1
|
Huo Q, Li K, Sun X, Zhuang A, Minami K, Tamari K, Ogawa K, Fishel ML, Li BY, Yokota H. The inhibition of pancreatic cancer progression by K-Ras-overexpressing mesenchymal stem cell-derived secretomes. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15036. [PMID: 37699930 PMCID: PMC10497626 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41835-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive cancer with poor survival. To explore an uncharted function of K-Ras proto-oncogene, K-Ras was activated in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and the effects of MSC conditioned medium (CM) on PDAC were examined. Overexpression of K-Ras elevated PI3K signaling in MSCs, and K-Ras/PI3K-activated MSC-derived CM reduced the proliferation and migration of tumor cells, as well as the growth of ex vivo freshly isolated human PDAC cultures. CM's anti-tumor capability was additive with Gemcitabine, a commonly used chemotherapeutic drug in the treatment of PDAC. The systemic administration of CM in a mouse model suppressed the colonization of PDAC in the lung. MSC CM was enriched with Moesin (MSN), which acted as an extracellular tumor-suppressing protein by interacting with CD44. Tumor-suppressive CM was also generated by PKA-activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Collectively, this study demonstrated that MSC CM can be engineered to act as a tumor-suppressive agent by activating K-Ras and PI3K, and the MSN-CD44 regulatory axis is in part responsible for this potential unconventional option in the treatment of PDAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingji Huo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Kexin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Xun Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Adam Zhuang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Kazumasa Minami
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tamari
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ogawa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Melissa L Fishel
- Department of Pediatrics, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Bai-Yan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
| | - Hiroki Yokota
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Indiana University Simon Comprehensive Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ellis K, Wood R. The Comparative Invasiveness of Endometriotic Cell Lines to Breast and Endometrial Cancer Cell Lines. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1003. [PMID: 37371583 DOI: 10.3390/biom13061003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is an invasive condition that affects 10% of women (and people assigned as female at birth) worldwide. The purpose of this study was to characterize the relative invasiveness of three available endometriotic cell lines (EEC12Z, iEc-ESCs, tHESCs) to cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, SW1353 and EM-E6/E7/TERT) and assess whether the relative invasiveness was consistent across different invasion assays. All cell lines were subjected to transwell, spheroid drop, and spheroid-gel invasion assays, and stained for vimentin, cytokeratin, E-Cadherin and N-Cadherin to assess changes in expression. In all assays, endometriotic cell lines showed comparable invasiveness to the cancer cell lines used in this study, with no significant differences in invasiveness identified. EEC12Z cells that had invaded within the assay periods showed declines in E-Cadherin expression compared to cells that had not invaded within the assay period, without significant changes in N-Cadherin expression, which may support the hypothesis that an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition is an influence on the invasiveness shown by this peritoneal endometriosis cell line.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Ellis
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
- Endometriosis New Zealand, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Rachael Wood
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
- The Biomolecular Interaction Centre, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Coşkun GP, Sahin Z, Erdoğan Ö, Çevik Ö, Biltekin SN, Yurttas L, Berk B, Ülgen M, Demirayak Ş. Discovery of novel potent human chondrosarcoma (SW1353) inhibitors: 4-(2/3/4-pyridyl)thiazole 2-acetamide derivatives. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
4
|
Truong D, Cherradi-Lamhamedi SE, Ludwig JA. Targeting the IGF/PI3K/mTOR Pathway and AXL/YAP1/TAZ pathways in Primary Bone Cancer. J Bone Oncol 2022; 33:100419. [PMID: 35251924 PMCID: PMC8892134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2022.100419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary bone cancers (PBC) belong to the family of mesenchymal tumors classified based on their cellular origin, extracellular matrix, genetic regulation, and epigenetic modification. The three major PBC types, Ewing sarcoma, osteosarcoma, and chondrosarcoma, are frequently aggressive tumors, highly metastatic, and typically occur in children and young adults. Despite their distinct origins and pathogenesis, these sarcoma subtypes rely upon common signaling pathways to promote tumor progression, metastasis, and survival. The IGF/PI3K/mTOR and AXL/YAP/TAZ pathways, in particular, have gained significant attention recently given their ties to oncogenesis, cell fate and differentiation, metastasis, and drug resistance. Naturally, these pathways – and their protein constituents – have caught the eye of the pharmaceutical industry, and a wide array of small molecule inhibitors and antibody drug-conjugates have emerged. Here, we review how the IGF/PI3K/mTOR and AXL/YAP/TAZ pathways promote PBC and highlight the drug candidates under clinical trial investigation.
