1
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Hearn JI, Alhilali M, Kim M, Kalev-Zylinska ML, Poulsen RC. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor regulates the circadian clock in megakaryocytic cells and impacts cell proliferation through BMAL1. Platelets 2023; 34:2206918. [PMID: 37183795 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2023.2206918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral circadian clocks control cell proliferation and survival, but little is known about their role and regulation in megakaryocytic cells. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) regulates the central clock in the brain. The purpose of this study was to determine whether NMDAR regulates the megakaryocytic cell clock and whether the megakaryocytic clock regulates cell proliferation and cell death. We found that both the Meg-01 megakaryocytic cell line and native murine megakaryocytes expressed circadian clock genes. Megakaryocyte-directed deletion of Grin1 in mice caused significant disruption of the circadian rhythm pathway at the transcriptional level and increased expression of BMAL1 at the protein level. Similarly, both pharmacological (MK-801) and genetic (GRIN-/-) inhibition of NMDAR in Meg-01 cells in vitro resulted in widespread changes in clock gene expression including increased expression of BMAL1, the core clock transcription factor. BMAL1 overexpression reduced Meg-01 cell proliferation and altered the time-dependent expression of the cell cycle regulators MYC and WEE1, whereas BMAL1 knockdown led to increased cell death in Meg-01-GRIN1-/- cells. Our results demonstrate that NMDAR regulates the circadian clock in megakaryocytic cells and that the circadian clock component BMAL1 contributes to the control of Meg-01 cell proliferation and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- James I Hearn
- Blood and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mariam Alhilali
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Minah Kim
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maggie L Kalev-Zylinska
- Blood and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Haematology Laboratory, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Raewyn C Poulsen
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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2
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Immanuel T, Li J, Green TN, Bogdanova A, Kalev-Zylinska ML. Deregulated calcium signaling in blood cancer: Underlying mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1010506. [PMID: 36330491 PMCID: PMC9623116 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1010506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular calcium signaling regulates diverse physiological and pathological processes. In solid tumors, changes to calcium channels and effectors via mutations or changes in expression affect all cancer hallmarks. Such changes often disrupt transport of calcium ions (Ca2+) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) or mitochondria, impacting apoptosis. Evidence rapidly accumulates that this is similar in blood cancer. Principles of intracellular Ca2+ signaling are outlined in the introduction. We describe different Ca2+-toolkit components and summarize the unique relationship between extracellular Ca2+ in the endosteal niche and hematopoietic stem cells. The foundational data on Ca2+ homeostasis in red blood cells is discussed, with the demonstration of changes in red blood cell disorders. This leads to the role of Ca2+ in neoplastic erythropoiesis. Then we expand onto the neoplastic impact of deregulated plasma membrane Ca2+ channels, ER Ca2+ channels, Ca2+ pumps and exchangers, as well as Ca2+ sensor and effector proteins across all types of hematologic neoplasms. This includes an overview of genetic variants in the Ca2+-toolkit encoding genes in lymphoid and myeloid cancers as recorded in publically available cancer databases. The data we compiled demonstrate that multiple Ca2+ homeostatic mechanisms and Ca2+ responsive pathways are altered in hematologic cancers. Some of these alterations may have genetic basis but this requires further investigation. Most changes in the Ca2+-toolkit do not appear to define/associate with specific disease entities but may influence disease grade, prognosis, treatment response, and certain complications. Further elucidation of the underlying mechanisms may lead to novel treatments, with the aim to tailor drugs to different patterns of deregulation. To our knowledge this is the first review of its type in the published literature. We hope that the evidence we compiled increases awareness of the calcium signaling deregulation in hematologic neoplasms and triggers more clinical studies to help advance this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Immanuel
- Blood and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jixia Li
- Blood and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan City, China
| | - Taryn N. Green
- Blood and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anna Bogdanova
- Red Blood Cell Research Group, Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maggie L. Kalev-Zylinska
- Blood and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Haematology Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
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3
