1
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Lu Q, Zhu Z, Zhang J, Xu C. Structure of GDP-bound Rab7 Q67L in complex with ORP1L. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 725:150232. [PMID: 38897042 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Molecular processes are orchestrated by various proteins that promote early endosomes to become late endosomes and eventually fuse with lysosomes, guaranteeing the degradation of the content. Rab7, which is localized to late endosomes, is one of the most well-known GTPases. ORP1L is recruited by Rab7 to facilitate the fusion of late endosomes and lysosomes. Here, we present the structure of GDP-bound Rab7 Q67L with ORP1L. Structural analysis, supported by biochemical and ITC binding experiments, not only provides structural insight into the interactions between the ORP1L ANK domain and Rab7 but also suggests that the GTPase activity of Rab7 does not interfere with its ORP1L-binding capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Lu
- Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, PR China
| | - Zhongliang Zhu
- Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, PR China
| | - Jiahai Zhang
- Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, PR China.
| | - Chao Xu
- Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Biomedicine of IHM, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, PR China.
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2
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Bandyopadhyay S, Adebayo D, Obaseki E, Hariri H. Lysosomal membrane contact sites: Integrative hubs for cellular communication and homeostasis. CURRENT TOPICS IN MEMBRANES 2024; 93:85-116. [PMID: 39181579 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctm.2024.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Lysosomes are more than just cellular recycling bins; they play a crucial role in regulating key cellular functions. Proper lysosomal function is essential for growth pathway regulation, cell proliferation, and metabolic homeostasis. Impaired lysosomal function is associated with lipid storage disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Lysosomes form extensive and dynamic close contacts with the membranes of other organelles, including the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, peroxisomes, and lipid droplets. These membrane contacts sites (MCSs) are vital for many lysosomal functions. In this chapter, we will explore lysosomal MCSs focusing on the machinery that mediates these contacts, how they are regulated, and their functional implications on physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Daniel Adebayo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Eseiwi Obaseki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Hanaa Hariri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States.
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3
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McPhee M, Lee J, Salsman J, Pinelli M, Di Cara F, Rosen K, Dellaire G, Ridgway ND. Nuclear lipid droplets in Caco2 cells originate from nascent precursors and in situ at the nuclear envelope. J Lipid Res 2024; 65:100540. [PMID: 38570093 PMCID: PMC11077042 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells convert excess fatty acids into triglyceride (TAG) for storage in cytoplasmic lipid droplets and secretion in chylomicrons. Nuclear lipid droplets (nLDs) are present in intestinal cells but their origin and relationship to cytoplasmic TAG synthesis and secretion is unknown. nLDs and related lipid-associated promyelocytic leukemia structures (LAPS) were abundant in oleate-treated Caco2 but less frequent in other human colorectal cancer cell lines and mouse intestinal organoids. nLDs and LAPS in undifferentiated oleate-treated Caco2 cells harbored the phosphatidate phosphatase Lipin1, its product diacylglycerol, and CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CCT)α. CCTα knockout Caco2 cells had fewer but larger nLDs, indicating a reliance on de novo PC synthesis for assembly. Differentiation of Caco2 cells caused large nLDs and LAPS to form regardless of oleate treatment or CCTα expression. nLDs and LAPS in Caco2 cells did not associate with apoCIII and apoAI and formed dependently of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein expression and activity, indicating they are not derived from endoplasmic reticulum luminal LDs precursors. Instead, undifferentiated Caco2 cells harbored a constitutive pool of nLDs and LAPS in proximity to the nuclear envelope that expanded in size and number with oleate treatment. Inhibition of TAG synthesis did affect the number of nascent nLDs and LAPS but prevented their association with promyelocytic leukemia protein, Lipin1α, and diacylglycerol, which instead accumulated on the nuclear membranes. Thus, nLD and LAPS biogenesis in Caco2 cells is not linked to lipoprotein secretion but involves biogenesis and/or expansion of nascent nLDs by de novo lipid synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael McPhee
- Depts of Pediatrics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Atlantic Research Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jonghwa Lee
- Depts of Pediatrics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Atlantic Research Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jayme Salsman
- Depts of Pathology and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Marinella Pinelli
- Dept of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Francesca Di Cara
- Dept of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Kirill Rosen
- Depts of Pediatrics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Atlantic Research Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Graham Dellaire
- Depts of Pathology and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| | - Neale D Ridgway
- Depts of Pediatrics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Atlantic Research Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
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4
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Fang XX, Wei P, Zhao K, Sheng ZC, Song BL, Yin L, Luo J. Fatty acid-binding proteins 3, 7, and 8 bind cholesterol and facilitate its egress from lysosomes. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202211062. [PMID: 38429999 PMCID: PMC10909654 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202211062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol from low-density lipoprotein (LDL) can be transported to many organelle membranes by non-vesicular mechanisms involving sterol transfer proteins (STPs). Fatty acid-binding protein (FABP) 7 was identified in our previous study searching for new regulators of intracellular cholesterol trafficking. Whether FABP7 is a bona fide STP remains unknown. Here, we found that FABP7 deficiency resulted in the accumulation of LDL-derived cholesterol in lysosomes and reduced cholesterol levels on the plasma membrane. A crystal structure of human FABP7 protein in complex with cholesterol was resolved at 2.7 Å resolution. In vitro, FABP7 efficiently transported the cholesterol analog dehydroergosterol between the liposomes. Further, the silencing of FABP3 and 8, which belong to the same family as FABP7, caused robust cholesterol accumulation in lysosomes. These two FABP proteins could transport dehydroergosterol in vitro as well. Collectively, our results suggest that FABP3, 7, and 8 are a new class of STPs mediating cholesterol egress from lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Xiu Fang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, College of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Pengcheng Wei
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, College of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, College of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhao-Chen Sheng
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, College of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Bao-Liang Song
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, College of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Yin
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, College of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jie Luo
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, College of Life Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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5
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Bond C, Hugelier S, Xing J, Sorokina EM, Lakadamyali M. Multiplexed DNA-PAINT Imaging of the Heterogeneity of Late Endosome/Lysosome Protein Composition. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.18.585634. [PMID: 38562776 PMCID: PMC10983937 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.18.585634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Late endosomes/lysosomes (LELs) are crucial for numerous physiological processes and their dysfunction is linked to many diseases. Proteomic analyses have identified hundreds of LEL proteins, however, whether these proteins are uniformly present on each LEL, or if there are cell-type dependent LEL sub-populations with unique protein compositions is unclear. We employed a quantitative, multiplexed DNA-PAINT super-resolution approach to examine the distribution of six key LEL proteins (LAMP1, LAMP2, CD63, TMEM192, NPC1 and LAMTOR4) on individual LELs. While LAMP1 and LAMP2 were abundant across LELs, marking a common population, most analyzed proteins were associated with specific LEL subpopulations. Our multiplexed imaging approach identified up to eight different LEL subpopulations based on their unique membrane protein composition. Additionally, our analysis of the spatial relationships between these subpopulations and mitochondria revealed a cell-type specific tendency for NPC1-positive LELs to be closely positioned to mitochondria. Our approach will be broadly applicable to determining organelle heterogeneity with single organelle resolution in many biological contexts. Summary This study develops a multiplexed and quantitative DNA-PAINT super-resolution imaging pipeline to investigate the distribution of late endosomal/lysosomal (LEL) proteins across individual LELs, revealing cell-type specific LEL sub-populations with unique protein compositions, offering insights into organelle heterogeneity at single-organelle resolution.