Collapse
|
5
|
Sun X, Li K, Hase M, Zha R, Feng Y, Li BY, Yokota H. Suppression of breast cancer-associated bone loss with osteoblast proteomes via Hsp90ab1/moesin-mediated inhibition of TGFβ/FN1/CD44 signaling. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:929-943. [PMID: 34976221 PMCID: PMC8692912 DOI: 10.7150/thno.66148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Bone is a frequent site of metastases from breast cancer, but existing therapeutic options are not satisfactory. Although osteoblasts have active roles in cancer progression by assisting the vicious bone-destructive cycle, we employed a counterintuitive approach of activating pro-tumorigenic Wnt signaling and examined the paradoxical possibility of developing osteoblast-derived tumor-suppressive, bone-protective secretomes. Methods: Wnt signaling was activated by the overexpression of Lrp5 and β-catenin in osteoblasts as well as a pharmacological agent (BML284), and the therapeutic effects of their conditioned medium (CM) were evaluated using in vitro cell cultures, ex vivo breast cancer tissues, and a mouse model of osteolysis. To explore the unconventional regulatory mechanism of the action of Wnt-activated osteoblasts, whole-genome proteomics analysis was conducted, followed by immunoprecipitation and gain- and loss-of-function assays. Results: While osteoblasts did not present any innate tumor-suppressing ability, we observed that the overexpression of Lrp5 and β-catenin in Wnt signaling made their CM tumor-suppressive and bone-protective. The growth of breast cancer cells and tissues was inhibited by Lrp5-overexpressing CM (Lrp5 CM), which suppressed mammary tumors and tumor-driven bone destruction in a mouse model. Lrp5 CM also inhibited the differentiation and maturation of bone-resorbing osteoclasts by downregulating NFATc1 and cathepsin K. The overexpression of Lrp5 upregulated osteopontin that enriched Hsp90ab1 (Hsp90 beta) and moesin (MSN) in Lrp5 CM. Hsp90ab1 and MSN are atypical tumor-suppressing proteins since they are multi-tasking, moonlighting proteins that promote tumorigenesis in tumor cells. Importantly, Hsp90ab1 immuno-precipitated latent TGFβ and inactivated TGFβ, whereas MSN interacted with CD44, a cancer stem-cell marker, as well as fibronectin 1, an ECM protein. Furthermore, Hsp90ab1 and MSN downregulated KDM3A that demethylated histones, together with PDL1 that inhibited immune responses. Conclusion: In contrast to inducing tumor-enhancing secretomes and chemoresistance in general by inhibiting varying oncogenic pathways in chemotherapy, this study presented the unexpected outcome of generation tumor-suppressive secretomes by activating the pro-tumorigenic Wnt pathway. The results shed light on the contrasting role of oncogenic signaling in tumor cells and osteoblast-derived secretomes, suggesting a counterintuitive option for the treatment of breast cancer-associated bone metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xun Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Kexin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Misato Hase
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA,Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, Mie 514, Japan
| | - Rongrong Zha
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Yan Feng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Bai-Yan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China,✉ Corresponding authors: Bai-Yan Li and Hiroki Yokota
| | - Hiroki Yokota
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA,Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA,Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA,✉ Corresponding authors: Bai-Yan Li and Hiroki Yokota
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu S, Wu D, Sun X, Fan Y, Zha R, Jalali A, Feng Y, Li K, Sano T, Vike N, Li F, Rispoli J, Sudo A, Liu J, Robling A, Nakshatri H, Li BY, Yokota H. Overexpression of Lrp5 enhanced the anti-breast cancer effects of osteocytes in bone. Bone Res 2021; 9:32. [PMID: 34230453 PMCID: PMC8260600 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-021-00152-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteocytes are the most abundant cells in bone, which is a frequent site of breast cancer metastasis. Here, we focused on Wnt signaling and evaluated tumor-osteocyte interactions. In animal experiments, mammary tumor cells were inoculated into the mammary fat pad and tibia. The role of Lrp5-mediated Wnt signaling was examined by overexpressing and silencing Lrp5 in osteocytes and establishing a conditional knockout mouse model. The results revealed that administration of osteocytes or their conditioned medium (CM) inhibited tumor progression and osteolysis. Osteocytes overexpressing Lrp5 or β-catenin displayed strikingly elevated tumor-suppressive activity, accompanied by downregulation of tumor-promoting chemokines and upregulation of apoptosis-inducing and tumor-suppressing proteins such as p53. The antitumor effect was also observed with osteocyte-derived CM that was pretreated with a Wnt-activating compound. Notably, silencing Lrp5 in tumors inhibited tumor progression, while silencing Lrp5 in osteocytes in conditional knockout mice promoted tumor progression. Osteocytes exhibited elevated Lrp5 expression in response to tumor cells, implying that osteocytes protect bone through canonical Wnt signaling. Thus, our results suggest that the Lrp5/β-catenin axis activates tumor-promoting signaling in tumor cells but tumor-suppressive signaling in osteocytes. We envision that osteocytes with Wnt activation potentially offer a novel cell-based therapy for breast cancer and osteolytic bone metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengzhi Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Xun Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yao Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Rongrong Zha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Aydin Jalali
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yan Feng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Kexin Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tomohiko Sano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mie University, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Nicole Vike
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Fangjia Li
- Department of Physics, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Joseph Rispoli
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Akihiro Sudo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mie University, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Physics, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Alexander Robling
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Harikrishna Nakshatri
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Bai-Yan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hiroki Yokota