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Yamaguchi F, Hayakawa S, Kawashima S, Asakura T, Oishi Y. Antitumor effect of memantine is related to the formation of the splicing isoform of GLG1, a decoy FGF‑binding protein. Int J Oncol 2022; 61:80. [PMID: 35543162 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2022.5370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug repositioning is a strategy for repurposing the approved or investigational drugs that are outside the scope of the original medical indication. Memantine is used as a non‑competitive N‑methyl‑D‑aspartate receptor antagonist to prevent glutamate‑mediated excitotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease, and is one of the promising agents which is utilized for the purpose of cancer therapy. However, the association between memantine and Golgi glycoprotein 1 (GLG1), an intracellular fibroblast growth factor receptor, in cancers has not yet been clarified. The present study analyzed the expression and location of GLG1 in tumor cells treated with memantine. Memantine was found to suppress the growth of malignant glioma and breast cancer cells in a concentration‑dependent manner. The mRNA expression of GLG1 was upregulated in a concentration‑dependent manner, and the splicing variant profiles were altered in all cell lines examined. The results of western blot analysis revealed an increase in the full‑length and truncated forms of GLG1. Moreover, GLG1 spread in the cytosol of memantine‑treated cells, whereas it localized in the Golgi apparatus in control cells. Since GLG1 functions as a decoy FGF receptor, the modulation of GLG1 may prove to be one of the mechanisms underlying the cancer‑suppressive effects of memantine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Yamaguchi
- Department of Neurosurgery for Community Health, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 1138603, Japan
| | - Sumio Hayakawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 1138603, Japan
| | - Shota Kawashima
- Faculty of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 1138603, Japan
| | - Takayuki Asakura
- Department of Neurosurgery for Community Health, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 1138603, Japan
| | - Yumiko Oishi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo 1138603, Japan
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4
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Shafiei-Irannejad V, Abbaszadeh S, Janssen PML, Soraya H. Memantine and its benefits for cancer, cardiovascular and neurological disorders. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 910:174455. [PMID: 34461125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Memantine is a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist that was initially indicated for the treatment of moderate to severe Alzheimer's disease. It is now also considered for a variety of other pathologies in which activation of NMDA receptors apparently contributes to the pathogenesis and progression of disease. In addition to the central nervous system (CNS), NMDA receptors can be found in non-neuronal cells and tissues that recently have become an interesting research focus. Some studies have shown that glutamate signaling plays a role in cell transformation and cancer progression. In addition, these receptors may play a role in cardiovascular disorders. In this review, we focus on the most recent findings for memantine with respect to its pharmacological effects in a range of diseases, including inflammatory disorders, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, neuropathy, as well as retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Shafiei-Irannejad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Samin Abbaszadeh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Paul M L Janssen
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hamid Soraya
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
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5
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Blyufer A, Lhamo S, Tam C, Tariq I, Thavornwatanayong T, Mahajan SS. Riluzole: A neuroprotective drug with potential as a novel anti‑cancer agent (Review). Int J Oncol 2021; 59:95. [PMID: 34713302 PMCID: PMC8562386 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2021.5275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Riluzole, a glutamate release inhibitor, has been in use for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis for over two decades since its approval by the Food and Drug Administration. Recently, riluzole has been evaluated in cancer cells and indicated to block cell proliferation and/or induce cell death. Riluzole has been proven effective as an anti-neoplastic drug in cancers of various tissue origins, including the skin, breast, pancreas, colon, liver, bone, brain, lung and nasopharynx. While cancer cells expressing glutamate receptors frequently respond to riluzole treatment, numerous types of cancer cell lacking glutamate receptors unexpectedly responded to riluzole treatment as well. Riluzole was demonstrated to interfere with glutamate secretion, growth signaling pathways, Ca2+ homeostasis, glutathione synthesis, reactive oxygen species generation and integrity of DNA, as well as autophagic and apoptotic pathways. Of note, riluzole is highly effective in inducing cell death in cisplatin-resistant lung cancer cells. Furthermore, riluzole pretreatment sensitizes glioma and melanoma to radiation therapy. In addition, in triple-negative breast cancer, colorectal cancer, melanoma and glioblastoma, riluzole has synergistic effects in combination with select drugs. In an effort to highlight the therapeutic potential of riluzole, the current study reviewed the effect and outcome of riluzole treatment on numerous cancer types investigated thus far. The mechanism of action and the various molecular pathways affected by riluzole are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Blyufer
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Sonam Lhamo
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Cassey Tam
