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Duan H, Shao X, Liu W, Xiang J, Pan N, Wang X, Du G, Li Y, Zhou J, Sui L. Spatio-temporal patterns of ovarian development and VgR gene silencing reduced fecundity in parthenogenetic Artemia. Open Biol 2023; 13:230172. [PMID: 37963545 PMCID: PMC10645507 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.230172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The halophilic zooplankton brine shrimp Artemia has been used as an experimental animal in multidisciplinary studies. However, the reproductive patterns and its regulatory mechanisms in Artemia remain unclear. In this study, the ovarian development process of parthenogenetic Artemia (A. parthenogenetica) was divided into five stages, and oogenesis or egg formation was identified in six phases. The oogenesis mode was assumed to be polytrophic. We also traced the dynamic translocation of candidate germline stem cells (cGSCs) using EdU labelling and elucidated several key cytological events in oogenesis through haematoxylin and eosin staining and fluorescence imaging. Distinguished from the ovary structure of insects and crustaceans, Artemia germarium originated from ovariole buds and are located at the base of the ovarioles. RNA-seq based on five stages of ovarian development identified 2657 upregulated genes related to reproduction by pair-to-pair comparison. Gbb, Dpp, piwi, vasa, nanos, VgA and VgR genes associated with cGSCs recognition and reproductive development were screened and verified using qPCR. Silencing of the VgR gene in A. parthenogenetica (Ap-VgR) at ovarian development Stage II led to a low level of gene expression (less than 10%) within 5 days, which resulted in variations in oogenesis-related gene expression and significantly inhibited vitellogenesis, impeded oocyte maturation, and eventually decreased the number of offspring. In conclusion, we have illustrated the patterns of ovarian development, outlined the key spatio-temporal features of oogenesis and identified the negative impacts of VgR gene knockdown on oogenesis using A. parthenogenetica as an experimental animal. The findings of this study also lay a foundation for the further study of reproductive biology of invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Duan
- Asian Regional Artemia Reference Center, College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Chemistry and Food Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuanxuan Shao
- Asian Regional Artemia Reference Center, College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- Asian Regional Artemia Reference Center, College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhai Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Namin Pan
- Asian Regional Artemia Reference Center, College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuehui Wang
- Tianjin Fisheries Research Institute, Tianjin 300221, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoru Du
- Asian Regional Artemia Reference Center, College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Li
- Asian Regional Artemia Reference Center, College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaping Zhou
- Research Center of Modern Analytical Technology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Liying Sui
- Asian Regional Artemia Reference Center, College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Chemistry and Food Technology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No. 29, 13th Avenue, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
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2
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Sun Z, Nystul TG, Zhong G. Single-cell RNA sequencing identifies eggplant as a regulator of germ cell development in Drosophila. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e56475. [PMID: 37603128 PMCID: PMC10561367 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202256475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila ovarian germline stem cells (GSCs) are a powerful model for stem cell research. In this study, we use single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), an RNAi screen and bioinformatic analysis, to identify genes involved in germ cell differentiation, including 34 genes with upregulated expression during early germ cell development and 19 genes that may regulate germ cell differentiation. Among these, a gene we have named eggplant (eggpl) is highly expressed in GSCs and downregulated in early daughter cells. RNAi knockdown of eggpl causes germ cell proliferation and differentiation defects. In flies fed a rich yeast diet, the expression of eggpl is significantly lower and knockdown or knockout of eggpl phenocopies a rich diet. In addition, eggpl knockdown suppresses the reduction in germ cell proliferation caused by inhibition of the insulin effector PI3K. These findings suggest that downregulation of eggpl links nutritional status to germ cell proliferation and differentiation. Collectively, this study provides new insights into the signaling networks that regulate early germ cell development and identifies eggpl as a key player in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of EducationSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | | | - Guohua Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural AffairsSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of EducationSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
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3
