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Zhang Y, Ren Y, Li X, Li M, Fu M, Zhou W, Yu Y, Xiong Y. A review on decoding the roles of YAP/TAZ signaling pathway in cardiovascular diseases: Bridging molecular mechanisms to therapeutic insights. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132473. [PMID: 38795886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) serve as transcriptional co-activators that dynamically shuttle between the cytoplasm and nucleus, resulting in either the suppression or enhancement of their downstream gene expression. Recent emerging evidence demonstrates that YAP/TAZ is strongly implicated in the pathophysiological processes that contribute to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). In the cardiovascular system, YAP/TAZ is involved in the orchestration of a range of biological processes such as oxidative stress, inflammation, proliferation, and autophagy. Furthermore, YAP/TAZ has been revealed to be closely associated with the initiation and development of various cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, pulmonary hypertension, myocardial fibrosis, cardiac hypertrophy, and cardiomyopathy. In this review, we delve into recent studies surrounding YAP and TAZ, along with delineating their roles in contributing to the pathogenesis of CVDs with a link to various physiological processes in the cardiovascular system. Additionally, we highlight the current potential drugs targeting YAP/TAZ for CVDs therapy and discuss their challenges for translational application. Overall, this review may offer novel insights for understanding and treating cardiovascular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Xiaofang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710018, PR China
| | - Man Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710018, PR China
| | - Mingdi Fu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Wenjing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, PR China
| | - Yi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Yuyan Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, Shaanxi, PR China; Xi'an Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Northwest University, 710018 Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
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2
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Schulte G, Scharf MM, Bous J, Voss JH, Grätz L, Kozielewicz P. Frizzleds act as dynamic pharmacological entities. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2024; 45:419-429. [PMID: 38594145 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2024.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The Frizzled family of transmembrane receptors (FZD1-10) belongs to the class F of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). FZDs bind to and are activated by Wingless/Int1 (WNT) proteins. The WNT/FZD signaling system regulates crucial aspects of developmental biology and stem-cell regulation. Dysregulation of WNT/FZD communication can lead to developmental defects and diseases such as cancer and fibrosis. Recent insight into the activation mechanisms of FZDs has underlined that protein dynamics and conserved microswitches are essential for FZD-mediated information flow and build the basis for targeting these receptors pharmacologically. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of FZD activation, and how novel concepts merge and collide with existing dogmas in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Schulte
- Section of Receptor Biology & Signaling, Dept. Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Magdalena M Scharf
- Section of Receptor Biology & Signaling, Dept. Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julien Bous
- Section of Receptor Biology & Signaling, Dept. Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Hendrik Voss
- Section of Receptor Biology & Signaling, Dept. Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lukas Grätz
- Section of Receptor Biology & Signaling, Dept. Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pawel Kozielewicz
- Section of Receptor Biology & Signaling, Dept. Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Grätz L, Kowalski-Jahn M, Scharf MM, Kozielewicz P, Jahn M, Bous J, Lambert NA, Gloriam DE, Schulte G. Pathway selectivity in Frizzleds is achieved by conserved micro-switches defining pathway-determining, active conformations. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4573. [PMID: 37516754 PMCID: PMC10387068 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40213-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The class Frizzled of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), consisting of ten Frizzled (FZD1-10) paralogs and Smoothened, remains one of the most enigmatic GPCR families. This class mediates signaling predominantly through Disheveled (DVL) or heterotrimeric G proteins. However, the mechanisms underlying pathway selection are elusive. Here we employ a structure-driven mutagenesis approach in combination with an extensive panel of functional signaling readouts to investigate the importance of conserved state-stabilizing residues in FZD5 for signal specification. Similar data were obtained for FZD4 and FZD10 suggesting that our findings can be extrapolated to other members of the FZD family. Comparative molecular dynamics simulations of wild type and selected FZD5 mutants further support the concept that distinct conformational changes in FZDs specify the signal outcome. In conclusion, we find that FZD5 and FZDs in general prefer coupling to DVL rather than heterotrimeric G proteins and that distinct active state micro-switches in the receptor are essential for pathway selection arguing for conformational changes in the receptor protein defining transducer selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Grätz
- Karolinska Institutet, Dept. Physiology & Pharmacology, Sec. Receptor Biology & Signaling, Biomedicum, S-17165, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Kowalski-Jahn
- Karolinska Institutet, Dept. Physiology & Pharmacology, Sec. Receptor Biology & Signaling, Biomedicum, S-17165, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magdalena M Scharf
- Karolinska Institutet, Dept. Physiology & Pharmacology, Sec. Receptor Biology & Signaling, Biomedicum, S-17165, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pawel Kozielewicz
- Karolinska Institutet, Dept. Physiology & Pharmacology, Sec. Receptor Biology & Signaling, Biomedicum, S-17165, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Jahn
- School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, S-17121, Solna, Sweden
- Max Planck Unit for the Science of Pathogens, Bioinformatics platform, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julien Bous
- Karolinska Institutet, Dept. Physiology & Pharmacology, Sec. Receptor Biology & Signaling, Biomedicum, S-17165, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nevin A Lambert
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - David E Gloriam
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gunnar Schulte
- Karolinska Institutet, Dept. Physiology & Pharmacology, Sec. Receptor Biology & Signaling, Biomedicum, S-17165, Stockholm, Sweden.
