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Schuster D, Khanppnavar B, Kantarci I, Mehta V, Korkhov VM. Structural insights into membrane adenylyl cyclases, initiators of cAMP signaling. Trends Biochem Sci 2024; 49:156-168. [PMID: 38158273 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Membrane adenylyl cyclases (ACs) catalyze the conversion of ATP to the ubiquitous second messenger cAMP. As effector proteins of G protein-coupled receptors and other signaling pathways, ACs receive and amplify signals from the cell surface, translating them into biochemical reactions in the intracellular space and integrating different signaling pathways. Despite their importance in signal transduction and physiology, our knowledge about the structure, function, regulation, and molecular interactions of ACs remains relatively scarce. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of these membrane enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Schuster
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland; Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Basavraj Khanppnavar
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland; Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ilayda Kantarci
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Ved Mehta
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Volodymyr M Korkhov
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland; Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, ETH Zurich, Switzerland.
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Chen Z, Antoni FA. Human adenylyl cyclase 9 is auto-stimulated by its isoform-specific C-terminal domain. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201791. [PMID: 36657828 PMCID: PMC9873982 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Human transmembrane adenylyl cyclase 9 (AC9) is not regulated by heterotrimeric G proteins. Key to the resistance to stimulation by Gs-coupled receptors (GsRs) is auto-inhibition by the COOH-terminal domain (C2b). The present study investigated the role of the C2b domain in the regulation of cyclic AMP production by AC9 in HEK293FT cells expressing the GloSensor22F cyclic AMP-reporter protein. Surprisingly, we found C2b to be essential for sustaining the basal output of cyclic AMP by AC9. A human mutation (E326D) in the parallel coiled-coil formed by the signalling helices of AC9 dramatically increased basal activity, which was also dependent on the C2b domain. Intriguingly, the same mutation enabled stimulation of AC9 by GsRs. In summary, auto-regulation by the C2b domain of AC9 sustains its basal activity and quenches activation by GsR. Thus, AC9 appears to be tailored to support constitutive activation of cyclic AMP effector systems. A switch from this paradigm to stimulation by GsRs may be occasioned by conformational changes at the coiled-coil or removal of the C2b domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Chen
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ferenc A Antoni
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Schultz JE. The evolutionary conservation of eukaryotic membrane-bound adenylyl cyclase isoforms. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1009797. [PMID: 36238545 PMCID: PMC9552081 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1009797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The nine membrane-delimited eukaryotic adenylyl cyclases are pseudoheterodimers with an identical domain order of seven (nine) distinct subdomains. Bioinformatics show that the protein evolved from a monomeric bacterial progenitor by gene duplication and fusion probably in a primordial eukaryotic cell around 1.5 billion years ago. Over a timespan of about 1 billion years, the first fusion product diverged into nine highly distinct pseudoheterodimeric isoforms. The evolutionary diversification ended approximately 0.5 billion years ago because the present isoforms are found in the living fossil coelacanth, a fish. Except for the two catalytic domains, C1 and C2, the mAC isoforms are fully diverged. Yet, within each isoform a high extent of conservation of respective subdomains is found. This applies to the C- and N-termini, a long linker region between the protein halves (C1b), two short cyclase-transducing-elements (CTE) and notably to the two hexahelical membrane domains TM1 and TM2. Except for the membrane anchor all subdomains were previously implicated in regulatory modalities. The bioinformatic results unequivocally indicate that the membrane anchors must possess an important regulatory function specifically tailored for each mAC isoform.
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Preferential Expression of Ca2+-Stimulable Adenylyl Cyclase III in the Supraventricular Area, Including Arrhythmogenic Pulmonary Vein of the Rat Heart. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12050724. [PMID: 35625651 PMCID: PMC9138642 DOI: 10.3390/biom12050724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectopic excitability in pulmonary veins (PVs) is the major cause of atrial fibrillation. We previously reported that the inositol trisphosphate receptor in rat PV cardiomyocytes cooperates with the Na+-Ca2+ exchanger to provoke ectopic automaticity in response to norepinephrine. Here, we focused on adenylyl cyclase (AC) as another effector of norepinephrine stimulation. RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting revealed that the abundant expression of Ca2+-stimulable AC3 was restricted to the supraventricular area, including the PVs. All the other AC isotypes hardly displayed any region-specific expressions. Immunostaining of isolated cardiomyocytes showed an enriched expression of AC3 along the t-tubules in PV myocytes. The cAMP-dependent response of L-type Ca2+ currents in the PV and LA cells is strengthened by the 0.1 mM intracellular Ca2+ condition, unlike in the ventricular cells. The norepinephrine-induced automaticity of PV cardiomyocytes was reversibly suppressed by 100 µM SQ22536, an adenine-like AC inhibitor. These findings suggest that the specific expression of AC3 along t-tubules may contribute to arrhythmogenic automaticity in rat PV cardiomyocytes.
