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Xie L, Wang H, Hu J, Liu Z, Hu F. The role of novel adipokines and adipose-derived extracellular vesicles (ADEVs): Connections and interactions in liver diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 222:116104. [PMID: 38428826 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Adipose tissues (AT) are an important endocrine organ that secretes various functional adipokines, peptides, non-coding RNAs, and acts on AT themselves or other distant tissues or organs through autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine manners. An accumulating body of evidence has suggested that many adipokines play an important role in liver metabolism. Besides the traditional adipokines such as adiponectin and leptin, many novel adipokines have recently been identified to have regulatory effects on the liver. Additionally, AT can produce extracellular vesicles (EVs) that act on peripheral tissues. However, under pathological conditions, such as obesity and diabetes, dysregulation of adipokines is associated with functional changes in AT, which may cause liver diseases. In this review, we focus on the newly discovered adipokines and EVs secreted by AT and highlight their actions on the liver under the context of obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD), and some other liver diseases. Clarifying the action of adipokines and adipose tissue-derived EVs on the liver would help to identify novel therapeutic targets or biomarkers for metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Xie
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Huiying Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Jinying Hu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Zhuoying Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Health Law Research Center, School of Law, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Fang Hu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China.
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Yang Y, Liu J, Kousteni S. Lipocalin 2-A bone-derived anorexigenic and β-cell promoting signal: From mice to humans. J Diabetes 2024; 16:e13504. [PMID: 38035773 PMCID: PMC10940901 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.13504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The skeleton is traditionally known for its structural support, organ protection, movement, and maintenance of mineral homeostasis. Over the last 10 years, bone has emerged as an endocrine organ with diverse physiological functions. The two key molecules in this context are fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), secreted by osteocytes, and osteocalcin, a hormone produced by osteoblasts. FGF23 affects mineral homeostasis through its actions on the kidneys, and osteocalcin has beneficial effects in improving glucose homeostasis, muscle function, brain development, cognition, and male fertility. In addition, another osteoblast-derived hormone, lipocalin 2 (LCN2) has emerged into the researchers' field of vision. In this review, we mainly focus on LCN2's role in appetite regulation and glucose metabolism and also briefly introduce its effects in other pathophysiological conditions, such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, sarcopenic obesity, and cancer-induced cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Yang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Rui‐jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, and Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Rui‐jin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Jianmin Liu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Rui‐jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, and Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic DiseasesShanghaiChina
- Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai National Center for Translational Medicine, Rui‐jin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Stavroula Kousteni
- Department of Physiology and Cellular BiophysicsColumbia University Medical CenterNew YorkNew YorkUSA
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Yuxiong W, Faping L, Bin L, Yanghe Z, Yao L, Yunkuo L, Yishu W, Honglan Z. Regulatory mechanisms of the cAMP-responsive element binding protein 3 (CREB3) family in cancers. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 166:115335. [PMID: 37595431 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The CREB3 family of proteins, encompassing CREB3 and its four homologs (CREB3L1, CREB3L2, CREB3L3, and CREB3L4), exerts pivotal control over cellular protein metabolism in response to unfolded protein reactions. Under conditions of endoplasmic reticulum stress, activation of the CREB3 family occurs through regulated intramembrane proteolysis within the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. Perturbations in the function and expression of the CREB3 family have been closely associated with the development of diverse diseases, with a particular emphasis on cancer. Recent investigations have shed light on the indispensable role played by CREB3 family members in modulating the onset and progression of various human cancers. This comprehensive review endeavors to provide an in-depth examination of the involvement of CREB3 family members in distinct human cancer types, accentuating their significance in the pathogenesis of cancer and the manifestation of malignant phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Yuxiong
- Department of Urology II, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130011, China
| | - Li Faping
- Department of Urology II, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130011, China
| | - Liu Bin
- Department of Urology II, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130011, China
| | - Zhang Yanghe
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130011, China
| | - Li Yao
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130011, China
| | - Li Yunkuo
- Department of Urology II, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130011, China
| | - Wang Yishu
- Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun 130011, China.
| | - Zhou Honglan
- Department of Urology II, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130011, China,.