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4
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Wong TS, Li G, Li S, Gao W, Chen G, Gan S, Zhang M, Li H, Wu S, Du Y. G protein-coupled receptors in neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:177. [PMID: 37137892 PMCID: PMC10154768 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01427-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders are multifactorial disorders with diverse aetiological factors. Identifying treatment targets is challenging because the diseases are resulting from heterogeneous biological, genetic, and environmental factors. Nevertheless, the increasing understanding of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) opens a new possibility in drug discovery. Harnessing our knowledge of molecular mechanisms and structural information of GPCRs will be advantageous for developing effective drugs. This review provides an overview of the role of GPCRs in various neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. Besides, we highlight the emerging opportunities of novel GPCR targets and address recent progress in GPCR drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thian-Sze Wong
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Guangzhi Li
- Institute of Urology, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, 518000, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shiliang Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
- Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Geng Chen
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shiyi Gan
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Manzhan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China
- Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China
| | - Honglin Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 200237, Shanghai, China.
- Innovation Center for AI and Drug Discovery, East China Normal University, 200062, Shanghai, China.
| | - Song Wu
- Institute of Urology, The Affiliated Luohu Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen University, 518000, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Urology, South China Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, 518116, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
| | - Yang Du
- Kobilka Institute of Innovative Drug Discovery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Steroid Drug Discovery and Development, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 518172, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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5
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Guo P, Tai Y, Wang M, Sun H, Zhang L, Wei W, Xiang YK, Wang Q. Gα 12 and Gα 13: Versatility in Physiology and Pathology. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:809425. [PMID: 35237598 PMCID: PMC8883321 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.809425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), as the largest family of receptors in the human body, are involved in the pathological mechanisms of many diseases. Heterotrimeric G proteins represent the main molecular switch and receive cell surface signals from activated GPCRs. Growing evidence suggests that Gα12 subfamily (Gα12/13)-mediated signaling plays a crucial role in cellular function and various pathological processes. The current research on the physiological and pathological function of Gα12/13 is constantly expanding, Changes in the expression levels of Gα12/13 have been found in a wide range of human diseases. However, the mechanistic research on Gα12/13 is scattered. This review briefly describes the structural sequences of the Gα12/13 isoforms and introduces the coupling of GPCRs and non-GPCRs to Gα12/13. The effects of Gα12/13 on RhoA and other signaling pathways and their roles in cell proliferation, migration, and immune cell function, are discussed. Finally, we focus on the pathological impacts of Gα12/13 in cancer, inflammation, metabolic diseases, fibrotic diseases, and circulatory disorders are brought to focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paipai Guo
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yu Tai
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Manman Wang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hanfei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yang K Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States.,VA Northern California Health Care System, Mather, CA, United States
| | - Qingtong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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6
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Scavo MP, Rizzi F, Depalo N, Armentano R, Coletta S, Serino G, Fanizza E, Pesole PL, Cervellera A, Carella N, Curri ML, Giannelli G. Exosome Released FZD10 Increases Ki-67 Expression via Phospho-ERK1/2 in Colorectal and Gastric Cancer. Front Oncol 2021; 11:730093. [PMID: 34671555 PMCID: PMC8522497 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.730093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Frizzled (FZD) proteins are primary receptors for Wnt signaling that activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. Dysfunction of Wnt signals with consequently abnormal activation of MAPK3 pathways was found in colorectal cancer (CRC) and gastric cancer (GC). Upregulation of FZD10 protein, localized in the exosomes isolated from plasma of CRC and GC patients, was associated with a poor prognosis. Herein, the expression levels of circulating FZD10 were found to be strongly correlated to their expression levels in the corresponding tissues in CRC and GC patients. Bioinformatic prediction revealed a link between FZD10 and Ki-67 through MAPK3. In both CRC and GC tissues, pERK1/2 levels were significantly increased at more advanced disease stages, and pERK1/2 and Ki-67 were correlated. Silencing of FZD10 in CRC and GC cells resulted in a significant reduction of pERK1/2 and Ki-67 expression, while subsequent treatment with exogenous exosomes partially restored their expression levels. The strong correlation between the expression of Ki-67 in tissues and of FZD10 in exosomes suggests that the exosome-delivered FZD10 may be a promising novel prognostic and diagnostic biomarker for CRC and GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Principia Scavo