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6
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Foster J, McPhee M, Yue L, Dellaire G, Pelech S, Ridgway ND. Lipid- and phospho-regulation of CTP:Phosphocholine Cytidylyltransferase α association with nuclear lipid droplets. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar33. [PMID: 38170618 PMCID: PMC10916874 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-09-0354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids stored in triacylglycerol-rich lipid droplets are assembled with a surface monolayer composed primarily of phosphatidylcholine (PC). Fatty acids stimulate PC synthesis by translocating CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CCT) α to the inner nuclear membrane, nuclear lipid droplets (nLD) and lipid associated promyelocytic leukemia (PML) structures (LAPS). Huh7 cells were used to identify how CCTα translocation onto these nuclear structures are regulated by fatty acids and phosphorylation of its serine-rich P-domain. Oleate treatment of Huh7 cells increased nLDs and LAPS that became progressively enriched in CCTα. In cells expressing the phosphatidic acid phosphatase Lipin1α or 1β, the expanded pool of nLDs and LAPS had a proportional increase in associated CCTα. In contrast, palmitate induced few nLDs and LAPS and inhibited the oleate-dependent translocation of CCTα without affecting total nLDs. Phospho-memetic or phospho-null mutations in the P-domain revealed that a 70% phosphorylation threshold, rather than site-specific phosphorylation, regulated CCTα association with nLDs and LAPS. In vitro candidate kinase and inhibitor studies in Huh7 cells identified cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 1 and 2 as putative P-domain kinases. In conclusion, CCTα translocation onto nLDs and LAPS is dependent on available surface area and fatty acid composition, as well as threshold phosphorylation of the P-domain potentially involving CDKs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Foster
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Atlantic Research Centre, and
| | - Michael McPhee
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Atlantic Research Centre, and
| | - Lambert Yue
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 2B5
| | - Graham Dellaire
- Departments of Pathology and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H4R2
| | - Steven Pelech
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 2B5
- Kinexus Bioinformatics Corporation, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6P 6T3
| | - Neale D. Ridgway
- Departments of Pediatrics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Atlantic Research Centre, and
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7
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Sun S, Zhao G, Jia M, Jiang Q, Li S, Wang H, Li W, Wang Y, Bian X, Zhao YG, Huang X, Yang G, Cai H, Pastor-Pareja JC, Ge L, Zhang C, Hu J. Stay in touch with the endoplasmic reticulum. SCIENCE CHINA. LIFE SCIENCES 2024; 67:230-257. [PMID: 38212460 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-023-2443-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which is composed of a continuous network of tubules and sheets, forms the most widely distributed membrane system in eukaryotic cells. As a result, it engages a variety of organelles by establishing membrane contact sites (MCSs). These contacts regulate organelle positioning and remodeling, including fusion and fission, facilitate precise lipid exchange, and couple vital signaling events. Here, we systematically review recent advances and converging themes on ER-involved organellar contact. The molecular basis, cellular influence, and potential physiological functions for ER/nuclear envelope contacts with mitochondria, Golgi, endosomes, lysosomes, lipid droplets, autophagosomes, and plasma membrane are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Sun
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Gan Zhao
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Mingkang Jia
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Qing Jiang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shulin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Haibin Wang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wenjing Li
- Laboratory of Computational Biology & Machine Intelligence, School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yunyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xin Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Yan G Zhao
- Brain Research Center, Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Xun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Ge Yang
- Laboratory of Computational Biology & Machine Intelligence, School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Huaqing Cai
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Jose C Pastor-Pareja
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Institute of Neurosciences, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientfflcas-Universidad Miguel Hernandez, San Juan de Alicante, 03550, Spain.
| | - Liang Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Chuanmao Zhang
- The Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Proliferation and Differentiation, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Junjie Hu
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
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8
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Tan JX, Finkel T. Lysosomes in senescence and aging. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e57265. [PMID: 37811693 PMCID: PMC10626421 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202357265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of lysosomes, the primary hydrolytic organelles in animal cells, is frequently associated with aging and age-related diseases. At the cellular level, lysosomal dysfunction is strongly linked to cellular senescence or the induction of cell death pathways. However, the precise mechanisms by which lysosomal dysfunction participates in these various cellular or organismal phenotypes have remained elusive. The ability of lysosomes to degrade diverse macromolecules including damaged proteins and organelles puts lysosomes at the center of multiple cellular stress responses. Lysosomal activity is tightly regulated by many coordinated cellular processes including pathways that function inside and outside of the organelle. Here, we collectively classify these coordinated pathways as the lysosomal processing and adaptation system (LYPAS). We review evidence that the LYPAS is upregulated by diverse cellular stresses, its adaptability regulates senescence and cell death decisions, and it can form the basis for therapeutic manipulation for a wide range of age-related diseases and potentially for aging itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Xiaojun Tan
- Aging InstituteUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine/University of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburghPAUSA
- Department of Cell BiologyUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
| | - Toren Finkel
- Aging InstituteUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine/University of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburghPAUSA
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPAUSA
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9
