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Hou J, Feng Y, Yang Z, Ding Y, Cheng D, Shi Z, Li R, Xue L. Primary Sjögren's syndrome: new perspectives on salivary gland epithelial cells. Eur J Med Res 2024; 29:371. [PMID: 39014509 PMCID: PMC11253495 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-024-01967-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a chronic autoimmune disease primarily affecting exocrine glands such as the salivary glands, leading to impaired secretion and sicca symptoms. As the mainstay of salivation, salivary gland epithelial cells (SGECs) have an important role in the pathology of pSS. Emerging evidence suggests that the interplay between immunological factors and SGECs may not be the initial trigger or the sole mechanism responsible for xerostomia in pSS, challenging conventional perceptions. To deepen our understanding, current research regarding SGECs in pSS was reviewed. Among the extensive aberrations in cellular architecture and function, this review highlighted certain alterations of SGECs that were identified to occur independently of or in absence of lymphocytic infiltration. In particular, some of these alterations may serve as upstream factors of immuno-inflammatory responses. These findings underscore the significance of introspecting the pathogenesis of pSS and developing interventions targeting SGECs in the early stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Hou
- Rheumatology Department, Yueyang Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 110 Ganhe Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Yiyi Feng
- Rheumatology Department, Yueyang Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 110 Ganhe Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Zhixia Yang
- Rheumatology Department, Yueyang Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 110 Ganhe Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Yimei Ding
- Rheumatology Department, Yueyang Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 110 Ganhe Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Dandan Cheng
- Shanghai Skin Diseases Hospital, 200 Wuyi Road, Changning District, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Zhonghao Shi
- Rheumatology Department, Yueyang Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 110 Ganhe Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Rouxin Li
- Rheumatology Department, Yueyang Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 110 Ganhe Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200437, China
| | - Luan Xue
- Rheumatology Department, Yueyang Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 110 Ganhe Road, Hongkou District, Shanghai, 200437, China.
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Shi L, Tan Y, Zheng W, Cao G, Zhou H, Li P, Cui J, Song Y, Feng L, Li H, Shan W, Zhang B, Yi W. CTRP3 alleviates mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress injury in pathological cardiac hypertrophy by activating UPRmt via the SIRT1/ATF5 axis. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:53. [PMID: 38278820 PMCID: PMC10817931 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01813-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pathological cardiac hypertrophy is an independent risk factor for heart failure. Disruption of mitochondrial protein homeostasis plays a key role in pathological cardiac hypertrophy; however, the mechanism of maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis in pathological cardiac hypertrophy remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the regulatory mechanisms of mitochondrial protein homeostasis in pathological cardiac hypertrophy. Wildtype (WT) mice, knockout mice, and mice transfected with lentivirus overexpressing mouse C1q-tumor necrosis factor-related protein-3 (CTRP3) underwent transverse aortic constriction or sham surgery. After 4 weeks, cardiac function, mitochondrial function, and oxidative stress injury were examined. For mechanistic studies, neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were treated with small interfering RNA or overexpression plasmids for the relevant genes. CTRP3 overexpression attenuated transverse aortic constriction (TAC) induced pathological cardiac hypertrophy, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress injury compared to that in WT mice. TAC or Ang II resulted in compensatory activation of UPRmt, but this was not sufficient to counteract pathologic cardiac hypertrophy. CTRP3 overexpression further induced activation of UPRmt during pathologic cardiac hypertrophy and thereby alleviated pathologic cardiac hypertrophy, whereas CTRP3 knockout or knockdown inhibited UPRmt. ATF5 was a key regulatory molecule of UPRmt, as ATF5 knockout prevented the cardioprotective effect of CTRP3 in TAC mice. In vitro, SIRT1 was identified as a possible downstream CTRP3 effector molecule, and SIRT1 knockout blocked the cardioprotective effects of CTRP3. Our results also suggest that ATF5 may be regulated by SIRT1. Our study demonstrates that CTRP3 activates UPRmt via the SIRT1/ATF5 axis under pathological myocardial hypertrophy, thus attenuating mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yanzhen Tan
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenying Zheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guojie Cao
- Department of General Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Haitao Zhou
- Department of General Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Panpan Li
- Department of General Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jun Cui
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yujie Song
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lele Feng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hong Li
- Department of General Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wenju Shan
- Department of General Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Wei Yi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
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Zhou J, Pathak JL, Liu Q, Hu S, Cao T, Watanabe N, Huo Y, Li J. Modes and Mechanisms of Salivary Gland Epithelial Cell Death in Sjogren's Syndrome. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2023; 7:e2300173. [PMID: 37409392 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202300173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Sjogren's syndrome is an autoimmune disease in middle and old-aged women with a dry mucosal surface, which is caused by the dysfunction of secretory glands, such as the oral cavity, eyeballs, and pharynx. Pathologically, Sjogren's syndrome are characterized by lymphocyte infiltration into the exocrine glands and epithelial cell destruction caused by autoantibodies Ro/SSA and La/SSB. At present, the exact pathogenesis of Sjogren's syndrome is unclear. Evidence suggests epithelial cell death and the subsequent dysfunction of salivary glands as the main causes of xerostomia. This review summarizes the modes of salivary gland epithelial cell death and their role in Sjogren's syndrome progression. The molecular mechanisms involved in salivary gland epithelial cell death during Sjogren's syndrome as potential leads to treating the disease are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiannan Zhou
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Janak Lal Pathak