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Wenzel M, Aquadro CF. Wolbachia infection at least partially rescues the fertility and ovary defects of several new Drosophila melanogaster bag of marbles protein-coding mutants. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1011009. [PMID: 37871129 PMCID: PMC10621935 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The D. melanogaster protein coding gene bag of marbles (bam) plays a key role in early male and female reproduction by forming complexes with partner proteins to promote differentiation in gametogenesis. Like another germline gene, Sex lethal, bam genetically interacts with the endosymbiont Wolbachia, as Wolbachia rescues the reduced fertility of a bam hypomorphic mutant. Here, we explored the specificity of the bam-Wolbachia interaction by generating 22 new bam mutants, with ten mutants displaying fertility defects. Nine of these mutants trend towards rescue by the wMel Wolbachia variant, with eight statistically significant at the fertility and/or cytological level. In some cases, fertility was increased a striking 20-fold. There is no specificity between the rescue and the known binding regions of bam, suggesting wMel does not interact with one singular bam partner to rescue the reproductive phenotype. We further tested if wMel interacts with bam in a non-specific way, by increasing bam transcript levels or acting upstream in germline stem cells. A fertility assessment of a bam RNAi knockdown mutant reveals that wMel rescue is specific to functionally mutant bam alleles and we find no obvious evidence of wMel interaction with germline stem cells in bam mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miwa Wenzel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Charles F. Aquadro
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
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4
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Wenzel M, Aquadro CF. Wolbachia infection at least partially rescues the fertility and ovary defects of several new Drosophila melanogaster bag of marbles protein-coding mutants. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.20.532813. [PMID: 37645949 PMCID: PMC10461928 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.20.532813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The D. melanogaster protein coding gene bag of marbles ( bam ) plays a key role in early male and female reproduction by forming complexes with partner proteins to promote differentiation in gametogenesis. Like another germline gene, Sex lethal , bam genetically interacts with the endosymbiont Wolbachia , as Wolbachia rescues the reduced fertility of a bam hypomorphic mutant. Here, we explored the specificity of the bam-Wolbachia interaction by generating 22 new bam mutants, with ten mutants displaying fertility defects. Nine of these mutants trend towards rescue by the w Mel Wolbachia variant, with eight statistically significant at the fertility and/or cytological level. In some cases, fertility was increased a striking 20-fold. There is no specificity between the rescue and the known binding regions of bam , suggesting w Mel does not interact with one singular bam partner to rescue the reproductive phenotype. We further tested if w Mel interacts with bam in a non-specific way, by increasing bam transcript levels or acting upstream in germline stem cells. A fertility assessment of a bam RNAi knockdown mutant reveals that w Mel rescue is specific to functionally mutant bam alleles and we find no obvious evidence of w Mel interaction with germline stem cells in bam mutants. Author Summary Reproduction in the Drosophila melanogaster fruit fly is dependent on the bag of marbles ( bam ) gene, which acts early in the process of generating eggs and sperm. Mutations to this gene negatively impact the fertility of the fly, causing it to be sterile or have fewer progeny. Interestingly, we find that the bacteria Wolbachia , which resides within reproductive cells across a wide range of insects, partially restores the fertility and ovary phenotype of several bam mutants of which the resultant Bam protein is altered from wildtype. The protein function of Bam is further suggested to be important by the lack of rescue for a fly that has a fertility defect due to low expression of a non-mutated bam gene. Previous work makes similar conclusions about Wolbachia with another reproductive gene, Sex lethal ( Sxl ), highlighting the potential for rescue of fertility mutants to occur in a similar way across different genes. An understanding of the ways in which Wolbachia can affect host reproduction provides us with context with which to frame Wolbachia 's impact on host genes, such as bam and Sxl, and consider the evolutionary implications of Wolbachia 's infection in D. melanogaster fruit flies.
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Zhang J, Zhang S, Sun Z, Cai Y, Zhong G, Yi X. Camptothecin Effectively Regulates Germline Differentiation through Bam-Cyclin A Axis in Drosophila melanogaster. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021617. [PMID: 36675143 PMCID: PMC9864452 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Camptothecin (CPT), first isolated from Chinese tree Camptotheca acuminate, produces rapid and prolonged inhibition of DNA synthesis and induction of DNA damage by targeting topoisomerase I (top1), which is highly activated in cancer cells. CPT thus exhibits remarkable anticancer activities in various cancer types, and is a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of cancers. However, it remains to be uncovered underlying its cytotoxicity toward germ cells. In this study we found that CPT, a cell cycle-specific anticancer agent, reduced fecundity and exhibited significant cytotoxicity toward GSCs and two-cell cysts. We showed that CPT induced GSC loss and retarded two-cell cysts differentiation in a niche- or apoptosis-independent manner. Instead, CPT induced ectopic expression of a differentiation factor, bag of marbles (Bam), and regulated the expression of cyclin A, which contributed to GSC loss. In addition, CPT compromised two-cell cysts differentiation by decreasing the expression of Bam and inducing cell arrest at G1/S phase via cyclin A, eventually resulting in two-cell accumulation. Collectively, this study demonstrates, for the first time in vivo, that the Bam-cyclin A axis is involved in CPT-mediated germline stem cell loss and two-cell cysts differentiation defects via inducing cell cycle arrest, which could provide information underlying toxicological effects of CPT in the productive system, and feature its potential to develop as a pharmacology-based germline stem cell regulation agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shijie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhipeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yu Cai
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Guohua Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (G.Z.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xin Yi
- Key Laboratory of Crop Integrated Pest Management in South China, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Correspondence: (G.Z.); (X.Y.)
