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Kulakova MA, Maslakov GP, Poliushkevich LO. Irreducible Complexity of Hox Gene: Path to the Canonical Function of the Hox Cluster. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2024; 89:987-1001. [PMID: 38981695 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297924060014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
The evolution of major taxa is often associated with the emergence of new gene families. In all multicellular animals except sponges and comb jellies, the genomes contain Hox genes, which are crucial regulators of development. The canonical function of Hox genes involves colinear patterning of body parts in bilateral animals. This general function is implemented through complex, precisely coordinated mechanisms, not all of which are evolutionarily conserved and fully understood. We suggest that the emergence of this regulatory complexity was preceded by a stage of cooperation between more ancient morphogenetic programs or their individual elements. Footprints of these programs may be present in modern animals to execute non-canonical Hox functions. Non-canonical functions of Hox genes are involved in maintaining terminal nerve cell specificity, autophagy, oogenesis, pre-gastrulation embryogenesis, vertical signaling, and a number of general biological processes. These functions are realized by the basic properties of homeodomain protein and could have triggered the evolution of ParaHoxozoa and Nephrozoa subsequently. Some of these non-canonical Hox functions are discussed in our review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milana A Kulakova
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia.
| | - Georgy P Maslakov
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Liudmila O Poliushkevich
- Department of Embryology, Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
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2
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Park JW, Lee EJ, Moon E, Kim HL, Kim IB, Hodzic D, Kim N, Kweon HS, Kim JW. Orthodenticle homeobox 2 is transported to lysosomes by nuclear budding vesicles. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1111. [PMID: 36849521 PMCID: PMC9971051 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36697-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) are transported from the cytoplasm to the nucleus and disappear from the nucleus after they regulate gene expression. Here, we discover an unconventional nuclear export of the TF, orthodenticle homeobox 2 (OTX2), in nuclear budding vesicles, which transport OTX2 to the lysosome. We further find that torsin1a (Tor1a) is responsible for scission of the inner nuclear vesicle, which captures OTX2 using the LINC complex. Consistent with this, in cells expressing an ATPase-inactive Tor1aΔE mutant and the LINC (linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton) breaker KASH2, OTX2 accumulated and formed aggregates in the nucleus. Consequently, in the mice expressing Tor1aΔE and KASH2, OTX2 could not be secreted from the choroid plexus for transfer to the visual cortex, leading to failed development of parvalbumin neurons and reduced visual acuity. Together, our results suggest that unconventional nuclear egress and secretion of OTX2 are necessary not only to induce functional changes in recipient cells but also to prevent aggregation in donor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Woo Park
- Department of Biological Sciences and Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Eun Jung Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea
| | - Eunyoung Moon
- Electron Microscopy Research Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, 28119, South Korea
| | - Hong-Lim Kim
- Integrative Research Support Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, South Korea
| | - In-Beom Kim
- Integrative Research Support Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, South Korea
| | - Didier Hodzic
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Namsuk Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.,Neurovascular Unit, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41062, South Korea
| | - Hee-Seok Kweon
- Electron Microscopy Research Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, 28119, South Korea
| | - Jin Woo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Stem Cell Research Center, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.
