects were observed in lung cancer and glioma cells, and occurred regardless of p53 status. Therefore, it appears that Bmal1 suppresses the invasion of multiple cancer types in a p53-independent manner. Bmal1 knockdown-induced cancer cell invasion was accompanied by activation of the PI3K-Akt-MMP-2 pathway, and was prevented by inhibitors of PI3K, Akt or MMP-2. This suggests that Bmal1 suppresses cell invasion by blocking the PI3K-Akt-MMP-2 pathway. Since this invasion pathway is activated by the oncogene Bcl-w, we investigated whether Bmal1 affects the activity of Bcl-w. As expected, Bmal1 attenuated the ability of Bcl-w to promote MMP-2 accumulation and cell invasion, supporting the idea that Bmal1 antagonizes Bcl-w activity. Collectively, our data suggest that Bmal1 is a tumor suppressor, capable of suppressing cancer cell growth and invasiveness, and support the recent proposal that there is a tight molecular link between circadian rhythms and tumor formation/progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- CHAN-HUN JUNG
- Division of Radiation Cancer Biology, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
| | - EUN MI KIM
- Division of Radiation Cancer Biology, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
| | - JONG KUK PARK
- Division of Radiation Cancer Biology, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
| | - SANG-GU HWANG
- Division of Radiation Cancer Biology, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
| | - SUNG-KWON MOON
- Department of Biotechnology, Chungju National University, Chungju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - WUN-JAE KIM
- Department of Urology, College of Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - HONG-DUCK UM
- Division of Radiation Cancer Biology, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul 139-706, Republic of Korea
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Target-derived neurotrophins coordinate transcription and transport of bclw to prevent axonal degeneration. J Neurosci 2013; 33:5195-207. [PMID: 23516285 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3862-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Establishment of neuronal circuitry depends on both formation and refinement of neural connections. During this process, target-derived neurotrophins regulate both transcription and translation to enable selective axon survival or elimination. However, it is not known whether retrograde signaling pathways that control transcription are coordinated with neurotrophin-regulated actions that transpire in the axon. Here we report that target-derived neurotrophins coordinate transcription of the antiapoptotic gene bclw with transport of bclw mRNA to the axon, and thereby prevent axonal degeneration in rat and mouse sensory neurons. We show that neurotrophin stimulation of nerve terminals elicits new bclw transcripts that are immediately transported to the axons and translated into protein. Bclw interacts with Bax and suppresses the caspase6 apoptotic cascade that fosters axonal degeneration. The scope of bclw regulation at the levels of transcription, transport, and translation provides a mechanism whereby sustained neurotrophin stimulation can be integrated over time, so that axonal survival is restricted to neurons connected within a stable circuit.
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Cao J, Cai J, Huang D, Han Q, Yang Q, Li T, Ding H, Wang Z. miR-335 represents an invasion suppressor gene in ovarian cancer by targeting Bcl-w. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:701-6. [PMID: 23708561 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of non-coding small RNAs that bind to target mRNAs, usually resulting in post-transcriptional repression by translational inhibition or target degradation. mRNAs can function as tumor suppressors or oncogenes (also referred to as oncomirs) in human tumors. Although aberrant expression of miR-335 has been reported in ovarian cancer, whether it is an active participant or a mere bystander remains unknown. To clarify its role in ovarian carcinogenesis, we first examined the relative expression of miR-335 in 17 normal ovarian tissues and 4 ovarian cancer cell lines using qPCR. We found that miR-335 was downregulated in the ovarian cancer cell lines relative to normal ovarian epithelium tissues. In vitro, overexpression of miR-335 suppressed cell migration and invasion and resulted in depolymerization of F-actin in ovarian cancer cell lines, but exhibited a negligible effect on cell proliferation. B-cell CLL/lymphoma 2 like 2 (Bcl-w or BCL2L2), a pro-survival member of the Bcl-2 protein family, was identified as a potential target of miR-335 according to the results of bioinformatic analysis, and the expression of Bcl-w and its effector matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP‑2) was downregulated after transfection with miR-335 mimics. In addition, ectopic Bcl-w could almost fully nullify the effect of miR-335 overexpression on ovarian cancer cell migration and invasion. These findings indicate that the tiny genome product, miR-335, whose lack of expression brings about the abnormal accumulation of Bcl-w and subsequent unchecked cell invasion in ovarian cancer, may help us to understand one of the many steps ovarian cells take on their way toward the acquisition of malignant phenotypes and miR-335 may be a promising predictor of survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Cao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, PR China
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Mdm2 increases cellular invasiveness by binding to and stabilizing the Slug mRNA. Cancer Lett 2013; 335:270-7. [PMID: 23438693 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Mdm2 is an oncoprotein that induces the degradation of the tumor suppressor, p53. Here, we show that Mdm2 increases the mRNA levels of Slug by binding to and stabilizing the Slug mRNA. While this effect of Mdm2 was observed in both p53-null and p53-expressing cancer cells, it increased the protein levels of Slug only in the former cells. Mdm2 consistently induced Slug-dependent events, such as decreases in E-cadherin levels and increases in cellular invasiveness, only in p53-null cells. Therefore, the binding of Mdm2 to the Slug mRNA appears to provide a novel mechanism through which Mdm2 promotes tumor progression in a manner independent of the presence of p53.
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