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6
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Zhao H, Li Z, Kong R, Shi L, Ma R, Ren X, Li Z. Novel intrinsic factor Yun maintains female germline stem cell fate through Thickveins. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:1914-1923. [PMID: 35985332 PMCID: PMC9481913 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Germline stem cells (GSCs) are critical for the reproduction of an organism. The self-renewal and differentiation of GSCs must be tightly controlled to avoid uncontrolled stem cell proliferation or premature stem cell differentiation. However, how the self-renewal and differentiation of GSCs are properly controlled is not fully understood. Here, we find that the novel intrinsic factor Yun is required for female GSC maintenance in Drosophila. GSCs undergo precocious differentiation due to de-repression of differentiation factor Bam by defective BMP/Dpp signaling in the absence of yun. Mechanistically, Yun associates with and stabilizes Thickveins (Tkv), the type I receptor of Dpp/BMP signaling. Finally, ectopic expression of a constitutively active Tkv (TkvQD) completely suppresses GSC loss caused by yun depletion. Collectively, these data demonstrate that Yun functions through Tkv to maintain GSC fate. Our results provide new insight into the regulatory mechanisms of how stem cell maintenance is properly controlled. Novel intrinsic factor Yun is required for female GSC maintenance Yun-defective GSCs undergo differentiation due to Bam upregulation Yun associates with and stabilizes Tkv to regulate GSC maintenance GSC loss in the absence of yun could be rescued by constitutively active Tkv
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zhengran Li
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Ruiyan Kong
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Lin Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Rui Ma
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Xuejing Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zhouhua Li
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
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7
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Salerno-Kochan A, Horn A, Ghosh P, Nithin C, Kościelniak A, Meindl A, Strauss D, Krutyhołowa R, Rossbach O, Bujnicki JM, Gaik M, Medenbach J, Glatt S. Molecular insights into RNA recognition and gene regulation by the TRIM-NHL protein Mei-P26. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:5/8/e202201418. [PMID: 35512835 PMCID: PMC9070667 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The TRIM-NHL protein Meiotic P26 (Mei-P26) acts as a regulator of cell fate in Drosophila Its activity is critical for ovarian germline stem cell maintenance, differentiation of oocytes, and spermatogenesis. Mei-P26 functions as a post-transcriptional regulator of gene expression; however, the molecular details of how its NHL domain selectively recognizes and regulates its mRNA targets have remained elusive. Here, we present the crystal structure of the Mei-P26 NHL domain at 1.6 Å resolution and identify key amino acids that confer substrate specificity and distinguish Mei-P26 from closely related TRIM-NHL proteins. Furthermore, we identify mRNA targets of Mei-P26 in cultured Drosophila cells and show that Mei-P26 can act as either a repressor or activator of gene expression on different RNA targets. Our work reveals the molecular basis of RNA recognition by Mei-P26 and the fundamental functional differences between otherwise very similar TRIM-NHL proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Salerno-Kochan
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.,Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andreas Horn
- Biochemistry I, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Pritha Ghosh
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Protein Engineering, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Chandran Nithin
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Protein Engineering, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Kościelniak
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Andreas Meindl
- Biochemistry I, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Strauss
- Biochemistry I, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Oliver Rossbach
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Janusz M Bujnicki
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Protein Engineering, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Warsaw, Poland.,Bioinformatics Laboratory, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Monika Gaik
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jan Medenbach
- Biochemistry I, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Glatt
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Gong S, Zhang Y, Tian A, Deng W. Tumor models in various Drosophila tissues. WIREs Mech Dis 2021; 13:e1525. [PMID: 34730289 PMCID: PMC8566734 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of cancer is a complex multistage process. Over the past few decades, the model organism Drosophila melanogaster has been crucial in identifying cancer-related genes and pathways and elucidating mechanisms underlying growth regulation in development. Investigations using Drosophila has yielded new insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in tumor initiation and progression. In this review, we describe various tumor models that have been developed in recent years using different Drosophila tissues, such as the imaginal tissue, the neural tissue, the gut, the ovary, and hematopoietic cells. We discuss underlying genetic alterations, cancer-like characteristics, as well as similarities and key differences among these models. We also discuss how disruptions in stem cell division and differentiation result in tumor formation in diverse tissues, and highlight new concepts developed using the fly model to understand context-dependent tumorigenesis. We further discuss the progress made in Drosophila to explore tumor-host interactions that involve the innate immune response to tumor growth and the cachexia wasting phenotype. This article is categorized under: Cancer > Genetics/Genomics/Epigenetics Cancer > Stem Cells and Development Cancer > Molecular and Cellular Physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangyu Gong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyTulane University School of MedicineNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