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3
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Sun C, Chen S. Disease-causing mutations in genes encoding transcription factors critical for photoreceptor development. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1134839. [PMID: 37181651 PMCID: PMC10172487 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1134839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoreceptor development of the vertebrate visual system is controlled by a complex transcription regulatory network. OTX2 is expressed in the mitotic retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) and controls photoreceptor genesis. CRX that is activated by OTX2 is expressed in photoreceptor precursors after cell cycle exit. NEUROD1 is also present in photoreceptor precursors that are ready to specify into rod and cone photoreceptor subtypes. NRL is required for the rod fate and regulates downstream rod-specific genes including the orphan nuclear receptor NR2E3 which further activates rod-specific genes and simultaneously represses cone-specific genes. Cone subtype specification is also regulated by the interplay of several transcription factors such as THRB and RXRG. Mutations in these key transcription factors are responsible for ocular defects at birth such as microphthalmia and inherited photoreceptor diseases such as Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA), retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and allied dystrophies. In particular, many mutations are inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion, including the majority of missense mutations in CRX and NRL. In this review, we describe the spectrum of photoreceptor defects that are associated with mutations in the above-mentioned transcription factors, and summarize the current knowledge of molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenic mutations. At last, we deliberate the outstanding gaps in our understanding of the genotype-phenotype correlations and outline avenues for future research of the treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: Chi Sun,
| | - Shiming Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
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4
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Field MG, Kuznetsoff JN, Zhang MG, Dollar JJ, Durante MA, Sayegh Y, Decatur CL, Kurtenbach S, Pelaez D, Harbour JW. RB1 loss triggers dependence on ESRRG in retinoblastoma. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm8466. [PMID: 35984874 PMCID: PMC9390996 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm8466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (Rb) is a deadly childhood eye cancer that is classically initiated by inactivation of the RB1 tumor suppressor. Clinical management continues to rely on nonspecific chemotherapeutic agents that are associated with treatment resistance and toxicity. Here, we analyzed 103 whole exomes, 20 whole transcriptomes, 5 single-cell transcriptomes, and 4 whole genomes from primary Rb tumors to identify previously unknown Rb dependencies. Several recurrent genomic aberrations implicate estrogen-related receptor gamma (ESRRG) in Rb pathogenesis. RB1 directly interacts with and inhibits ESRRG, and RB1 loss uncouples ESRRG from negative regulation. ESRRG regulates genes involved in retinogenesis and oxygen metabolism in Rb cells. ESRRG is preferentially expressed in hypoxic Rb cells in vivo. Depletion or inhibition of ESRRG causes marked Rb cell death, which is exacerbated in hypoxia. These findings reveal a previously unidentified dependency of Rb cells on ESRRG, and they implicate ESRRG as a potential therapeutic vulnerability in Rb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G. Field
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Jeffim N. Kuznetsoff
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Michelle G. Zhang
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - James J. Dollar
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Michael A. Durante
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Yoseph Sayegh
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Christina L. Decatur
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Stefan Kurtenbach
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Daniel Pelaez
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - J. William Harbour
- Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
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5
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Kiyama T, Chen CK, Zhang A, Mao CA. Differential Susceptibility of Retinal Neurons to the Loss of Mitochondrial Biogenesis Factor Nrf1. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142203. [PMID: 35883647 PMCID: PMC9321222 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The retina, the accessible part of the central nervous system, has served as a model system to study the relationship between energy utilization and metabolite supply. When the metabolite supply cannot match the energy demand, retinal neurons are at risk of death. As the powerhouse of eukaryotic cells, mitochondria play a pivotal role in generating ATP, produce precursors for macromolecules, maintain the redox homeostasis, and function as waste management centers for various types of metabolic intermediates. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the pathologies of a number of degenerative retinal diseases. It is well known that photoreceptors are particularly vulnerable to mutations affecting mitochondrial function due to their high energy demand and susceptibility to oxidative stress. However, it is unclear how defective mitochondria affect other retinal neurons. Nuclear respiratory factor 1 (Nrf1) is the major transcriptional regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, and loss of Nrf1 leads to defective mitochondria biogenesis and eventually cell death. Here, we investigated how different retinal neurons respond to the loss of Nrf1. We provide in vivo evidence that the disruption of Nrf1-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis results in a slow, progressive degeneration of all retinal cell types examined, although they present different sensitivity to the deletion of Nrf1, which implicates differential energy demand and utilization, as well as tolerance to mitochondria defects in different neuronal cells. Furthermore, transcriptome analysis on rod-specific Nrf1 deletion uncovered a previously unknown role of Nrf1 in maintaining genome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takae Kiyama
- Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 6431 Fannin St., MSB 7.024, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (T.K.); (A.Z.)
| | - Ching-Kang Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Annie Zhang
- Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 6431 Fannin St., MSB 7.024, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (T.K.); (A.Z.)
| | - Chai-An Mao
- Ruiz Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 6431 Fannin St., MSB 7.024, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (T.K.); (A.Z.)