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - Iffat Tariq
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | | | - Shahana S Mahajan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY 10010, USA
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6
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Kalev-Zylinska ML, Morel-Kopp MC, Ward CM, Hearn JI, Hamilton JR, Bogdanova AY. Ionotropic glutamate receptors in platelets: opposing effects and a unifying hypothesis. Platelets 2020; 32:998-1008. [PMID: 33284715 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2020.1852542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ionotropic glutamate receptors include α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPAR), kainate receptors (KAR), and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDAR). All function as cation channels; AMPAR and KAR are more permeable to sodium and NMDAR to calcium ions. Compared to the brain, receptor assemblies in platelets are unusual, suggesting distinctive functionalities.There is convincing evidence that AMPAR and KAR amplify platelet function and thrombus formation in vitro and in vivo. Transgenic mice lacking GluA1 and GluK2 (AMPAR and KAR subunits, respectively) have longer bleeding times and prolonged time to thrombosis in an arterial model. In humans, rs465566 KAR gene polymorphism associates with altered in vitro platelet responses suggesting enhanced aspirin effect. The NMDAR contribution to platelet function is less well defined. NMDA at low concentrations (≤10 μM) inhibits platelet aggregation and high concentrations (≥100 μM) have no effect. However, open NMDAR channel blockers interfere with platelet activation and aggregation induced by other agonists in vitro; anti-GluN1 antibodies interfere with thrombus formation under high shear rates ex vivo; and rats vaccinated with GluN1 develop iron deficiency anemia suggestive of mild chronic bleeding. In this review, we summarize data on glutamate receptors in platelets and propose a unifying model that reconciles some of the opposing effects observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie L Kalev-Zylinska
- Blood and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, LabPlus Haematology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Marie-Christine Morel-Kopp
- Department of Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,Northern Blood Research Centre, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Christopher M Ward
- Department of Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia.,Northern Blood Research Centre, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - James I Hearn
- Blood and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Justin R Hamilton
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anna Y Bogdanova
- Red Blood Cell Research Group, Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland.,Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
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7
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Kalev-Zylinska ML, Hearn JI, Makhro A, Bogdanova A. N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors in Hematopoietic Cells: What Have We Learned? Front Physiol 2020; 11:577. [PMID: 32625106 PMCID: PMC7311790 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) provides a pathway for glutamate-mediated inter-cellular communication, best known for its role in the brain but with multiple examples of functionality in non-neuronal cells. Data previously published by others and us provided ex vivo evidence that NMDARs regulate platelet and red blood cell (RBC) production. Here, we summarize what is known about these hematopoietic roles of the NMDAR. Types of NMDAR subunits expressed in megakaryocytes (platelet precursors) and erythroid cells are more commonly found in the developing rather than adult brain, suggesting trophic functions. Nevertheless, similar to their neuronal counterparts, hematopoietic NMDARs function as ion channels, and are permeable to calcium ions (Ca2+). Inhibitors that block open NMDAR (memantine and MK-801) interfere with megakaryocytic maturation and proplatelet formation in primary culture. The effect on proplatelet formation appears to involve Ca2+ influx-dependent regulation of the cytoskeletal remodeling. In contrast to normal megakaryocytes, NMDAR effects in leukemic Meg-01 cells are diverted away from differentiation to increase proliferation. NMDAR hypofunction triggers differentiation of Meg-01 cells with the bias toward erythropoiesis. The underlying mechanism involves changes in the intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis, cell stress pathways, and hematopoietic transcription factors that upon NMDAR inhibition shift from the predominance of megakaryocytic toward erythroid regulators. This ability of NMDAR to balance both megakaryocytic and erythroid cell fates suggests receptor involvement at the level of a bipotential megakaryocyte-erythroid progenitor. In human erythroid precursors and circulating RBCs, NMDAR regulates intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis. NMDAR activity supports survival of early proerythroblasts, and in mature RBCs NMDARs impact cellular hydration state, hemoglobin oxygen affinity, and nitric oxide synthase activity. Overexcitation of NMDAR in mature RBCs leads to Ca2+ overload, K+ loss, RBC dehydration, and oxidative stress, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of sickle cell disease. In summary, there is growing evidence that glutamate-NMDAR signaling regulates megakaryocytic and erythroid cells at different stages of maturation, with some intriguing differences emerging in NMDAR expression and function between normal and diseased cells. NMDAR signaling may provide new therapeutic opportunities in hematological disease, but in vivo applicability needs to be confirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggie L. Kalev-Zylinska