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Schröder SK, Gasterich N, Weiskirchen S, Weiskirchen R. Lipocalin 2 receptors: facts, fictions, and myths. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1229885. [PMID: 37638032 PMCID: PMC10451079 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1229885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The human 25-kDa Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) was first identified and purified as a protein that in part is associated with gelatinase from neutrophils. This protein shows a high degree of sequence similarity with the deduced sequences of rat α2-microglobulin-related protein and the mouse protein 24p3. Based on its typical lipocalin fold, which consists of an eight-stranded, anti-parallel, symmetrical β-barrel fold structure it was initially thought that LCN2 is a circulating protein functioning as a transporter of small lipophilic molecules. However, studies in Lcn2 null mice have shown that LCN2 has bacteriostatic properties and plays a key role in innate immunity by sequestering bacterial iron siderophores. Numerous reports have further shown that LCN2 is involved in the control of cell differentiation, energy expenditure, cell death, chemotaxis, cell migration, and many other biological processes. In addition, important roles for LCN2 in health and disease have been identified in Lcn2 null mice and multiple molecular pathways required for regulation of Lcn2 expression have been identified. Nevertheless, although six putative receptors for LCN2 have been proposed, there is a fundamental lack in understanding of how these cell-surface receptors transmit and amplify LCN2 to the cell. In the present review we summarize the current knowledge on LCN2 receptors and discuss inconsistencies, misinterpretations and false assumptions in the understanding of these potential LCN2 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K. Schröder
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Natalie Gasterich
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sabine Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Barer L, Schröder SK, Weiskirchen R, Bacharach E, Ehrlich M. Lipocalin-2 regulates the expression of interferon-stimulated genes and the susceptibility of prostate cancer cells to oncolytic virus infection. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151328. [PMID: 37321037 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) performs pleiotropic and tumor context-dependent functions in cancers of diverse etiologies. In prostate cancer (PCa) cells, LCN2 regulates distinct phenotypic features, including cytoskeleton organization and expression of inflammation mediators. Oncolytic virotherapy uses oncolytic viruses (OVs) to kill cancer cells and induce anti-tumor immunity. A main source of specificity of OVs towards tumor cells stems from cancer-induced defects in interferon (IFN)-based cell autonomous immune responses. However, the molecular underpinnings of such defects in PCa cells are only partially understood. Moreover, LCN2 effects on IFN responses of PCa cells and their susceptibility to OVs are unknown. To examine these issues, we queried gene expression databases for genes coexpressed with LCN2, revealing co-expression of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) and LCN2. Analysis of human PCa cells revealed correlated expression of LCN2 and subsets of IFNs and ISGs. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated stable knockout of LCN2 in PC3 cells or transient overexpression of LCN2 in LNCaP cells revealed LCN2-mediated regulation of IFNE (and IFNL1) expression, activation of JAK/STAT pathway, and expression of selected ISGs. Accordingly, and dependent on a functional JAK/STAT pathway, LCN2 reduced the susceptibility of PCa cells to infection with the IFN-sensitive OV, EHDV-TAU. In PC3 cells, LCN2 knockout increased phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (p-eIF2α). Inhibition of PKR-like ER kinase (PERK) in PC3-LCN2-KO cells reduced p-eIF2α while increasing constitutive IFNE expression, phosphorylation of STAT1, and ISG expression; and decreasing EHDV-TAU infection. Together, these data propose that LCN2 regulates PCa susceptibility to OVs through attenuation of PERK activity and increased IFN and ISG expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilach Barer
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Sarah K Schröder
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Eran Bacharach
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel.
| | - Marcelo Ehrlich
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel.
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Zhao RY, Wei PJ, Sun X, Zhang DH, He QY, Liu J, Chang JL, Yang Y, Guo ZN. Role of lipocalin 2 in stroke. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 179:106044. [PMID: 36804285 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide; however, the treatment choices available to neurologists are limited in clinical practice. Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) is a secreted protein, belonging to the lipocalin superfamily, with multiple biological functions in mediating innate immune response, inflammatory response, iron-homeostasis, cell migration and differentiation, energy metabolism, and other processes in the body. LCN2 is expressed at low levels in the brain under normal physiological conditions, but its expression is significantly up-regulated in multiple acute stimulations and chronic pathologies. An up-regulation of LCN2 has been found in the blood/cerebrospinal fluid of patients with ischemic/hemorrhagic stroke, and could serve as a potential biomarker for the prediction of the severity of acute stroke. LCN2 activates reactive astrocytes and microglia, promotes neutrophil infiltration, amplifies post-stroke inflammation, promotes blood-brain barrier disruption, white matter injury, and neuronal death. Moreover, LCN2 is involved in brain injury induced by thrombin and erythrocyte lysates, as well as microvascular thrombosis after hemorrhage. In this paper, we review the role of LCN2 in the pathological processes of ischemic stroke; intracerebral hemorrhage; subarachnoid hemorrhage; and stroke-related brain diseases, such as vascular dementia and post-stroke depression, and their underlying mechanisms. We hope that this review will help elucidate the value of LCN2 as a therapeutic target in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruo-Yu Zhao
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun, China
| | - Peng-Ju Wei
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xin Sun
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun, China
| | - Dian-Hui Zhang
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun, China
| | - Qian-Yan He
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun, China
| | - Jun-Lei Chang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials and Cellular Immunomodulation, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun, China; Neuroscience Research Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, Changchun, China.
| | - Zhen-Ni Guo
- Stroke Center, Department of Neurology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun, China; Neuroscience Research Center, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Chang Chun, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Disease, Changchun, China.