- The MD Anderson Cancer Center/UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence:
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6
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Xue J, Li Y, Qi Y, Zhang Z, Tang X. Exogenous Otx2 protects midbrain dopaminergic neurons from MPP+ by interacting with ATP5a1 and promoting ATP synthesis. Neurotoxicology 2022; 91:211-217. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2022.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Chandra K, Banerjee A, Das M. Epigenetic and transcriptional regulation of GnRH gene under altered metabolism and ageing. THE NUCLEUS 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s13237-021-00374-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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8
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Photoreceptor cKO of OTX2 Enhances OTX2 Intercellular Transfer in the Retina and Causes Photophobia. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0229-21.2021. [PMID: 34475267 PMCID: PMC8496205 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0229-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mature mouse retina, Otx2 is expressed in both retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptor (PR) cells, and Otx2 knock-out (KO) in the RPE alone results in PR degeneration. To study the cell-autonomous function of OTX2 in PRs, we performed PR-specific Otx2 KO (cKO) in adults. As expected, the protein disappears completely from PR nuclei but is still observed in PR inner and outer segments while its level concomitantly decreases in the RPE, suggesting a transfer of OTX2 from RPE to PRs in response to Otx2 ablation in PRs. The ability of OTX2 to transfer from RPE to PRs was verified by viral expression of tagged-OTX2 in the RPE. Transferred OTX2 distributed across the PR cytoplasm, suggesting functions distinct from nuclear transcription regulation. PR-specific Otx2 cKO did not alter the structure of the retina but impaired the translocation of PR arrestin-1 on illumination changes, making mice photophobic. RNA-seq analyses following Otx2 KO revealed downregulation of genes involved in the cytoskeleton that might account for the arrestin-1 translocation defect, and of genes involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) and signaling factors that may participate in the enhanced transfer of OTX2. Interestingly, several RPE-specific OTX2 target genes involved in melanogenesis were downregulated, lending weight to a decrease of OTX2 levels in the RPE following PR-specific Otx2 cKO. Our study reveals a new role of endogenous OTX2 in PR light adaptation and demonstrates the existence of OTX2 transfer from RPE to PR cells, which is increased on PR-specific Otx2 ablation and might participate in PR neuroprotection.
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9
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Yamamoto H, Kon T, Omori Y, Furukawa T. Functional and Evolutionary Diversification of Otx2 and Crx in Vertebrate Retinal Photoreceptor and Bipolar Cell Development. Cell Rep 2021; 30:658-671.e5. [PMID: 31968244 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Otx family homeoproteins Otx2 and Crx are expressed in photoreceptor precursor cells and bind to the common DNA-binding consensus sequence, but these two proteins have distinct functions in retinal development. To examine the functional substitutability of Otx2 and Crx, we generate knockin mouse lines in which Crx is replaced by Otx2 and vice versa. We find that Otx2 and Crx cannot be substituted in photoreceptor development. Subsequently, we investigate the function of Otx2 in photoreceptor and bipolar cell development. High Otx2 levels induce photoreceptor cell fate but not bipolar cell fate, whereas reduced Otx2 expression impairs bipolar cell maturation and survival. Furthermore, we identify Otx2 and Crx in the lamprey genome by using synteny analysis, suggesting that the last common ancestor of vertebrates possesses both Otx2 and Crx. We find that the retinal Otx2 expression pattern is different between lampreys and mice, suggesting that neofunctionalization of Otx2 occurred in the jawed vertebrate lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Yamamoto
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kon
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Omori
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takahisa Furukawa
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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10
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OTX2 Non-Cell Autonomous Activity Regulates Inner Retinal Function. eNeuro 2020; 7:ENEURO.0012-19.2020. [PMID: 32737182 PMCID: PMC7477954 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0012-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OTX2 is a homeoprotein transcription factor expressed in photoreceptors and bipolar cells in the retina. OTX2, like many other homeoproteins, transfers between cells and exerts non-cell autonomous effects such as promoting the survival of retinal ganglion cells that do not express the protein. Here we used a genetic approach to target extracellular OTX2 in the retina by conditional expression of a secreted single-chain anti-OTX2 antibody. Compared with control mice, the expression of this antibody by parvalbumin-expressing neurons in the retina is followed by a reduction in visual acuity in 1-month-old mice with no alteration of the retinal structure or cell type number or aspect. The a-waves and b-waves measured by electroretinogram were also indistinguishable from those of control mice, suggesting no functional deficit of photoreceptors and bipolar cells. Mice expressing the OTX2-neutralizing antibody did show a significant doubling in the flicker amplitude and a reduction in oscillatory potential, consistent with a change in inner retinal function. Our results show that interfering in vivo with OTX2 non-cell autonomous activity in the postnatal retina leads to an alteration in inner retinal cell functions and causes a deficit in visual acuity.
