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Li X, Rasul A, Sharif F, Hassan M. PIAS family in cancer: from basic mechanisms to clinical applications. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1376633. [PMID: 38590645 PMCID: PMC10999569 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1376633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein inhibitors of activated STATs (PIAS) are proteins for cytokine signaling that activate activator-mediated gene transcription. These proteins, as versatile cellular regulators, have been described as regulators of approximately 60 proteins. Dysregulation of PIAS is associated with inappropriate gene expression that promotes oncogenic signaling in multiple cancers. Multiple lines of evidence have revealed that PIAS family members show modulated expressions in cancer cells. Most frequently reported PIAS family members in cancer development are PIAS1 and PIAS3. SUMOylation as post-translational modifier regulates several cellular machineries. PIAS proteins as SUMO E3 ligase factor promotes SUMOylation of transcription factors tangled cancer cells for survival, proliferation, and differentiation. Attenuated PIAS-mediated SUMOylation mechanism is involved in tumorigenesis. This review article provides the PIAS/SUMO role in the modulation of transcriptional factor control, provides brief update on their antagonistic function in different cancer types with particular focus on PIAS proteins as a bonafide therapeutic target to inhibit STAT pathway in cancers, and summarizes natural activators that may have the ability to cure cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Li
- KingMed School of Laboratory Medicine, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Azhar Rasul
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Farzana Sharif
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Mudassir Hassan
- Department of Zoology, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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2
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Huang CH, Yang TT, Lin KI. Mechanisms and functions of SUMOylation in health and disease: a review focusing on immune cells. J Biomed Sci 2024; 31:16. [PMID: 38280996 PMCID: PMC10821541 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01003-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
SUMOylation, which is a type of post-translational modification that involves covalent conjugation of small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) proteins to target substrates, regulates various important molecular and cellular processes, including transcription, the cell cycle, cell signaling, and DNA synthesis and repair. Newly synthesized SUMO is immature and cleaved by the SUMO-specific protease family, resulting in exposure of the C-terminal Gly-Gly motif to become the mature form. In the presence of ATP, mature SUMO is conjugated with the activating enzyme E1 through the cysteine residue of E1, followed by transfer to the cysteine residue of E2-conjugating enzyme Ubc9 in humans that recognizes and modifies the lysine residue of a substrate protein. E3 SUMO ligases promote SUMOylation. SUMOylation is a reversible modification and mediated by SUMO-specific proteases. Cumulative studies have indicated that SUMOylation affects the functions of protein substrates in various manners, including cellular localization and protein stability. Gene knockout studies in mice have revealed that several SUMO cycling machinery proteins are crucial for the development and differentiation of various cell lineages, including immune cells. Aberrant SUMOylation has been implicated in several types of diseases, including cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and autoimmune diseases. This review summarizes the biochemistry of SUMO modification and the general biological functions of proteins involved in SUMOylation. In particular, this review focuses on the molecular mechanisms by which SUMOylation regulates the development, maturation, and functions of immune cells, including T, B, dendritic, and myeloid cells. This review also discusses the underlying relevance of disruption of SUMO cycling and site-specific interruption of SUMOylation on target proteins in immune cells in diseases, including cancers and infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hsin Huang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Tsan-Tzu Yang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-I Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, 128 Academia Road, Sec. 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 115, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 110, Taiwan.
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3
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Ho PJ, Kweon J, Blumensaadt LA, Neely AE, Kalika E, Leon DB, Oh S, Stringer CWP, Lloyd SM, Ren Z, Bao X. Multi-omics integration identifies cell-state-specific repression by PBRM1-PIAS1 cooperation. CELL GENOMICS 2024; 4:100471. [PMID: 38190100 PMCID: PMC10794847 DOI: 10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
PBRM1 is frequently mutated in cancers of epithelial origin. How PBRM1 regulates normal epithelial homeostasis, prior to cancer initiation, remains unclear. Here, we show that PBRM1's gene regulatory roles differ drastically between cell states, leveraging human skin epithelium (epidermis) as a research platform. In progenitors, PBRM1 predominantly functions to repress terminal differentiation to sustain progenitors' regenerative potential; in the differentiation state, however, PBRM1 switches toward an activator. Between these two cell states, PBRM1 retains its genomic binding but associates with differential interacting proteins. Our targeted screen identified the E3 SUMO ligase PIAS1 as a key interactor. PIAS1 co-localizes with PBRM1 on chromatin to directly repress differentiation genes in progenitors, and PIAS1's chromatin binding drastically diminishes in differentiation. Furthermore, SUMOylation contributes to PBRM1's repressive function in progenitor maintenance. Thus, our findings highlight PBRM1's cell-state-specific regulatory roles influenced by its protein interactome despite its stable chromatin binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patric J Ho
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Junghun Kweon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Laura A Blumensaadt
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Amy E Neely
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Elizabeth Kalika
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Daniel B Leon
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Sanghyon Oh
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Cooper W P Stringer
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Sarah M Lloyd
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Ziyou Ren
- Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Xiaomin Bao