- Personalized Medicine Laboratory, National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. De Bellis” Research Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Federica Rizzi
- University of Bari “A. Moro,” Chemistry Department, Bari, Italy
- Institute for Chemical–Physical Processes (IPCF)–National Research Council Secondary Site (CNR SS) Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Depalo
- Institute for Chemical–Physical Processes (IPCF)–National Research Council Secondary Site (CNR SS) Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Raffaele Armentano
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. de Bellis,” Research Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Sergio Coletta
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. de Bellis,” Research Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Grazia Serino
- Experimental Immunopathology Laboratory, National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. de Bellis,” Research Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Fanizza
- University of Bari “A. Moro,” Chemistry Department, Bari, Italy
- Institute for Chemical–Physical Processes (IPCF)–National Research Council Secondary Site (CNR SS) Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Pasqua Letizia Pesole
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, National Institute of Gastroenterology, “S de Bellis” Research Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cervellera
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, National Institute of Gastroenterology, “S de Bellis” Research Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Carella
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, National Institute of Gastroenterology, “S de Bellis” Research Hospital, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Lucia Curri
- University of Bari “A. Moro,” Chemistry Department, Bari, Italy
- Institute for Chemical–Physical Processes (IPCF)–National Research Council Secondary Site (CNR SS) Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Giannelli
- Scientific Direction, National Institute of Gastroenterology “S. De Bellis” Research Hospital, Bari, Italy
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7
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Zindel D, Mensat P, Vol C, Homayed Z, Charrier-Savournin F, Trinquet E, Banères JL, Pin JP, Pannequin J, Roux T, Dupuis E, Prézeau L. G protein-coupled receptors can control the Hippo/YAP pathway through Gq signaling. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21668. [PMID: 34114695 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002159r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is an evolutionarily conserved kinase cascade involved in the control of tissue homeostasis, cellular differentiation, proliferation, and organ size, and is regulated by cell-cell contact, apical cell polarity, and mechanical signals. Miss-regulation of this pathway can lead to cancer. The Hippo pathway acts through the inhibition of the transcriptional coactivators YAP and TAZ through phosphorylation. Among the various signaling mechanisms controlling the hippo pathway, activation of G12/13 by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) recently emerged. Here we show that a GPCR, the ghrelin receptor, that activates several types of G proteins, including G12/13, Gi/o, and Gq, can activate YAP through Gq/11 exclusively, independently of G12/13. We revealed that a strong basal YAP activation results from the high constitutive activity of this receptor, which can be further increased upon agonist activation. Thus, acting on ghrelin receptor allowed to modulate up-and-down YAP activity, as activating the receptor increased YAP activity and blocking constitutive activity reduced YAP activity. Our results demonstrate that GPCRs can be used as molecular switches to finely up- or down-regulate YAP activity through a pure Gq pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Zindel
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Claire Vol
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Zeinab Homayed
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Jean-Louis Banères
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Pin
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Julie Pannequin
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | - Laurent Prézeau
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle (IGF), Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
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8
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Deconvolution of WNT-induced Frizzled conformational dynamics with fluorescent biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 177:112948. [PMID: 33486136 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptors Frizzled1-10 (FZD1-10) act as molecular checkpoints mediating intracellular signaling induced by 19 mammalian, secreted Wingless/Int-1 lipoglycoproteins (WNTs). Despite the vital roles of these signaling components in health and disease, our knowledge about WNT/FZD selectivity, and the mechanisms of receptor activation and intracellular signal propagation by individual ligand/receptor pairs is limited due to the current lack of suitable biophysical techniques. Here, we developed fluorescence-based biosensors that detect WNT-induced FZD conformational changes in living cells in order to assess WNT action via FZDs at the most proximal level, i.e. the receptor conformation. By testing a panel of recombinant ligands on conformational biosensors representing all four homology clusters of FZDs, we discover yet unappreciated selectivities of WNTs to their receptors and, surprisingly, identify distinct ligand-induced receptor conformations. Furthermore, we demonstrate that FZDs can undergo conformational changes upon WNT binding without being dependent on the WNT co-receptors LRP5/6. This sensor toolbox provides an advanced platform for a thorough investigation of the 190 possible WNT/FZD pairings and for future screening campaigns targeting synthetic FZD ligands. Furthermore, our findings shed new light on the complexity of the WNT/FZD signaling system and have substantial implications for our understanding of fundamental biological processes including embryonal development and tumorigenesis.