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11
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Ghinia Tegla MG, Buenaventura DF, Kim DY, Thakurdin C, Gonzalez KC, Emerson MM. OTX2 represses sister cell fate choices in the developing retina to promote photoreceptor specification. eLife 2020; 9:e54279. [PMID: 32347797 PMCID: PMC7237216 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During vertebrate retinal development, subsets of progenitor cells generate progeny in a non-stochastic manner, suggesting that these decisions are tightly regulated. However, the gene-regulatory network components that are functionally important in these progenitor cells are largely unknown. Here we identify a functional role for the OTX2 transcription factor in this process. CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing was used to produce somatic mutations of OTX2 in the chick retina and identified similar phenotypes to those observed in human patients. Single cell RNA sequencing was used to determine the functional consequences OTX2 gene editing on the population of cells derived from OTX2-expressing retinal progenitor cells. This confirmed that OTX2 is required for the generation of photoreceptors, but also for repression of specific retinal fates and alternative gene regulatory networks. These include specific subtypes of retinal ganglion and horizontal cells, suggesting that in this context, OTX2 functions to repress sister cell fate choices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diego F Buenaventura
- Department of Biology, The City College of New York, City University of New York (CUNY)New YorkUnited States
- PhD Program in Biology, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY)New YorkUnited States
| | - Diana Y Kim
- Department of Biology, The City College of New York, City University of New York (CUNY)New YorkUnited States
| | - Cassandra Thakurdin
- Department of Biology, The City College of New York, City University of New York (CUNY)New YorkUnited States
| | - Kevin C Gonzalez
- Department of Biology, The City College of New York, City University of New York (CUNY)New YorkUnited States
| | - Mark M Emerson
- Department of Biology, The City College of New York, City University of New York (CUNY)New YorkUnited States
- PhD Program in Biology, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY)New YorkUnited States
- PhD Program in Biochemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York (CUNY)New YorkUnited States
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12
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Global Analysis of Intercellular Homeodomain Protein Transfer. Cell Rep 2019; 28:712-722.e3. [PMID: 31315049 PMCID: PMC9472292 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The homeodomain is found in hundreds of transcription factors that play roles in fate determination via cell-autonomous regulation of gene expression. However, some homeodomain-containing proteins (HPs) are thought to be secreted and penetrate neighboring cells to affect the recipient cell fate. To determine whether this is a general characteristic of HPs, we carried out a large-scale validation for intercellular transfer of HPs. Our screening reveals that intercellular transfer is a general feature of HPs, but it occurs in a cell-context-sensitive manner. We also found the secretion is not solely a function of the homeodomain, but it is supported by external motifs containing hydrophobic residues. Thus, mutations of hydrophobic residues of HPs abrogate secretion and consequently interfere with HP function in recipient cells. Collectively, our study proposes that HP transfer is an intercellular communication method that couples the functions of interacting cells. Lee et al. evaluate capabilities of homeodomain proteins (HPs) for transfer between cells. They find that intercellular transfer is a general but cell-context-sensitive property of HP. Intercellular HP transfer can be an unconventional way for the cells to communicate with neighboring cells that associate structurally and functionally.