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Lam V, Roleder C, Liu T, Bruss N, Best S, Wang X, Phillips T, Shouse G, Berger AJ, Alinari L, Wang L, Siddiqi T, Pennock ND, Danilov AV. T Cell-intrinsic Immunomodulatory Effects of TAK-981 (Subasumstat), a SUMO-activating Enzyme Inhibitor, in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Mol Cancer Ther 2023; 22:1040-1051. [PMID: 37420267 PMCID: PMC10525033 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-22-0762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Novel targeted agents used in therapy of lymphoid malignancies are recognized to have complex immune-mediated effects. Sumoylation, a posttranslational modification of target proteins by small ubiquitin-like modifiers (SUMO), regulates a variety of cellular processes indispensable in immune cell activation. Despite this, the role of sumoylation in T-cell biology in context of cancer is not known. TAK-981 (subasumstat) is a small-molecule inhibitor of the SUMO-activating enzyme (SAE) that forms a covalent adduct with an activated SUMO protein. Using T cells derived from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), we demonstrate that targeting SAE activates type I IFN response. This is accompanied by largely intact T-cell activation in response to T-cell receptor engagement, with increased expression of CD69 and CD38. Furthermore, TAK-981 decreases regulatory T cell (Treg) differentiation and enhances secretion of IFNγ by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. These findings were recapitulated in mouse models, suggesting an evolutionarily conserved mechanism of T-cell activation regulated by SUMO modification. Relevant to the consideration of TAK-981 as an effective agent for immunotherapy in hematologic malignancies, we demonstrate that the downstream impact of TAK-981 administration is enhancement of the cytotoxic function of CD8+ T cells, thus uncovering immune implications of targeting sumoylation in lymphoid neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vi Lam
- City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | | | - Tingting Liu
- City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Nur Bruss
- City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Scott Best
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lili Wang
- City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | | | - Nathan D. Pennock
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
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Zhou J, Tan Q, Tong J, Tong Z, Wang C, Sun B, Fang M, Lv J. PIAS1 upregulation confers protection against Cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis via FTO downregulation by enhancing sumoylation of Foxa2. Genomics 2023; 115:110693. [PMID: 37532089 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2023.110693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This research discussed the specific mechanism by which PIAS1 affects acute pancreatitis (AP). METHODS PIAS1, Foxa2, and FTO expression was assessed in Cerulein-induced AR42J cells and mice. Loss- and gain-of-function assays and Cerulein induction were conducted in AR42J cells and mice for analysis. The relationship among PIAS1, Foxa2, and FTO was tested. Cell experiments run in triplicate, and eight mice for each animal group. RESULTS Cerulein-induced AP cells and mice had low PIAS1 and Foxa2 and high FTO. Cerulein induced pancreatic injury in mice and inflammation and oxidative stress in pancreatic tissues, which could be reversed by PIAS1 or Foxa2 upregulation or FTO downregulation. PIAS1 elevated SUMO modification of Foxa2 to repress FTO transcription. FTO upregulation neutralized the ameliorative effects of PIAS1 or Foxa2 upregulation on Cerulein-induced AR42J cell injury, inflammation, and oxidative stress. CONCLUSION PIAS1 upregulation diminished FTO transcription by increasing Foxa2 SUMO modification, thereby ameliorating Cerulein-induced AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandang Zhou
- Second Department of Colorectal Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, PR China
| | - Qiao Tan
- Second Department of Colorectal Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, PR China
| | - Jinxue Tong
- Second Department of Colorectal Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, PR China
| | - Zhekuan Tong
- Material Supply Center, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, PR China
| | - Chunlu Wang
- Department of Medical Administration, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, PR China
| | - Bei Sun
- Department of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, PR China
| | - Min Fang
- Second Department of Colorectal Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, PR China
| | - Jiachen Lv
- Second Department of Colorectal Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, PR China.
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Zhong Q, Xiao X, Qiu Y, Xu Z, Chen C, Chong B, Zhao X, Hai S, Li S, An Z, Dai L. Protein posttranslational modifications in health and diseases: Functions, regulatory mechanisms, and therapeutic implications. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e261. [PMID: 37143582 PMCID: PMC10152985 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) refer to the breaking or generation of covalent bonds on the backbones or amino acid side chains of proteins and expand the diversity of proteins, which provides the basis for the emergence of organismal complexity. To date, more than 650 types of protein modifications, such as the most well-known phosphorylation, ubiquitination, glycosylation, methylation, SUMOylation, short-chain and long-chain acylation modifications, redox modifications, and irreversible modifications, have been described, and the inventory is still increasing. By changing the protein conformation, localization, activity, stability, charges, and interactions with other biomolecules, PTMs ultimately alter the phenotypes and biological processes of cells. The homeostasis of protein modifications is important to human health. Abnormal PTMs may cause changes in protein properties and loss of protein functions, which are closely related to the occurrence and development of various diseases. In this review, we systematically introduce the characteristics, regulatory mechanisms, and functions of various PTMs in health and diseases. In addition, the therapeutic prospects in various diseases by targeting PTMs and associated regulatory enzymes are also summarized. This work will deepen the understanding of protein modifications in health and diseases and promote the discovery of diagnostic and prognostic markers and drug targets for diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhong
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xina Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Yijie Qiu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Zhiqiang Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Chunyu Chen
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Baochen Chong
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Xinjun Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Shan Hai
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Shuangqing Li
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Zhenmei An
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Lunzhi Dai
- Department of Endocrinology and MetabolismGeneral Practice Ward/International Medical Center WardGeneral Practice Medical Center and National Clinical Research Center for GeriatricsState Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital, Sichuan UniversityChengduChina
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Control of protein stability by post-translational modifications. Nat Commun 2023; 14:201. [PMID: 36639369 PMCID: PMC9839724 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35795-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) can occur on specific amino acids localized within regulatory domains of target proteins, which control a protein's stability. These regions, called degrons, are often controlled by PTMs, which act as signals to expedite protein degradation (PTM-activated degrons) or to forestall degradation and stabilize a protein (PTM-inactivated degrons). We summarize current knowledge of the regulation of protein stability by various PTMs. We aim to display the variety and breadth of known mechanisms of regulation as well as highlight common themes in PTM-regulated degrons to enhance potential for identifying novel drug targets where druggable targets are currently lacking.