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Liu H, Shao W, Liu W, Shang W, Liu JP, Wang L, Tong C. PtdIns4P exchange at endoplasmic reticulum-autolysosome contacts is essential for autophagy and neuronal homeostasis. Autophagy 2023; 19:2682-2701. [PMID: 37289040 PMCID: PMC10472871 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2222556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Inter-organelle contacts enable crosstalk among organelles, facilitating the exchange of materials and coordination of cellular events. In this study, we demonstrated that, upon starvation, autolysosomes recruit Pi4KIIα (Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase II α) to generate phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PtdIns4P) on their surface and establish endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-autolysosome contacts through PtdIns4P binding proteins Osbp (Oxysterol binding protein) and cert (ceramide transfer protein). We found that the Sac1 (Sac1 phosphatase), Osbp, and cert proteins are required for the reduction of PtdIns4P on autolysosomes. Loss of any of these proteins leads to defective macroautophagy/autophagy and neurodegeneration. Osbp, cert, and Sac1 are required for ER-Golgi contacts in fed cells. Our data establishes a new mode of organelle contact formation - the ER-Golgi contact machinery can be reused by ER-autolysosome contacts by re-locating PtdIns4P from the Golgi apparatus to autolysosomes when faced with starvation.Abbreviations: Atg1: Autophagy-related 1; Atg8: Autophagy-related 8; Atg9: Autophagy-related 9; Atg12: Autophagy-related 12; cert: ceramide transfer protein; Cp1/CathL: cysteine proteinase-1; CTL: control; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ERMCS: ER-mitochondria contact site; fwd: four wheel drive; GM130: Golgi matrix protein 130 kD; Osbp: Oxysterol binding protein; PG: phagophore; PtdIns4K: phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase; Pi4KIIα: Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase II α; Pi4KIIIα: Phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase III α; PtdIns4P: phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate; PR: photoreceptor cell; RT: room temperature; Sac1: Sac1 phosphatase; Stv: starvation; Syx17: Syntaxin 17; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; VAP: VAMP-associated protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenxia Shao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weina Shang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun-Ping Liu
- Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liquan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chao Tong
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Gastroenterology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Aging Research, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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10
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Hempelmann P, Lolicato F, Graziadei A, Brown RDR, Spiegel S, Rappsilber J, Nickel W, Höglinger D, Jamecna D. The sterol transporter STARD3 transports sphingosine at ER-lysosome contact sites. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.18.557036. [PMID: 37790546 PMCID: PMC10542139 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.18.557036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Sphingolipids are important structural components of membranes. Additionally, simple sphingolipids such as sphingosine are highly bioactive and participate in complex subcellular signaling. Sphingolipid deregulation is associated with many severe diseases including diabetes, Parkinson's and cancer. Here, we focus on how sphingosine, generated from sphingolipid catabolism in late endosomes/lysosomes, is reintegrated into the biosynthetic machinery at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We characterized the sterol transporter STARD3 as a sphingosine transporter acting at lysosome-ER contact sites. Experiments featuring crosslinkable sphingosine probes, supported by unbiased molecular dynamics simulations, exposed how sphingosine binds to the lipid-binding domain of STARD3. Following the metabolic fate of pre-localized lysosomal sphingosine showed the importance of STARD3 and its actions at contact sites for the integration of sphingosine into ceramide in a cellular context. Our findings provide the first example of interorganellar sphingosine transfer and pave the way for a better understanding of sphingolipid - sterol co-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Hempelmann
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg
| | - Fabio Lolicato
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrea Graziadei
- Institute for Biotechnology, Technical University Berlin, Gustav Mayer Allee 25, 13355 Berlin
| | - Ryan D R Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - Sarah Spiegel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA
| | - Juri Rappsilber
- Institute for Biotechnology, Technical University Berlin, Gustav Mayer Allee 25, 13355 Berlin
| | - Walter Nickel
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg
| | - Doris Höglinger
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg
| | - Denisa Jamecna
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg
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11
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Ikonen E, Olkkonen VM. Intracellular Cholesterol Trafficking. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2023; 15:a041404. [PMID: 37277190 PMCID: PMC10411867 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential lipid species of mammalian cells. Cells acquire it through synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and uptake from lipoprotein particles. Newly synthesized cholesterol is efficiently distributed from the ER to other organelles via lipid-binding/transfer proteins concentrated at membrane contact sites (MCSs) to reach the trans-Golgi network, endosomes, and plasma membrane. Lipoprotein-derived cholesterol is exported from the plasma membrane and endosomal compartments via a combination of vesicle/tubule-mediated membrane transport and transfer through MCSs. In this review, we provide an overview of intracellular cholesterol trafficking pathways, including cholesterol flux from the ER to other membranes, cholesterol uptake from lipoprotein donors and transport from the plasma membrane to the ER, cellular cholesterol efflux to lipoprotein acceptors, as well as lipoprotein cholesterol secretion from enterocytes, hepatocytes, and astrocytes. We also briefly discuss human diseases caused by defects in these processes and therapeutic strategies available in such conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Ikonen
- Department of Anatomy and Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vesa M Olkkonen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
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12
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Schuler B, Sladek M, Gilk SD. Host Lipid Transport Protein ORP1 Is Necessary for Coxiella burnetii Growth and Vacuole Expansion in Macrophages. mSphere 2023; 8:e0010423. [PMID: 37017523 PMCID: PMC10286706 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00104-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coxiella burnetii is an intracellular bacterium that causes the human disease Q fever. C. burnetii forms a large, acidic Coxiella-containing vacuole (CCV) and uses a type 4B secretion system to secrete effector proteins into the host cell cytoplasm. While the CCV membrane is rich in sterols, cholesterol accumulation in the CCV is bacteriolytic, suggesting that C. burnetii regulation of lipid transport and metabolism is critical for successful infection. The mammalian lipid transport protein ORP1L (oxysterol binding protein-like protein 1 Long) localizes to the CCV membrane and mediates CCV-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane contact sites. ORP1L functions in lipid sensing and transport, including cholesterol efflux from late endosomes and lysosomes (LELs), and the ER. Its sister isoform, ORP1S (oxysterol binding protein-like protein 1 Short) also binds cholesterol but has cytoplasmic and nuclear localization. In ORP1-null cells, we found that CCVs were smaller than in wild-type cells, highlighting the importance of ORP1 in CCV development. This effect was consistent between HeLa cells and murine alveolar macrophages (MH-S cells). CCVs in ORP1-null