| | - Yichi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyTulane University School of MedicineNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
| | - Aiguo Tian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyTulane University School of MedicineNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
| | - Wu‐Min Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyTulane University School of MedicineNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
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9
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Wang X, Ellenbecker M, Hickey B, Day NJ, Osterli E, Terzo M, Voronina E. Antagonistic control of Caenorhabditis elegans germline stem cell proliferation and differentiation by PUF proteins FBF-1 and FBF-2. eLife 2020; 9:52788. [PMID: 32804074 PMCID: PMC7467723 DOI: 10.7554/elife.52788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells support tissue maintenance, but the mechanisms that coordinate the rate of stem cell self-renewal with differentiation at a population level remain uncharacterized. We find that two PUF family RNA-binding proteins FBF-1 and FBF-2 have opposite effects on Caenorhabditis elegans germline stem cell dynamics: FBF-1 restricts the rate of meiotic entry, while FBF-2 promotes both cell division and meiotic entry rates. Antagonistic effects of FBFs are mediated by their distinct activities toward the shared set of target mRNAs, where FBF-1-mediated post-transcriptional control requires the activity of CCR4-NOT deadenylase, while FBF-2 is deadenylase-independent and might protect the targets from deadenylation. These regulatory differences depend on protein sequences outside of the conserved PUF family RNA-binding domain. We propose that the opposing FBF-1 and FBF-2 activities serve to modulate stem cell division rate simultaneously with the rate of meiotic entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Wang
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, United States
| | - Mary Ellenbecker
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, United States
| | - Benjamin Hickey
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, United States
| | - Nicholas J Day
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, United States
| | - Emily Osterli
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, United States
| | - Mikaya Terzo
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, United States
| | - Ekaterina Voronina
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, United States
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10
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Yan YB. Diverse functions of deadenylases in DNA damage response and genomic integrity. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2020; 12:e1621. [PMID: 32790161 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage response (DDR) is a coordinated network of diverse cellular processes including the detection, signaling, and repair of DNA lesions, the adjustment of metabolic network and cell fate determination. To deal with the unavoidable DNA damage caused by either endogenous or exogenous stresses, the cells need to reshape the gene expression profile to allow efficient transcription and translation of DDR-responsive messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and to repress the nonessential mRNAs. A predominant method to adjust RNA fate is achieved by modulating the 3'-end oligo(A) or poly(A) length via the opposing actions of polyadenylation and deadenylation. Poly(A)-specific ribonuclease (PARN) and the carbon catabolite repressor 4 (CCR4)-Not complex, the major executors of deadenylation, are indispensable to DDR and genomic integrity in eukaryotic cells. PARN modulates cell cycle progression by regulating the stabilities of mRNAs and microRNA (miRNAs) involved in the p53 pathway and contributes to genomic stability by affecting the biogenesis of noncoding RNAs including miRNAs and telomeric RNA. The CCR4-Not complex is involved in diverse pathways of DDR including transcriptional regulation, signaling pathways, mRNA stabilities, translation regulation, and protein degradation. The RNA targets of deadenylases are tuned by the DDR signaling pathways, while in turn the deadenylases can regulate the levels of DNA damage-responsive proteins. The mutual feedback between deadenylases and the DDR signaling pathways allows the cells to precisely control DDR by dynamically adjusting the levels of sensors and effectors of the DDR signaling pathways. Here, the diverse functions of deadenylases in DDR are summarized and the underlying mechanisms are proposed according to recent findings. This article is categorized under: RNA Processing > 3' End Processing RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Turnover/Surveillance Mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Bin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
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11
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Hinnant TD, Merkle JA, Ables ET. Coordinating Proliferation, Polarity, and Cell Fate in the Drosophila Female Germline. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:19. [PMID: 32117961 PMCID: PMC7010594 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gametes are highly specialized cell types produced by a complex differentiation process. Production of viable oocytes requires a series of precise and coordinated molecular events. Early in their development, germ cells are an interconnected group of mitotically dividing cells. Key regulatory events lead to the specification of mature oocytes and initiate a switch to the meiotic cell cycle program. Though the chromosomal events of meiosis have been extensively studied, it is unclear how other aspects of oocyte specification are temporally coordinated. The fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has long been at the forefront as a model system for genetics and cell biology research. The adult Drosophila ovary continuously produces germ cells throughout the organism’s lifetime, and many of the cellular processes that occur to establish oocyte fate are conserved with mammalian gamete development. Here, we review recent discoveries from Drosophila that advance our understanding of how early germ cells balance mitotic exit with meiotic initiation. We discuss cell cycle control and establishment of cell polarity as major themes in oocyte specification. We also highlight a germline-specific organelle, the fusome, as integral to the coordination of cell division, cell polarity, and cell fate in ovarian germ cells. Finally, we discuss how the molecular controls of the cell cycle might be integrated with cell polarity and cell fate to maintain oocyte production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor D Hinnant