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Zhang J, Guo J, Yang N, Huang Y, Hu T, Rao C. Endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated cell death in liver injury. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:1051. [PMID: 36535923 PMCID: PMC9763476 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05444-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum is an important intracellular organelle that plays an important role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and unfolded protein response (UPR) are induced when the body is exposed to adverse external stimuli. It has been established that ERS can induce different cell death modes, including autophagy, apoptosis, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis, through three major transmembrane receptors on the ER membrane, including inositol requirement enzyme 1α, protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase and activating transcription factor 6. These different modes of cell death play an important role in the occurrence and development of various diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases, inflammation, metabolic diseases, and liver injury. As the largest metabolic organ, the liver is rich in enzymes, carries out different functions such as metabolism and secretion, and is the body's main site of protein synthesis. Accordingly, a well-developed endoplasmic reticulum system is present in hepatocytes to help the liver perform its physiological functions. Current evidence suggests that ERS is closely related to different stages of liver injury, and the death of hepatocytes caused by ERS may be key in liver injury. In addition, an increasing body of evidence suggests that modulating ERS has great potential for treating the liver injury. This article provided a comprehensive overview of the relationship between ERS and four types of cell death. Moreover, we discussed the mechanism of ERS and UPR in different liver injuries and their potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XSchool of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China ,grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XR&D Center for Efficiency, Safety and Application in Chinese Materia Medica with Medical and Edible Values, School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China
| | - Jiafu Guo
- grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XSchool of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China ,grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XR&D Center for Efficiency, Safety and Application in Chinese Materia Medica with Medical and Edible Values, School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China
| | - Nannan Yang
- grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XSchool of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China ,grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XR&D Center for Efficiency, Safety and Application in Chinese Materia Medica with Medical and Edible Values, School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China
| | - Yan Huang
- grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XSchool of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China ,grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XR&D Center for Efficiency, Safety and Application in Chinese Materia Medica with Medical and Edible Values, School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China
| | - Tingting Hu
- grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XSchool of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China ,grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XR&D Center for Efficiency, Safety and Application in Chinese Materia Medica with Medical and Edible Values, School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China
| | - Chaolong Rao
- grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XSchool of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China ,grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XR&D Center for Efficiency, Safety and Application in Chinese Materia Medica with Medical and Edible Values, School of Public Health, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China ,grid.411304.30000 0001 0376 205XState Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137 China
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Jian Z, Han Y, Zhang W, Li C, Guo W, Feng X, Li B, Li H. Anti-tumor effects of dual PI3K-HDAC inhibitor CUDC-907 on activation of ROS-IRE1α-JNK-mediated cytotoxic autophagy in esophageal cancer. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:135. [PMID: 35989326 PMCID: PMC9394063 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00855-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background PI3K-Akt pathway activation and the expression of histone deacetylases (HDACs) are highly increased in esophageal cancer, suggesting that inhibition of such targets may be a viable therapeutic strategy. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the anti-tumor effect of CUDC-907, a dual PI3K-HDAC inhibitor, in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Methods The anti-tumor effects of CUDC-907 in ESCC were evaluated using cell counting kit-8, flow cytometry, and western blot. mRNA-sequencing was used to explore the mechanism underlying CUDC-907 anti-tumor effects. The relations of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipocalin 2 (LCN2), and CUDC-907 were determined by flow cytometry, rescue experiments, and western blot. The activation of the IRE1α-JNK-CHOP signal cascade was confirmed by western blot. The in vivo inhibitory effects of CUDC-907 were examined by a subcutaneous xenograft model in nude mice. Results CUDC-907 displayed effective inhibition in the proliferation, migration, and invasion of ESCC cells. Through an mRNA-sequencing and functional enrichment analysis, autophagy was found to be associated with cancer cells death. CUDC-907 not only inhibited the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathways to result in autophagy, but also induced ROS accumulation to activate IRE1α-JNK-CHOP-mediated cytotoxic autophagy by downregulating LCN2 expression. Consistently, the in vivo anti-tumor effects of CUDC-907 accompanied by the downregulated expression of p-mTOR and LCN2 and upregulated expression of p-IRE1α and LC3B-II were evaluated in a xenograft mouse model. Conclusion Our findings suggested the clinical development and administration of CUDC-907 might act as a novel treatment strategy for ESCC. A more in-depth understanding of the anti-tumor effect of CUDC-907 in ESCC will benefit the clinically targeted treatment of ESCC. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13578-022-00855-x.