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Vidal S, Bouzaher YH, El Motiam A, Seoane R, Rivas C. Overview of the regulation of the class IA PI3K/AKT pathway by SUMO. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 132:51-61. [PMID: 34753687 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway is a major regulator of metabolism, migration, survival, proliferation, and antiviral immunity. Both an overactivation and an inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway are related to different pathologies. Activation of this signaling pathway is tightly controlled through a multistep process and its deregulation can be associated with aberrant post-translational modifications including SUMOylation. Here, we review the complex modulation of the PI3K/AKT pathway by SUMOylation and we discuss its putative incvolvement in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Vidal
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Yanis Hichem Bouzaher
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ahmed El Motiam
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health Systems, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, and Department of Lab Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Rocío Seoane
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carmen Rivas
- Centro de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Instituto de Investigaciones Sanitarias (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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Pieroni S, Castelli M, Piobbico D, Ferracchiato S, Scopetti D, Di-Iacovo N, Della-Fazia MA, Servillo G. The Four Homeostasis Knights: In Balance upon Post-Translational Modifications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214480. [PMID: 36430960 PMCID: PMC9696182 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A cancer outcome is a multifactorial event that comes from both exogenous injuries and an endogenous predisposing background. The healthy state is guaranteed by the fine-tuning of genes controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, and development, whose alteration induces cellular behavioral changes finally leading to cancer. The function of proteins in cells and tissues is controlled at both the transcriptional and translational level, and the mechanism allowing them to carry out their functions is not only a matter of level. A major challenge to the cell is to guarantee that proteins are made, folded, assembled and delivered to function properly, like and even more than other proteins when referring to oncogenes and onco-suppressors products. Over genetic, epigenetic, transcriptional, and translational control, protein synthesis depends on additional steps of regulation. Post-translational modifications are reversible and dynamic processes that allow the cell to rapidly modulate protein amounts and function. Among them, ubiquitination and ubiquitin-like modifications modulate the stability and control the activity of most of the proteins that manage cell cycle, immune responses, apoptosis, and senescence. The crosstalk between ubiquitination and ubiquitin-like modifications and post-translational modifications is a keystone to quickly update the activation state of many proteins responsible for the orchestration of cell metabolism. In this light, the correct activity of post-translational machinery is essential to prevent the development of cancer. Here we summarize the main post-translational modifications engaged in controlling the activity of the principal oncogenes and tumor suppressors genes involved in the development of most human cancers.
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Cancer-Associated Dysregulation of Sumo Regulators: Proteases and Ligases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23148012. [PMID: 35887358 PMCID: PMC9316396 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23148012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMOylation is a post-translational modification that has emerged in recent decades as a mechanism involved in controlling diverse physiological processes and that is essential in vertebrates. The SUMO pathway is regulated by several enzymes, proteases and ligases being the main actors involved in the control of sumoylation of specific targets. Dysregulation of the expression, localization and function of these enzymes produces physiological changes that can lead to the appearance of different types of cancer, depending on the enzymes and target proteins involved. Among the most studied proteases and ligases, those of the SENP and PIAS families stand out, respectively. While the proteases involved in this pathway have specific SUMO activity, the ligases may have additional functions unrelated to sumoylation, which makes it more difficult to study their SUMO-associated role in cancer process. In this review we update the knowledge and advances in relation to the impact of dysregulation of SUMO proteases and ligases in cancer initiation and progression.
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11
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Wang G, Zhao Y, Zhou Y, Jiang L, Liang L, Kong F, Yan Y, Wang X, Wang Y, Wen X, Zeng X, Tian G, Deng G, Shi J, Liu L, Chen H, Li C. PIAS1-mediated SUMOylation of influenza A virus PB2 restricts viral replication and virulence. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010446. [PMID: 35377920 PMCID: PMC9009768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Host defense systems employ posttranslational modifications to protect against invading pathogens. Here, we found that protein inhibitor of activated STAT 1 (PIAS1) interacts with the nucleoprotein (NP), polymerase basic protein 1 (PB1), and polymerase basic protein 2 (PB2) of influenza A virus (IAV). Lentiviral-mediated stable overexpression of PIAS1 dramatically suppressed the replication of IAV, whereas siRNA knockdown or CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of PIAS1 expression significantly increased virus growth. The expression of PIAS1 was significantly induced upon IAV infection in both cell culture and mice, and PIAS1 was involved in the overall increase in cellular SUMOylation induced by IAV infection. We found that PIAS1 inhibited the activity of the viral RNP complex, whereas the C351S or W372A mutant of PIAS1, which lacks the SUMO E3 ligase activity, lost the ability to suppress the activity of the viral RNP complex. Notably, the SUMO E3 ligase activity of PIAS1 catalyzed robust SUMOylation of PB2, but had no role in PB1 SUMOylation and a minimal role in NP SUMOylation. Moreover, PIAS1-mediated SUMOylation remarkably reduced the stability of IAV PB2. When tested in vivo, we found that the downregulation of Pias1 expression in mice enhanced the growth and virulence of IAV. Together, our findings define PIAS1 as a restriction factor for the replication and pathogenesis of IAV. SUMOylation appears to be an important posttranslational modification mechanism of proteins, including viral proteins. In the present study, we found that the SUMO E3 ligase PIAS1 interacts with the PB2, PB1, and NP proteins of the RNP complex of IAV. PIAS1 expression was found to suppress the viral RNP complex activity. Mechanistically, the SUMO E3 ligase activity of PIAS1 led to robust SUMOylation of IAV PB2, but had no or a minimal effect on the SUMOylation of PB1 and NP, respectively, and PIAS1-mediated SUMOylation significantly decreased the stability of PB2. The expression of PIAS1 was markedly induced upon IAV infection in cell culture and mice, indicating that PIAS1 is actively involved and biologically important in the inhibition of IAV replication. Of note, the role of Pias1 in restricting the replication and virulence of IAV was directly verified in Pias1+/- mice. Our findings thus identify a SUMO E3 ligase that interacts with and SUMOylates IAV PB2, thereby leading to reduced virus replication and virulence in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuhui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Libin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Fandi Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Yihan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Xia Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Guobin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Guohua Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Liling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, The People’s Republic of China
| | - Hualan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, The People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (HC); (CL)
| | - Chengjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, The People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (HC); (CL)
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12
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Insights in Post-Translational Modifications: Ubiquitin and SUMO. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063281. [PMID: 35328702 PMCID: PMC8952880 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Both ubiquitination and SUMOylation are dynamic post-translational modifications that regulate thousands of target proteins to control virtually every cellular process. Unfortunately, the detailed mechanisms of how all these cellular processes are regulated by both modifications remain unclear. Target proteins can be modified by one or several moieties, giving rise to polymers of different morphology. The conjugation cascades of both modifications comprise a few activating and conjugating enzymes but close to thousands of ligating enzymes (E3s) in the case of ubiquitination. As a result, these E3s give substrate specificity and can form polymers on a target protein. Polymers can be quickly modified forming branches or cleaving chains leading the target protein to its cellular fate. The recent development of mass spectrometry(MS) -based approaches has increased the understanding of ubiquitination and SUMOylation by finding essential modified targets in particular signaling pathways. Here, we perform a concise overview comprising from the basic mechanisms of both ubiquitination and SUMOylation to recent MS-based approaches aimed to find specific targets for particular E3 enzymes.