cells had higher cholesterol content than CCVs in wild-type cells at 4 days of infection, suggesting ORP1 functions in cholesterol efflux from the CCV. While the absence of ORP1 led to a C. burnetii growth defect in MH-S cells, there was no growth defect in HeLa cells. Together, our data demonstrated that C. burnetii uses the host sterol transport protein ORP1 to promote CCV development, potentially by using ORP1 to facilitate cholesterol efflux from the CCV to diminish the bacteriolytic effects of cholesterol. IMPORTANCE Coxiella burnetii is an emerging zoonotic pathogen and bioterrorism threat. No licensed vaccine exists in the United States, and the chronic form of the disease is difficult to treat and potentially lethal. Postinfectious sequelae of C. burnetii infection, including debilitating fatigue, place a significant burden on individuals and communities recovering from an outbreak. C. burnetii must manipulate host cell processes in order to promote infection. Our results establish a link between host cell lipid transport processes and C. burnetii's avoidance of cholesterol toxicity during infection of alveolar macrophages. Elucidating the mechanisms behind bacterial manipulation of the host will yield insight for new strategies to combat this intracellular pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baleigh Schuler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Margaret Sladek
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Stacey D. Gilk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
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13
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Vormittag S, Ende RJ, Derré I, Hilbi H. Pathogen vacuole membrane contact sites - close encounters of the fifth kind. MICROLIFE 2023; 4:uqad018. [PMID: 37223745 PMCID: PMC10117887 DOI: 10.1093/femsml/uqad018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Vesicular trafficking and membrane fusion are well-characterized, versatile, and sophisticated means of 'long range' intracellular protein and lipid delivery. Membrane contact sites (MCS) have been studied in far less detail, but are crucial for 'short range' (10-30 nm) communication between organelles, as well as between pathogen vacuoles and organelles. MCS are specialized in the non-vesicular trafficking of small molecules such as calcium and lipids. Pivotal MCS components important for lipid transfer are the VAP receptor/tether protein, oxysterol binding proteins (OSBPs), the ceramide transport protein CERT, the phosphoinositide phosphatase Sac1, and the lipid phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdIns(4)P). In this review, we discuss how these MCS components are subverted by bacterial pathogens and their secreted effector proteins to promote intracellular survival and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Isabelle Derré
- Corresponding author. Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, 1340 Jefferson Park Ave, Charlottesville, VA 22908, United States. Tel: +1-434-924-2330; E-mail:
| | - Hubert Hilbi
- Corresponding author. Institute of Medical Microbiology, University of Zürich, Gloriastrasse 30, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland. Tel: +41-44-634-2650; E-mail:
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14
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Dorighello G, McPhee M, Halliday K, Dellaire G, Ridgway N. Differential contributions of phosphotransferases CEPT1 and CHPT1 to phosphatidylcholine homeostasis and lipid droplet biogenesis. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104578. [PMID: 36871755 PMCID: PMC10166788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The CDP-choline (Kennedy) pathway culminates with the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) by choline/ethanolamine phosphotransferase 1 (CEPT1) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and PC synthesis by choline phosphotransferase 1 (CHPT1) in the Golgi apparatus. Whether the PC and PE synthesized by CEPT1 and CHPT1 in the ER and Golgi apparatus has different cellular functions has not been formally addressed. Here we used CRISPR editing to generate CEPT1-and CHPT1-knockout (KO) U2OS cells to assess the differential contribution of the enzymes to feed-back regulation of nuclear CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CCT)α, the rate-limiting enzyme in PC synthesis, and lipid droplet (LD) biogenesis. We found that CEPT1-KO cells had a 50% and 80% reduction in PC and PE synthesis, respectively, while PC synthesis in CHPT1-KO cells was also reduced by 50%. CEPT1 knockout caused the post-transcriptional induction of CCTα protein expression as well as its dephosphorylation and constitutive localization on the inner nuclear membrane and nucleoplasmic reticulum. This activated CCTα phenotype was prevented by incubating CEPT1-KO cells with PC liposomes to restore end-product inhibition. Additionally, we determined that CEPT1 was in close proximity to cytoplasmic LDs, and CEPT1 knockout resulted in the accumulation of small cytoplasmic LDs, as well as increased nuclear LDs enriched in CCTα. In contrast, CHPT1 knockout had no effect on CCTα regulation or LD biogenesis. Thus, CEPT1 and CHPT1 contribute equally to PC synthesis; however, only PC synthesized by CEPT1 in the ER regulates CCTα and the biogenesis of cytoplasmic and nuclear LDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Dorighello
- Depts of Pediatrics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Atlantic Research Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada B3H4R2
| | - Michael McPhee
- Depts of Pediatrics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Atlantic Research Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada B3H4R2
| | - Katie Halliday
- Depts of Pediatrics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Atlantic Research Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada B3H4R2
| | - Graham Dellaire
- Depts of Pediatrics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Atlantic Research Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada B3H4R2; Depts of Pathology and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada B3H4R2
| | - NealeD Ridgway
- Depts of Pediatrics and Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Atlantic Research Centre, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia Canada B3H4R2.
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15
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Pfrieger FW. The Niemann-Pick type diseases – A synopsis of inborn errors in sphingolipid and cholesterol metabolism. Prog Lipid Res 2023; 90:101225. [PMID: 37003582 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2023.101225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Disturbances of lipid homeostasis in cells provoke human diseases. The elucidation of the underlying mechanisms and the development of efficient therapies represent formidable challenges for biomedical research. Exemplary cases are two rare, autosomal recessive, and ultimately fatal lysosomal diseases historically named "Niemann-Pick" honoring the physicians, whose pioneering observations led to their discovery. Acid sphingomyelinase deficiency (ASMD) and Niemann-Pick type C disease (NPCD) are caused by specific variants of the sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase 1 (SMPD1) and NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1 (NPC1) or NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 2 (NPC2) genes that perturb homeostasis of two key membrane components, sphingomyelin and cholesterol, respectively. Patients with severe forms of these diseases present visceral and neurologic symptoms and succumb to premature death. This synopsis traces the tortuous discovery of the Niemann-Pick diseases, highlights important advances with respect to genetic culprits and cellular mechanisms, and exposes efforts to improve diagnosis and to explore new therapeutic approaches.