- Blood and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, LabPlus Haematology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - James I. Hearn
- Blood and Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Asya Makhro
- Red Blood Cell Research Group, Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Bogdanova
- Red Blood Cell Research Group, Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
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8
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Defective interaction of mutant calreticulin and SOCE in megakaryocytes from patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms. Blood 2020; 135:133-144. [PMID: 31697806 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019001103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately one-fourth of patients with essential thrombocythemia or primary myelofibrosis carry a somatic mutation of the calreticulin gene (CALR), the gene encoding for calreticulin. A 52-bp deletion (type I mutation) and a 5-bp insertion (type II mutation) are the most frequent genetic lesions. The mechanism(s) by which a CALR mutation leads to a myeloproliferative phenotype has been clarified only in part. We studied the interaction between calreticulin and store-operated calcium (Ca2+) entry (SOCE) machinery in megakaryocytes (Mks) from healthy individuals and from patients with CALR-mutated myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). In Mks from healthy subjects, binding of recombinant human thrombopoietin to c-Mpl induced the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5, AKT, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, determining inositol triphosphate-dependent Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This resulted in the dissociation of the ER protein 57 (ERp57)-mediated complex between calreticulin and stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1), a protein of the SOCE machinery that leads to Ca2+ mobilization. In Mks from patients with CALR-mutated MPNs, defective interactions between mutant calreticulin, ERp57, and STIM1 activated SOCE and generated spontaneous cytosolic Ca2+ flows. In turn, this resulted in abnormal Mk proliferation that was reverted using a specific SOCE inhibitor. In summary, the abnormal SOCE regulation of Ca2+ flows in Mks contributes to the pathophysiology of CALR-mutated MPNs. In perspective, SOCE may represent a new therapeutic target to counteract Mk proliferation and its clinical consequences in MPNs.
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9
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Hearn JI, Green TN, Chopra M, Nursalim YNS, Ladvanszky L, Knowlton N, Blenkiron C, Poulsen RC, Singleton DC, Bohlander SK, Kalev-Zylinska ML. N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Hypofunction in Meg-01 Cells Reveals a Role for Intracellular Calcium Homeostasis in Balancing Megakaryocytic-Erythroid Differentiation. Thromb Haemost 2020; 120:671-686. [PMID: 32289863 PMCID: PMC7286128 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1708483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The release of calcium ions (Ca
2+
) from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and related store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) regulate maturation of normal megakaryocytes. The
N
-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor (NMDAR) provides an additional mechanism for Ca
2+
influx in megakaryocytic cells, but its role remains unclear. We created a model of NMDAR hypofunction in Meg-01 cells using CRISPR-Cas9 mediated knockout of the
GRIN1
gene, which encodes an obligate, GluN1 subunit of the NMDAR. We found that compared with unmodified Meg-01 cells, Meg-01-
GRIN1−/−
cells underwent atypical differentiation biased toward erythropoiesis, associated with increased basal ER stress and cell death. Resting cytoplasmic Ca
2+
levels were higher in Meg-01-
GRIN1−/−
cells, but ER Ca
2+
release and SOCE were lower after activation. Lysosome-related organelles accumulated including immature dense granules that may have contributed an alternative source of intracellular Ca
2+
. Microarray analysis revealed that Meg-01-
GRIN1−/−
cells had deregulated expression of transcripts involved in Ca
2+
metabolism, together with a shift in the pattern of hematopoietic transcription factors toward erythropoiesis. In keeping with the observed pro-cell death phenotype induced by
GRIN1
deletion, memantine (NMDAR inhibitor) increased cytotoxic effects of cytarabine in unmodified Meg-01 cells. In conclusion, NMDARs comprise an integral component of the Ca
2+
regulatory network in Meg-01 cells that help balance ER stress and megakaryocytic-erythroid differentiation. We also provide the first evidence that megakaryocytic NMDARs regulate biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles, including dense granules. Our results argue that intracellular Ca
2+
homeostasis may be more important for normal megakaryocytic and erythroid differentiation than currently recognized; thus, modulation may offer therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- James I Hearn
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Taryn N Green
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Martin Chopra
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yohanes N S Nursalim
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Leandro Ladvanszky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicholas Knowlton
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Cherie Blenkiron