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Abstract
Adenylyl cyclase 9 (AC9) is a membrane-bound enzyme that converts ATP into cAMP. The enzyme is weakly activated by forskolin, fully activated by the G protein Gαs subunit and is autoinhibited by the AC9 C-terminus. Although our recent structural studies of the AC9-Gαs complex provided the framework for understanding AC9 autoinhibition, the conformational changes that AC9 undergoes in response to activator binding remains poorly understood. Here, we present the cryo-EM structures of AC9 in several distinct states: (i) AC9 bound to a nucleotide inhibitor MANT-GTP, (ii) bound to an artificial activator (DARPin C4) and MANT-GTP, (iii) bound to DARPin C4 and a nucleotide analogue ATPαS, (iv) bound to Gαs and MANT-GTP. The artificial activator DARPin C4 partially activates AC9 by binding at a site that overlaps with the Gαs binding site. Together with the previously observed occluded and forskolin-bound conformations, structural comparisons of AC9 in the four conformations described here show that secondary structure rearrangements in the region surrounding the forskolin binding site are essential for AC9 activation. Adenylyl cyclases (ACs) generate the second messenger cAMP and play an important role in cellular signaling. Here, the authors use cryo-EM to trace the conformational changes resulting from binding to partial and full activators to one of these enzymes, AC9.
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Ostrom KF, LaVigne JE, Brust TF, Seifert R, Dessauer CW, Watts VJ, Ostrom RS. Physiological Roles of Mammalian Transmembrane Adenylyl Cyclase Isoforms. Physiol Rev 2021; 102:815-857. [PMID: 34698552 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00013.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenylyl cyclases (ACs) catalyze the conversion of ATP to the ubiquitous second messenger cAMP. Mammals possess nine isoforms of transmembrane ACs, dubbed AC1-9, that serve as major effector enzymes of G protein-coupled receptors. The transmembrane ACs display varying expression patterns across tissues, giving potential for them having a wide array of physiologic roles. Cells express multiple AC isoforms, implying that ACs have redundant functions. Furthermore, all transmembrane ACs are activated by Gαs so it was long assumed that all ACs are activated by Gαs-coupled GPCRs. AC isoforms partition to different microdomains of the plasma membrane and form prearranged signaling complexes with specific GPCRs that contribute to cAMP signaling compartments. This compartmentation allows for a diversity of cellular and physiological responses by enabling unique signaling events to be triggered by different pools of cAMP. Isoform specific pharmacological activators or inhibitors are lacking for most ACs, making knockdown and overexpression the primary tools for examining the physiological roles of a given isoform. Much progress has been made in understanding the physiological effects mediated through individual transmembrane ACs. GPCR-AC-cAMP signaling pathways play significant roles in regulating functions of every cell and tissue, so understanding each AC isoform's role holds potential for uncovering new approaches for treating a vast array of pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina F Ostrom
- W. M. Keck Science Department, Claremont McKenna College, Claremont, CA, United States
| | - Justin E LaVigne
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Tarsis F Brust
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palm Beach Atlantic University, West Palm Beach, FL, United States
| | - Roland Seifert
- Institute of Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Carmen W Dessauer
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, United States
| | - Val J Watts
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.,Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States.,Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | - Rennolds S Ostrom
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA, United States
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Cross-Talk Between the Adenylyl Cyclase/cAMP Pathway and Ca 2+ Homeostasis. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 179:73-116. [PMID: 33398503 DOI: 10.1007/112_2020_55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic AMP and Ca2+ are the first second or intracellular messengers identified, unveiling the cellular mechanisms activated by a plethora of extracellular signals, including hormones. Cyclic AMP generation is catalyzed by adenylyl cyclases (ACs), which convert ATP into cAMP and pyrophosphate. By the way, Ca2+, as energy, can neither be created nor be destroyed; Ca2+ can only be transported, from one compartment to another, or chelated by a variety of Ca2+-binding molecules. The fine regulation of cytosolic concentrations of cAMP and free Ca2+ is crucial in cell function and there is an intimate cross-talk between both messengers to fine-tune the cellular responses. Cancer is a multifactorial disease resulting from a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Frequent cases of cAMP and/or Ca2+ homeostasis remodeling have been described in cancer cells. In those tumoral cells, cAMP and Ca2+ signaling plays a crucial role in the development of hallmarks of cancer, including enhanced proliferation and migration, invasion, apoptosis resistance, or angiogenesis. This review summarizes the cross-talk between the ACs/cAMP and Ca2+ intracellular pathways with special attention to the functional and reciprocal regulation between Orai1 and AC8 in normal and cancer cells.