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Schröder SK, Pinoé-Schmidt M, Weiskirchen R. Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) Deficiency Leads to Cellular Changes in Highly Metastatic Human Prostate Cancer Cell Line PC-3. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020260. [PMID: 35053376 PMCID: PMC8773519 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The transporter protein lipocalin-2 (LCN2) also termed neutrophil-gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) has pleiotropic effects in tumorigenesis in various cancers. Since the precise role of LCN2 in prostate cancer (PCa) is poorly understood, we aimed to elucidate its functions in PCa in vitro. For this purpose, LCN2 was transiently suppressed or permanently depleted in human PC-3 cells using siRNA or CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout. Effects of LCN2 suppression on expression of different tumorigenic markers were investigated by Western blot analysis and RT-qPCR. LCN2 knockout cells were analyzed for cellular changes and their ability to cope endoplasmic stress compared to parenteral PC-3 cells. Reduced LCN2 was accompanied by decreased expression of IL-1β and Cx43. In PC-3 cells, LCN2 deficiency leads to reduced proliferation, diminished expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, lower adhesion, and disrupted F-actin distribution. In addition, IL-1β expression strongly correlated with LCN2 levels. LCN2 knockout cells showed enhanced and sustained activation of unfolded protein response proteins when treated with tunicamycin or cultured under glucose deprivation. Interestingly, an inverse correlation between phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 α subunit (p-eIF2α) and LCN2 expression was observed suggesting that LCN2 triggers protein synthesis under stress conditions. The finding that LCN2 depletion leads to significant phenotypic and cellular changes in PC-3 cells adds LCN2 as a valuable target for the treatment of PCa.
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Helmrich N, Roderfeld M, Baier A, Windhorst A, Herebian D, Mayatepek E, Dierkes C, Ocker M, Glebe D, Christ B, Churin Y, Irungbam K, Roeb E. Pharmacologic Antagonization of Cannabinoid Receptor 1 Improves Cholestasis in Abcb4 -/- Mice. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 13:1041-1055. [PMID: 34954190 PMCID: PMC8873597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The endocannabinoid system is involved in the modulation of inflammatory, fibrotic, metabolic, and carcinogenesis-associated signaling pathways via cannabinoid receptor (CB)1 and CB2. We hypothesized that the pharmacologic antagonization of CB1 receptor improves cholestasis in Abcb4-/- mice. METHODS After weaning, male Abcb4-/- mice were treated orally with rimonabant (a specific antagonist of CB1) or ACEA (an agonist of CB1) until up to 16 weeks of age. Liver tissue and serum were isolated and examined by means of serum analysis, quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and enzyme function. Untreated Abcb4-/- and Bagg Albino Mouse/c wild-type mice served as controls. RESULTS Cholestasis-induced symptoms such as liver damage, bile duct proliferation, and enhanced circulating bile acids were improved by CB1 antagonization. Rimonabant treatment also improved Phosphoenolpyruvat-Carboxykinase expression and reduced inflammation and the acute-phase response. The carcinogenesis-associated cellular-Jun N-terminal kinase/cellular-JUN and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling pathways activated in Abcb4-/- mice were reduced to wild-type level by CB1 antagonization. CONCLUSIONS We showed a protective effect of oral CB1 antagonization in chronic cholestasis using the established Abcb4-/- model. Our results suggest that pharmacologic antagonization of the CB1 receptor could have a therapeutic benefit in cholestasis-associated metabolic changes, liver damage, inflammation, and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anne Baier
- Department of Gastroenterology, Giessen, Germany
| | - Anita Windhorst
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Diran Herebian
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Ertan Mayatepek
- Department of General Pediatrics, Neonatology and Pediatric Cardiology, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Dierkes
- Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum for Pathology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Trier, Germany
| | - Matthias Ocker
- Institute for Surgical Research, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Dieter Glebe
- Institute of Medical Virology, National Reference Centre for Hepatitis B Viruses and Hepatitis D Viruses, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Bruno Christ
- Applied Molecular Hepatology Laboratory, Department of Visceral, Transplant, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University of Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yuri Churin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Elke Roeb
- Department of Gastroenterology, Giessen, Germany,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Elke Roeb, MD, MHAC, Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, University Hospital Universitätsklinikum Giessen und Marburg (UKGM), Klinikstrasse 33, 35392 Giessen, Germany. fax: (49) 641-985-42339.