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Raewyn C Poulsen
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Dean C Singleton
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Stefan K Bohlander
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maggie L Kalev-Zylinska
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,LabPlus Haematology, Auckland City Hospital, Auckland, New Zealand
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10
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Takahashi K, Umebayashi C, Numata T, Honda A, Ichikawa J, Hu Y, Yamaura K, Inoue R. TRPM7-mediated spontaneous Ca 2+ entry regulates the proliferation and differentiation of human leukemia cell line K562. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13796. [PMID: 30033625 PMCID: PMC6055029 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Continuous Ca2+ influx is essential to maintain intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and its dysregulation leads to a variety of cellular dysfunctions. In this study, we explored the functional roles of spontaneous Ca2+ influx for the proliferation and differentiation of a human erythromyeloid leukemia cell line K562. mRNA/protein expressions were assessed by the real-time RT-PCR, western blotting, and immunocytochemical staining. Intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+ ]i ) and ionic currents were measured by fluorescent imaging and patch clamping techniques, respectively. Cell counting/viability and colorimetric assays were applied to assess proliferation rate and hemoglobin synthesis, respectively. Elimination of extracellular Ca2+ decreased basal [Ca2+ ]i in proliferating K562 cells. Cation channel blockers such as SK&F96365, 2-APB, Gd3+ , and FTY720 dose dependently decreased basal [Ca2+ ]i . A spontaneously active inward current (Ispont ) contributive to basal [Ca2+ ]i was identified by the nystatin-perforated whole-cell recording. Ispont permeated Ca2+ comparably to Na+ , and was greatly eliminated by siRNA targeting TRPM7, a melastatin member of the transient receptor potential (TRP) superfamily. Consistent with these findings, TRPM7 immune reactivity was detected by western blotting, and immunofluorescence representing TRPM7 was found localized to the K562 cell membrane. Strikingly, all these procedures, that is, Ca2+ removal, TRPM7 blockers and siRNA-mediated TRPM7 knockdown significantly retarded the growth and suppressed hemin-induced γ-globin and hemoglobin syntheses in K562 cells, respectively, both of which appeared associated with the inhibition of ERK activation. These results collectively suggest that spontaneous Ca2+ influx through constitutively active TRPM7 channels may critically regulate both proliferative and erythroid differentiation potentials of K562 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiriko Takahashi
- Department of PhysiologyFukuoka University School of MedicineFukuokaJapan
- Department of AnesthesiologyFukuoka University School of MedicineFukuokaJapan
| | - Chisato Umebayashi
- Department of PhysiologyFukuoka University School of MedicineFukuokaJapan
| | - Tomohiro Numata
- Department of PhysiologyFukuoka University School of MedicineFukuokaJapan
| | - Akira Honda
- Department of PhysiologyFukuoka University School of MedicineFukuokaJapan
| | - Jun Ichikawa
- Department of PhysiologyFukuoka University School of MedicineFukuokaJapan
| | - Yaopeng Hu
- Department of PhysiologyFukuoka University School of MedicineFukuokaJapan
| | - Ken Yamaura
- Department of AnesthesiologyFukuoka University School of MedicineFukuokaJapan
| | - Ryuji Inoue
- Department of PhysiologyFukuoka University School of MedicineFukuokaJapan
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11
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Exploiting ROS and metabolic differences to kill cisplatin resistant lung cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:49275-49292. [PMID: 28525376 PMCID: PMC5564767 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin resistance remains a major problem in the treatment of lung cancer. We have discovered that cisplatin resistant (CR) lung cancer cells, regardless of the signaling pathway status, share the common parameter which is an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and undergo metabolic reprogramming. CR cells were no longer addicted to the glycolytic pathway, but rather relied on oxidative metabolism. They took up twice as much glutamine and were highly sensitive to glutamine deprivation. Glutamine is hydrolyzed to glutamate for glutathione synthesis, an essential factor to abrogate high ROS via xCT antiporter. Thus, blocking glutamate flux using riluzole (an amyotropic lateral sclerosis approved drug) can selectively kill CR cells in vitro and in vivo. However, we discovered here that glutathione suppression is not the primary pathway in eradicating the CR cells. Riluzole can lead to further decrease in NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and lactate dehydrogenase-A (LDHA) expressions which in turn further heightened oxidative stress in CR cells. LDHA knocked-down cells became hypersensitive to riluzole treatments and possessed increased levels of ROS. Addition of NAD+ re-stabilized LDHA and reversed riluzole induced cell death. Thus far, no drugs are available which could overcome cisplatin resistance or kill cisplatin resistant cells. CR cells possess high levels of ROS and undergo metabolic reprogramming. These metabolic adaptations can be exploited and targeted by riluzole. Riluzole may serve as a dual-targeting agent by suppression LDHA and blocking xCT antiporter. Repurposing of riluzole should be considered for future treatment of cisplatin resistant lung cancer patients.