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Julie A Merkle
- Department of Biology, University of Evansville, Evansville, IN, United States
| | - Elizabeth T Ables
- Department of Biology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
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12
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Flora P, Wong-Deyrup SW, Martin ET, Palumbo RJ, Nasrallah M, Oligney A, Blatt P, Patel D, Fuchs G, Rangan P. Sequential Regulation of Maternal mRNAs through a Conserved cis-Acting Element in Their 3' UTRs. Cell Rep 2019; 25:3828-3843.e9. [PMID: 30590052 PMCID: PMC6328254 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Maternal mRNAs synthesized during oogenesis initiate the development of future generations. Some maternal mRNAs are either somatic or germline determinants and must be translationally repressed until embryogenesis. However, the translational repressors themselves are temporally regulated. We used polar granule component (pgc), a Drosophila maternal mRNA, to ask how maternal transcripts are repressed while the regulatory landscape is shifting. pgc, a germline determinant, is translationally regulated throughout oogenesis. We find that different conserved RNA-binding proteins bind a 10-nt sequence in the 3′ UTR of pgc mRNA to continuously repress translation at different stages of oogenesis. Pumilio binds to this sequence in undifferentiated and early-differentiating oocytes to block Pgc translation. After differentiation, Bruno levels increase, allowing Bruno to bind the same sequence and take over translational repression of pgc mRNA. We have identified a class of maternal mRNAs that are regulated similarly, including zelda, the activator of the zygotic genome. Flora et al. show that pgc, a germline determinant, is translationally regulated throughout oogenesis. Different conserved RBPs bind a 10-nt sequence in the 3′ UTR to continuously repress translation throughout oogenesis. This mode of regulation applies to a class of maternal mRNAs, including zelda, the activator of the zygotic genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Flora
- Department of Biological Sciences/RNA Institute, University at Albany SUNY, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Siu Wah Wong-Deyrup
- Department of Biological Sciences/RNA Institute, University at Albany SUNY, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Elliot Todd Martin
- Department of Biological Sciences/RNA Institute, University at Albany SUNY, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Ryan J Palumbo
- Department of Biological Sciences/RNA Institute, University at Albany SUNY, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Mohamad Nasrallah
- Department of Biological Sciences/RNA Institute, University at Albany SUNY, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Andrew Oligney
- Department of Biological Sciences/RNA Institute, University at Albany SUNY, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Patrick Blatt
- Department of Biological Sciences/RNA Institute, University at Albany SUNY, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Dhruv Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences/RNA Institute, University at Albany SUNY, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Gabriele Fuchs
- Department of Biological Sciences/RNA Institute, University at Albany SUNY, Albany, NY 12222, USA
| | - Prashanth Rangan
- Department of Biological Sciences/RNA Institute, University at Albany SUNY, Albany, NY 12222, USA.
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13
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Blatt P, Martin ET, Breznak SM, Rangan P. Post-transcriptional gene regulation regulates germline stem cell to oocyte transition during Drosophila oogenesis. Curr Top Dev Biol 2019; 140:3-34. [PMID: 32591078 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
During oogenesis, several developmental processes must be traversed to ensure effective completion of gametogenesis including, stem cell maintenance and asymmetric division, differentiation, mitosis and meiosis, and production of maternally contributed mRNAs, making the germline a salient model for understanding how cell fate transitions are mediated. Due to silencing of the genome during meiotic divisions, there is little instructive transcription, barring a few examples, to mediate these critical transitions. In Drosophila, several layers of post-transcriptional regulation ensure that the mRNAs required for these processes are expressed in a timely manner and as needed during germline differentiation. These layers of regulation include alternative splicing, RNA modification, ribosome production, and translational repression. Many of the molecules and pathways involved in these regulatory activities are conserved from Drosophila to humans making the Drosophila germline an elegant model for studying the role of post-transcriptional regulation during stem cell differentiation and meiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Blatt
- Department of Biological Sciences/RNA Institute, University at Albany SUNY, Albany, NY, United States; University at Albany SUNY, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Elliot T Martin
- Department of Biological Sciences/RNA Institute, University at Albany SUNY, Albany, NY, United States; University at Albany SUNY, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Shane M Breznak
- Department of Biological Sciences/RNA Institute, University at Albany SUNY, Albany, NY, United States; University at Albany SUNY, Albany, NY, United States
| | - Prashanth Rangan
- Department of Biological Sciences/RNA Institute, University at Albany SUNY, Albany, NY, United States; University at Albany SUNY, Albany, NY, United States.