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16
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Kennelly JP, Tontonoz P. Cholesterol Transport to the Endoplasmic Reticulum. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2023; 15:cshperspect.a041263. [PMID: 35940908 PMCID: PMC9899650 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Most cholesterol in mammalian cells is stored in the plasma membrane (PM). Cholesterol transport from the PM to low-sterol regulatory regions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) controls cholesterol synthesis and uptake, and thereby influences the rates of cholesterol flux between tissues of complex organisms. Cholesterol transfer to the ER is also required for steroidogenesis, oxysterol and bile acid synthesis, and cholesterol esterification. The ER-resident Aster proteins (Aster-A, -B, and -C) form contacts with the PM to move cholesterol to the ER in mammals. Mice lacking Aster-B have low adrenal cholesteryl ester stores and impaired steroidogenesis because of a defect in cholesterol transport from high-density lipoprotein (HDL) to the ER. This work reviews the molecular characteristics of Asters, their role in HDL- and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol movement, and how cholesterol transferred to the ER is utilized by cells. The roles of other lipid transporters and of membrane lipid organization in maintaining aspects of cholesterol homeostasis are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Kennelly
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biological Chemistry, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Peter Tontonoz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Biological Chemistry, Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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17
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Qiu Z, Lin Z, Hu A, Liu Y, Zeng W, Zhao X, Shi X, Luo J, Song B. GRAMD1/ASTER-mediated cholesterol transport promotes Smoothened cholesterylation at the endoplasmic reticulum. EMBO J 2023; 42:e111513. [PMID: 36524353 PMCID: PMC9890235 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022111513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway plays a pivotal role in embryonic development. Hh binding to Patched1 (PTCH1) derepresses Smoothened (SMO), thereby activating the downstream signal transduction. Covalent SMO modification by cholesterol in its cysteine-rich domain (CRD) is essential for SMO function. SMO cholesterylation is a calcium-accelerated autoprocessing reaction, and STIM1-ORAI1-mediated store-operated calcium entry promotes cholesterylation and activation of endosome-localized SMO. However, it is unknown whether the Hh-PTCH1 interplay regulates the activity of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized SMO. Here, we found that PTCH1 inhibited the COPII-dependent export of SMO from the ER, whereas Hh promoted this process. The RRxWxR amino acid motif in the cytosolic tail of SMO was essential for COPII recognition, ciliary localization, and signal transduction activity. Hh and PTCH1 regulated cholesterol modification of the ER-localized SMO, and SMO cholesterylation accelerated its exit from ER. The GRAMD1/ASTER sterol transport proteins facilitated cholesterol transfer to ER from PM, resulting in increased SMO cholesterylation and enhanced Hh signaling. Collectively, we reveal a regulatory role of GRAMD-mediated cholesterol transport in ER-resident SMO maturation and Hh signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi‐Ping Qiu
- College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Zi‐Cun Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Ao Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Yuan‐Bin Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Wan‐Er Zeng
- College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Xiaolu Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Xiong‐Jie Shi
- College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Jie Luo
- College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Bao‐Liang Song
- College of Life Sciences, Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Taikang Medical School, Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell HomeostasisWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
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18
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Loss of small GTPase Rab7 activation in prion infection negatively affects a feedback loop regulating neuronal cholesterol metabolism. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102883. [PMID: 36623732 PMCID: PMC9926124 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.102883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Prion diseases are fatal and infectious neurodegenerative diseases that occur in humans and animals. They are caused by the misfolding of the cellular prion protein PrPc into the infectious isoform PrPSc. PrPSc accumulates mostly in endolysosomal vesicles of prion-infected cells, eventually causing neurodegeneration. In response to prion infection, elevated cholesterol levels and a reduction in membrane-attached small GTPase Rab7 have been observed in neuronal cells. Here, we investigated the molecular events causing an impaired Rab7 membrane attachment and the potential mechanistic link with elevated cholesterol levels in prion infection. We demonstrate that prion infection is associated with reduced levels of active Rab7 (Rab7.GTP) in persistently prion-infected neuronal cell lines, primary cerebellar granular neurons, and neurons in the brain of mice with terminal prion disease. In primary cerebellar granular neurons, levels of active Rab7 were increased during the very early stages of the prion infection prior to a significant decrease concomitant with PrPSc accumulation. The reduced activation of Rab7 in prion-infected neuronal cell lines is also associated with its reduced ubiquitination status, decreased interaction with its effector RILP, and altered lysosomal positioning. Consequently, the Rab7-mediated trafficking of low-density lipoprotein to lysosomes is delayed. This results in an impaired feedback regulation of cholesterol synthesis leading to an increase in cholesterol levels. Notably, transient overexpression of the constitutively active mutant of Rab7 rescues the delay in the low-density lipoprotein trafficking, hence reducing cholesterol levels and attenuating PrPSc propagation, demonstrating a mechanistic link between the loss of Rab7.GTP and elevated cholesterol levels.
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19
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Balla T, Gulyas G, Mandal A, Alvarez-Prats A, Niu Y, Kim YJ, Pemberton J. Roles of Phosphatidylinositol 4-Phosphorylation in Non-vesicular Cholesterol Trafficking. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1422:327-352. [PMID: 36988887 PMCID: PMC11135459 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21547-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol (Chol) is an essential component of all eukaryotic cell membranes that affects the function of numerous peripheral as well as integral membrane proteins. Chol is synthesized in the ER, but it is selectively enriched within the plasma membrane (PM) and other endomembranes, which requires Chol to cross the aqueous phase of the cytoplasm. In addition to the classical vesicular trafficking pathways that are known to facilitate the bulk transport of membrane intermediates, Chol is also transported via non-vesicular lipid transfer proteins that work primarily within specialized membrane contact sites. Some of these transport pathways work against established concentration gradients and hence require energy. Recent studies highlight the unique role of phosphoinositides (PPIns), and phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) in particular, for the control of non-vesicular Chol transport. In this chapter, we will review the emerging connection between Chol, PPIns, and lipid transfer proteins that include the important family of oxysterol-binding protein related proteins, or ORPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Balla
- Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Program for Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | | | - Amrita Mandal
- Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Program for Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alejandro Alvarez-Prats
- Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Program for Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Yeun Ju Kim
- Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Program for Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joshua Pemberton
- Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Program for Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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20
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Enrich C, Lu A, Tebar F, Rentero C, Grewal T. Ca 2+ and Annexins - Emerging Players for Sensing and Transferring Cholesterol and Phosphoinositides via Membrane Contact Sites. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1422:393-438. [PMID: 36988890 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21547-6_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining lipid composition diversity in membranes from different organelles is critical for numerous cellular processes. However, many lipids are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and require delivery to other organelles. In this scenario, formation of membrane contact sites (MCS) between neighbouring organelles has emerged as a novel non-vesicular lipid transport mechanism. Dissecting the molecular composition of MCS identified phosphoinositides (PIs), cholesterol, scaffolding/tethering proteins as well as Ca2+ and Ca2+-binding proteins contributing to MCS functioning. Compelling evidence now exists for the shuttling of PIs and cholesterol across MCS, affecting their concentrations in distinct membrane domains and diverse roles in membrane trafficking. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) at the plasma membrane (PM) not only controls endo-/exocytic membrane dynamics but is also critical in autophagy. Cholesterol is highly concentrated at the PM and enriched in recycling endosomes and Golgi membranes. MCS-mediated cholesterol transfer is intensely researched, identifying MCS dysfunction or altered MCS partnerships to correlate with de-regulated cellular cholesterol homeostasis and pathologies. Annexins, a conserved family of Ca2+-dependent phospholipid binding proteins, contribute to tethering and untethering events at MCS. In this chapter, we will discuss how Ca2+ homeostasis and annexins in the endocytic compartment affect the sensing and transfer of cholesterol and PIs across MCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Enrich
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel⋅lular, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
- Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Albert Lu
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel⋅lular, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Tebar
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel⋅lular, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carles Rentero
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel⋅lular, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Thomas Grewal
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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21
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Coates HW, Brown AJ. Asters: rising stars in the cholesterol universe. Nat Metab 2023; 5:16-18. [PMID: 36646755 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00717-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hudson W Coates
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew J Brown
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.