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9
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Hariharan A, Weir N, Robertson C, He L, Betsholtz C, Longden TA. The Ion Channel and GPCR Toolkit of Brain Capillary Pericytes. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:601324. [PMID: 33390906 PMCID: PMC7775489 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.601324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain pericytes reside on the abluminal surface of capillaries, and their processes cover ~90% of the length of the capillary bed. These cells were first described almost 150 years ago (Eberth, 1871; Rouget, 1873) and have been the subject of intense experimental scrutiny in recent years, but their physiological roles remain uncertain and little is known of the complement of signaling elements that they employ to carry out their functions. In this review, we synthesize functional data with single-cell RNAseq screens to explore the ion channel and G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) toolkit of mesh and thin-strand pericytes of the brain, with the aim of providing a framework for deeper explorations of the molecular mechanisms that govern pericyte physiology. We argue that their complement of channels and receptors ideally positions capillary pericytes to play a central role in adapting blood flow to meet the challenge of satisfying neuronal energy requirements from deep within the capillary bed, by enabling dynamic regulation of their membrane potential to influence the electrical output of the cell. In particular, we outline how genetic and functional evidence suggest an important role for Gs-coupled GPCRs and ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels in this context. We put forth a predictive model for long-range hyperpolarizing electrical signaling from pericytes to upstream arterioles, and detail the TRP and Ca2+ channels and Gq, Gi/o, and G12/13 signaling processes that counterbalance this. We underscore critical questions that need to be addressed to further advance our understanding of the signaling topology of capillary pericytes, and how this contributes to their physiological roles and their dysfunction in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Hariharan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Nick Weir
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Colin Robertson
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Liqun He
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Rudbeck Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medicine Huddinge (MedH), Karolinska Institutet & Integrated Cardio Metabolic Centre, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Thomas A Longden
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
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10
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Kozielewicz P, Turku A, Schulte G. Molecular Pharmacology of Class F Receptor Activation. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 97:62-71. [PMID: 31591260 DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.117986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The class Frizzled (FZD) or class F of G protein-coupled receptors consists of 10 FZD paralogues and Smoothened (SMO). FZDs coordinate wingless/Int-1 signaling and SMO mediates Hedgehog signaling. Class F receptor signaling is intrinsically important for embryonic development and its dysregulation leads to diseases, including diverse forms of tumors. With regard to the importance of class F signaling in human disease, these receptors provide an attractive target for therapeutics, exemplified by the use of SMO antagonists for the treatment of basal cell carcinoma. Here, we review recent structural insights in combination with a more detailed functional understanding of class F receptor activation, G protein coupling, conformation-based functional selectivity, and mechanistic details of activating cancer mutations, which will lay the basis for further development of class F-targeting small molecules for human therapy. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Stimulated by recent insights into the activation mechanisms of class F receptors from structural and functional analysis of Frizzled and Smoothened, we aim to summarize what we know about the molecular details of ligand binding, agonist-driven conformational changes, and class F receptor activation. A better understanding of receptor activation mechanisms will allow us to engage in structure- and mechanism-driven drug discovery with the potential to develop more isoform-selective and potentially pathway-selective drugs for human therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Kozielewicz
- Section of Receptor Biology and Signaling, Department Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ainoleena Turku
- Section of Receptor Biology and Signaling, Department Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Schulte
- Section of Receptor Biology and Signaling, Department Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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11
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Bowin CF, Inoue A, Schulte G. WNT-3A-induced β-catenin signaling does not require signaling through heterotrimeric G proteins. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:11677-11684. [PMID: 31235524 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ac119.009412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The network of Wingless/Int-1 (WNT)-induced signaling pathways includes β-catenin-dependent and -independent pathways. β-Catenin regulates T cell factor/lymphoid enhancer-binding factor (TCF/LEF)-mediated gene transcription, and in response to WNTs, β-catenin signaling is initiated through engagement of a Frizzled (FZD)/LDL receptor-related protein 5/6 (LRP5/6) receptor complex. FZDs are G protein-coupled receptors, but the question of whether heterotrimeric G proteins are involved in WNT/β-catenin signaling remains unanswered. Here, we investigate whether acute activation of WNT/β-catenin signaling by purified WNT-3A requires functional signaling through heterotrimeric G proteins. Using genome editing, we ablated expression of Gs/Golf/Gq/G11/G12/G13/Gz in HEK293 (ΔG7) cells, leaving the expression of pertussis toxin (PTX)-sensitive Gi/o proteins unchanged, to assess whether WNT-3A activates WNT/β-catenin signaling in WT and ΔG7 cells devoid of functional G protein signaling. We monitored WNT-3A-induced activation by detection of phosphorylation of LDL receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6), electrophoretic mobility shift of the phosphoprotein Dishevelled (DVL), β-catenin stabilization and dephosphorylation, and TCF-dependent transcription. We found that purified, recombinant WNT-3A efficiently induces WNT/β-catenin signaling in ΔG7 cells in both the absence and presence of Gi/o-blocking PTX. Furthermore, cells completely devoid of G protein expression, so called Gα-depleted HEK293 cells, maintain responsiveness to WNT-3A with regard to the hallmarks of WNT/β-catenin signaling. These findings corroborate the concept that heterotrimeric G proteins are not required for this FZD- and DVL-mediated signaling branch. Our observations agree with previous results arguing for FZD conformation-dependent functional selectivity between DVL and heterotrimeric G proteins. In conclusion, WNT/β-catenin signaling through FZDs does not require the involvement of heterotrimeric G proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl-Fredrik Bowin
- Section for Receptor Biology and Signaling, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum (6D), Solnavägen 9, SE-17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8578, Japan
| | - Gunnar Schulte
- Section for Receptor Biology and Signaling, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum (6D), Solnavägen 9, SE-17165 Stockholm, Sweden