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China. .,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA. .,Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA. .,Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sun X, Li K, Zha R, Liu S, Fan Y, Wu D, Hase M, Aryal UK, Lin CC, Li BY, Yokota H. Preventing tumor progression to the bone by induced tumor-suppressing MSCs. Theranostics 2021; 11:5143-5159. [PMID: 33859739 PMCID: PMC8039940 DOI: 10.7150/thno.58779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Advanced breast cancer metastasizes to many organs including bone, but few effective treatments are available. Here we report that induced tumor-suppressing (iTS) MSCs protected bone from metastases while un-induced MSCs did not. Methods: iTS MSCs were generated by overexpressing Lrp5, β-catenin, Snail, or Akt. Their tumor-suppressing capability was tested using a mouse model of mammary tumors and bone metastasis, human breast cancer tissues and cancer cell lines. Results: In a mouse model, the induced MSC-derived conditioned medium (MSC CM) reduced mammary tumors and suppressed tumor-induced osteolysis. Tumor-promoting genes such as CXCL2 and LIF, as well as PDL1, a blocker of T-cell-based immune responses were downregulated. Proteomics analysis revealed that heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90ab1), calreticulin (Calr) and peptidylprolyl isomerase B (Ppib), which are highly expressed intracellular proteins in many cancers, were enriched in MSC CM as atypical tumor suppressors. Thus, overexpressing selected genes that were otherwise tumorigenic rendered MSCs the tumor-suppressing capability through the atypical suppressors, as well as p53 and Trail. Notably, the inhibitory effect of Lrp5- and Akt-overexpressing MSC CMs, Hsp90ab1 and Calr presented selective inhibition to tumor cells than non-tumor cells. The development of bone-resorbing osteoclasts was also suppressed by MSC CMs. Conclusion: Collectively, the results showed an anti-tumor effect of iTS MSCs and suggested novel therapeutic approaches to suppress the progression of tumors into the bone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xun Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Kexin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Rongrong Zha
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Shengzhi Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Yao Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Misato Hase
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, Mie 514, Japan
| | - Uma K. Aryal
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Chien-Chi Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Bai-Yan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Hiroki Yokota, PhD, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana U. Purdue U. Indianapolis, 723 West Michigan Street, SL220, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. Phone: 317-278-5177, Fax: 317-278-2455, E-mail: ; Bai-Yan Li, MD/PhD, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, #157 Baojian Road, Harbin 150081, China. Phone/Fax: +86 451-8667-134, E-mail:
| | - Hiroki Yokota
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Hiroki Yokota, PhD, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana U. Purdue U. Indianapolis, 723 West Michigan Street, SL220, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA. Phone: 317-278-5177, Fax: 317-278-2455, E-mail: ; Bai-Yan Li, MD/PhD, Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, #157 Baojian Road, Harbin 150081, China. Phone/Fax: +86 451-8667-134, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu S, Wu D, Sun X, Fan Y, Zha R, Jalali A, Teli M, Sano T, Siegel A, Sudo A, Agarwal M, Robling A, Li BY, Yokota H. Mechanical stimulations can inhibit local and remote tumor progression by downregulating WISP1. FASEB J 2020; 34:12847-12859. [PMID: 32744779 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000713rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical stimulations can prevent bone loss, but their effects on the tumor-invaded bone or solid tumors are elusive. Here, we evaluated the effect of knee loading, dynamic loads applied to the knee, on metastasized bone and mammary tumors. In a mouse model, tumor cells were inoculated to the mammary fat pad or the proximal tibia. Daily knee loading was then applied and metabolic changes were monitored mainly through urine. Urine samples were also collected from human subjects before and after step aerobics. The result showed that knee loading inhibited tumor progression in the loaded tibia. Notably, it also reduced remotely the growth of mammary tumors. In the urine, an altered level of cholesterol was observed with an increase in calcitriol, which is synthesized from a cholesterol derivative. In urinary proteins, knee loading in mice and step aerobics in humans markedly reduced WNT1-inducible signaling pathway protein 1, WISP1, which leads to poor survival among patients with breast cancer. In the ex vivo breast cancer tissue assay, WISP1 promoted the growth of cancer fragments and upregulated tumor-promoting genes, such as Runx2, MMP9, and Snail. Collectively, the present preclinical and human study demonstrated that mechanical stimulations, such as knee loading and step aerobics, altered urinary metabolism and downregulated WISP1. The study supports the benefit of mechanical stimulations for locally and remotely suppressing tumor progression. It also indicated the role of WISP1 downregulation as a potential mechanism of loading-driven tumor suppression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengzhi Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xun Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yao Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Rongrong Zha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Aydin Jalali
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Meghana Teli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Tomohiko Sano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mie University, Mie, Japan
| | - Amanda Siegel
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Akihiro Sudo
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mie University, Mie, Japan
| | - Mangilal Agarwal
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Alexander Robling
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Bai-Yan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hiroki Yokota
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kovar H, Bierbaumer L, Radic-Sarikas B. The YAP/TAZ Pathway in Osteogenesis and Bone Sarcoma Pathogenesis. Cells 2020; 9:E972. [PMID: 32326412 PMCID: PMC7227004 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
YAP and TAZ are intracellular messengers communicating multiple interacting extracellular biophysical and biochemical cues to the transcription apparatus in the nucleus and back to the cell/tissue microenvironment interface through the regulation of cytoskeletal and extracellular matrix components. Their activity is negatively and positively controlled by multiple phosphorylation events. Phenotypically, they serve an important role in cellular plasticity and lineage determination during development. As they regulate self-renewal, proliferation, migration, invasion and differentiation of stem cells, perturbed expression of YAP/TAZ signaling components play important roles in tumorigenesis and metastasis. Despite their high structural similarity, YAP and TAZ are functionally not identical and may play distinct cell type and differentiation stage-specific roles mediated by a diversity of downstream effectors and upstream regulatory molecules. However, YAP and TAZ are frequently looked at as functionally redundant and are not sufficiently discriminated in the scientific literature. As the extracellular matrix composition and mechanosignaling are of particular relevance in bone formation during embryogenesis, post-natal bone elongation and bone regeneration, YAP/TAZ are believed to have critical functions in these processes. Depending on the differentiation stage of mesenchymal stem cells during endochondral bone development, YAP and TAZ serve distinct roles, which are also reflected in bone tumors arising from the mesenchymal lineage at different developmental stages. Efforts to clinically translate the wealth of available knowledge of the pathway for cancer diagnostic and therapeutic purposes focus mainly on YAP and TAZ expression and their role as transcriptional co-activators of TEAD transcription factors but rarely consider the expression and activity of pathway modulatory components and other transcriptional partners of YAP and TAZ. As there is a growing body of evidence for YAP and TAZ as potential therapeutic targets in several cancers, we here interrogate the applicability of this concept to bone tumors. To this end, this review aims to summarize our current knowledge of YAP and TAZ in cell plasticity, normal bone development and bone cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heinrich Kovar