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22
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Rosenhouse-Dantsker A, Gazgalis D, Logothetis DE. PI(4,5)P 2 and Cholesterol: Synthesis, Regulation, and Functions. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1422:3-59. [PMID: 36988876 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21547-6_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2) is the most abundant membrane phosphoinositide and cholesterol is an essential component of the plasma membrane (PM). Both lipids play key roles in a variety of cellular functions including as signaling molecules and major regulators of protein function. This chapter provides an overview of these two important lipids. Starting from a brief description of their structure, synthesis, and regulation, the chapter continues to describe the primary functions and signaling processes in which PI(4,5)P2 and cholesterol are involved. While PI(4,5)P2 and cholesterol can act independently, they often act in concert or affect each other's impact. The chapters in this volume on "Cholesterol and PI(4,5)P2 in Vital Biological Functions: From Coexistence to Crosstalk" focus on the emerging relationship between cholesterol and PI(4,5)P2 in a variety of biological systems and processes. In this chapter, the next section provides examples from the ion channel field demonstrating that PI(4,5)P2 and cholesterol can act via common mechanisms. The chapter ends with a discussion of future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dimitris Gazgalis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Diomedes E Logothetis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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23
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Dickson EJ. Role of Lysosomal Cholesterol in Regulating PI(4,5)P 2-Dependent Ion Channel Function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1422:193-215. [PMID: 36988882 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-21547-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomes are central regulators of cellular growth and signaling. Once considered the acidic garbage can of the cell, their ever-expanding repertoire of functions include the regulation of cell growth, gene regulation, metabolic signaling, cell migration, and cell death. In this chapter, we detail how another of the lysosome's crucial roles, cholesterol transport, plays a vital role in the control of ion channel function and neuronal excitability through its ability to influence the abundance of the plasma membrane signaling lipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P2). This chapter will introduce the biosynthetic pathways of cholesterol and PI(4,5)P2, discuss the molecular mechanisms through which each lipid distinctly regulates ion channels, and consider the interdependence of these lipids in the control of ion channel function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn J Dickson
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA.
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24
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Ghavami M, Fairn GD. Endoplasmic reticulum-Phagosome contact sites from the cradle to the grave. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1074443. [PMID: 36619860 PMCID: PMC9813420 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1074443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis is a key component of the innate immune system used to ingest apoptotic cells and microorganisms for their destruction and recycling of macromolecules and the presentation of antigens to adaptive immune system cells. The newly formed vacuole or nascent phagosome undergoes a maturation process reminiscent of the classical endocytic maturation process, reaching a highly degradative phagolysosome stage before its tubulovesicular breakdown into lysosomes. The process is highly regulated and can be disrupted by various pathogenic organisms. The exchange of proteins, lipids, and other metabolites between organelles, including maturing phagosomes, is enabled by two processes, vesicular and non-vesicular transport at membrane contact sites (MCS). For decades the specific role(s) of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in phagocytosis has been the subject of much debate. In parallel, the last two decades have seen a burst in research on the numerous roles of ER contact sites and resident proteins in all aspects of organelle biology. Here, in this minireview, we describe ER-phagosome contact sites' functions from the early stages of particle engulfment to the phagolysosome dissolution into lysosomes. We also discuss several aspects of ER-phagosome contact sites that remain to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahlegha Ghavami
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Gregory D. Fairn
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada,*Correspondence: Gregory D. Fairn,
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25
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Sphingosine kinases regulate ER contacts with late endocytic organelles and cholesterol trafficking. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2204396119. [PMID: 36122218 PMCID: PMC9522378 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2204396119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane contact sites (MCS), close membrane apposition between organelles, are platforms for interorganellar transfer of lipids including cholesterol, regulation of lipid homeostasis, and co-ordination of endocytic trafficking. Sphingosine kinases (SphKs), two isoenzymes that phosphorylate sphingosine to the bioactive sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), have been implicated in endocytic trafficking. However, the physiological functions of SphKs in regulation of membrane dynamics, lipid trafficking and MCS are not known. Here, we report that deletion of SphKs decreased S1P with concomitant increases in its precursors sphingosine and ceramide, and markedly reduced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) contacts with late endocytic organelles. Expression of enzymatically active SphK1, but not catalytically inactive, rescued the deficit of these MCS. Although free cholesterol accumulated in late endocytic organelles in SphK null cells, surprisingly however, cholesterol transport to the ER was not reduced. Importantly, deletion of SphKs promoted recruitment of the ER-resident cholesterol transfer protein Aster-B (also called GRAMD1B) to the plasma membrane (PM), consistent with higher accessible cholesterol and ceramide at the PM, to facilitate cholesterol transfer from the PM to the ER. In addition, ceramide enhanced in vitro binding of the Aster-B GRAM domain to phosphatidylserine and cholesterol liposomes. Our study revealed a previously unknown role for SphKs and sphingolipid metabolites in governing diverse MCS between the ER network and late endocytic organelles versus the PM to control the movement of cholesterol between distinct cell membranes.
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Depta L, Whitmarsh-Everiss T, Laraia L. Structure, function and small molecule modulation of intracellular sterol transport proteins. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 68:116856. [PMID: 35716590 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular sterol transport proteins (STPs) are crucial for maintaining cellular lipid homeostasis by regulating local sterol pools. Despite structural similarities in their sterol binding domains, STPs have different substrate specificities, intracellular localisation and biological functions. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the determination of STP structures and how this regulates their lipid specificities. Furthermore, we cover the important discoveries relating to the intracellular localisation of STPs, and the organelles between which lipid transport is carried out, giving rise to specific functions in health and disease. Finally, serendipitous and targeted efforts to identify small molecule modulators of STPs, as well as their ability to act as tool compounds and potential therapeutics, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Depta
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas Whitmarsh-Everiss
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Luca Laraia
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet 207, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark.