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13
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Catania A, Legati A, Peverelli L, Nanetti L, Marchet S, Zanetti N, Lamperti C, Ghezzi D. Homozygous variant in OTX2 and possible genetic modifiers identified in a patient with combined pituitary hormone deficiency, ocular involvement, myopathy, ataxia, and mitochondrial impairment. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 179:827-831. [PMID: 30773800 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Here we report on a singleton patient affected by a complicated congenital syndrome characterized by growth delay, retinal dystrophy, sensorineural deafness, myopathy, ataxia, combined pituitary hormone deficiency, associated with mitochondrial impairment. Targeted clinical exome sequencing led to the identification of a homozygous missense variant in OTX2. Since only dominant mutations within OTX2 have been associated with cases of syndromic microphthalmia, retinal dystrophy with or without pituitary dysfunctions, this represents the first report of an OTX2 recessive mutation. Part of the phenotype, including ataxia, myopathy and multiple mitochondrial respiratory chain defects, seemed not related to OTX2. Further analysis of next generation sequencing (NGS) data revealed additional candidate variants: a homozygous variant in LETM1, and heterozygous rare variants in AFG3L2 and POLG. All three genes encode mitochondrial proteins and the last two are known to be associated with ataxia, a neurological sign present also in the father of the proband. With our study, we aim to encourage the integration of NGS data with a detailed analysis of clinical description and family history in order to unravel composite genotypes sometimes associated with complicated phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Catania
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Legati
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Peverelli
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy.,Neuromuscular and Rare Diseases Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Nanetti
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Marchet
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Nadia Zanetti
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Costanza Lamperti
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Ghezzi
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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14
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Di Nardo AA, Fuchs J, Joshi RL, Moya KL, Prochiantz A. The Physiology of Homeoprotein Transduction. Physiol Rev 2019; 98:1943-1982. [PMID: 30067157 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00018.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The homeoprotein family comprises ~300 transcription factors and was long seen as primarily involved in developmental programs through cell autonomous regulation. However, recent evidence reveals that many of these factors are also expressed in the adult where they exert physiological functions not yet fully deciphered. Furthermore, the DNA-binding domain of most homeoproteins contains two signal sequences allowing their secretion and internalization, thus intercellular transfer. This review focuses on this new-found signaling in cell migration, axon guidance, and cerebral cortex physiological homeostasis and speculates on how it may play important roles in early arealization of the neuroepithelium. It also describes the use of homeoproteins as therapeutic proteins in mouse models of diseases affecting the central nervous system, in particular Parkinson disease and glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel A Di Nardo
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, Labex MemoLife, PSL Research University , Paris , France
| | - Julia Fuchs
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, Labex MemoLife, PSL Research University , Paris , France
| | - Rajiv L Joshi
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, Labex MemoLife, PSL Research University , Paris , France
| | - Kenneth L Moya
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, Labex MemoLife, PSL Research University , Paris , France
| | - Alain Prochiantz
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), Collège de France, CNRS UMR 7241, INSERM U1050, Labex MemoLife, PSL Research University , Paris , France
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15
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Tang X, Jiao L, Zheng M, Yan Y, Nie Q, Wu T, Wan X, Zhang G, Li Y, Wu S, Jiang B, Cai H, Xu P, Duan J, Lin X. Tau Deficiency Down-Regulated Transcription Factor Orthodenticle Homeobox 2 Expression in the Dopaminergic Neurons in Ventral Tegmental Area and Caused No Obvious Motor Deficits in Mice. Neuroscience 2018; 373:52-59. [PMID: 29337233 PMCID: PMC5819331 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tau protein participates in microtubule stabilization, axonal transport, and protein trafficking. Loss of normal tau function will exert a negative effect. However, current knowledge on the impact of tau deficiency on the motor behavior and related neurobiological changes is controversial. In this study, we examined motor functions and analyzed several proteins implicated in the maintenance of midbrain dopaminergic (DA) neurons (mDANs) function of adult and aged tau+/+, tau+/-, tau-/- mice. We found tau deficiency could not induce significant motor disorders. However, we discovered lower expression levels of transcription factors Orthodenticle homeobox 2 (OTX2) of mDANs in older aged mice. Compared with age-matched tau+/+ mice, there were 54.1% lower (p = 0.0192) OTX2 protein (OTX2-fluorescence intensity) in VTA DA neurons of tau+/- mice and 43.6% lower (p = 0.0249) OTX2 protein in VTA DA neurons of tau-/- mice at 18 months old. Combined with the relevant reports, our results suggested that tau deficiency alone might not be enough to mimic the pathology of Parkinson's disease. However, OTX2 down-regulation indicates that mDANs of tau-deficient mice will be more sensitive to toxic damage from MPTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolu Tang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Luyan Jiao
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Meige Zheng
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qi Nie
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Ting Wu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xiaomei Wan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Guofeng Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Yonglin Li
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Song Wu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Huaibin Cai
- Transgenics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pingyi Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong 510120, China.