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Tillmann S, Olschok K, Schröder SK, Bütow M, Baumeister J, Kalmer M, Preußger V, Weinbergerova B, Kricheldorf K, Mayer J, Kubesova B, Racil Z, Wessiepe M, Eschweiler J, Isfort S, Brümmendorf TH, Becker W, Schemionek M, Weiskirchen R, Koschmieder S, Chatain N. The Unfolded Protein Response Is a Major Driver of LCN2 Expression in BCR-ABL- and JAK2V617F-Positive MPN. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13164210. [PMID: 34439364 PMCID: PMC8391615 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13164210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipocalin 2 (LCN2), a proinflammatory mediator, is involved in the pathogenesis of myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of LCN2 overexpression in MPN. LCN2 mRNA expression was 20-fold upregulated in peripheral blood (PB) mononuclear cells of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and myelofibrosis (MF) patients vs. healthy controls. In addition, LCN2 serum levels were significantly increased in polycythemia vera (PV) and MF and positively correlated with JAK2V617F and mutated CALR allele burden and neutrophil counts. Mechanistically, we identified endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR) as a main driver of LCN2 expression in BCR-ABL- and JAK2V617F-positive 32D cells. The UPR inducer thapsigargin increased LCN2 expression >100-fold, and this was not affected by kinase inhibition of BCR-ABL or JAK2V617F. Interestingly, inhibition of the UPR regulators inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) significantly reduced thapsigargin-induced LCN2 RNA and protein expression, and luciferase promoter assays identified nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and CCAAT binding protein (C/EBP) as critical regulators of mLCN2 transcription. In conclusion, the IRE1-JNK-NF-κB-C/EBP axis is a major driver of LCN2 expression in MPN, and targeting UPR and LCN2 may represent a promising novel therapeutic approach in MPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Tillmann
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 520674 Aachen, Germany; (S.T.); (K.O.); (M.B.); (J.B.); (M.K.); (K.K.); (S.I.); (T.H.B.); (M.S.); (S.K.)
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), 52074 Aachen, Germany; (S.K.S.); (R.W.)
| | - Kathrin Olschok
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 520674 Aachen, Germany; (S.T.); (K.O.); (M.B.); (J.B.); (M.K.); (K.K.); (S.I.); (T.H.B.); (M.S.); (S.K.)
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), 52074 Aachen, Germany; (S.K.S.); (R.W.)
| | - Sarah K. Schröder
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), 52074 Aachen, Germany; (S.K.S.); (R.W.)
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Marlena Bütow
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 520674 Aachen, Germany; (S.T.); (K.O.); (M.B.); (J.B.); (M.K.); (K.K.); (S.I.); (T.H.B.); (M.S.); (S.K.)
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), 52074 Aachen, Germany; (S.K.S.); (R.W.)
| | - Julian Baumeister
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 520674 Aachen, Germany; (S.T.); (K.O.); (M.B.); (J.B.); (M.K.); (K.K.); (S.I.); (T.H.B.); (M.S.); (S.K.)
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), 52074 Aachen, Germany; (S.K.S.); (R.W.)
| | - Milena Kalmer
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 520674 Aachen, Germany; (S.T.); (K.O.); (M.B.); (J.B.); (M.K.); (K.K.); (S.I.); (T.H.B.); (M.S.); (S.K.)
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), 52074 Aachen, Germany; (S.K.S.); (R.W.)
| | - Vera Preußger
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (V.P.); (W.B.)
| | - Barbora Weinbergerova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (B.W.); (J.M.); (B.K.); (Z.R.)
| | - Kim Kricheldorf
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 520674 Aachen, Germany; (S.T.); (K.O.); (M.B.); (J.B.); (M.K.); (K.K.); (S.I.); (T.H.B.); (M.S.); (S.K.)
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), 52074 Aachen, Germany; (S.K.S.); (R.W.)
| | - Jiri Mayer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (B.W.); (J.M.); (B.K.); (Z.R.)
| | - Blanka Kubesova
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (B.W.); (J.M.); (B.K.); (Z.R.)
| | - Zdenek Racil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, Masaryk University and University Hospital Brno, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (B.W.); (J.M.); (B.K.); (Z.R.)
- Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, 12820 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Wessiepe
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Jörg Eschweiler
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Susanne Isfort
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 520674 Aachen, Germany; (S.T.); (K.O.); (M.B.); (J.B.); (M.K.); (K.K.); (S.I.); (T.H.B.); (M.S.); (S.K.)
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), 52074 Aachen, Germany; (S.K.S.); (R.W.)
| | - Tim H. Brümmendorf
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 520674 Aachen, Germany; (S.T.); (K.O.); (M.B.); (J.B.); (M.K.); (K.K.); (S.I.); (T.H.B.); (M.S.); (S.K.)
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), 52074 Aachen, Germany; (S.K.S.); (R.W.)
| | - Walter Becker
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (V.P.); (W.B.)
| | - Mirle Schemionek
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 520674 Aachen, Germany; (S.T.); (K.O.); (M.B.); (J.B.); (M.K.); (K.K.); (S.I.); (T.H.B.); (M.S.); (S.K.)
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), 52074 Aachen, Germany; (S.K.S.); (R.W.)
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), 52074 Aachen, Germany; (S.K.S.); (R.W.)
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Steffen Koschmieder
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 520674 Aachen, Germany; (S.T.); (K.O.); (M.B.); (J.B.); (M.K.); (K.K.); (S.I.); (T.H.B.); (M.S.); (S.K.)
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), 52074 Aachen, Germany; (S.K.S.); (R.W.)
| | - Nicolas Chatain
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 520674 Aachen, Germany; (S.T.); (K.O.); (M.B.); (J.B.); (M.K.); (K.K.); (S.I.); (T.H.B.); (M.S.); (S.K.)
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Düsseldorf (CIO ABCD), 52074 Aachen, Germany; (S.K.S.); (R.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-241-8037798
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12
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Du N, Wu K, Zhang J, Wang L, Pan X, Zhu Y, Wu X, Liu J, Chen Y, Ye Y, Wang Y, Wu W, Cheng W, Huang Y. Inonotsuoxide B regulates M1 to M2 macrophage polarization through sirtuin-1/endoplasmic reticulum stress axis. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 96:107603. [PMID: 33831807 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We explored the effect of tetracyclic triterpenoid inonotsuoxide B (IB) extracts of Inonotus obliquus on M1 to M2 macrophage polarization and its possible underlying mechanism. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated M1 macrophages exert pro-inflammatory effects and release inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. The model and various groups were treated with different IB concentrations (2.5, 5, and 10 μg/mL) to observe changes in the M1 and M2 phenotypes, gene expression of NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-1 (Sirt1), and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). SIRT1-siRNA and thapsigargin (TG), an ERS agonist, were used to examine the relationship between SIRT1/ERS and the effect of IB on M1 to M2 RAW264.7 macrophage phenotypic changes. We found that IB had no effect on RAW264.7 cell proliferation at 10 μg/mL. Increasing concentrations of IB (2.5, 5, and 10 μg/mL) decreased the number of phenotypic M1 macrophages and, consequently, decreased the release of the inflammatory cytokines, IL-1β and TNF-α. Furthermore, IB treatment increased the level of phenotypic M2 macrophages, which increased the release of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as arginase (Arg)-1 and found in inflammatory zone 1 (FIZZ1) in a dose-dependent manner. Further, we found that IB increased the expression of SIRT1 and inhibited that of ERS. Inhibition of Sirt1 expression by siRNA significantly increased that of ERS marker genes and IL1β. Excessive ERS levels inhibited the IB-induced transformation of phenotypic M1 macrophage to the M2 macrophage phenotype. Therefore, IB, an extract of I. obliquus, may regulate macrophage polarization through the SIRT1/ERS signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Du
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Kun Wu
- Department of Natural Medicine and Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Xuesheng Pan
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yueqin Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, West Branch of The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China (Anhui Provincial Cancer Hospital), Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xian Wu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jinghao Liu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Ying Ye
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, 678 Furong Road, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Wenyong Wu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, China
| | - Wenming Cheng
- Department of Natural Medicine and Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Yan Huang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Institute of Innovative Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230032, China.