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27
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Lu A. Endolysosomal cholesterol export: More than just NPC1. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2200111. [PMID: 35934896 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
NPC1 plays a central role in cholesterol egress from endolysosomes, a critical step for maintaining intracellular cholesterol homeostasis. Despite recent advances in the field, the full repertoire of molecules and pathways involved in this process remains unknown. Emerging evidence suggests the existence of NPC1-independent, alternative routes. These may involve vesicular and non-vesicular mechanisms, as well as release of extracellular vesicles. Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms that bypass NPC1 function could have important implications for the development of therapies for lysosomal storage disorders. Here we discuss how cholesterol may be exported from lysosomes in which NPC1 function is impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Lu
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cellular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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28
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Potential Therapeutic Agents That Target ATP Binding Cassette A1 (ABCA1) Gene Expression. Drugs 2022; 82:1055-1075. [PMID: 35861923 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-022-01743-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The cholesterol efflux protein ATP binding cassette protein A1 (ABCA) and apolipoprotein A1 (apo A1) are key constituents in the process of reverse-cholesterol transport (RCT), whereby excess cholesterol in the periphery is transported to the liver where it can be converted primarily to bile acids for either use in digestion or excreted. Due to their essential roles in RCT, numerous studies have been conducted in cells, mice, and humans to more thoroughly understand the pathways that regulate their expression and activity with the goal of developing therapeutics that enhance RCT to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Many of the drugs and natural compounds examined target several transcription factors critical for ABCA1 expression in both macrophages and the liver. Likewise, several miRNAs target not only ABCA1 but also the same transcription factors that are critical for its high expression. However, after years of research and many preclinical and clinical trials, only a few leads have proven beneficial in this regard. In this review we discuss the various transcription factors that serve as drug targets for ABCA1 and provide an update on some important leads.
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Linking Late Endosomal Cholesterol with Cancer Progression and Anticancer Drug Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137206. [PMID: 35806209 PMCID: PMC9267071 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells undergo drastic metabolic adaptions to cover increased bioenergetic needs, contributing to resistance to therapies. This includes a higher demand for cholesterol, which often coincides with elevated cholesterol uptake from low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and overexpression of the LDL receptor in many cancers. This implies the need for cancer cells to accommodate an increased delivery of LDL along the endocytic pathway to late endosomes/lysosomes (LE/Lys), providing a rapid and effective distribution of LDL-derived cholesterol from LE/Lys to other organelles for cholesterol to foster cancer growth and spread. LDL-cholesterol exported from LE/Lys is facilitated by Niemann–Pick Type C1/2 (NPC1/2) proteins, members of the steroidogenic acute regulatory-related lipid transfer domain (StARD) and oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) families. In addition, lysosomal membrane proteins, small Rab GTPases as well as scaffolding proteins, including annexin A6 (AnxA6), contribute to regulating cholesterol egress from LE/Lys. Here, we summarize current knowledge that links upregulated activity and expression of cholesterol transporters and related proteins in LE/Lys with cancer growth, progression and treatment outcomes. Several mechanisms on how cellular distribution of LDL-derived cholesterol from LE/Lys influences cancer cell behavior are reviewed, some of those providing opportunities for treatment strategies to reduce cancer progression and anticancer drug resistance.
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Acat1/Soat1 knockout extends the mutant Npc1 mouse lifespan and ameliorates functional deficiencies in multiple organelles of mutant cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2201646119. [PMID: 35507892 PMCID: PMC9170141 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2201646119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Niemann-Pick type C disease (NPCD) is an incurable genetic neurological disorder. Cells with NPC mutations fail to export cholesterol from endosomal organelle to multiple other organelles. ACAT1 is an enzyme that converts cholesterol to cholesteryl esters for storage. In mutant NPC cells, cholesterol storage still occurs, although at reduced rate. Here we show that in mutant NPC cells, ACAT1 blockade (A1B) decreases cholesterol storage such that it can be utilized to fulfill cholesterol needs in multiple organelles. In mutant NPC1 mice, Acat1 gene knockout reduces pathological onset and prolongs the lifespan by 34%. This work identifies ACAT1 as a target to treat NPCD and may help to explain why A1B has been reported to ameliorate preclinical models for Alzheimer’s disease. Multiple membrane organelles require cholesterol for proper function within cells. The Niemann-Pick type C (NPC) proteins export cholesterol from endosomes to other membrane compartments, including the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), plasma membrane (PM), trans-Golgi network (TGN), and mitochondria, to meet their cholesterol requirements. Defects in NPC cause malfunctions in multiple membrane organelles and lead to an incurable neurological disorder. Acyl-coenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 (ACAT1), a resident enzyme in the ER, converts cholesterol to cholesteryl esters for storage. In mutant NPC cells, cholesterol storage still occurs in an NPC-independent manner. Here we report the interesting finding that in a mutant Npc1 mouse (Npc1nmf), Acat1 gene (Soat1) knockout delayed the onset of weight loss, motor impairment, and Purkinje neuron death. It also improved hepatosplenic pathology and prolonged lifespan by 34%. In mutant NPC1 fibroblasts, ACAT1 blockade (A1B) increased cholesterol content associated with TGN-rich membranes and mitochondria, while decreased cholesterol content associated with late endosomes. A1B also restored proper localization of syntaxin 6 and golgin 97 (key proteins in membrane trafficking at TGN) and improved the levels of cathepsin D (a key protease in lysosome and requires Golgi/endosome transport for maturation) and ABCA1 (a key protein controlling cholesterol release at PM). This work supports the hypothesis that diverting cholesterol from storage can benefit multiple diseases that involve cholesterol deficiencies in cell membranes.