| | - Jinhai Duan
- Department of Neurology & Guangdong Institute of Geriatrics, Guangdong General Hospital, #106, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guanzhou 510080, China.
| | - Xian Lin
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China; Department of Anatomy & Research Center for Neurobiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, #74, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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16
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Kim SY, Senatorov VV, Morrissey CS, Lippmann K, Vazquez O, Milikovsky DZ, Gu F, Parada I, Prince DA, Becker AJ, Heinemann U, Friedman A, Kaufer D. TGFβ signaling is associated with changes in inflammatory gene expression and perineuronal net degradation around inhibitory neurons following various neurological insults. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7711. [PMID: 28794441 PMCID: PMC5550510 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07394-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain damage due to stroke or traumatic brain injury (TBI), both leading causes of serious long-term disability, often leads to the development of epilepsy. Patients who develop post-injury epilepsy tend to have poor functional outcomes. Emerging evidence highlights a potential role for blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction in the development of post-injury epilepsy. However, common mechanisms underlying the pathological hyperexcitability are largely unknown. Here, we show that comparative transcriptome analyses predict remodeling of extracellular matrix (ECM) as a common response to different types of injuries. ECM-related transcriptional changes were induced by the serum protein albumin via TGFβ signaling in primary astrocytes. In accordance with transcriptional responses, we found persistent degradation of protective ECM structures called perineuronal nets (PNNs) around fast-spiking inhibitory interneurons, in a rat model of TBI as well as in brains of human epileptic patients. Exposure of a naïve brain to albumin was sufficient to induce the transcriptional and translational upregulation of molecules related to ECM remodeling and the persistent breakdown of PNNs around fast-spiking inhibitory interneurons, which was contingent on TGFβ signaling activation. Our findings provide insights on how albumin extravasation that occurs upon BBB dysfunction in various brain injuries can predispose neural circuitry to the development of chronic inhibition deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Young Kim
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
| | - Vladimir V Senatorov
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Christapher S Morrissey
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Kristina Lippmann
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, D10117, Germany.,Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, 04315, Germany
| | - Oscar Vazquez
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Dan Z Milikovsky
- Departments of Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Physiology and Cell Biology, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel
| | - Feng Gu
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, , Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Isabel Parada
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, , Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - David A Prince
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, , Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Albert J Becker
- Department of Neuropathology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn, 53105, Germany
| | - Uwe Heinemann
- Institute of Neurophysiology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, D10117, Germany
| | - Alon Friedman
- Departments of Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Physiology and Cell Biology, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 84105, Israel.,Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Daniela Kaufer
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA. .,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA. .,Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) Program in Child and Brain Development, ON M5G 1Z8, Toronto, Canada.