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12
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Huo R, Fu W, Li H, Jiao Y, Yan Z, Wang L, Wang J, Wang S, Cao Y, Zhao J. RNA Sequencing Reveals the Activation of Wnt Signaling in Low Flow Rate Brain Arteriovenous Malformations. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 8:e012746. [PMID: 31170876 PMCID: PMC6645621 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.012746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background The blood flow rate of brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs) is an important clinical characteristic closely associated with the hemorrhage risk and radiosurgery obliteration rate of bAVMs. However, the underlying molecular properties remain unclear. To identify potential key molecules, signaling pathways, and vascular cell types involved, we compared gene expression profiles between bAVMs with high flow rates and low flow rates (LFR) and validated the functions of selected key molecules in vitro. Methods and Results We performed RNA‐sequencing analysis on 51 samples, including 14 high flow rate bAVMs and 37 LFR bAVMs. Functional pathway analysis was performed to identify potential signals influencing the flow rate phenotype of bAVMs. Candidate genes were investigated in bAVM specimens by immunohistochemical staining. Migration, tube formation, and proliferation assays were used to test the effects of candidate genes on the phenotypic properties of cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells and human brain vascular smooth muscle cells. We identified 250 upregulated and 118 downregulated genes in LFR bAVMs compared with high flow rate bAVMs. Wnt signaling was activated in the LFR group via upregulation of FZD10 and MYOC. Immunohistochemical staining showed that vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells of LFR bAVMs exhibited increased FZD10 and MYOC expression. Experimentally elevating these genes promoted human umbilical vein endothelial cells and migration and tube formation by activating canonical Wnt signaling in vitro. Conclusions Our results suggest that canonical Wnt signaling mediated by FZD10 and MYOC is activated in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells in LFR bAVMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Huo
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery Beijing Tiantan Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China.,2 China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases Beijing China.,3 Center of Stroke Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Beijing China.,4 Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease Beijing China
| | - Weilun Fu
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery Beijing Tiantan Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China.,2 China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases Beijing China.,3 Center of Stroke Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Beijing China.,4 Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease Beijing China
| | - Hao Li
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery Beijing Tiantan Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China.,2 China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases Beijing China.,3 Center of Stroke Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Beijing China.,4 Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease Beijing China
| | - Yuming Jiao
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery Beijing Tiantan Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China.,2 China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases Beijing China.,3 Center of Stroke Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Beijing China.,4 Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease Beijing China
| | - Zihan Yan
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery Beijing Tiantan Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China.,2 China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases Beijing China.,3 Center of Stroke Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Beijing China.,4 Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease Beijing China
| | - Linjian Wang
- 5 Savaid Medical School University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Jie Wang
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery Beijing Tiantan Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China.,2 China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases Beijing China.,3 Center of Stroke Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Beijing China.,4 Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease Beijing China
| | - Shuo Wang
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery Beijing Tiantan Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China.,2 China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases Beijing China.,3 Center of Stroke Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Beijing China.,4 Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease Beijing China
| | - Yong Cao
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery Beijing Tiantan Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China.,2 China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases Beijing China.,3 Center of Stroke Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Beijing China.,4 Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease Beijing China
| | - Jizong Zhao
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery Beijing Tiantan Hospital Capital Medical University Beijing China.,2 China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases Beijing China.,3 Center of Stroke Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Beijing China.,4 Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease Beijing China.,5 Savaid Medical School University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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13
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Frizzled-10 Extracellular Vesicles Plasma Concentration Is Associated with Tumoral Progression in Patients with Colorectal and Gastric Cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:2715968. [PMID: 31275379 PMCID: PMC6582832 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2715968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are involved in intercellular communication during the carcinogenesis. Our attention has been focused on small EVs (sEVs) protein content in colorectal and gastric cancer (CRC and GC). Frizzled (FZD) proteins, a family of receptors comprised in the Wnt signaling pathway, play an important role in the carcinogenesis of CRC and GC. Here, the expression of a specific FZD protein, namely, FZD-10, was investigated in the sEVs extracted from plasma of patients affected by CRC and GC as involved in canonical and noncanonical Wnt signaling in cancer stem cells with a subsequent modification of cellular heterogeneity, omics reprogramming, and tumor plasticity. The expression of FZD-10 protein in the sEVs extracted from plasma of patients affected by CRC and GC and sEVs from plasma of healthy subjects was evaluated against the level of protein Hsp70, established as EVs specific markers along with CD63 and ALIX proteins. The FZD-10 extract from sEVs isolated from plasma of the controls and the CRC or GC subjects indicated that its expression in oncological patients was higher than in the control group, while, at the end of the treatment, it reached values comparable with the average level of controls. Furthermore, the level of FZD-10 in the whole plasma was found comparable with its level in the sEVs extract. The level of FZD-10 in the sEVs represents a potential reliable biomarker with a valuable prognostic function for the diagnosis of CRC and GC and for monitoring the treatment response.