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Ong L, McDonald KO, Ledgerwood EC. Differentiation and cell density upregulate cytochrome c levels in megakaryoblastic cell lines: Implications for analysis of CYCS-associated thrombocytopenia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0190433. [PMID: 29287084 PMCID: PMC5747465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the cytochrome c gene (CYCS) cause autosomal dominant thrombocytopenia by an unknown mechanism. While attempting to generate megakaryoblastic cell lines exogenously expressing cytochrome c variants, we discovered that endogenous cytochrome c expression increased both upon induction of differentiation with the phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), and as cell density increased. A concomitant increase in cytochrome c oxidase subunit II in response to PMA, but not cell higher cell density, suggests upregulation of the mitochondrial respiratory chain may be a specific feature of differentiation. These results highlight the likely importance of cytochrome c in both differentiating and proliferating cells, and illustrate the unsuitability of megakaryoblastic lines for modeling CYCS-associated thrombocytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Ong
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Kirstin O. McDonald
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Elizabeth C. Ledgerwood
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
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Kamal T, Green TN, Hearn JI, Josefsson EC, Morel-Kopp MC, Ward CM, During MJ, Kalev-Zylinska ML. N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor mediated calcium influx supports in vitro differentiation of normal mouse megakaryocytes but proliferation of leukemic cell lines. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2017; 2:125-138. [PMID: 30046713 PMCID: PMC5974914 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) contribute calcium influx in megakaryocytic cells but their roles remain unclear; both pro- and anti-differentiating effects have been shown in different contexts. Objectives The aim of this study was to clarify NMDAR contribution to megakaryocytic differentiation in both normal and leukemic cells. Methods Meg-01, Set-2, and K-562 leukemic cell lines were differentiated using phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA, 10 nmol L-1) or valproic acid (VPA, 500 μmol L-1). Normal megakaryocytes were grown from mouse marrow-derived hematopoietic progenitors (lineage-negative and CD41a-enriched) in the presence of thrombopoietin (30-40 nmol L-1). Marrow explants were used to monitor proplatelet formation in the native bone marrow milieu. In all culture systems, NMDARs were inhibited using memantine and MK-801 (100 μmol L-1); their effects compared against appropriate controls. Results The most striking observation from our studies was that NMDAR antagonists markedly inhibited proplatelet formation in all primary cultures employed. Proplatelets were either absent (in the presence of memantine) or short, broad and intertwined (with MK-801). Earlier steps of megakaryocytic differentiation (acquisition of CD41a and nuclear ploidy) were maintained, albeit reduced. In contrast, in leukemic Meg-01 cells, NMDAR antagonists inhibited differentiation in the presence of PMA and VPA but induced differentiation when applied by themselves. Conclusions NMDAR-mediated calcium influx is required for normal megakaryocytic differentiation, in particular proplatelet formation. However, in leukemic cells, the main NMDAR role is to inhibit differentiation, suggesting diversion of NMDAR activity to support leukemia growth. Further elucidation of the NMDAR and calcium pathways in megakaryocytic cells may suggest novel ways to modulate abnormal megakaryopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Kamal
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | - Taryn N Green
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | - James I Hearn
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | - Emma C Josefsson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research Parkville Vic. Australia.,Department of Medical Biology University of Melbourne Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Marie-Christine Morel-Kopp
- Department of Haematology and Transfusion Medicine Royal North Shore Hospital Sydney NSW Australia.,Northern Blood Research Centre Kolling Institute University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Christopher M Ward
- Department of Haematology and Transfusion Medicine Royal North Shore Hospital Sydney NSW Australia.,Northern Blood Research Centre Kolling Institute University of Sydney Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Matthew J During
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand.,Departments of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery Ohio State University Columbus OH USA
| | - Maggie L Kalev-Zylinska
- Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand.,LabPlus Haematology Auckland City Hospital Auckland New Zealand
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14
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Green TN, Hamilton JR, Morel-Kopp MC, Zheng Z, Chen TYT, Hearn JI, Sun PP, Flanagan JU, Young D, Barber PA, During MJ, Ward CM, Kalev-Zylinska ML. Inhibition of NMDA receptor function with an anti-GluN1-S2 antibody impairs human platelet function and thrombosis. Platelets 2017; 28:799-811. [PMID: 28277064 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2017.1280149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