- St. Anna Children’s Cancer Research Institute, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (L.B.); (B.R.-S.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa Bierbaumer
- St. Anna Children’s Cancer Research Institute, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (L.B.); (B.R.-S.)
| | - Branka Radic-Sarikas
- St. Anna Children’s Cancer Research Institute, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (L.B.); (B.R.-S.)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wu D, Fan Y, Liu S, Woollam MD, Sun X, Murao E, Zha R, Prakash R, Park C, Siegel AP, Liu J, Agarwal M, Li BY, Yokota H. Loading-induced antitumor capability of murine and human urine. FASEB J 2020; 34:7578-7592. [PMID: 32293076 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000096r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
While urine has been considered as a useful bio-fluid for health monitoring, its dynamic changes to physical activity are not well understood. We examined urine's possible antitumor capability in response to medium-level, loading-driven physical activity. Urine was collected from mice subjected to 5-minute skeletal loading and human individuals before and after 30-minute step aerobics. Six cancer cell lines (breast, prostate, and pancreas) and a mouse model of the mammary tumor were employed to evaluate the effect of urine. Compared to urine collected prior to loading, urine collected post-activity decreased the cellular viability, proliferation, migration, and invasion of tumor cells, as well as tumor weight in the mammary fat pad. Detection of urinary volatile organic compounds and ELISA assays showed that the loading-conditioned urine reduced cholesterol and elevated dopamine and melatonin. Immunohistochemical fluorescent images presented upregulation of the rate-limiting enzymes for the production of dopamine and melatonin in the brain. Molecular analysis revealed that the antitumor effect was linked to the reduction in molecular vinculin-linked molecular force as well as the downregulation of the Lrp5-CSF1-CD105 regulatory axis. Notably, the survival rate for the high expression levels of Lrp5, CSF1, and CD105 in tumor tissues was significantly lowered in the Cancer Genome Atlas database. Collectively, this study revealed that 5- or 10-minute loading-driven physical activity was sufficient to induce the striking antitumor effect by activating the neuronal signaling and repressing cholesterol synthesis. The result supported the dual role of loading-conditioned urine as a potential tumor suppressor and a source of diagnostic biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Yao Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Shengzhi Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mark D Woollam
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Integrative Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Xun Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Eiji Murao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University, Mie, Japan
| | - Rongrong Zha
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rahul Prakash
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Charles Park
- Department of Physics, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Amanda P Siegel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Integrative Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Physics, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Simon Cancer Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Mangilal Agarwal
- Integrative Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Bai-Yan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hiroki Yokota
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Integrative Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Simon Cancer Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.,Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li J, Li X, Liu D, Hamamura K, Wan Q, Na S, Yokota H, Zhang P. eIF2α signaling regulates autophagy of osteoblasts and the development of osteoclasts in OVX mice. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:921. [PMID: 31801950 PMCID: PMC6892793 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2159-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bone loss in postmenopausal osteoporosis is induced chiefly by an imbalance of bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Salubrinal is a synthetic compound that inhibits de-phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α). Phosphorylation of eIF2α alleviates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which may activate autophagy. We hypothesized that eIF2α signaling regulates bone homeostasis by promoting autophagy in osteoblasts and inhibiting osteoclast development. To test the hypothesis, we employed salubrinal to elevate the phosphorylation of eIF2α in an ovariectomized (OVX) mouse model and cell cultures. In the OVX model, salubrinal prevented abnormal expansion of rough ER and decreased the number of acidic vesiculars. It regulated ER stress-associated signaling molecules such as Bip, p-eIF2α, ATF4 and CHOP, and promoted autophagy of osteoblasts via regulation of eIF2α, Atg7, LC3, and p62. Salubrinal markedly alleviated OVX-induced symptoms such as reduction of bone mineral density and bone volume fraction. In primary bone-marrow-derived cells, salubrinal increased the differentiation of osteoblasts, and decreased the formation of osteoclasts by inhibiting nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1). Live cell imaging and RNA interference demonstrated that suppression of osteoclastogenesis is in part mediated by Rac1 GTPase. Collectively, this study demonstrates that ER stress-autophagy axis plays an important role in OVX mice. Bone-forming osteoblasts are restored by maintaining phosphorylation of eIF2α, and bone-resorbing osteoclasts are regulated by inhibiting NFATc1 and Rac1 GTPase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, 300070, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University, 300070, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinle Li
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, 300070, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University, 300070, Tianjin, China
| | - Daquan Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, 300070, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University, 300070, Tianjin, China
| | - Kazunori Hamamura
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Qiaoqiao Wan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Sungsoo Na
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Hiroki Yokota
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, 300070, Tianjin, China.
- Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development (Ministry of Health), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Tianjin Medical University, 300070, Tianjin, China.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord, Tianjin Medical University, 300052, Tianjin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wang L, Wang Y, Chen A, Teli M, Kondo R, Jalali A, Fan Y, Liu S, Zhao X, Siegel A, Minami K, Agarwal M, Li BY, Yokota H. Pitavastatin slows tumor progression and alters urine-derived volatile organic compounds through the mevalonate pathway. FASEB J 2019; 33:13710-13721. [PMID: 31585508 PMCID: PMC6894072 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901388r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Bone is a frequent site of metastasis from breast cancer, and a desirable drug could suppress tumor growth as well as metastasis-linked bone loss. Currently, no drug is able to cure breast cancer-associated bone metastasis. In this study, we focused on statins that are known to inhibit cholesterol production and act as antitumor agents. After an initial potency screening of 7 U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved statins, we examined pitavastatin as a drug candidate for inhibiting tumor and tumor-induced bone loss. In vitro analysis revealed that pitavastatin acted as an inhibitor of tumor progression by altering stress to the endoplasmic reticulum, down-regulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, and reducing Snail and matrix metalloproteinase 9. In bone homeostasis, it blocked osteoclast development by suppressing transcription factors c-Fos and JunB, but stimulated osteoblast mineralization by regulating bone morphogenetic protein 2 and p53. In a mouse model, pitavastatin presented a dual role in tumor inhibition in the mammary fat pad, as well as in bone protection in the osteolytic tibia. In mass spectrometry-based analysis, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that were linked to lipid metabolism and cholesterol synthesis were elevated in mice from the tumor-grown placebo group. Notably, pitavastatin-treated mice reduced specific VOCs that are linked to lipid metabolites in the mevalonate pathway. Collectively, the results lay a foundation for further investigation of pitavastatin's therapeutic efficacy in tumor-induced bone loss, as well as VOC-based diagnosis of tumor progression and treatment efficacy.-Wang, L., Wang, Y., Chen, A., Teli, M., Kondo, R., Jalali, A., Fan, Y., Liu, S., Zhao, X., Siegel, A., Minami, K., Agarwal, M., Li, B.-Y., Yokota, H. Pitavastatin slows tumor progression and alters urine-derived volatile organic compounds through the mevalonate pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luqi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Andy Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Meghana Teli
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Rika Kondo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan
| | - Aydin Jalali
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Yao Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Shengzhi Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Amanda Siegel
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Mangilal Agarwal
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Bai-Yan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hiroki Yokota
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indiana University–Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
MacDonald IJ, Lin CY, Kuo SJ, Su CM, Tang CH. An update on current and future treatment options for chondrosarcoma. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2019; 19:773-786. [PMID: 31462102 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2019.1659731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Human chondrosarcomas (CS; a malignant cartilage-forming bone tumor) respond poorly to chemotherapy and radiation treatment, resulting in high morbidity and mortality rates. Expanded treatment options are urgently needed. Areas covered: This article updates our 2014 review, in which we evaluated the CS treatments available at that time and potential treatment options under investigation. Since then, advances in research findings, particularly from Chinese herbal medicines, may be bringing us closer to more effective therapies for CS. In particular, promising findings have been reported from research targeting platelet-derived growth factor receptor. Expert opinion: Few treatment options exist for CS; chemotherapy is not even an option for unresectable disease, in which 5-year survival rates are just 2%. New information about the multitude of genes and signaling pathways that encourage CS growth, invasion and metastasis are clarifying how certain signaling pathways and plant-derived active compounds, especially molecularly-targeted therapies that inhibit the PDGF receptor, interfering with these biological processes. This review summarizes discoveries from the last 5 years and discusses how these findings are fueling ongoing work into effectively dealing with the disease process and improving the treatment of CS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iona J MacDonald
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Lin
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College , New Taipei City , Taiwan
| | - Shu-Jui Kuo
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, China Medical University Hospital , Taichung , Taiwan
| | - Chen-Ming Su
- Department of Sports Medicine, College of Health Care, China Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsin Tang
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, China Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan.,Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University , Taichung , Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, College of Health Science, Asia University , Taichung , Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Emerging Roles of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Associated Unfolded Protein Response in Cancer Cell Migration and Invasion. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11050631. [PMID: 31064137 PMCID: PMC6562633 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11050631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteostasis is often altered in tumor cells due to intrinsic (oncogene expression, aneuploidy) and extrinsic (environmental) challenges. ER stress triggers the activation of an adaptive response named the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR), leading to protein translation repression, and to the improvement of ER protein folding and clearance capacity. The UPR is emerging as a key player in malignant transformation and tumor growth, impacting on most hallmarks of cancer. As such, the UPR can influence cancer cells’ migration and invasion properties. In this review, we overview the involvement of the UPR in cancer progression. We discuss its cross-talks with the cell migration and invasion machinery. Specific aspects will be covered including extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, modification of cell adhesion, chemo-attraction, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), modulation of signaling pathways associated with cell mobility, and cytoskeleton remodeling. The therapeutic potential of targeting the UPR to treat cancer will also be considered with specific emphasis in the impact on metastasis and tissue invasion.