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Rhainds D, Packard CJ, Brodeur MR, Niesor EJ, Sacks FM, Jukema JW, Wright RS, Waters DD, Heinonen T, Black DM, Laghrissi-Thode F, Dubé MP, Pfeffer MA, Tardif JC. Role of Adenylate Cyclase 9 in the Pharmacogenomic Response to Dalcetrapib: Clinical Paradigm and Molecular Mechanisms in Precision Cardiovascular Medicine. CIRCULATION-GENOMIC AND PRECISION MEDICINE 2021; 14:e003219. [PMID: 33794646 DOI: 10.1161/circgen.121.003219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Following the neutral results of the dal-OUTCOMES trial, a genome-wide study identified the rs1967309 variant in the adenylate cyclase type 9 (ADCY9) gene on chromosome 16 as being associated with the risk of future cardiovascular events only in subjects taking dalcetrapib, a CETP (cholesterol ester transfer protein) modulator. Homozygotes for the minor A allele (AA) were protected from recurrent cardiovascular events when treated with dalcetrapib, while homozygotes for the major G allele (GG) had increased risk. Here, we present the current state of knowledge regarding the impact of rs1967309 in ADCY9 on clinical observations and biomarkers in dalcetrapib trials and the effects of mouse ADCY9 gene inactivation on cardiovascular physiology. Finally, we present our current model of the interaction between dalcetrapib and ADCY9 gene variants in the arterial wall macrophage, based on the intracellular role of CETP in the transfer of complex lipids from endoplasmic reticulum membranes to lipid droplets. Briefly, the concept is that dalcetrapib would inhibit CETP-mediated transfer of cholesteryl esters, resulting in a progressive inhibition of cholesteryl ester synthesis and free cholesterol accumulation in the endoplasmic reticulum. Reduced ADCY9 activity, by paradoxically leading to higher cyclic AMP levels and in turn increased cellular cholesterol efflux, could impart cardiovascular protection in rs1967309 AA patients. The ongoing dal-GenE trial recruited 6145 patients with the protective AA genotype and will provide a definitive answer to whether dalcetrapib will be protective in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rhainds
- Montreal Heart Institute (D.R., M.R.B., M.-P.D., J.-C.T.)
| | | | | | | | - Frank M Sacks
- Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (F.M.S.)
| | | | | | - David D Waters
- School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (D.D.W.)
| | - Therese Heinonen
- DalCor Pharmaceuticals, Leatherhead, United Kingdom & Zug, Switzerland (T.H., D.M.B., F.L.-T.)
| | - Donald M Black
- DalCor Pharmaceuticals, Leatherhead, United Kingdom & Zug, Switzerland (T.H., D.M.B., F.L.-T.)
| | - Fouzia Laghrissi-Thode
- DalCor Pharmaceuticals, Leatherhead, United Kingdom & Zug, Switzerland (T.H., D.M.B., F.L.-T.)
| | - Marie-Pierre Dubé
- Montreal Heart Institute (D.R., M.R.B., M.-P.D., J.-C.T.).,Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada (M.-P.D., J.-C.T.)
| | - Marc A Pfeffer
- Brigham and Women's Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (M.A.P.)
| | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- Montreal Heart Institute (D.R., M.R.B., M.-P.D., J.-C.T.).,Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada (M.-P.D., J.-C.T.)