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13
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Teschke R, Uetrecht J. Mechanism of idiosyncratic drug induced liver injury (DILI): unresolved basic issues. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2021; 9:730. [PMID: 33987428 PMCID: PMC8106057 DOI: 10.21037/atm-2020-ubih-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Clinical features of idiosyncratic drug induced liver injury (DILI) are well described in cases that have been assessed for causality using the Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (RUCAM), but our understanding of the mechanistic steps leading to injury is fragmentary. The difficulties describing mechanistic events can be traced back to the lack of an animal model of experimental idiosyncratic DILI that can mimic the genetic requirements of human idiosyncratic DILI. However, immune tolerance plays a dominant role in the immune response of the liver, and impairment of immune tolerance with immune checkpoint inhibitors increases DILI in both humans and animals. This may provide one method to study the individual steps involved. In general. the human DILI liver is a secret keeper providing little insight into what occurs in the diseased organ. Sufficient evidence exists that most idiosyncratic cases are mediated by the adaptive immune system, which depends on stimulation of the innate immune system, but the triggering factors are unknown. It is attractive to hypothesize that the gut microbiome plays a role; however, it is very difficult to study. Similarly, exosomes are likely to play an important role in communication between hepatic cells and the immune system, but there is a lack of data on blood exosomes in affected patients. Reactive metabolites are likely to play an important role. This is supported by the current analysis, which revealed an association between metabolism by cytochrome P450 and drugs most commonly involved in causing idiosyncratic DILI with causality verified by RUCAM. Circumstantial evidence suggests that reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by cytochrome P450 could be responsible for the initial steps of injury, but details are unknown. In conclusion, most of the mechanistic steps leading to idiosyncratic DILI remain unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Teschke
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Klinikum Hanau, Hanau, Academic Teaching Hospital of the Medical Faculty of the Goethe University Frankfurt/ Main, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - Jack Uetrecht
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
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14
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Subtilase cytotoxin induces a novel form of Lipocalin 2, which promotes Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli survival. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18943. [PMID: 33144618 PMCID: PMC7609767 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-76027-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) infection causes severe bloody diarrhea, renal failure, and hemolytic uremic syndrome. Recent studies showed global increases in Locus for Enterocyte Effacement (LEE)-negative STEC infection. Some LEE-negative STEC produce Subtilase cytotoxin (SubAB), which cleaves endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone protein BiP, inducing ER stress and apoptotic cell death. In this study, we report that SubAB induces expression of a novel form of Lipocalin-2 (LCN2), and describe its biological activity and effects on apoptotic cell death. SubAB induced expression of a novel LCN2, which was regulated by PRKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase via the C/EBP homologous protein pathway. SubAB-induced novel-sized LCN2 was not secreted into the culture supernatant. Increased intracellular iron level by addition of holo-transferrin or FeCl3 suppressed SubAB-induced PARP cleavage. Normal-sized FLAG-tagged LCN2 suppressed STEC growth, but this effect was not seen in the presence of SubAB- or tunicamycin-induced unglycosylated FLAG-tagged LCN2. Our study demonstrates that SubAB-induced novel-sized LCN2 does not have anti-STEC activity, suggesting that SubAB plays a crucial role in the survival of LEE-negative STEC as well as inducing apoptosis of the host cells.
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Gasterich N, Wetz S, Tillmann S, Fein L, Seifert A, Slowik A, Weiskirchen R, Zendedel A, Ludwig A, Koschmieder S, Beyer C, Clarner T. Inflammatory Responses of Astrocytes Are Independent from Lipocalin 2. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 71:933-942. [PMID: 32959226 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01712-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) responds to diverse neurologic injuries with a vigorous activation of astrocytes. In addition to their role in the maintenance of CNS homeostasis and neuronal function, astrocytes are thought to participate in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses in the CNS. Following antigen recognition, reactive astrocytes may participate in the initiation of innate immune responses, and modulate adaptive immune response leading to the recruitment of peripheral immune cells. Among activation, astrocytes undergo morphological changes and express several molecules, e.g., chemokines. Lipocalin 2 (LCN2) is involved in the control of innate immune responses, regulation of excess iron, and reactive oxygen production. Here, we investigated the influence of LCN2 on basic astrocytic functions linked to inflammatory responses. In vitro studies revealed a similar chemokine expression pattern in wild-type and Lcn2-deficient astrocyte cultures after treatment with lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Increased wound closure and morphological changes upon LPS treatment are independent of Lcn2 expression. We conclude that LCN2 is not necessary for basic astrocytic functions in the context of inflammation. However, CNS-derived LCN2 might have a regulatory effect on other cells, e.g., endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Gasterich