Collapse
|
15
|
Hlavac M, Dwucet A, Kast RE, Engelke J, Westhoff MA, Siegelin MD, Debatin KM, Wirtz CR, Halatsch ME, Karpel-Massler G. Combined inhibition of RAC1 and Bcl-2/Bcl-xL synergistically induces glioblastoma cell death through down-regulation of the Usp9X/Mcl-1 axis. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2019; 42:287-301. [PMID: 30859392 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-019-00425-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Anti-apoptotic and pro-migratory phenotypes are hallmarks of neoplastic diseases, including primary brain malignancies. In this work, we examined whether reprogramming of the apoptotic and migratory machineries through a multi-targeting approach would induce enhanced cell death and enhanced inhibition of the migratory capacity of glioblastoma cells. METHODS Preclinical testing and molecular analyses of combined inhibition of Bcl-2/Bcl-xL and RAC1 were performed in established, primary cultured and stem-like glioblastoma cell systems. RESULTS We found that the combined inhibition of Bcl-2/Bcl-xL and RAC1 resulted in synergistic pro-apoptotic and anti-migratory effects in a broad range of different glioblastoma cells. At the molecular level, we found that RAC1 inhibition led to a decreased expression of the deubiquitinase Usp9X, followed by a decreased stability of Mcl-1. We also found that the combined inhibition led to a significantly decreased migratory activity and that tumor formation of glioblastoma cells on chorion allantoic membranes of chicken embryos was markedly impaired following the combined inhibition. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that concomitant inhibition of RAC1 and Bcl-2/Bcl-xL induces pro-apoptotic and anti-migratory glioblastoma phenotypes as well as synergistic anti-neoplastic activities. The clinical efficacy of this inhibitory therapeutic strategy warrants further evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Hlavac
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Annika Dwucet
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Jens Engelke
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mike-Andrew Westhoff
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus D Siegelin
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Klaus-Michael Debatin
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian Rainer Wirtz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marc-Eric Halatsch
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Georg Karpel-Massler
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Ulm University Medical Center, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, D-89081, Ulm, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
MLN4924, a Protein Neddylation Inhibitor, Suppresses the Growth of Human Chondrosarcoma through Inhibiting Cell Proliferation and Inducing Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Related Apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20:ijms20010072. [PMID: 30586948 PMCID: PMC6337205 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrosarcoma, a heterogeneous malignant bone tumor, commonly produces cartilage matrix, which generally has no response to conventional therapies. Studies have reported that MLN4924, a NEDD8-activating enzyme inhibitor, achieves antitumor effects against numerous malignancies. In this study, the suppressive effects of MLN4924 on human chondrosarcoma cell lines were investigated using in vitro and in vivo assays, which involved measuring cell viability, cytotoxicity, apoptosis, proliferation, cell cycles, molecule-associated cell cycles, apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and tumor growth in a xenograft mouse model. Our results demonstrated that MLN4924 significantly suppressed cell viability, exhibited cytotoxicity, and stimulated apoptosis through the activation of caspase-3 and caspase-7 in chondrosarcoma cell lines. Furthermore, MLN4924 significantly inhibited cell proliferation by diminishing the phosphorylation of histone H3 to cause G2/M cell cycle arrest. In addition, MLN4924 activated ER stress–related apoptosis by upregulating the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), enhancing the expression of GRP78 and CCAAT-enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP, an inducer of endoplasmic ER stress–related apoptosis) and activating the cleavage of caspase-4. Moreover, MLN4924 considerably inhibited the growth of chondrosarcoma tumors in a xenograft mouse model. Finally, MLN4924-mediated antichondrosarcoma properties can be accompanied by the stimulation of ER stress–related apoptosis, implying that targeting neddylation by MLN4924 is a novel therapeutic strategy for treating chondrosarcoma.