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13
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Sumoylation in Physiology, Pathology and Therapy. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050814. [PMID: 35269436 PMCID: PMC8909597 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sumoylation is an essential post-translational modification that has evolved to regulate intricate networks within emerging complexities of eukaryotic cells. Thousands of target substrates are modified by SUMO peptides, leading to changes in protein function, stability or localization, often by modulating interactions. At the cellular level, sumoylation functions as a key regulator of transcription, nuclear integrity, proliferation, senescence, lineage commitment and stemness. A growing number of prokaryotic and viral proteins are also emerging as prime sumoylation targets, highlighting the role of this modification during infection and in immune processes. Sumoylation also oversees epigenetic processes. Accordingly, at the physiological level, it acts as a crucial regulator of development. Yet, perhaps the most prominent function of sumoylation, from mammals to plants, is its role in orchestrating organismal responses to environmental stresses ranging from hypoxia to nutrient stress. Consequently, a growing list of pathological conditions, including cancer and neurodegeneration, have now been unambiguously associated with either aberrant sumoylation of specific proteins and/or dysregulated global cellular sumoylation. Therapeutic enforcement of sumoylation can also accomplish remarkable clinical responses in various diseases, notably acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). In this review, we will discuss how this modification is emerging as a novel drug target, highlighting from the perspective of translational medicine, its potential and limitations.
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14
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Llombart V, Mansour MR. Therapeutic targeting of "undruggable" MYC. EBioMedicine 2022; 75:103756. [PMID: 34942444 PMCID: PMC8713111 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
c-MYC controls global gene expression and regulates cell proliferation, cell differentiation, cell cycle, metabolism and apoptosis. According to some estimates, MYC is dysregulated in ≈70% of human cancers and strong evidence implicates aberrantly expressed MYC in both tumor initiation and maintenance. In vivo studies show that MYC inhibition elicits a prominent anti-proliferative effect and sustained tumor regression while any alteration on healthy tissue remains reversible. This opens an exploitable window for treatment that makes MYC one of the most appealing therapeutic targets for cancer drug development. This review describes the main functional and structural features of the protein structure of MYC and provides a general overview of the most relevant or recently identified interactors that modulate MYC oncogenic activity. This review also summarizes the different approaches aiming to abrogate MYC oncogenic function, with a particular focus on the prototype inhibitors designed for the direct and indirect targeting of MYC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Llombart
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, Department of Haematology, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Marc R Mansour
- UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, Department of Haematology, London WC1E 6DD, UK; UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Developmental Biology and Cancer, London, UK.
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15
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In the article, we focus on the role of SUMOylation in tumorigenesis and cancer-related processes, including Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), metastasis, resistance to cancer therapies, and antitumor immunity. Clinical perspective on small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) inhibitors will be discussed. RECENT FINDINGS SUMOylation regulates multiple important biologic functions including gene transcription, DNA damage repair, cell cycle, and innate immunity. The SUMO pathway enzymes are usually elevated in various cancers and linked with cancer progression and poor clinical outcomes for patients. Recent studies have revealed the role of SUMOylation in EMT and metastasis through regulating E-Cadherin and Snail expression. Multiple studies demonstrate SUMOylation is involved with chemoresistance and hormone treatment resistance. Oncogene Myc and SUMOylation machinery regulation has been revealed in pancreatic cancer. SUMOylation is involved in regulating antitumor immune response through dendritic cells and T cells. A breakthrough has been made in targeting SUMOylation in cancer as first-in-class SUMO E1 inhibitor TAK-981 enters clinical trials. SUMMARY SUMOylation plays an important role in tumor EMT, metastasis, therapy resistance, and antitumor immune response. Pharmaceutical inhibition of SUMOylation has become promising clinical therapy to improve the outcome of the existing chemo and immune therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Du
- Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center
| | - Wei Liu
- Toni Stephenson Lymphoma Center
| | - Steven T Rosen
- Judy and Bernard Briskin Center for Multiple Myeloma Research, Beckman Research Institute and Comprehensive Cancer Center, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
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16
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Kukkula A, Ojala VK, Mendez LM, Sistonen L, Elenius K, Sundvall M. Therapeutic Potential of Targeting the SUMO Pathway in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4402. [PMID: 34503213 PMCID: PMC8431684 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMOylation is a dynamic and reversible post-translational modification, characterized more than 20 years ago, that regulates protein function at multiple levels. Key oncoproteins and tumor suppressors are SUMO substrates. In addition to alterations in SUMO pathway activity due to conditions typically present in cancer, such as hypoxia, the SUMO machinery components are deregulated at the genomic level in cancer. The delicate balance between SUMOylation and deSUMOylation is regulated by SENP enzymes possessing SUMO-deconjugation activity. Dysregulation of SUMO machinery components can disrupt the balance of SUMOylation, contributing to the tumorigenesis and drug resistance of various cancers in a context-dependent manner. Many molecular mechanisms relevant to the pathogenesis of specific cancers involve SUMO, highlighting the potential relevance of SUMO machinery components as therapeutic targets. Recent advances in the development of inhibitors targeting SUMOylation and deSUMOylation permit evaluation of the therapeutic potential of targeting the SUMO pathway in cancer. Finally, the first drug inhibiting SUMO pathway, TAK-981, is currently also being evaluated in clinical trials in cancer patients. Intriguingly, the inhibition of SUMOylation may also have the potential to activate the anti-tumor immune response. Here, we comprehensively and systematically review the recent developments in understanding the role of SUMOylation in cancer and specifically focus on elaborating the scientific rationale of targeting the SUMO pathway in different cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antti Kukkula
- Cancer Research Unit, FICAN West Cancer Center Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; (A.K.); (V.K.O.); (K.E.)
| | - Veera K. Ojala
- Cancer Research Unit, FICAN West Cancer Center Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; (A.K.); (V.K.O.); (K.E.)