GluN1 is a mandatory component of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) best known for their roles in the brain, but with increasing evidence for relevance in peripheral tissues, including platelets. Certain anti-GluN1 antibodies reduce brain infarcts in rodent models of ischaemic stroke. There is also evidence that human anti-GluN1 autoantibodies reduce neuronal damage in stroke patients, but the underlying mechanism is unclear. This study investigated whether anti-GluN1-mediated neuroprotection involves inhibition of platelet function. Four commercial anti-GluN1 antibodies were screened for their abilities to inhibit human platelet aggregation. Haematological parameters were examined in rats vaccinated with GluN1. Platelet effects of a mouse monoclonal antibody targeting the glycine-binding region of GluN1 (GluN1-S2) were tested in assays of platelet activation, aggregation and thrombus formation. The epitope of anti-GluN1-S2 was mapped and the mechanism of antibody action modelled using crystal structures of GluN1. Our work found that rats vaccinated with GluN1 had a mildly prolonged bleeding time and carried antibodies targeting mostly GluN1-S2. The monoclonal anti-GluN1-S2 antibody (from BD Biosciences) inhibited activation and aggregation of human platelets in the presence of adrenaline, adenosine diphosphate, collagen, thrombin and a protease-activated receptor 1-activating peptide. When human blood was flowed over collagen-coated surfaces, anti-GluN1-S2 impaired thrombus growth and stability. The epitope of anti-GluN1-S2 was mapped to α-helix H located within the glycine-binding clamshell of GluN1, where the antibody binding was computationally predicted to impair opening of the NMDAR channel. Our results indicate that anti-GluN1-S2 inhibits function of human platelets, including dense granule release and thrombus growth. Findings add to the evidence that platelet NMDARs regulate thrombus formation and suggest a novel mechanism by which anti-GluN1 autoantibodies limit stroke-induced neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taryn N Green
- a Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology , University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Justin R Hamilton
- b Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Marie-Christine Morel-Kopp
- c Department of Haematology and Transfusion Medicine , Royal North Shore Hospital , Sydney , Australia.,d Northern Blood Research Centre, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
| | - Zhaohua Zheng
- b Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Ting-Yu T Chen
- a Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology , University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand.,e Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology , University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - James I Hearn
- a Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology , University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Peng P Sun
- a Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology , University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Jack U Flanagan
- f Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand.,g Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Deborah Young
- e Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology , University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - P Alan Barber
- h Department of Neurology , Auckland City Hospital , Auckland , New Zealand.,i Centre for Brain Research , University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand
| | - Matthew J During
- a Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology , University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand.,j Departments of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics , Neuroscience and Neurological Surgery, Ohio State University , Columbus , OH , USA
| | - Christopher M Ward
- c Department of Haematology and Transfusion Medicine , Royal North Shore Hospital , Sydney , Australia.,d Northern Blood Research Centre, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney , Sydney , Australia
| | - Maggie L Kalev-Zylinska
- a Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology , University of Auckland , Auckland , New Zealand.,k LabPlus Haematology , Auckland City Hospital , Auckland , New Zealand
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15
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Taylor KA, Pugh N. The contribution of zinc to platelet behaviour during haemostasis and thrombosis. Metallomics 2016; 8:144-55. [PMID: 26727074 DOI: 10.1039/c5mt00251f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Platelets are the primary cellular determinants of haemostasis and pathological thrombus formation leading to myocardial infarction and stroke. Following vascular injury or atherosclerotic plaque rupture, platelets are recruited to sites of damage and undergo activation induced by a variety of soluble and/or insoluble agonists. Platelet activation is a multi-step process culminating in the formation of thrombi, which contribute to the haemostatic process. Zinc (Zn(2+)) is acknowledged as an important signalling molecule in a diverse range of cellular systems, however there is limited understanding of the influence of Zn(2+) on platelet behaviour during thrombus formation. This review evaluates the contributions of exogenous and intracellular Zn(2+) to platelet function and assesses the potential pathophysiological implications of Zn(2+) signalling. We also provide a speculative assessment of the mechanisms by which platelets could respond to changes in extracellular and intracellular Zn(2+) concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Taylor
- Department of Biomedical and Forensic Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, CB1 1PT, UK.