Collapse
|
17
|
Liu S, Liu Y, Minami K, Chen A, Wan Q, Yin Y, Gan L, Xu A, Matsuura N, Koizumi M, Liu Y, Na S, Li J, Nakshatri H, Li BY, Yokota H. Inhibiting checkpoint kinase 1 protects bone from bone resorption by mammary tumor in a mouse model. Oncotarget 2018; 9:9364-9378. [PMID: 29507695 PMCID: PMC5823640 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage response plays a critical role in tumor growth, but little is known about its potential role in bone metabolism. We employed selective inhibitors of Chk1 and examined their effects on the proliferation and migration of mammary tumor cells as well as the development of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Further, using a mouse model of bone metastasis we evaluated the effects of Chk1 inhibitors on bone quality. Chk1 inhibitors blocked the proliferation, survival, and migration of tumor cells in vitro and suppressed the development of bone-resorbing osteoclasts by downregulating NFATc1. In the mouse model, Chk1 inhibitor reduced osteolytic lesions and prevented mechanical weakening of the femur and tibia. Analysis of RNA-seq expression data indicated that the observed effects were mediated through the regulation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha, stress to the endoplasmic reticulum, S100 proteins, and bone remodeling-linked genes. Our findings suggest that targeting Chk1 signaling without adding DNA damaging agents may protect bone from degradation while suppressing tumor growth and migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengzhi Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University at Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University at Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Kazumasa Minami
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University at Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.,Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Andy Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University at Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Qiaoqiao Wan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University at Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Yukun Yin
- Department of Biology, Indiana University at Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Liangying Gan
- Department of Biology, Indiana University at Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Aihua Xu
- Department of Biology, Indiana University at Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Nariaki Matsuura
- Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Osaka 537-8511, Japan
| | - Masahiko Koizumi
- Department of Medical Physics and Engineering, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yunlong Liu
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Sungsoo Na
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University at Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jiliang Li
- Department of Biology, Indiana University at Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Harikrishna Nakshatri
- Department of Surgery, Simon Cancer Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Bai-Yan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150081, China
| | - Hiroki Yokota
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University at Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhang H, Yang J, Liang G, Gao X, Sang Y, Gui T, Liang Z, Tam M, Zha Z. Andrographolide Induces Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis of Chondrosarcoma by Targeting TCF‐1/SOX9 Axis. J Cell Biochem 2017; 118:4575-4586. [PMID: 28485543 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huan‐Tian Zhang
- Institute of Orthopedic Diseases and Center for Joint Surgery and Sports Medicinethe First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan UniversityGuangzhouPR China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education InstitutesCollege of Life Science and Technology, Jinan UniversityGuangzhouPR China
| | - Jie Yang
- Institute of Orthopedic Diseases and Center for Joint Surgery and Sports Medicinethe First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan UniversityGuangzhouPR China
| | - Gui‐Hong Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, the Third Affiliated HospitalGuangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouPR China
| | - Xue‐Juan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education InstitutesCollege of Life Science and Technology, Jinan UniversityGuangzhouPR China
| | - Yuan Sang
- Institute of Orthopedic Diseases and Center for Joint Surgery and Sports Medicinethe First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan UniversityGuangzhouPR China
| | - Tao Gui
- Institute of Orthopedic Diseases and Center for Joint Surgery and Sports Medicinethe First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan UniversityGuangzhouPR China
| | - Zu‐Jian Liang
- Department of Orthopedics, the Third Affiliated HospitalGuangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhouPR China
| | - Man‐Seng Tam
- Macau Medical Science and Technology AssociationMacao Special Administrative RegionPR China
- IAN WO Medical CenterMacao Special Administrative RegionPR China
| | - Zhen‐Gang Zha
- Institute of Orthopedic Diseases and Center for Joint Surgery and Sports Medicinethe First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan UniversityGuangzhouPR China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Reduction in Migratory Phenotype in a Metastasized Breast Cancer Cell Line via Downregulation of S100A4 and GRM3. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3459. [PMID: 28615627 PMCID: PMC5471271 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03811-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate phenotypic and genotypic alterations before and after bone metastasis, we conducted genome-wide mRNA profiling and DNA exon sequencing of two cell lines (TMD and BMD) derived from a mouse xenograft model. TMD cells were harvested from the mammary fat pad after transfecting MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, while BMD cells were isolated from the metastasized bone. Compared to BMD cells, TMD cells exhibited higher cellular motility. In contrast, BMD cells formed a spheroid with a smoother and more circular surface when co-cultured with osteoblasts. In characterizing mRNA expression using principal component analysis, S100 calcium-binding protein A4 (S100A4) was aligned to a principal axis associated with metastasis. Partial silencing of S100A4 suppressed migratory capabilities of TMD cells, while Paclitaxel decreased the S100A4 level and reduced TMD’s cellular motility. DNA mutation analysis revealed that the glutamate metabotropic receptor 3 (GRM3) gene gained a premature stop codon in BMD cells, and silencing GRM3 in TMD cells altered their spheroid shape closer to that of BMD cells. Collectively, this study demonstrates that metastasized cells are less migratory due in part to the post-metastatic downregulation of S100A4 and GRM3. Targeting S100A4 and GRM3 may help prevent bone metastasis.