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14
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Story B, Ma X, Ishihara K, Li H, Hall K, Peak A, Anoja P, Park J, Haug J, Blanchette M, Xie T. Defining the expression of piRNA and transposable elements in Drosophila ovarian germline stem cells and somatic support cells. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:2/5/e201800211. [PMID: 31619466 PMCID: PMC6796194 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201800211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive transcriptional characterization of mRNA and small RNA in early Drosophila germline stem cells reveals novel piRNA clusters, transposon dynamics, and alternative splicing events. Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are important for repressing transposable elements (TEs) and modulating gene expression in germ cells, thereby maintaining genome stability and germ cell function. Although they are also important for maintaining germline stem cells (GSCs) in the Drosophila ovary by repressing TEs and preventing DNA damage, piRNA expression has not been investigated in GSCs or their early progeny. Here, we show that the canonical piRNA clusters are more active in GSCs and their early progeny than late germ cells and also identify more than 3,000 new piRNA clusters from deep sequencing data. The increase in piRNAs in GSCs and early progeny can be attributed to both canonical and newly identified piRNA clusters. As expected, piRNA clusters in GSCs, but not those in somatic support cells (SCs), exhibit ping-pong signatures. Surprisingly, GSCs and early progeny express more TE transcripts than late germ cells, suggesting that the increase in piRNA levels may be related to the higher levels of TE transcripts in GSCs and early progeny. GSCs also have higher piRNA levels and lower TE levels than SCs. Furthermore, the 3′ UTRs of 171 mRNA transcripts may produce sense, antisense, or dual-stranded piRNAs. Finally, we show that alternative promoter usage and splicing are frequently used to modulate gene function in GSCs and SCs. Overall, this study has provided important insight into piRNA production and TE repression in GSCs and SCs. The rich information provided by this study will be a beneficial resource to the fields of piRNA biology and germ cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Story
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Xing Ma
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Kazue Ishihara
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Hua Li
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Kathryn Hall
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Allison Peak
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Perera Anoja
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Jungeun Park
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Jeff Haug
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | | | - Ting Xie
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
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15
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Drummond-Barbosa D. Local and Physiological Control of Germline Stem Cell Lineages in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 2019; 213:9-26. [PMID: 31488592 PMCID: PMC6727809 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.300234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-term survival of any multicellular species depends on the success of its germline in producing high-quality gametes and maximizing survival of the offspring. Studies in Drosophila melanogaster have led our growing understanding of how germline stem cell (GSC) lineages maintain their function and adjust their behavior according to varying environmental and/or physiological conditions. This review compares and contrasts the local regulation of GSCs by their specialized microenvironments, or niches; discusses how diet and diet-dependent factors, mating, and microorganisms modulate GSCs and their developing progeny; and briefly describes the tie between physiology and development during the larval phase of the germline cycle. Finally, it concludes with broad comparisons with other organisms and some future directions for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Drummond-Barbosa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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16
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Mao Y, Tu R, Huang Y, Mao D, Yang Z, Lau PK, Wang J, Ni J, Guo Y, Xie T. The exocyst functions in niche cells to promote germline stem cell differentiation by directly controlling EGFR membrane trafficking. Development 2019; 146:dev.174615. [PMID: 31142545 DOI: 10.1242/dev.174615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The niche controls stem cell self-renewal and differentiation in animal tissues. Although the exocyst is known to be important for protein membrane trafficking and secretion, its role in stem cells and niches has never been reported. Here, this study shows that the exocyst functions in the niche to promote germline stem cell (GSC) progeny differentiation in the Drosophila ovary by directly regulating EGFR membrane trafficking and signaling. Inactivation of exocyst components in inner germarial sheath cells, which form the differentiation niche, causes a severe GSC differentiation defect. The exocyst is required for maintaining niche cells and preventing BMP signaling in GSC progeny by promoting EGFR membrane targeting and signaling through direct association with EGFR. Finally, it is also required for EGFR membrane targeting, recycling and signaling in human cells. Therefore, this study reveals a novel function of the exocyst in niche cells to promote stem cell progeny differentiation by directly controlling EGFR membrane trafficking and signaling in vivo, and also provides important insight into how the niche controls stem cell progeny differentiation at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Mao
- PKU-THU Joint Center for Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Renjun Tu
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Yan Huang
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Decai Mao
- PKU-THU Joint Center for Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhihao Yang
- PKU-THU Joint Center for Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Pik Ki Lau
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jinhui Wang
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianquan Ni
- PKU-THU Joint Center for Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yusong Guo
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ting Xie
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
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17
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Gao Y, Mao Y, Xu RG, Zhu R, Zhang M, Sun J, Shen D, Peng P, Xie T, Ni JQ. Defining gene networks controlling the maintenance and function of the differentiation niche by an in vivo systematic RNAi screen. J Genet Genomics 2019; 46:19-30. [PMID: 30745214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In the Drosophila ovary, escort cells (ECs) extrinsically control germline stem cell (GSC) maintenance and progeny differentiation. However, the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study, we identified 173 EC genes for their roles in controlling GSC maintenance and progeny differentiation by using an in vivo systematic RNAi approach. Of the identified genes, 10 and 163 are required in ECs to promote GSC maintenance and progeny differentiation, respectively. The genes required for progeny differentiation fall into different functional categories, including transcription, mRNA splicing, protein degradation, signal transduction and cytoskeleton regulation. In addition, the GSC progeny differentiation defects caused by defective ECs are often associated with BMP signaling elevation, indicating that preventing BMP signaling is a general functional feature of the differentiation niche. Lastly, exon junction complex (EJC) components, which are essential for mRNA splicing, are required in ECs to promote GSC progeny differentiation by maintaining ECs and preventing BMP signaling. Therefore, this study has identified the major regulators of the differentiation niche, which provides important insights into how stem cell progeny differentiation is extrinsically controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- PKU-THU Joint Center for Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ying Mao
- PKU-THU Joint Center for Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Rong-Gang Xu
- PKU-THU Joint Center for Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Gene Regulatory Lab, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ruibao Zhu
- PKU-THU Joint Center for Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Gene Regulatory Lab, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- PKU-THU Joint Center for Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jin Sun
- PKU-THU Joint Center for Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Gene Regulatory Lab, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Da Shen
- PKU-THU Joint Center for Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Gene Regulatory Lab, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ping Peng
- PKU-THU Joint Center for Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Gene Regulatory Lab, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ting Xie
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50(th) Street, Kansas City, MO, 64110, USA.
| | - Jian-Quan Ni
- Gene Regulatory Lab, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Tsingdao Advanced Research Institute, Tongji University, Qingdao, 266000, China.