| | - N Pugh
- Department of Biomedical and Forensic Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, CB1 1PT, UK.
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Pathophysiological Significance of Store-Operated Calcium Entry in Megakaryocyte Function: Opening New Paths for Understanding the Role of Calcium in Thrombopoiesis. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17122055. [PMID: 27941645 PMCID: PMC5187855 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Store-Operated Calcium Entry (SOCE) is a universal calcium (Ca2+) influx mechanism expressed by several different cell types. It is now known that Stromal Interaction Molecule (STIM), the Ca2+ sensor of the intracellular compartments, together with Orai and Transient Receptor Potential Canonical (TRPC), the subunits of Ca2+ permeable channels on the plasma membrane, cooperate in regulating multiple cellular functions as diverse as proliferation, differentiation, migration, gene expression, and many others, depending on the cell type. In particular, a growing body of evidences suggests that a tight control of SOCE expression and function is achieved by megakaryocytes along their route from hematopoietic stem cells to platelet production. This review attempts to provide an overview about the SOCE dynamics in megakaryocyte development, with a focus on most recent findings related to its involvement in physiological and pathological thrombopoiesis.
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17
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D'mello SAN, Joseph WR, Green TN, Leung EY, During MJ, Finlay GJ, Baguley BC, Kalev-Zylinska ML. Selected GRIN2A mutations in melanoma cause oncogenic effects that can be modulated by extracellular glutamate. Cell Calcium 2016; 60:384-395. [PMID: 27659111 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
GRIN2A mutations are frequent in melanoma tumours but their role in disease is not well understood. GRIN2A encodes a modulatory subunit of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR). We hypothesized that certain GRIN2A mutations increase NMDAR function and support melanoma growth through oncogenic effects. This hypothesis was tested using 19 low-passage melanoma cell lines, four of which carried novel missense mutations in GRIN2A that we previously reported. We examined NMDAR expression, function of a calcium ion (Ca2+) channel and its contribution to cell growth using pharmacological modulators; findings were correlated with the presence or absence of GRIN2A mutations. We found that NMDAR expression was low in all melanoma cell lines, independent of GRIN2A mutations. In keeping with this, NMDAR-mediated Ca2+ influx and its contribution to cell proliferation were weak in most cell lines. However, certain GRIN2A mutations and culture media with lower glutamate levels enhanced NMDAR effects on cell growth and invasion. The main finding was that G762E was associated with higher glutamate-mediated Ca2+ influx and stronger NMDAR contribution to cell proliferation, compared with wild-type GRIN2A and other GRIN2A mutations. The pro-invasive phenotype of mutated cell lines was increased in culture medium containing less glutamate, implying environmental modulation of mutation effects. In conclusion, NMDAR ion channel function is low in cultured melanoma cells but supports cell proliferation and invasion. Selected GRIN2A mutations, such as G762E, are associated with oncogenic consequences that can be modulated by extracellular glutamate. Primary cultures may be better suited to determine the role of the NMDAR in melanoma in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey Ann N D'mello
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Wayne R Joseph
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Taryn N Green
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Euphemia Y Leung
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Matthew J During
- Cancer Genetics and Neuroscience Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Graeme J Finlay
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand; Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Bruce C Baguley
- Auckland Cancer Society Research Centre, University of Auckland, Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maggie L Kalev-Zylinska
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand; LabPlus Haematology, Auckland City Hospital, Private Bag 92024, Auckland, New Zealand.
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18
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Physiological Roles of Non-Neuronal NMDA Receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:750-767. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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