- Turku Doctoral Programme of Molecular Medicine, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Medicity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland;
| | - Lourdes M. Mendez
- Beth Israel Deaconess Cancer Center, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Medicine and Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Lea Sistonen
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland;
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Klaus Elenius
- Cancer Research Unit, FICAN West Cancer Center Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; (A.K.); (V.K.O.); (K.E.)
- Medicity Research Laboratories, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland;
- Department of Oncology, Turku University Hospital, FI-20521 Turku, Finland
| | - Maria Sundvall
- Cancer Research Unit, FICAN West Cancer Center Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, Turku University Hospital, University of Turku, FI-20520 Turku, Finland; (A.K.); (V.K.O.); (K.E.)
- Department of Oncology, Turku University Hospital, FI-20521 Turku, Finland
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17
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Wang L, Qian J, Yang Y, Gu C. Novel insights into the impact of the SUMOylation pathway in hematological malignancies (Review). Int J Oncol 2021; 59:73. [PMID: 34368858 PMCID: PMC8360622 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2021.5253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) system serves an important role in the regulation of protein stability and function. SUMOylation sustains the homeostatic equilibrium of protein function in normal tissues and numerous types of tumor. Accumulating evidence has revealed that SUMO enzymes participate in carcinogenesis via a series of complex cellular or extracellular processes. The present review outlines the physiological characteristics of the SUMOylation pathway and provides examples of SUMOylation participation in different cancer types, including in hematological malignancies (leukemia, lymphoma and myeloma). It has been indicated that the SUMO pathway may influence chromosomal instability, cell cycle progression, apoptosis and chemical drug resistance. The present review also discussed the possible relationship between SUMOylation and carcinogenic mechanisms, and evaluated their potential as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in the diagnosis and treatment of hematological malignancies. Developing and investigating inhibitors of SUMO conjugation in the future may offer promising potential as novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wang
- Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210022, P.R. China
| | - Jinjun Qian
- School of Medicine and Holistic Integrative Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, P.R. China
| | - Ye Yang
- Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210022, P.R. China
| | - Chunyan Gu
- Nanjing Hospital of Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210022, P.R. China
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18
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K. ST, Joshi G, Arya P, Mahajan V, Chaturvedi A, Mishra RK. SUMO and SUMOylation Pathway at the Forefront of Host Immune Response. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:681057. [PMID: 34336833 PMCID: PMC8316833 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.681057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogens pose a continuous challenge for the survival of the host species. In response to the pathogens, the host immune system mounts orchestrated defense responses initiating various mechanisms both at the cellular and molecular levels, including multiple post-translational modifications (PTMs) leading to the initiation of signaling pathways. The network of such pathways results in the recruitment of various innate immune components and cells at the site of infection and activation of the adaptive immune cells, which work in synergy to combat the pathogens. Ubiquitination is one of the most commonly used PTMs. Host cells utilize ubiquitination for both temporal and spatial regulation of immune response pathways. Over the last decade, ubiquitin family proteins, particularly small ubiquitin-related modifiers (SUMO), have been widely implicated in host immune response. SUMOs are ubiquitin-like (Ubl) proteins transiently conjugated to a wide variety of proteins through SUMOylation. SUMOs primarily exert their effect on target proteins by covalently modifying them. However, SUMO also engages in a non-covalent interaction with the SUMO-interacting motif (SIM) in target proteins. Unlike ubiquitination, SUMOylation alters localization, interactions, functions, or stability of target proteins. This review provides an overview of the interplay of SUMOylation and immune signaling and development pathways in general. Additionally, we discuss in detail the regulation exerted by covalent SUMO modifications of target proteins, and SIM mediated non-covalent interactions with several effector proteins. In addition, we provide a comprehensive review of the literature on the importance of the SUMO pathway in the development and maintenance of a robust immune system network of the host. We also summarize how pathogens modulate the host SUMO cycle to sustain infectability. Studies dealing mainly with SUMO pathway proteins in the immune system are still in infancy. We anticipate that the field will see a thorough and more directed analysis of the SUMO pathway in regulating different cells and pathways of the immune system. Our current understanding of the importance of the SUMO pathway in the immune system necessitates an urgent need to synthesize specific inhibitors, bioactive regulatory molecules, as novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajeev T. K.