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18
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Sgromo A, Raisch T, Backhaus C, Keskeny C, Alva V, Weichenrieder O, Izaurralde E. Drosophila Bag-of-marbles directly interacts with the CAF40 subunit of the CCR4-NOT complex to elicit repression of mRNA targets. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 24:381-395. [PMID: 29255063 PMCID: PMC5824357 DOI: 10.1261/rna.064584.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster Bag-of-marbles (Bam) promotes germline stem cell (GSC) differentiation by repressing the expression of mRNAs encoding stem cell maintenance factors. Bam interacts with Benign gonial cell neoplasm (Bgcn) and the CCR4 deadenylase, a catalytic subunit of the CCR4-NOT complex. Bam has been proposed to bind CCR4 and displace it from the CCR4-NOT complex. Here, we investigated the interaction of Bam with the CCR4-NOT complex by using purified recombinant proteins. Unexpectedly, we found that Bam does not interact with CCR4 directly but instead binds to the CAF40 subunit of the complex in a manner mediated by a conserved N-terminal CAF40-binding motif (CBM). The crystal structure of the Bam CBM bound to CAF40 reveals that the CBM peptide adopts an α-helical conformation after binding to the concave surface of the crescent-shaped CAF40 protein. We further show that Bam-mediated mRNA decay and translational repression depend entirely on Bam's interaction with CAF40. Thus, Bam regulates the expression of its mRNA targets by recruiting the CCR4-NOT complex through interaction with CAF40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Sgromo
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, D-72076, Germany
| | - Tobias Raisch
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, D-72076, Germany
| | - Charlotte Backhaus
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, D-72076, Germany
| | - Csilla Keskeny
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, D-72076, Germany
| | - Vikram Alva
- Department of Protein Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, D-72076, Germany
| | - Oliver Weichenrieder
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, D-72076, Germany
| | - Elisa Izaurralde
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, D-72076, Germany
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19
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Salz HK, Dawson EP, Heaney JD. Germ cell tumors: Insights from the Drosophila ovary and the mouse testis. Mol Reprod Dev 2017; 84:200-211. [PMID: 28079292 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian and testicular germ cell tumors of young adults are thought to arise from defects in germ cell development, but the molecular mechanisms underlying malignant transformation are poorly understood. In this review, we focus on the biology of germ cell tumor formation in the Drosophila ovary and the mouse testis, for which evidence supports common underlying mechanisms, such as blocking initiation into the differentiation pathway, impaired lineage progression, and sexual identity instability. We then discuss how these concepts inform our understanding of the disease in humans. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 84: 200-211, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen K Salz
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Emily P Dawson
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jason D Heaney
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
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20
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Rojas-Ríos P, Chartier A, Pierson S, Simonelig M. Aubergine and piRNAs promote germline stem cell self-renewal by repressing the proto-oncogene Cbl. EMBO J 2017; 36:3194-3211. [PMID: 29030484 PMCID: PMC5666619 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201797259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PIWI proteins play essential roles in germ cells and stem cell lineages. In Drosophila, Piwi is required in somatic niche cells and germline stem cells (GSCs) to support GSC self‐renewal and differentiation. Whether and how other PIWI proteins are involved in GSC biology remains unknown. Here, we show that Aubergine (Aub), another PIWI protein, is intrinsically required in GSCs for their self‐renewal and differentiation. Aub needs to be loaded with piRNAs to control GSC self‐renewal and acts through direct mRNA regulation. We identify the Cbl proto‐oncogene, a regulator of mammalian hematopoietic stem cells, as a novel GSC differentiation factor. Aub stimulates GSC self‐renewal by repressing Cbl mRNA translation and does so in part through recruitment of the CCR4‐NOT complex. This study reveals the role of piRNAs and PIWI proteins in controlling stem cell homeostasis via translational repression and highlights piRNAs as major post‐transcriptional regulators in key developmental decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Rojas-Ríos
- mRNA Regulation and Development, Institute of Human Genetics, UMR9002 CNRS-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Aymeric Chartier
- mRNA Regulation and Development, Institute of Human Genetics, UMR9002 CNRS-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Stéphanie Pierson
- mRNA Regulation and Development, Institute of Human Genetics, UMR9002 CNRS-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Martine Simonelig
- mRNA Regulation and Development, Institute of Human Genetics, UMR9002 CNRS-Université de Montpellier, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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21