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17
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Sakai A, Nakato R, Ling Y, Hou X, Hara N, Iijima T, Yanagawa Y, Kuwano R, Okuda S, Shirahige K, Sugiyama S. Genome-Wide Target Analyses of Otx2 Homeoprotein in Postnatal Cortex. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:307. [PMID: 28620275 PMCID: PMC5450002 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile brain has a unique time window, or critical period, in which neuronal circuits are remodeled by experience. Mounting evidence indicates the importance of neuronal circuit rewiring in various neurodevelopmental disorders of human cognition. We previously showed that Otx2 homeoprotein, essential for brain formation, is recaptured during postnatal maturation of parvalbumin-positive interneurons (PV cells) to activate the critical period in mouse visual cortex. Cortical Otx2 is the only interneuron-enriched transcription factor known to regulate the critical period, but its downstream targets remain unknown. Here, we used ChIP-seq (chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing) to identify genome-wide binding sites of Otx2 in juvenile mouse cortex, and interneuron-specific RNA-seq to explore the Otx2-dependent transcriptome. Otx2-bound genes were associated with human diseases such as schizophrenia as well as critical periods. Of these genes, expression of neuronal factors involved in transcription, signal transduction and mitochondrial function was moderately and broadly affected in Otx2-deficient interneurons. In contrast to reported binding sites in the embryo, genes encoding potassium ion transporters such as KV3.1 had juvenile cortex-specific binding sites, suggesting that Otx2 is involved in regulating fast-spiking properties during PV cell maturation. Moreover, transcripts of oxidative resistance-1 (Oxr1), whose promoter has Otx2 binding sites, were markedly downregulated in Otx2-deficient interneurons. Therefore, an important role of Otx2 may be to protect the cells from the increased oxidative stress in fast-spiking PV cells. Our results suggest that coordinated expression of Otx2 targets promotes PV cell maturation and maintains its function in neuronal plasticity and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Sakai
- Laboratory of Neuronal Development, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Nakato
- Research Center for Epigenetic Disease, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Yiwei Ling
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
| | - Xubin Hou
- Laboratory of Neuronal Development, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
| | - Norikazu Hara
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Center for Bioresources, Brain Research Institute, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
| | - Tomoya Iijima
- Laboratory of Neuronal Development, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
| | - Yuchio Yanagawa
- Department of Genetic and Behavioral Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma UniversityGunma, Japan
| | - Ryozo Kuwano
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Center for Bioresources, Brain Research Institute, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
| | - Shujiro Okuda
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Shirahige
- Research Center for Epigenetic Disease, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, University of TokyoTokyo, Japan
| | - Sayaka Sugiyama
- Laboratory of Neuronal Development, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata UniversityNiigata, Japan
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18
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Kim Y, Lim S, Ha T, Song YH, Sohn YI, Park DJ, Paik SS, Kim-Kaneyama JR, Song MR, Leung A, Levine EM, Kim IB, Goo YS, Lee SH, Kang KH, Kim JW. The LIM protein complex establishes a retinal circuitry of visual adaptation by regulating Pax6 α-enhancer activity. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28139974 PMCID: PMC5308899 DOI: 10.7554/elife.21303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The visual responses of vertebrates are sensitive to the overall composition of retinal interneurons including amacrine cells, which tune the activity of the retinal circuitry. The expression of Paired-homeobox 6 (PAX6) is regulated by multiple cis-DNA elements including the intronic α-enhancer, which is active in GABAergic amacrine cell subsets. Here, we report that the transforming growth factor ß1-induced transcript 1 protein (Tgfb1i1) interacts with the LIM domain transcription factors Lhx3 and Isl1 to inhibit the α-enhancer in the post-natal mouse retina. Tgfb1i1-/- mice show elevated α-enhancer activity leading to overproduction of Pax6ΔPD isoform that supports the GABAergic amacrine cell fate maintenance. Consequently, the Tgfb1i1-/- mouse retinas show a sustained light response, which becomes more transient in mice with the auto-stimulation-defective Pax6ΔPBS/ΔPBS mutation. Together, we show the antagonistic regulation of the α-enhancer activity by Pax6 and the LIM protein complex is necessary for the establishment of an inner retinal circuitry, which controls visual adaptation. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.21303.001 The retina is a light-sensitive layer of tissue that lines the inside of the eye. This tissue is highly organized and comprises a variety of different nerve cells, including amacrine cells. Together, these cells process incoming light and then trigger electrical signals that travel to the brain, where they are translated into an image. Changes in the nerve cell composition of the retina, or in how the cells connect to each other, can alter the visual information that travels to the brain. The nerve cells of the retina are formed before a young animal opens its eyes for the first time. Proteins called transcription factors – which regulate the expression of genes – tightly control how the retina develops. For example, a transcription factor called Pax6 drives the development of amacrine cells. Several other transcription factors control the production of Pax6 by binding to a section of DNA known as the “α-enhancer”. However, it is not clear how regulating Pax6 production influences the development of specific sets of amacrine cells. Kim et al. reveal that a protein known as Tgfb1i1 interacts with two transcription factors to form a “complex” that binds to the α-enhancer and blocks the production of a particular form of Pax6. In experiments performed in mice, the loss of Tgfb1i1 led to increased production of this form of Pax6, which resulted in the retina containing more of a certain type of amacrine cell that produce a molecule called GABA. Mice lacking Tgfb1i1 show a stronger response to light and are therefore comparable to people who are too sensitive to light. On the other hand, mice with a missing a section of the α-enhancer DNA have fewer amacrine cells releasing GABA and become less sensitive to light and are comparable to people who have difficulty detecting weaker light signals. The findings of Kim et al. suggest that an individual’s sensitivity to light is related, at least in part, to the mixture of amacrine cells found in their retina, which is determined by certain transcription factors that target the α-enhancer. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.21303.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeha Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Soyeon Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Taejeong Ha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - You-Hyang Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Young-In Sohn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Dae-Jin Park
- Department of Physiology, Chungbuk National University School of Medicine, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Sun-Sook Paik
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joo-Ri Kim-Kaneyama
- Department of Biochemistry, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mi-Ryoung Song
- Department of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Amanda Leung
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - Edward M Levine
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, United States
| | - In-Beom Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong Sook Goo
- Department of Physiology, Chungbuk National University School of Medicine, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Seung-Hee Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | | | - Jin Woo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, South Korea
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19
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Song L, Yu A, Murray K, Cortopassi G. Bipolar cell reduction precedes retinal ganglion neuron loss in a complex 1 knockout mouse model. Brain Res 2016; 1657:232-244. [PMID: 28027875 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Inherited mitochondrial complex 1 deficiency causes Leber's hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration, and optic neuropathies are common in many inherited mitochondrial diseases. How mitochondrial defects pathomechanistically trigger optic neuropathy remains unclear. We observe that complex 1-deficient Ndufs4-/- mice present with acute vision loss around p30, and this vision loss is coincident with an 'inflammatory wave'. In order to understand what causes the inflammatory wave we explored retinal pathology that occurs from p20-p30. The results indicated that in the period p20-p30 in Ndufs4-/- retinas, there is: significant reduction in bipolar cells, RGC dendritic atrophy, reduced PSD95, increased oxidative stress as manifested by increased 4HNE, HO1 and Cuzn-SOD, increased mitochondrial biogenesis and increased apoptosis. These precede the major induction of 'inflammatory wave' at p30 shown previously, but occur earlier than frank RGC loss at p42. In general, complex 1 deficiency in retina triggers oxidative stress and mitochondrial respiratory dysfunction that causes death of the most sensitive cells, including bipolar cells and their synaptic contacts and amacrine cells in the early period, 20-24days. The early death of these cells is the likely precursor to the sharp rise in inflammatory molecules that occurs at day 30 and coincides with vision loss, and greatly precedes the death of RGCs that occurs at p42. These data suggest that metabolic antioxidant support of the most sensitive cells in the retina, or anti-inflammatory suppression of the consequences of their death, are both rational strategies for mitochondrial blinding disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanying Song
- Vet Med: Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Alfred Yu
- Vet Med: Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Karl Murray
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Gino Cortopassi
- Vet Med: Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
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