- Nups and SUMO Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, IISER Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Garima Joshi
- Nups and SUMO Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, IISER Bhopal, Bhopal, India
| | - Pooja Arya
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Vibhuti Mahajan
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Akanksha Chaturvedi
- National Centre for Cell Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, India
| | - Ram Kumar Mishra
- Nups and SUMO Biology Group, Department of Biological Sciences, IISER Bhopal, Bhopal, India
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19
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Sun XX, Li Y, Sears RC, Dai MS. Targeting the MYC Ubiquitination-Proteasome Degradation Pathway for Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:679445. [PMID: 34178666 PMCID: PMC8226175 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.679445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Deregulated MYC overexpression and activation contributes to tumor growth and progression. Given the short half-life and unstable nature of the MYC protein, it is not surprising that the oncoprotein is highly regulated via diverse posttranslational mechanisms. Among them, ubiquitination dynamically controls the levels and activity of MYC during normal cell growth and homeostasis, whereas the disturbance of the ubiquitination/deubiquitination balance enables unwanted MYC stabilization and activation. In addition, MYC is also regulated by SUMOylation which crosstalks with the ubiquitination pathway and controls MYC protein stability and activity. In this mini-review, we will summarize current updates regarding MYC ubiquitination and provide perspectives about these MYC regulators as potential therapeutic targets in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xin Sun
- Department of Molecular & Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and the OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Yanping Li
- Department of Molecular & Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and the OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Rosalie C Sears
- Department of Molecular & Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and the OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Mu-Shui Dai
- Department of Molecular & Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and the OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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20
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Boulanger M, Chakraborty M, Tempé D, Piechaczyk M, Bossis G. SUMO and Transcriptional Regulation: The Lessons of Large-Scale Proteomic, Modifomic and Genomic Studies. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26040828. [PMID: 33562565 PMCID: PMC7915335 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26040828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One major role of the eukaryotic peptidic post-translational modifier SUMO in the cell is transcriptional control. This occurs via modification of virtually all classes of transcriptional actors, which include transcription factors, transcriptional coregulators, diverse chromatin components, as well as Pol I-, Pol II- and Pol III transcriptional machineries and their regulators. For many years, the role of SUMOylation has essentially been studied on individual proteins, or small groups of proteins, principally dealing with Pol II-mediated transcription. This provided only a fragmentary view of how SUMOylation controls transcription. The recent advent of large-scale proteomic, modifomic and genomic studies has however considerably refined our perception of the part played by SUMO in gene expression control. We review here these developments and the new concepts they are at the origin of, together with the limitations of our knowledge. How they illuminate the SUMO-dependent transcriptional mechanisms that have been characterized thus far and how they impact our view of SUMO-dependent chromatin organization are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Boulanger
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM), University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (M.C.); (D.T.)
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Mehuli Chakraborty
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM), University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (M.C.); (D.T.)
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Denis Tempé
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM), University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (M.C.); (D.T.)
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
| | - Marc Piechaczyk
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM), University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (M.C.); (D.T.)
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (G.B.)
| | - Guillaume Bossis
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM), University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France; (M.B.); (M.C.); (D.T.)
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Paris, France
- Correspondence: (M.P.); (G.B.)
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21
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Kroonen JS, Vertegaal ACO. Targeting SUMO Signaling to Wrestle Cancer. Trends Cancer 2020; 7:496-510. [PMID: 33353838 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) signaling cascade is critical for gene expression, genome integrity, and cell cycle progression. In this review, we discuss the important role SUMO may play in cancer and how to target SUMO signaling. Recently developed small molecule inhibitors enable therapeutic targeting of the SUMOylation pathway. Blocking SUMOylation not only leads to reduced cancer cell proliferation but also to an increased antitumor immune response by stimulating interferon (IFN) signaling, indicating that SUMOylation inhibitors have a dual mode of action that can be employed in the fight against cancer. The search for tumor types that can be treated with SUMOylation inhibitors is ongoing. Employing SUMO conjugation inhibitory drugs in the years to come has potential as a new therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie S Kroonen
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333, ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alfred C O Vertegaal
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333, ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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22
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An in vitro Förster resonance energy transfer-based high-throughput screening assay identifies inhibitors of SUMOylation E2 Ubc9. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:1497-1506. [PMID: 32341466 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0405-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMOylation is one of the posttranslational modifications that mediate cellular activities such as transcription, DNA repair, and signal transduction and is involved in the cell cycle. However, only a limited number of small molecule inhibitors have been identified to study its role in cellular processes. Here, we report a Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) high-throughput screening assay based on the interaction between E2 Ubc9 and E3 PIAS1. Of the 3200 compounds screened, 34 (1.1%) showed higher than 50% inhibition and 4 displayed dose-response inhibitory effects. By combining this method with a label-free surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay, false positives were excluded leading to discovering WNN0605-F008 and WNN1062-D002 that bound to Ubc9 with KD values of 1.93 ± 0.62 and 5.24 ± 3.73 μM, respectively. We examined the effect of the two compounds on SUMO2-mediated SUMOylation of RanGAP1, only WNN0605-F008 significantly inhibited RanGAP1 SUMOylation, whereas WNN1062-D002 did not show any inhibition. These compounds, with novel chemical scaffolds, may serve as the initial material for developing new SUMOylation inhibitors.
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23
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Celen AB, Sahin U. Sumoylation on its 25th anniversary: mechanisms, pathology, and emerging concepts. FEBS J 2020; 287:3110-3140. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.15319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arda B. Celen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Center for Life Sciences and Technologies Bogazici University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Umut Sahin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Center for Life Sciences and Technologies Bogazici University Istanbul Turkey
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24
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Rabellino A, Khanna KK. The implication of the SUMOylation pathway in breast cancer pathogenesis and treatment. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 55:54-70. [PMID: 32183544 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2020.1738332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed malignancy in woman worldwide, and is the second most common cause of death in developed countries. The transformation of a normal cell into a malignant derivate requires the acquisition of diverse genomic and proteomic changes, including enzymatic post-translational modifications (PTMs) on key proteins encompassing critical cell signaling events. PTMs occur on proteins after translation, and regulate several aspects of proteins activity, including their localization, activation and turnover. Deregulation of PTMs can potentially lead to tumorigenesis, and several de-regulated PTM pathways contribute to abnormal cell proliferation during breast tumorigenesis. SUMOylation is a PTM that plays a pivotal role in numerous aspects of cell physiology, including cell cycle regulation, protein trafficking and turnover, and DNA damage repair. Consistently with this, the deregulation of the SUMO pathway is observed in different human pathologies, including breast cancer. In this review we will describe the role of SUMOylation in breast tumorigenesis and its implication for breast cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rabellino
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane City, Australia
| | - Kum Kum Khanna
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane City, Australia
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25
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Quantitative SUMO proteomics identifies PIAS1 substrates involved in cell migration and motility. Nat Commun 2020; 11:834. [PMID: 32047143 PMCID: PMC7012886 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14581-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The protein inhibitor of activated STAT1 (PIAS1) is an E3 SUMO ligase that plays important roles in various cellular pathways. Increasing evidence shows that PIAS1 is overexpressed in various human malignancies, including prostate and lung cancers. Here we used quantitative SUMO proteomics to identify potential substrates of PIAS1 in a system-wide manner. We identified 983 SUMO sites on 544 proteins, of which 62 proteins were assigned as putative PIAS1 substrates. In particular, vimentin (VIM), a type III intermediate filament protein involved in cytoskeleton organization and cell motility, was SUMOylated by PIAS1 at Lys-439 and Lys-445 residues. VIM SUMOylation was necessary for its dynamic disassembly and cells expressing a non-SUMOylatable VIM mutant showed a reduced level of migration. Our approach not only enables the identification of E3 SUMO ligase substrates but also yields valuable biological insights into the unsuspected role of PIAS1 and VIM SUMOylation on cell motility. PIAS1 is an E3 SUMO ligase involved in various cellular processes. Here, the authors use quantitative proteomics to identify potential PIAS1 substrates in human cells and elucidate the biological consequences of PIAS1-mediated SUMOylation of vimentin.