Collapse
|
20
|
Inhibitory Effects of Dopamine Receptor D 1 Agonist on Mammary Tumor and Bone Metastasis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45686. [PMID: 28374823 PMCID: PMC5379485 DOI: 10.1038/srep45686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic signaling plays a critical role in the nervous system, but little is known about its potential role in breast cancer and bone metabolism. A screening of ~1,000 biologically active compounds revealed that a selective agonist of dopamine receptor D1 (DRD1), A77636, inhibited proliferation of 4T1.2 mammary tumor cells as well as MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Herein, we examined the effect of A77636 on bone quality using a mouse model of bone metastasis from mammary tumor. A77636 inhibited migration of cancer cells in a DRD1-dependent fashion and suppressed development of bone-resorbing osteoclasts by downregulating NFATc1 through the elevation of phosphorylation of eIF2α. In the mouse model of bone metastasis, A77636 reduced osteolytic lesions and prevented mechanical weakening of the femur and tibia. Collectively, we expect that dopaminergic signaling might provide a novel therapeutic target for breast cancer and bone metastasis.
Collapse
|
21
|
Takigawa S, Frondorf B, Liu S, Liu Y, Li B, Sudo A, Wallace JM, Yokota H, Hamamura K. Salubrinal improves mechanical properties of the femur in osteogenesis imperfecta mice. J Pharmacol Sci 2016; 132:154-161. [PMID: 27743814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 09/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Salubrinal is an agent that reduces the stress to the endoplasmic reticulum by inhibiting de-phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α). We and others have previously shown that the elevated phosphorylation of eIF2α stimulates bone formation and attenuates bone resorption. In this study, we applied salubrinal to a mouse model of osteogenesis imperfecta (Oim), and examined whether it would improve Oim's mechanical property. We conducted in vitro experiments using RAW264.7 pre-osteoclasts and bone marrow derived cells (BMDCs), and performed in vivo administration of salubrinal to Oim (+/-) mice. The animal study included two control groups (wildtype and Oim placebo). The result revealed that salubrinal decreased expression of nuclear factor of activated T cells cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1) and suppressed osteoclast maturation, and it stimulated mineralization of mesenchymal stem cells from BMDCs. Furthermore, daily injection of salubrinal at 2 mg/kg for 2 months made stiffness (N/mm) and elastic module (GPa) of the femur undistinguishable to those of the wildtype control. Collectively, this study supported salubrinal's beneficial role to Oim's femora. Unlike bisphosphonates, salubrinal stimulates bone formation. For juvenile OI patients who may favor strengthening bone without inactivating bone remodeling, salubrinal may present a novel therapeutic option.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Takigawa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Brian Frondorf
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Shengzhi Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Baiyan Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Akihiro Sudo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
| | - Joseph M Wallace
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Hiroki Yokota
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kazunori Hamamura
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yao Z, Nie L, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Li J, Cheng L. Salubrinal Suppresses IL-17-Induced Upregulation of MMP-13 and Extracellular Matrix Degradation Through the NF-kB Pathway in Human Nucleus Pulposus Cells. Inflammation 2016; 39:1997-2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-016-0435-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
23
|
Sang W, Zhu L, Ma J, Lu H, Wang C. Lentivirus-Mediated Knockdown of CTHRC1 Inhibits Osteosarcoma Cell Proliferation and Migration. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2016; 31:91-8. [PMID: 27043295 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2014.1758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen triple helix repeat containing-1 (CTHRC1), a secreted protein, is transiently expressed in the arterial wall in response to injury, indicating that it may contribute to vascular remodeling by limiting collagen matrix deposition and promoting cell migration. Recent studies showed that it is aberrantly upregulated in most human solid tumors, yet its role in osteosarcoma remains unclear. In this study, the authors investigated the role of CTHRC1 in human osteosarcoma tumorigenesis. The authors used lentivirus-mediated short hairpin RNA (shRNA) against CTHRC1 to limit its endogenous expression in U2OS and SW1353 cells. Interestingly, they found that depletion of CTHRC1 significantly inhibited cell proliferation and colony formation in U2OS and SW1353 cells. Flow cytometry assay showed that knockdown of CTHRC1 increased the cell percentage of G0/G1 phase, resulting in cell cycle arrest in U2OS cells. Moreover, CTHRC1 silencing induced the cell cycle arrest by a decrease in the cell percentage in G0/G1 phase and increased in G2/M phase in SW1353 cells. In addition, crystal violet staining suggested CTHRC1 silencing inhibited migration of U2OS and SW1353 cells. These results demonstrated that CTHRC1 might play an important role in osteosarcoma progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weilin Sang
- The Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai, China
| | - Libo Zhu
- The Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai, China
| | - Jinzhong Ma
- The Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai, China
| | - Haiming Lu
- The Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai, China
| | - Cong Wang
- The Affiliated First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University , Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|