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14
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Azad T, Ghahremani M, Yang X. The Role of YAP and TAZ in Angiogenesis and Vascular Mimicry. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050407. [PMID: 31052445 PMCID: PMC6562567 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vasculature, is a physiological process that begins in utero and continues throughout life in both good health and disease. Understanding the underlying mechanism in angiogenesis could uncover a new therapeutic approach in pathological angiogenesis. Since its discovery, the Hippo signaling pathway has emerged as a key player in controlling organ size and tissue homeostasis. Recently, new studies have discovered that Hippo and two of its main effectors, Yes-associated protein (YAP) and its paralog transcription activator with PDZ binding motif (TAZ), play critical roles during angiogenesis. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms by which YAP/TAZ regulate endothelial cell shape, behavior, and function in angiogenesis. We further discuss how YAP/TAZ function as part of developmental and pathological angiogenesis. Finally, we review the role of YAP/TAZ in tumor vascular mimicry and propose directions for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taha Azad
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Mina Ghahremani
- Department of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Xiaolong Yang
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada.
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15
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Schulte G, Kozielewicz P. Structural insight into Class F receptors - What have we learnt regarding agonist-induced activation? Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 126 Suppl 6:17-24. [PMID: 30925000 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Class F receptors, including the ten Frizzleds (FZD1-10 ) and SMO, mediate the effects of WNTs and hedgehog proteins and belong to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). While the recent, high-resolution insight into mechanisms of GPCR activation provides a better understanding of receptor activation in Class A, B and C GPCRs, it remains unclear how Class F receptors bind their ligands, how ligand binding is translated to receptor activation and how signal initiation and specification are achieved. Here, we summarize recent efforts in elucidating Class F receptor structure and activation mechanisms and critically discuss the progress made in this area. A better understanding of the activation mechanisms of Class F receptors is required to engage in mechanism-based and structure-guided drug discovery to exploit the large therapeutic potential of targeting these receptors pharmacologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Schulte
- Section of Receptor Biology & Signaling, Department Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paweł Kozielewicz
- Section of Receptor Biology & Signaling, Department Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Wright SC, Kozielewicz P, Kowalski-Jahn M, Petersen J, Bowin CF, Slodkowicz G, Marti-Solano M, Rodríguez D, Hot B, Okashah N, Strakova K, Valnohova J, Babu MM, Lambert NA, Carlsson J, Schulte G. A conserved molecular switch in Class F receptors regulates receptor activation and pathway selection. Nat Commun 2019; 10:667. [PMID: 30737406 PMCID: PMC6368630 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08630-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Class F receptors are considered valuable therapeutic targets due to their role in human disease, but structural changes accompanying receptor activation remain unexplored. Employing population and cancer genomics data, structural analyses, molecular dynamics simulations, resonance energy transfer-based approaches and mutagenesis, we identify a conserved basic amino acid in TM6 in Class F receptors that acts as a molecular switch to mediate receptor activation. Across all tested Class F receptors (FZD4,5,6,7, SMO), mutation of the molecular switch confers an increased potency of agonists by stabilizing an active conformation as assessed by engineered mini G proteins as conformational sensors. Disruption of the switch abrogates the functional interaction between FZDs and the phosphoprotein Dishevelled, supporting conformational selection as a prerequisite for functional selectivity. Our studies reveal the molecular basis of a common activation mechanism conserved in all Class F receptors, which facilitates assay development and future discovery of Class F receptor-targeting drugs. Class F receptors are therapeutic targets in human disease and understanding their structural changes during receptor activation may provide important pharmacological insight. Here, the authors combine computational and experimental methods to identify a molecular switch in TM6/7 of Class F receptors that mediates receptor activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane C Wright
- Section of Receptor Biology & Signaling, Dept. Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S17165, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Paweł Kozielewicz
- Section of Receptor Biology & Signaling, Dept. Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S17165, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Kowalski-Jahn
- Section of Receptor Biology & Signaling, Dept. Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S17165, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julian Petersen
- Section of Receptor Biology & Signaling, Dept. Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S17165, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carl-Fredrik Bowin
- Section of Receptor Biology & Signaling, Dept. Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S17165, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Greg Slodkowicz
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Marti-Solano
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - David Rodríguez
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 596, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Belma Hot
- Section of Receptor Biology & Signaling, Dept. Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S17165, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Najeah Okashah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, 30912, USA
| | - Katerina Strakova
- Section of Receptor Biology & Signaling, Dept. Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S17165, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jana Valnohova
- Section of Receptor Biology & Signaling, Dept. Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S17165, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Madan Babu
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, United Kingdom
| | - Nevin A Lambert
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, 30912, USA
| | - Jens Carlsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 596, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Schulte
- Section of Receptor Biology & Signaling, Dept. Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S17165, Stockholm, Sweden.