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Qianwen Liu
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Shilin Hu
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Tingting Cao
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Nobumoto Watanabe
- Chemical Biology Research Group, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yongliang Huo
- Experimental Animal Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511436, China
| | - Jiang Li
- Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
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Gao M, Zhu H, Guo J, Lei Y, Sun W, Lin H. Tannic acid through ROS/TNF-α/TNFR 1 antagonizes atrazine induced apoptosis, programmed necrosis and immune dysfunction of grass carp hepatocytes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 131:312-322. [PMID: 36220537 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Atrazine (ATR) is a commonly used triazine herbicide, which will remain in the water source, soil and biological muscle tissue for a long time, threatening the survival of related organisms and future generations. Tannic acid (TAN), a glucosyl compound found in gallnuts, has previously been shown to antagonize heavy metal toxicity, antioxidant activity, and inflammation. However, it is unclear whether TAN can antagonize ATR-induced Grass carp hepatocytes (L8824 cells) cytotoxicity. Therefore, we treated L8824 cells with 3 μg mL-1 ATR for 24 h to establish a toxic group model. The experimental data of flow cytometry and AO/EB staining together showed that the ratio of apoptosis and necrosis in L8824 cells after ATR exposure was significantly higher than that in the control group. Furthermore, RT-qPCR showed that inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, INF-γ) were up-regulated and antimicrobial peptides (hepcidin, β-defensin and LEAP2) were induced down-regulated in L8824 cells, leading to immune dysfunction. The measurement results of oxidative stress-related indicators showed that the levels of ROS and MDA increased after ATR exposure, the overall anti-oxidative system was down-regulated. Western blotting confirmed that TNF-α/TNFR 1-related genes were also up-regulated. This indicates that ATR stimulates oxidative stress in L8824 cells, which in turn promotes the binding of TNF-α to TNFR 1. In addition, TRADD, FADD, Caspase-3, P53, RIP1, RIP3 and MLKL were found to be significantly up-regulated by Western blotting and RT-qPCR. Conditioned after ATR exposure compared to controls. It indicates that ATR activates apoptosis and necrosis of TNF-α/TNFR 1 pathway by inducing oxidative stress in L8824 cells. Furthermore, the use of TAN (5 μM) significantly alleviated the toxic effects of ATR on L8824 cells mentioned above. In conclusion, TAN restrains ATR-induced apoptosis, programmed necrosis and immune dysfunction through the ROS/TNF-α/TNFR 1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meichen Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Huijun Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Jinming Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Yutian Lei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Wenying Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Hongjin Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China; Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongiiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
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Tan Z, Wang L, Li X. Composition and regulation of the immune microenvironment of salivary gland in Sjögren’s syndrome. Front Immunol 2022; 13:967304. [PMID: 36177010 PMCID: PMC9513852 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.967304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by exocrine gland dysfunction and inflammation. Patients often have dry mouth and dry eye symptoms, which seriously affect their lives. Improving dry mouth and eye symptoms has become a common demand from patients. For this reason, researchers have conducted many studies on external secretory glands. In this paper, we summarize recent studies on the salivary glands of pSS patients from the perspective of the immune microenvironment. These studies showed that hypoxia, senescence, and chronic inflammation are the essential characteristics of the salivary gland immune microenvironment. In the SG of pSS, genes related to lymphocyte chemotaxis, antigen presentation, and lymphocyte activation are upregulated. Interferon (IFN)-related genes, DNA methylation, sRNA downregulation, and mitochondrial-related differentially expressed genes are also involved in forming the immune microenvironment of pSS, while multiple signaling pathways are involved in regulation. We further elucidated the regulation of the salivary gland immune microenvironment in pSS and relevant, targeted treatments.
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Hao X, Guan R, Huang H, Yang K, Wang L, Wu Y. Anti-inflammatory activity of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and cyanidin-3-O-glucoside liposomes in THP-1 macrophages. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:6480-6491. [PMID: 34925779 PMCID: PMC8645709 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G) is a kind of water-soluble pigment widely existing in many plants. It has strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. However, C3G cannot exist stably for a long time because of the phenolic hydroxyl groups in its structure. Liposome technology could improve the stability and bioavailability of compounds. Based on our previous studies, C3G liposomes prepared by ethanol injection method have a certain stability in two weeks of storage. In this study, THP-1 macrophages treated with C3G and C3G liposomes can reduce the levels of inflammatory-related factors, such as tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-8, stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Further studies showed that the LPS induction could increase the level of phosphorylated nuclear transcription factor NF-κB and phosphorylated IkBa, while C3G and C3G liposomes could inhibit the expression of phosphorylated proteins. Moreover, C3G and C3G liposomes could protect macrophages from apoptosis. In conclusion, C3G prepared by liposome technology exhibits anti-inflammatory activity, which provides a theoretical basis for the food industry to study functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefang Hao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection and QuarantineChina Jiliang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Rongfa Guan
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection and QuarantineChina Jiliang UniversityHangzhouChina
- College of Food Science and TechnologyZhejiang University of TechnologyHangzhouChina
| | - Haizhi Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection and QuarantineChina Jiliang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Kai Yang
- College of Food Science and TechnologyZhejiang University of TechnologyHangzhouChina
| | - Lina Wang
- College of Food Science and TechnologyZhejiang University of TechnologyHangzhouChina
| | - Yuanfeng Wu
- School of Biological and Chemical EngineeringZhejiang University of Science and TechnologyHangzhouChina
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