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Sophie Wetz
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Tillmann
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lena Fein
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anke Seifert
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Slowik
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Adib Zendedel
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Ludwig
- Institute of Molecular Pharmacology, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Steffen Koschmieder
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology, and Stem Cell Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Cordian Beyer
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tim Clarner
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
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Borkham-Kamphorst E, Haas U, Van de Leur E, Trevanich A, Weiskirchen R. Chronic Carbon Tetrachloride Applications Induced Hepatocyte Apoptosis in Lipocalin 2 Null Mice Through Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Unfolded Protein Response. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155230. [PMID: 32718038 PMCID: PMC7432394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of Lipocalin (LCN2) provokes overwhelming endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress responses in vitro and in acute toxic liver injury models, resulting in hepatocyte apoptosis. LCN2 is an acute phase protein produced in hepatocytes in response to acute liver injuries. In line with these findings we investigated ER stress responses of Lcn2−/− mice in chronic ER stress using a long-term repetitive carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) injection model. We found chronic CCl4 application to enhance ER stress and unfolded protein responses (UPR), including phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), increased expression of binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP) and glucose-regulated protein 94 (GRP94). IRE1α/TRAF2/JNK signaling enhanced mitochondrial apoptotic pathways, and showed slightly higher in Lcn2−/− mice compared to the wild type counterparts, leading to increased hepatocyte apoptosis well evidenced by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining. Hepatocyte injuries were confirmed by significant high serum alanine transaminase (ALT) levels in CCl4-treated Lcn2−/− mice. Lcn2−/− mice furthermore developed mild hepatic steatosis, supporting our finding that ER stress promotes lipogenesis. In a previous report we demonstrated that the pharmacological agent tunicamycin (TM) induced ER stress through altered protein glycosylation and induced high amounts of C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP), resulting in hepatocyte apoptosis. We compared TM-induced ER stress in wild type, Lcn2−/−, and Chop null (Chop−/−) primary hepatocytes and found Chop−/− hepatocytes to attenuate ER stress responses and resist ER stress-induced hepatocyte apoptosis through canonical eIF2α/GADD34 signaling, inhibiting protein synthesis. Unexpectedly, in later stages of TM incubation, Chop−/− hepatocytes resumed activation of IRE1α/JNK/c-Jun and p38/ATF2 signaling, leading to late hepatocyte apoptosis. This interesting observation indicates Chop−/− mice to be unable to absolutely prevent all types of liver injury, while LCN2 protects the hepatocytes by maintaining homeostasis under ER stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erawan Borkham-Kamphorst
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany; (U.H.); (E.V.d.L.)
- Correspondence: (E.B.-K.); (R.W.); Tel.: +49-241-80-88684 (E.B.-K.); +49-241-80-88683 (R.W.)
| | - Ute Haas
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany; (U.H.); (E.V.d.L.)
| | - Eddy Van de Leur
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany; (U.H.); (E.V.d.L.)
| | - Anothai Trevanich
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand;
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, D-52074 Aachen, Germany; (U.H.); (E.V.d.L.)
- Correspondence: (E.B.-K.); (R.W.); Tel.: +49-241-80-88684 (E.B.-K.); +49-241-80-88683 (R.W.)
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Development of A New Mouse Model for Intrahepatic Cholangiocellular Carcinoma: Accelerating Functions of Pecam-1. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081045. [PMID: 31344919 PMCID: PMC6721446 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the lack of suitable in-vivo models, the etiology of intrahepatic cholangiocellular carcinoma (ICC) is poorly understood. We previously showed the involvement of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (Pecam-1/CD31) in acute liver damage. Here, we developed a model of ICC using thioacetamide (TAA) in drinking water of wild-type (WT)-mice and Pecam-1-knock-out (KO)-mice. Gross inspection and microscopy revealed liver-cirrhosis and ICC in both groups after 22 weeks of TAA. The severity of cirrhosis and ICC (Ck-19-positive) was reduced in Pecam-1 KO mice (stage-4 cirrhosis in WT vs. stage-3 in KO mice). Tumor networks (accompanied by neutrophils) were predominantly located in portal areas, with signs of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In serum, TAA induced an increase in hepatic damage markers, with lower levels in Pecam-1 null mice. With qPCR of liver, elevated expression of Pecam-1 mRNA was noted in WT mice, in addition to Icam-1, EpCam, cytokines, cMyc, and Mmp2. Thereby, levels of EpCAM, cytokines, cMyc, and Mmp2 were significantly lower in Pecam-1 null mice. Lipocalin-2 and Ccl5 were elevated significantly in both WT and Pecam-1 null mice after TAA administration. Also, EMT marker Wnt5a (not Twist-1) was increased in both groups after TAA. We present a highly reproducible mouse model for ICC and show protective effects of Pecam-1 deficiency.
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