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17
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Wright SC, Cañizal MCA, Benkel T, Simon K, Le Gouill C, Matricon P, Namkung Y, Lukasheva V, König GM, Laporte SA, Carlsson J, Kostenis E, Bouvier M, Schulte G, Hoffmann C. FZD 5 is a Gα q-coupled receptor that exhibits the functional hallmarks of prototypical GPCRs. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/559/eaar5536. [PMID: 30514810 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aar5536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Frizzleds (FZDs) are a group of seven transmembrane-spanning (7TM) receptors that belong to class F of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) superfamily. FZDs bind WNT proteins to stimulate diverse signaling cascades involved in embryonic development, stem cell regulation, and adult tissue homeostasis. Frizzled 5 (FZD5) is one of the most studied class F GPCRs that promote the functional inactivation of the β-catenin destruction complex in response to WNTs. However, whether FZDs function as prototypical GPCRs has been heavily debated and, in particular, FZD5 has not been shown to activate heterotrimeric G proteins. Here, we show that FZD5 exhibited a conformational change after the addition of WNT-5A, which is reminiscent of class A and class B GPCR activation. In addition, we performed several live-cell imaging and spectrometric-based approaches, such as dual-color fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (dcFRAP) and resonance energy transfer (RET)-based assays that demonstrated that FZD5 activated Gαq and its downstream effectors upon stimulation with WNT-5A. Together, these findings suggest that FZD5 is a 7TM receptor with a bona fide GPCR activation profile and suggest novel targets for drug discovery in WNT-FZD signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane C Wright
- Section of Receptor Biology and Signaling, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S17165 Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Maria Consuelo Alonso Cañizal
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany.,Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, CMB-Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias Benkel
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Katharina Simon
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Le Gouill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Pierre Matricon
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yoon Namkung
- Department of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Viktoria Lukasheva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Gabriele M König
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stéphane A Laporte
- Department of Medicine, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montréal, QC H4A 3J1, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Jens Carlsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 596, SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Evi Kostenis
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Gunnar Schulte
- Section of Receptor Biology and Signaling, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, S17165 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Carsten Hoffmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Strasse 9, 97078 Würzburg, Germany. .,Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, CMB-Center for Molecular Biomedicine, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
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18
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Schulte G, Wright SC. Frizzleds as GPCRs - More Conventional Than We Thought! Trends Pharmacol Sci 2018; 39:828-842. [PMID: 30049420 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
For more than 30 years, WNT/β-catenin and planar cell polarity signaling has formed the basis for what we understand to be the primary output of the interaction between WNTs and their cognate receptors known as Frizzleds (FZDs). In the shadow of these pathways, evidence for the involvement of heterotrimeric G proteins in WNT signaling has grown substantially over the years - redefining the complexity of the WNT signaling network. Moreover, the distinct characteristics of FZD paralogs are becoming better understood, and we can now apply concepts valid for classical GPCRs to grasp FZDs as molecular machines at the interface of ligand binding and intracellular effects. This review discusses recent developments in the field of WNT/FZD signaling in the context of GPCR pharmacology, and identifies remaining mysteries with an emphasis on structural and kinetic components that support this dogma shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunnar Schulte
- Section of Receptor Biology and Signaling, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedicum 6D, Tomtebodavägen 16, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 65 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Shane C Wright
- Section of Receptor Biology and Signaling, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biomedicum 6D, Tomtebodavägen 16, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
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19