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Dassanayaka S, Brittian KR, Long BW, Higgins LA, Bradley JA, Audam TN, Jurkovic A, Gumpert AM, Harrison LT, Hartyánszky I, Perge P, Merkely B, Radovits T, Hanover JA, Jones SP. Cardiomyocyte Oga haploinsufficiency increases O-GlcNAcylation but hastens ventricular dysfunction following myocardial infarction. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242250. [PMID: 33253217 PMCID: PMC7703924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale The beta-O-linkage of N-acetylglucosamine (i.e., O-GlcNAc) to proteins is a pro-adaptive response to cellular insults. To this end, increased protein O-GlcNAcylation improves short-term survival of cardiomyocytes subjected to acute injury. This observation has been repeated by multiple groups and in multiple models; however, whether increased protein O-GlcNAcylation plays a beneficial role in more chronic settings remains an open question. Objective Here, we queried whether increasing levels of cardiac protein O-GlcNAcylation would be beneficial during infarct-induced heart failure. Methods and results To achieve increased protein O-GlcNAcylation, we targeted Oga, the gene responsible for removing O-GlcNAc from proteins. Here, we generated mice with cardiomyocyte-restricted, tamoxifen-inducible haploinsufficient Oga gene. In the absence of infarction, we observed a slight reduction in ejection fraction in Oga deficient mice. Overall, Oga reduction had no major impact on ventricular function. In additional cohorts, mice of both sexes and both genotypes were subjected to infarct-induced heart failure and followed for up to four weeks, during which time cardiac function was assessed via echocardiography. Contrary to our prediction, the Oga deficient mice exhibited exacerbated—not improved—cardiac function at one week following infarction. When the observation was extended to 4 wk post-MI, this acute exacerbation was lost. Conclusions The present findings, coupled with our previous work, suggest that altering the ability of cardiomyocytes to either add or remove O-GlcNAc modifications to proteins exacerbates early infarct-induced heart failure. We speculate that more nuanced approaches to regulating O-GlcNAcylation are needed to understand its role—and, in particular, the possibility of cycling, in the pathophysiology of the failing heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujith Dassanayaka
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United states of America
| | - Kenneth R. Brittian
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United states of America
| | - Bethany W. Long
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United states of America
| | - Lauren A. Higgins
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United states of America
| | - James A. Bradley
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United states of America
| | - Timothy N. Audam
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United states of America
| | - Andrea Jurkovic
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United states of America
| | - Anna M. Gumpert
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United states of America
| | - Linda T. Harrison
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United states of America
| | - István Hartyánszky
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary, United states of America
| | - Péter Perge
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary, United states of America
| | - Béla Merkely
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary, United states of America
| | - Tamás Radovits
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary, United states of America
| | - John A. Hanover
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, NIH-NIDDK, Bethesda, MD, United states of America
| | - Steven P. Jones
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United states of America
- * E-mail:
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Sayour AA, Oláh A, Ruppert M, Barta BA, Horváth EM, Benke K, Pólos M, Hartyánszky I, Merkely B, Radovits T. Characterization of left ventricular myocardial sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 expression in patients with end-stage heart failure. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2020; 19:159. [PMID: 32998746 PMCID: PMC7528261 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-020-01141-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Whereas selective sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors consistently showed cardiovascular protective effects in large outcome trials independent of the presence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the cardiovascular effects of dual SGLT1/2 inhibitors remain to be elucidated. Despite its clinical relevance, data are scarce regarding left ventricular (LV) SGLT1 expression in distinct heart failure (HF) pathologies. We aimed to characterize LV SGLT1 expression in human patients with end-stage HF, in context of the other two major glucose transporters: GLUT1 and GLUT4. Methods Control LV samples (Control, n = 9) were harvested from patients with preserved LV systolic function who went through mitral valve replacement. LV samples from HF patients undergoing heart transplantation (n = 71) were obtained according to the following etiological subgroups: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM, n = 7); idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM, n = 12); ischemic heart disease without T2DM (IHD, n = 14), IHD with T2DM (IHD + T2DM, n = 11); and HF patients with cardiac