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26
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Favia A, Salvatori L, Nanni S, Iwamoto-Stohl LK, Valente S, Mai A, Scagnoli F, Fontanella RA, Totta P, Nasi S, Illi B. The Protein Arginine Methyltransferases 1 and 5 affect Myc properties in glioblastoma stem cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15925. [PMID: 31685892 PMCID: PMC6828805 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52291-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein Arginine (R) methylation is the most common post-translational methylation in mammalian cells. Protein Arginine Methyltransferases (PRMT) 1 and 5 dimethylate their substrates on R residues, asymmetrically and symmetrically, respectively. They are ubiquitously expressed and play fundamental roles in tumour malignancies, including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) which presents largely deregulated Myc activity. Previously, we demonstrated that PRMT5 associates with Myc in GBM cells, modulating, at least in part, its transcriptional properties. Here we show that Myc/PRMT5 protein complex includes PRMT1, in both HEK293T and glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs). We demonstrate that Myc is both asymmetrically and symmetrically dimethylated by PRMT1 and PRMT5, respectively, and that these modifications differentially regulate its stability. Moreover, we show that the ratio between symmetrically and asymmetrically dimethylated Myc changes in GSCs grown in stem versus differentiating conditions. Finally, both PRMT1 and PRMT5 activity modulate Myc binding at its specific target promoters. To our knowledge, this is the first work reporting R asymmetrical and symmetrical dimethylation as novel Myc post-translational modifications, with different functional properties. This opens a completely unexplored field of investigation in Myc biology and suggests symmetrically dimethylated Myc species as novel diagnostic and prognostic markers and druggable therapeutic targets for GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annarita Favia
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology - National Research Council (IBPM-CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Salvatori
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology - National Research Council (IBPM-CNR), Rome, Italy.
| | - Simona Nanni
- Institute of Medical Pathology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.,Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Sergio Valente
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonello Mai
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Pasteur Institute, Cenci-Bolognetti Foundation, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Fiorella Scagnoli
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology - National Research Council (IBPM-CNR), Rome, Italy.,Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosaria Anna Fontanella
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology - National Research Council (IBPM-CNR), Rome, Italy
| | | | - Sergio Nasi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology - National Research Council (IBPM-CNR), Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Illi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology - National Research Council (IBPM-CNR), Rome, Italy.
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Yu L, Yu TT, Young KH. Cross-talk between Myc and p53 in B-cell lymphomas. Chronic Dis Transl Med 2019; 5:139-154. [PMID: 31891126 PMCID: PMC6926120 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdtm.2019.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myc and p53 proteins are closely associated with many physiological cellular functions, including immune response and lymphocyte survival, and are expressed in the lymphoid organs, which are sites for the development and activation of B-cell malignancies. Genetic alterations and other mechanisms resulting in constitutive activation, rearrangement, or mutation of MYC and TP53 contribute to the development of lymphomas, progression and therapy resistance by gene dysregulation, activation of downstream anti-apoptotic pathways, and unfavorable microenvironment interactions. The cross-talk between the Myc and p53 proteins contributes to the inferior prognosis in many types of B-cell lymphomas. In this review, we present the physiological roles of Myc and p53 proteins, and recent advances in understanding the pathological roles of Myc, p53, and their cross-talk in lymphoid neoplasms. In addition, we highlight clinical trials of novel agents that directly or indirectly inhibit Myc and/or p53 protein functions and their signaling pathways. Although, to date, these trials have failed to overcome drug resistance, the new results have highlighted the clinical efficiency of targeting diverse mechanisms of action with the goal of optimizing novel therapeutic opportunities to eradicate lymphoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yu
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital to Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
- Hematopathology Division and Pathology Department, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Tian-Tian Yu
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital to Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Ken H. Young
- Hematopathology Division and Pathology Department, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke University Medical Center and Cancer Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Corresponding author. Hematopathology Division and Pathology Department, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center and Cancer Institute, Durham, NC 27710, USA. Fax: +1-919-681-8868.
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28
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The SUMO Pathway in Hematomalignancies and Their Response to Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20163895. [PMID: 31405039 PMCID: PMC6721055 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMO (Small Ubiquitin-related MOdifier) is a post-translational modifier of the ubiquitin family controlling the function and fate of thousands of proteins. SUMOylation is deregulated in various hematological malignancies, where it participates in both tumorigenesis and cancer cell response to therapies. This is the case for Acute Promyelocytic Leukemias (APL) where SUMOylation, and subsequent destruction, of the PML-RARα fusion oncoprotein are triggered by arsenic trioxide, which is used as front-line therapy in combination with retinoic acid to cure APL patients. A similar arsenic-induced SUMO-dependent degradation was also documented for Tax, a human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV1) viral protein implicated in Adult T-cell Leukemogenesis. SUMOylation also participates in Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) response to both chemo- and differentiation therapies, in particular through its ability to regulate gene expression. In Multiple Myeloma, many enzymes of the SUMO pathway are overexpressed and their high expression correlates with lower response to melphalan-based chemotherapies. B-cell lymphomas overexpressing the c-Myc oncogene also overexpress most components of the SUMO pathway and are highly sensitive to SUMOylation inhibition. Targeting the SUMO pathway with recently discovered pharmacological inhibitors, alone or in combination with current therapies, might therefore constitute a powerful strategy to improve the treatment of these cancers.