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Skronska-Wasek W, Gosens R, Königshoff M, Baarsma HA. WNT receptor signalling in lung physiology and pathology. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 187:150-166. [PMID: 29458107 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The WNT signalling cascades have emerged as critical regulators of a wide variety of biological aspects involved in lung development as well as in physiological and pathophysiological processes in the adult lung. WNTs (secreted glycoproteins) interact with various transmembrane receptors and co-receptors to activate signalling pathways that regulate transcriptional as well as non-transcriptional responses within cells. In physiological conditions, the majority of WNT receptors and co-receptors can be detected in the adult lung. However, dysregulation of WNT signalling pathways contributes to the development and progression of chronic lung pathologies, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma and lung cancer. The interaction between a WNT and the (co-)receptor(s) present at the cell surface is the initial step in transducing an extracellular signal into an intracellular response. This proximal event in WNT signal transduction with (cell-specific) ligand-receptor interactions is of great interest as a potential target for pharmacological intervention. In this review we highlight the diverse expression of various WNT receptors and co-receptors in the aforementioned chronic lung diseases and discuss the currently available biologicals and pharmacological tools to modify proximal WNT signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wioletta Skronska-Wasek
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Research Unit Lung Repair and Regeneration, Helmholtz Center Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, University Hospital Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
| | - Reinoud Gosens
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Melanie Königshoff
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Research Unit Lung Repair and Regeneration, Helmholtz Center Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, University Hospital Grosshadern, Munich, Germany; Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Hoeke Abele Baarsma
- Comprehensive Pneumology Center, Research Unit Lung Repair and Regeneration, Helmholtz Center Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, University Hospital Grosshadern, Munich, Germany; GRIAC Research Institute, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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20
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Strakova K, Matricon P, Yokota C, Arthofer E, Bernatik O, Rodriguez D, Arenas E, Carlsson J, Bryja V, Schulte G. The tyrosine Y250 2.39 in Frizzled 4 defines a conserved motif important for structural integrity of the receptor and recruitment of Disheveled. Cell Signal 2017; 38:85-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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21
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Katoh M. Canonical and non-canonical WNT signaling in cancer stem cells and their niches: Cellular heterogeneity, omics reprogramming, targeted therapy and tumor plasticity (Review). Int J Oncol 2017; 51:1357-1369. [PMID: 29048660 PMCID: PMC5642388 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), which have the potential for self-renewal, differentiation and de-differentiation, undergo epigenetic, epithelial-mesenchymal, immunological and metabolic reprogramming to adapt to the tumor microenvironment and survive host defense or therapeutic insults. Intra-tumor heterogeneity and cancer-cell plasticity give rise to therapeutic resistance and recurrence through clonal replacement and reactivation of dormant CSCs, respectively. WNT signaling cascades cross-talk with the FGF, Notch, Hedgehog and TGFβ/BMP signaling cascades and regulate expression of functional CSC markers, such as CD44, CD133 (PROM1), EPCAM and LGR5 (GPR49). Aberrant canonical and non-canonical WNT signaling in human malignancies, including breast, colorectal, gastric, lung, ovary, pancreatic, prostate and uterine cancers, leukemia and melanoma, are involved in CSC survival, bulk-tumor expansion and invasion/metastasis. WNT signaling-targeted therapeutics, such as anti-FZD1/2/5/7/8 monoclonal antibody (mAb) (vantictumab), anti-LGR5 antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) (mAb-mc-vc-PAB-MMAE), anti-PTK7 ADC (PF-06647020), anti-ROR1 mAb (cirmtuzumab), anti-RSPO3 mAb (rosmantuzumab), small-molecule porcupine inhibitors (ETC-159, WNT-C59 and WNT974), tankyrase inhibitors (AZ1366, G007-LK, NVP-TNKS656 and XAV939) and β-catenin inhibitors (BC2059, CWP232228, ICG-001 and PRI-724), are in clinical trials or preclinical studies for the treatment of patients with WNT-driven cancers. WNT signaling-targeted therapeutics are applicable for combination therapy with BCR-ABL, EGFR, FLT3, KIT or RET inhibitors to treat a subset of tyrosine kinase-driven cancers because WNT and tyrosine kinase signaling cascades converge to β-catenin for the maintenance and expansion of CSCs. WNT signaling-targeted therapeutics might also be applicable for combination therapy with immune checkpoint blockers, such as atezolizumab, avelumab, durvalumab, ipilimumab, nivolumab and pembrolizumab, to treat cancers with immune evasion, although the context-dependent effects of WNT signaling on immunity should be carefully assessed. Omics monitoring, such as genome sequencing and transcriptome tests, immunohistochemical analyses on PD-L1 (CD274), PD-1 (PDCD1), ROR1 and nuclear β-catenin and organoid-based drug screening, is necessary to determine the appropriate WNT signaling-targeted therapeutics for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Katoh
- Department of Omics Network, National Cancer Center, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
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