resynchronization therapy (DCM:CRT, n = 9, IHD:CRT, n = 9 and IHD-T2DM:CRT, n = 9). We measured LV SGLT1, GLUT1 and GLUT4 gene expressions with qRT-PCR. The protein expression of SGLT1, and activating phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPKα) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) were quantified by western blotting. Immunohistochemical staining of SGLT1 was performed. Results Compared with controls, LV SGLT1 mRNA and protein expressions were significantly and comparably upregulated in HF patients with DCM, IHD and IHD + T2DM (all P < 0.05), but not in HCM. LV SGLT1 mRNA and protein expressions positively correlated with LVEDD and negatively correlated with EF (all P < 0.01). Whereas AMPKα phosphorylation was positively associated with SGLT1 protein expression, ERK1/2 phosphorylation showed a negative correlation (both P < 0.01). Immunohistochemical staining revealed that SGLT1 expression was predominantly confined to cardiomyocytes, and not fibrotic tissue. Overall, CRT was associated with reduction of LV SGLT1 expression, especially in patients with DCM. Conclusions Myocardial LV SGLT1 is upregulated in patients with HF (except in those with HCM), correlates significantly with parameters of cardiac remodeling (LVEDD) and systolic function (EF), and is downregulated in DCM patients with CRT. The possible role of SGLT1 in LV remodeling needs to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Ali Sayour
- Experimental Research Laboratory, Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Városmajor u. 68., 1122, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Attila Oláh
- Experimental Research Laboratory, Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Városmajor u. 68., 1122, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mihály Ruppert
- Experimental Research Laboratory, Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Városmajor u. 68., 1122, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bálint András Barta
- Experimental Research Laboratory, Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Városmajor u. 68., 1122, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Kálmán Benke
- Experimental Research Laboratory, Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Városmajor u. 68., 1122, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Pólos
- Experimental Research Laboratory, Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Városmajor u. 68., 1122, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Hartyánszky
- Experimental Research Laboratory, Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Városmajor u. 68., 1122, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Béla Merkely
- Experimental Research Laboratory, Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Városmajor u. 68., 1122, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Radovits
- Experimental Research Laboratory, Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, Városmajor u. 68., 1122, Budapest, Hungary
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Simard M, Morin S, Rioux G, Séguin R, Loing E, Pouliot R. A Tissue-Engineered Human Psoriatic Skin Model to Investigate the Implication of cAMP in Psoriasis: Differential Impacts of Cholera Toxin and Isoproterenol on cAMP Levels of the Epidermis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155215. [PMID: 32717879 PMCID: PMC7432929 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological and healthy skin models were reconstructed using similar culture conditions according to well-known tissue engineering protocols. For both models, cyclic nucleotide enhancers were used as additives to promote keratinocytes’ proliferation. Cholera toxin (CT) and isoproterenol (ISO), a beta-adrenergic agonist, are the most common cAMP stimulators recommended for cell culture. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of either CT or ISO on the pathological characteristics of the dermatosis while producing a psoriatic skin model. Healthy and psoriatic skin substitutes were produced according to the self-assembly method of tissue engineering, using culture media supplemented with either CT (10−10 M) or ISO (10−6 M). Psoriatic substitutes produced with CT exhibited a more pronounced psoriatic phenotype than those produced with ISO. Indeed, the psoriatic substitutes produced with CT had the thickest epidermis, as well as contained the most proliferating cells and the most altered expression of involucrin, filaggrin, and keratin 10. Of the four conditions under study, psoriatic substitutes produced with CT had the highest levels of cAMP and enhanced expression of adenylate cyclase 9. Taken together, these results suggest that high levels of cAMP are linked to a stronger psoriatic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Simard
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada; (M.S.); (S.M.); (G.R.); (R.S.)
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Sophie Morin
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada; (M.S.); (S.M.); (G.R.); (R.S.)
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Geneviève Rioux
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada; (M.S.); (S.M.); (G.R.); (R.S.)
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Rachelle Séguin
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada; (M.S.); (S.M.); (G.R.); (R.S.)
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Estelle Loing
- IFF-Lucas Meyer Cosmetics, Québec, QC G1V 4M6, Canada;
| | - Roxane Pouliot
- Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec—Université Laval, Québec, QC G1J 1Z4, Canada; (M.S.); (S.M.); (G.R.); (R.S.)