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29
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Chen Y, Sun XX, Sears RC, Dai MS. Writing and erasing MYC ubiquitination and SUMOylation. Genes Dis 2019; 6:359-371. [PMID: 31832515 PMCID: PMC6889025 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor c-MYC (MYC thereafter) controls diverse transcription programs and plays a key role in the development of many human cancers. Cells develop multiple mechanisms to ensure that MYC levels and activity are precisely controlled in normal physiological context. As a short half-lived protein, MYC protein levels are tightly regulated by the ubiquitin proteasome system. Over a dozen of ubiquitin ligases have been found to ubiquitinate MYC whereas a number of deubiquitinating enzymes counteract this process. Recent studies show that SUMOylation and deSUMOylation can also regulate MYC protein stability and activity. Interestingly, evidence suggests an intriguing crosstalk between MYC ubiquitination and SUMOylation. Deregulation of the MYC ubiquitination-SUMOylation regulatory network may contribute to tumorigenesis. This review is intended to provide the current understanding of the complex regulation of the MYC biology by dynamic ubiquitination and SUMOylation and their crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxiao Chen
- Departments of Molecular & Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Xiao-Xin Sun
- Departments of Molecular & Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Rosalie C Sears
- Departments of Molecular & Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Mu-Shui Dai
- Departments of Molecular & Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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30
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Kouchaki E, Nikoueinejad H, Akbari H, Azimi S, Behnam M. The investigation of relevancy between PIAS1 and PIAS2 gene expression and disease severity of multiple sclerosis. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2019; 40:396-406. [PMID: 31084243 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2019.1613244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: PIAS1 and PIAS2 (protein inhibitor of activated STAT 1,2) play key roles in the pathogenesis of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. This study aims to evaluate the gene expression of these factors in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients compared to healthy individuals and correlate them with the severity of MS. Materials and methods: Sixty participants, including 30 patients with MS and 30 healthy controls were studied. The expression of PIAS1 and PIAS2 genes in peripheral blood samples of all participants was measured by real-time PCR. The severity of MS was evaluated using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Finally, we evaluated the correlation between the expression of PIAS1 and PIAS2 genes with disease severity. Results: The expression of PIAS1 gene was increased in patients with MS compared to healthy subjects (P value<.001). Also, there was a significant correlation between the expression of PIAS1 and PIAS2 genes with disease severity according to EDSS. Conclusion: Our study suggests the expression of PIAS1 and PIAS2 genes as a prognostic and diagnostic marker in MS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Kouchaki
- a Physiology Research Center , Kashan University of Medical Sciences , Kashan , Iran.,b Department of Neurology , Kashan University of Medical Sciences , Kashan , Iran
| | - Hassan Nikoueinejad
- c Nephrology and Urology Research Center , Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Hossein Akbari
- d Trauma Research Center , Kashan University of Medical Sciences , Kashan , Iran
| | - Shirin Azimi
- e Student Research Committee , Kashan University of Medical Sciences , Kashan , Iran
| | - Mohammad Behnam
- f Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases , Kashan University of Medical Sciences , Kashan , Iran
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31
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Abstract
Posttranslational modifications play a crucial role in the proper control of c-Myc protein stability and activity. c-Myc can be modified by small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO). However, how SUMOylation regulates c-Myc stability and activity remains to be elucidated. The deSUMOylation enzyme, SENP1, has recently been shown to have a prooncogenic role in cancer; however, mechanistic understanding of this is limited. Here we show that SENP1 is a c-Myc deSUMOylating enzyme. SENP1 interacts with and deSUMOylates c-Myc in cells and in vitro. Overexpression of wild-type SENP1, but not its catalytically inactive C603S mutant, markedly stabilizes c-Myc and increases its levels and activity. Knockdown of SENP1 reduces c-Myc levels, induces cell cycle arrest, and drastically suppresses cell proliferation. We further show that c-Myc can be comodified by both ubiquitination and SUMOylation. SENP1-mediated deSUMOylation reduces c-Myc polyubiquitination, suggesting that SUMOylation promotes c-Myc degradation through the proteasome system. Interestingly, SENP1-mediated deSUMOylation promotes the accumulation of monoubiquitinated c-Myc and its phosphorylation at serine 62 and threonine 58. SENP1 is frequently overexpressed, correlating with the high expression of c-Myc, in breast cancer tissues. Together, these results reveal that SENP1 is a crucial c-Myc deSUMOylating enzyme that positively regulates c-Myc's stability and activity.
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32
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De Melo J, Kim SS, Lourenco C, Penn LZ. Lysine-52 stabilizes the MYC oncoprotein through an SCFFbxw7-independent mechanism. Oncogene 2017; 36:6815-6822. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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33
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Rabellino A, Andreani C, Scaglioni PP. The Role of PIAS SUMO E3-Ligases in Cancer. Cancer Res 2017; 77:1542-1547. [PMID: 28330929 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SUMOylation modifies the interactome, localization, activity, and lifespan of its target proteins. This process regulates several cellular machineries, including transcription, DNA damage repair, cell-cycle progression, and apoptosis. Accordingly, SUMOylation is critical in maintaining cellular homeostasis, and its deregulation leads to the corruption of a plethora of cellular processes that contribute to disease states. Among the proteins involved in SUMOylation, the protein inhibitor of activated STAT (PIAS) E3-ligases were initially described as transcriptional coregulators. Recent findings also indicate that they have a role in regulating protein stability and signaling transduction pathways. PIAS proteins interact with up to 60 cellular partners affecting several cellular processes, most notably immune regulation and DNA repair, but also cellular proliferation and survival. Here, we summarize the current knowledge about their role in tumorigenesis and cancer-related processes. Cancer Res; 77(7); 1542-7. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rabellino
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Simmons Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane City, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cristina Andreani
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Simmons Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Pier Paolo Scaglioni
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. .,Simmons Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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