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Wong JT, Akhbar F, Ng AYE, Tay MLI, Loi GJE, Pek JW. DIP1 modulates stem cell homeostasis in Drosophila through regulation of sisR-1. Nat Commun 2017; 8:759. [PMID: 28970471 PMCID: PMC5624886 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00684-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Stable intronic sequence RNAs (sisRNAs) are by-products of splicing and regulate gene expression. How sisRNAs are regulated is unclear. Here we report that a double-stranded RNA binding protein, Disco-interacting protein 1 (DIP1) regulates sisRNAs in Drosophila. DIP1 negatively regulates the abundance of sisR-1 and INE-1 sisRNAs. Fine-tuning of sisR-1 by DIP1 is important to maintain female germline stem cell homeostasis by modulating germline stem cell differentiation and niche adhesion. Drosophila DIP1 localizes to a nuclear body (satellite body) and associates with the fourth chromosome, which contains a very high density of INE-1 transposable element sequences that are processed into sisRNAs. DIP1 presumably acts outside the satellite bodies to regulate sisR-1, which is not on the fourth chromosome. Thus, our study identifies DIP1 as a sisRNA regulatory protein that controls germline stem cell self-renewal in Drosophila. Stable intronic sequence RNAs (sisRNAs) are by-products of splicing from introns with roles in embryonic development in Drosophila. Here, the authors show that the RNA binding protein DIP1 regulates sisRNAs in Drosophila, which is necessary for germline stem cell homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ting Wong
- Ngee Ann Polytechnic, 535 Clementi Road, Singapore, 599489, Singapore
| | - Farzanah Akhbar
- Temasek Polytechnic, 21 Tampines Avenue 1, Singapore, 529757, Singapore
| | - Amanda Yunn Ee Ng
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - Mandy Li-Ian Tay
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Singapore
| | - Gladys Jing En Loi
- National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Jun Wei Pek
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117604, Singapore.
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22
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Moschall R, Gaik M, Medenbach J. Promiscuity in post-transcriptional control of gene expression: Drosophila sex-lethal and its regulatory partnerships. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:1471-1488. [PMID: 28391641 PMCID: PMC5488161 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila RNA‐binding protein Sex‐lethal (Sxl) is a potent post‐transcriptional regulator of gene expression that controls female development. It regulates the expression of key factors involved in sex‐specific differences in morphology, behavior, and dosage compensation. Functional Sxl protein is only expressed in female flies, where it binds to U‐rich RNA motifs present in its target mRNAs to regulate their fate. Sxl is a very versatile regulator that, by shuttling between the nucleus and the cytoplasm, can regulate almost all aspects of post‐transcriptional gene expression including RNA processing, nuclear export, and translation. For these functions, Sxl employs multiple interactions to either antagonize RNA‐processing factors or to recruit various coregulators, thus allowing it to establish a female‐specific gene expression pattern. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about Sxl function and review recent mechanistic and structural studies that further our understanding of how such a seemingly ‘simple’ RNA‐binding protein can exert this plethora of different functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Monika Gaik
- Max Planck Research Group at the Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jan Medenbach
- Institute of Biochemistry I, University of Regensburg, Germany
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23
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Shan L, Wu C, Chen D, Hou L, Li X, Wang L, Chu X, Hou Y, Wang Z. Regulators of alternative polyadenylation operate at the transition from mitosis to meiosis. J Genet Genomics 2017; 44:95-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Ma X, Han Y, Song X, Do T, Yang Z, Ni J, Xie T. DNA damage-induced Lok/CHK2 activation compromises germline stem cell self-renewal and lineage differentiation. Development 2016; 143:4312-4323. [PMID: 27729408 DOI: 10.1242/dev.141069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells in adult tissues are constantly exposed to genotoxic stress and also accumulate DNA damage with age. However, it remains largely unknown how DNA damage affects both stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. In this study, we show that DNA damage retards germline stem cell (GSC) self-renewal and progeny differentiation in a Lok kinase-dependent manner in the Drosophila ovary. Both heatshock-inducible endonuclease I-CreI expression and X-ray irradiation can efficiently introduce double-strand breaks in GSCs and their progeny, resulting in a rapid GSC loss and a GSC progeny differentiation defect. Surprisingly, the elimination of Lok or its kinase activity can almost fully rescue the GSC loss and the progeny differentiation defect caused by DNA damage induced by I-CreI or X-ray. In addition, the reduction in bone morphogenetic protein signaling and Shotgun expression only makes a limited contribution to DNA damage-induced GSC loss. Finally, DNA damage also decreases the expression of the master differentiation factor Bam in a Lok-dependent manner, which helps explain the GSC progeny differentiation defect. Therefore, this study demonstrates, for the first time in vivo, that Lok kinase activation is required for the DNA damage-mediated disruption of adult stem cell self-renewal and lineage differentiation, and might also offer novel insight into how DNA damage causes tissue aging and cancer formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Ma
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Yingying Han
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Song
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Trieu Do
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Zhihao Yang
- Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianquan Ni
- Tsinghua University School of Medicine, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ting Xie
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 East 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA .,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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