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-418-525-4444 (ext. 61706); Fax: +1-418-990-8248
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Khannpnavar B, Mehta V, Qi C, Korkhov V. Structure and function of adenylyl cyclases, key enzymes in cellular signaling. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2020; 63:34-41. [PMID: 32334344 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The adenylyl cyclases (ACs) catalyze the production of the ubiquitous second messenger, cAMP, which in turns acts on a number of effectors and thus regulates a plethora of cellular functions. As the key enzymes in the highly evolutionarily conserved cAMP pathway, the ACs control the physiology of the cells, tissues, organs and organisms in health and disease. A comprehensive understanding of the specific role of the ACs in these processes of life requires a deep mechanistic understanding of structure and mechanisms of action of these enzymes. Here we highlight the exciting recent reports on the biochemistry and structure and higher order organization of the ACs and their signaling complexes. These studies have provided the glimpses into the principles of the AC-mediated homeostatic control of cellular physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basavraj Khannpnavar
- Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, Switzerland; Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Ved Mehta
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Chao Qi
- Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, Switzerland; Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Volodymyr Korkhov
- Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, Switzerland; Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen 5232, Switzerland.
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Nanometric targeting of type 9 adenylyl cyclase in heart. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 47:1749-1756. [PMID: 31769471 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adenylyl cyclases (ACs) convert ATP into the classical second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Cardiac ACs, specifically AC5, AC6, and AC9, regulate cAMP signaling controlling functional outcomes such as heart rate, contractility and relaxation, gene regulation, stress responses, and glucose and lipid metabolism. With so many distinct functional outcomes for a single second messenger, the cell creates local domains of cAMP signaling to correctly relay signals. Targeting of ACs to A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKAPs) not only localizes ACs, but also places them within signaling nanodomains, where cAMP levels and effects can be highly regulated. Here we will discuss the recent work on the structure, regulation and physiological functions of AC9 in the heart, where it accounts for <3% of total AC activity. Despite the small contribution of AC9 to total cardiac cAMP production, AC9 binds and regulates local PKA phosphorylation of Yotiao-IKs and Hsp20, demonstrating a role for nanometric targeting of AC9.
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The chilling of adenylyl cyclase 9 and its translational potential. Cell Signal 2020; 70:109589. [PMID: 32105777 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A recent break-through paper has revealed for the first time the high-resolution, three-dimensional structure of a mammalian trans-membrane adenylyl cyclase (tmAC) obtained by cryo-electronmicroscopy (cryo-EM). Reporting the structure of adenylyl cyclase 9 (AC9) in complex with activated Gsα, the cryo-EM study revealed that AC9 has three functionally interlinked, yet structurally distinct domains. The array of the twelve transmembrane helices is connected to the cytosolic catalytic core by two helical segments that are stabilized through the formation of a parallel coiled-coil. Surprisingly, in the presence of Gsα, the isoform-specific carboxyl-terminal tail of AC9 occludes the forskolin- as well as the active substrate-sites, resulting in marked autoinhibition of the enzyme. As AC9 has the lowest primary sequence homology with the eight further mammalian tmAC paralogues, it appears to be the best candidate for selective pharmacologic targeting. This is now closer to reality as the structural insight provided by the cryo-EM study indicates that all of the three structural domains are potential targets for bioactive agents. The present paper summarizes for molecular physiologists and pharmacologists what is known about the biological role of AC9, considers the potential modes of physiologic regulation, as well as pharmacologic targeting on the basis of the high-resolution cryo-EM structure. The translational potential of AC9 is considered upon highlighting the current state of genome-wide association screens, and the corresponding experimental evidence. Overall, whilst the high- resolution structure presents unique opportunities for the full understanding of the control of AC9, the data on the biological role of the enzyme and its translational potential are far from complete, and require extensive further study.
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Qi C, Sorrentino S, Medalia O, Korkhov VM. The structure of a membrane adenylyl cyclase bound to an activated stimulatory G protein. Science 2019; 364:389-394. [PMID: 31023924 DOI: 10.1126/science.aav0778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-integral adenylyl cyclases (ACs) are key enzymes in mammalian heterotrimeric GTP-binding protein (G protein)-dependent signal transduction, which is important in many cellular processes. Signals received by the G protein-coupled receptors are conveyed to ACs through G proteins to modulate the levels of cellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Here, we describe the cryo-electron microscopy structure of the bovine membrane AC9 bound to an activated G protein αs subunit at 3.4-angstrom resolution. The structure reveals the organization of the membrane domain and helical domain that spans between the membrane and catalytic domains of AC9. The carboxyl-terminal extension of the catalytic domain occludes both the catalytic and the allosteric sites of AC9, inducing a conformation distinct from the substrate- and activator-bound state, suggesting a regulatory role in cAMP production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Qi
- Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Simona Sorrentino
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ohad Medalia
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Volodymyr M Korkhov
- Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
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Baldwin TA, Li Y, Brand CS, Watts VJ, Dessauer CW. Insights into the Regulatory Properties of Human Adenylyl Cyclase Type 9. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 95:349-360. [PMID: 30696718 DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.114595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-bound adenylyl cyclase (AC) isoforms have distinct regulatory mechanisms that contribute to their signaling specificity and physiologic roles. Although insight into the physiologic relevance of AC9 has progressed, the understanding of AC9 regulation is muddled with conflicting studies. Currently, modes of AC9 regulation include stimulation by Gαs, protein kinase C (PKC) βII, or calcium-calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII) and inhibition by Gαi/o, novel PKC isoforms, or calcium-calcineurin. Conversely, the original cloning of human AC9 reported that AC9 is insensitive to Gαi inhibition. The purpose of our study was to clarify which proposed regulators of AC9 act directly or indirectly, particularly with respect to Gαi/o. The proposed regulators, including G proteins (Gαs, Gαi, Gαo, Gβγ), protein kinases (PKCβII, CaMKII), and forskolin, were systematically evaluated using classic in vitro AC assays and cell-based cAMP accumulation assays in COS-7 cells. Our studies show that AC9 is directly regulated by Gαs with weak conditional activation by forskolin; other modes of proposed regulation either occur indirectly or possibly require additional scaffolding proteins to facilitate regulation. We also show that AC9 contributes to basal cAMP production; knockdown or knockout of endogenous AC9 reduces basal AC activity in COS-7 cells and splenocytes. Importantly, although AC9 is not directly inhibited by Gαi/o, it can heterodimerize with Gαi/o-regulated isoforms, AC5 and AC6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya A Baldwin
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas (T.A.B., Y.L., C.S.B., C.W.D.); and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (V.J.W.)
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas (T.A.B., Y.L., C.S.B., C.W.D.); and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (V.J.W.)
| | - Cameron S Brand
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas (T.A.B., Y.L., C.S.B., C.W.D.); and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (V.J.W.)
| | - Val J Watts
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas (T.A.B., Y.L., C.S.B., C.W.D.); and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (V.J.W.)
| | - Carmen W Dessauer
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas (T.A.B., Y.L., C.S.B., C.W.D.); and Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana (V.J.W.)
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Simpson J, Pálvölgyi A, Antoni FA. Direct stimulation of adenylyl cyclase 9 by the fungicide imidazole miconazole. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2019; 392:497-504. [PMID: 30607468 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-018-01610-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, nine genes encode trans-membrane adenylyl cyclase (tmAC) isoforms that synthesize the intracellular messenger compound cAMP from ATP. As cAMP is produced in virtually all types of cell, isoform-selective modulators of tmAC would have major research and therapeutic potential. This study investigated the effects of fungicide imidazoles previously shown to suppress cAMP production in various tissues on the activities of tmAC isoforms AC1, 2, or 9 stably expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Intact cells, as well as crude membranes, were exposed to various imidazoles or known stimulators of tmAC and the ensuing changes in the production of cAMP analyzed. In crude membranes, the activity of AC9 in the presence of GDP-β-S was enhanced by miconazole with an EC50 of ~ 8 μM, while AC1 and AC2 were inhibited with an IC50 of ~ 20 μM. Clotrimazole (10-100 μM) was an inhibitor of all the ACs tested. Substrate saturation analysis indicated that miconazole increased the Vmax of AC9 by 3-fold while having no effect on the Km. In intact cells, the effect of miconazole on cAMP production through AC9 was additive with that of isoproterenol. The stimulation of cAMP production by miconazole was inhibited by Ca2+, and this could be prevented by the calcineurin blocker FK506. In sum, activation of AC9 by miconazole is through a mechanism distinct from that of forskolin, activated G proteins, or the COOH-terminal mediated autoinhibition. However, it is subject to the AC9 isoform-specific inhibition by Ca2+/calcineurin. Differential modulation of mammalian tmAC paralogs appears to be achievable by an imidazole with phenylated side chains. Optimization of the lead compound and exploration of the underlying mechanism(s) of action in more detail could exploit this further.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Simpson
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Adrienn Pálvölgyi
- Division of Preclinical Research, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc A Antoni
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, EH8 9XD, UK. .,Division of Preclinical Research, Egis Pharmaceuticals PLC, Budapest, Hungary.
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