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Barral DC, Staiano L, Guimas Almeida C, Cutler DF, Eden ER, Futter CE, Galione A, Marques ARA, Medina DL, Napolitano G, Settembre C, Vieira OV, Aerts JMFG, Atakpa‐Adaji P, Bruno G, Capuozzo A, De Leonibus E, Di Malta C, Escrevente C, Esposito A, Grumati P, Hall MJ, Teodoro RO, Lopes SS, Luzio JP, Monfregola J, Montefusco S, Platt FM, Polishchuck R, De Risi M, Sambri I, Soldati C, Seabra MC. Current methods to analyze lysosome morphology, positioning, motility and function. Traffic 2022; 23:238-269. [PMID: 35343629 PMCID: PMC9323414 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of lysosomes more than 70 years ago, much has been learned about the functions of these organelles. Lysosomes were regarded as exclusively degradative organelles, but more recent research has shown that they play essential roles in several other cellular functions, such as nutrient sensing, intracellular signalling and metabolism. Methodological advances played a key part in generating our current knowledge about the biology of this multifaceted organelle. In this review, we cover current methods used to analyze lysosome morphology, positioning, motility and function. We highlight the principles behind these methods, the methodological strategies and their advantages and limitations. To extract accurate information and avoid misinterpretations, we discuss the best strategies to identify lysosomes and assess their characteristics and functions. With this review, we aim to stimulate an increase in the quantity and quality of research on lysosomes and further ground-breaking discoveries on an organelle that continues to surprise and excite cell biologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duarte C. Barral
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | - Leopoldo Staiano
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly
- Institute for Genetic and Biomedical ResearchNational Research Council (CNR)MilanItaly
| | | | - Dan F. Cutler
- MRC Laboratory for Molecular Cell BiologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Emily R. Eden
- University College London (UCL) Institute of OphthalmologyLondonUK
| | - Clare E. Futter
- University College London (UCL) Institute of OphthalmologyLondonUK
| | | | | | - Diego Luis Medina
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational ScienceFederico II UniversityNaplesItaly
| | - Gennaro Napolitano
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational ScienceFederico II UniversityNaplesItaly
| | - Carmine Settembre
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly
- Clinical Medicine and Surgery DepartmentFederico II UniversityNaplesItaly
| | - Otília V. Vieira
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | | | | | - Gemma Bruno
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly
| | | | - Elvira De Leonibus
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, CNRRomeItaly
| | - Chiara Di Malta
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational ScienceFederico II UniversityNaplesItaly
| | | | | | - Paolo Grumati
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly
| | - Michael J. Hall
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | - Rita O. Teodoro
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | - Susana S. Lopes
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de LisboaLisbonPortugal
| | - J. Paul Luzio
- Cambridge Institute for Medical ResearchUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | | | | | | | | | - Maria De Risi
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly
| | - Irene Sambri
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational ScienceFederico II UniversityNaplesItaly
| | - Chiara Soldati
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM)PozzuoliItaly
| | - Miguel C. Seabra
- CEDOC, NOVA Medical School, NMS, Universidade NOVA de LisboaLisbonPortugal
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Dickson EJ. Phosphoinositide transport and metabolism at membrane contact sites. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2022; 1867:159107. [PMID: 34995791 PMCID: PMC9662651 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.159107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositides are a family of signaling lipids that play a profound role in regulating protein function at the membrane-cytosol interface of all cellular membranes. Underscoring their importance, mutations or alterations in phosphoinositide metabolizing enzymes lead to host of developmental, neurodegenerative, and metabolic disorders that are devastating for human health. In addition to lipid enzymes, phosphoinositide metabolism is regulated and controlled at membrane contact sites (MCS). Regions of close opposition typically between the ER and other cellular membranes, MCS are non-vesicular lipid transport portals that engage in extensive communication to influence organelle homeostasis. This review focuses on lipid transport, specifically phosphoinositide lipid transport and metabolism at MCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn J Dickson
- Department of Physiology and Membrane Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America.
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Olkkonen VM, Ikonen E. Cholesterol transport in the late endocytic pathway: Roles of ORP family proteins. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2022; 216:106040. [PMID: 34864207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2021.106040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) homologues, designated ORP or OSBPL proteins, constitute one of the largest families of intracellular lipid-binding/transfer proteins (LTP). This review summarizes the mounting evidence that several members of this family participate in the machinery facilitating cholesterol trafficking in the late endocytic pathway. There are indications that OSBP, besides acting as a cholesterol/phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) exchanger at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-trans-Golgi network (TGN) membrane contact sites (MCS), also exchanges these lipids at ER-lysosome (Lys) contacts, increasing Lys cholesterol content. The long isoform of ORP1 (ORP1L), which also targets ER-late endosome (LE)/Lys MCS, has the capacity to mediate cholesterol transport either from ER to LE or in the opposite direction. Moreover, it regulates the motility, positioning and fusion of LE as well as autophagic flux. ORP2, the closest relative of ORP1, is mainly cytosolic, but also targets PI(4,5)P2-rich endosomal compartments. Our latest data suggest that ORP2 transfers cholesterol from LE to recycling endosomes (RE) in exchange for PI(4,5)P2, thus stimulating the recruitment of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) on the RE and cell adhesion. FAK activates phosphoinositide kinase on the RE to enhance PI(4,5)P2 synthesis. ORP2 in turn transfers PI(4,5)P2 from RE to LE, thus regulating LE tubule formation and transport activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesa M Olkkonen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Elina Ikonen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland; Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Islam MM, Hlushchenko I, Pfisterer SG. Low-Density Lipoprotein Internalization, Degradation and Receptor Recycling Along Membrane Contact Sites. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:826379. [PMID: 35141225 PMCID: PMC8819725 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.826379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) internalization, degradation, and receptor recycling is a fundamental process underlying hypercholesterolemia, a high blood cholesterol concentration, affecting more than 40% of the western population. Membrane contact sites influence endosomal dynamics, plasma membrane lipid composition, and cellular cholesterol distribution. However, if we focus on LDL-related trafficking events we mostly discuss them in an isolated fashion, without cellular context. It is our goal to change this perspective and to highlight that all steps from LDL internalization to receptor recycling are likely associated with dynamic membrane contact sites in which endosomes engage with the endoplasmic reticulum and other organelles.
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Arora A, Taskinen JH, Olkkonen VM. Coordination of inter-organelle communication and lipid fluxes by OSBP-related proteins. Prog Lipid Res 2022; 86:101146. [PMID: 34999137 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2022.101146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) and OSBP-related proteins (ORPs) constitute one of the largest families of lipid-binding/transfer proteins (LTPs) in eukaryotes. The current view is that many of them mediate inter-organelle lipid transfer over membrane contact sites (MCS). The transfer occurs in several cases in a 'counter-current' fashion: A lipid such as cholesterol or phosphatidylserine (PS) is transferred against its concentration gradient driven by transport of a phosphoinositide in the opposite direction. In this way ORPs are envisioned to maintain the distinct organelle lipid compositions, with impacts on multiple organelle functions. However, the functions of ORPs extend beyond lipid homeostasis to regulation of processes such as cell survival, proliferation and migration. Important expanding areas of mammalian ORP research include their roles in viral and bacterial infections, cancers, and neuronal function. The yeast OSBP homologue (Osh) proteins execute multifaceted functions in sterol and glycerophospholipid homeostasis, post-Golgi vesicle transport, phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate, sphingolipid and target of rapamycin (TOR) signalling, and cell cycle control. These observations identify ORPs as lipid transporters and coordinators of signals with an unforeseen variety of cellular processes. Understanding their activities not only enlightens the biology of the living cell but also allows their employment as targets of new therapeutic approaches for disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amita Arora
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juuso H Taskinen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vesa M Olkkonen
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, and Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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36
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Kors S, Costello JL, Schrader M. VAP Proteins - From Organelle Tethers to Pathogenic Host Interactors and Their Role in Neuronal Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:895856. [PMID: 35756994 PMCID: PMC9213790 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.895856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP)-associated proteins (VAPs) are ubiquitous ER-resident tail-anchored membrane proteins in eukaryotic cells. Their N-terminal major sperm protein (MSP) domain faces the cytosol and allows them to interact with a wide variety of cellular proteins. Therefore, VAP proteins are vital to many cellular processes, including organelle membrane tethering, lipid transfer, autophagy, ion homeostasis and viral defence. Here, we provide a timely overview of the increasing number of VAPA/B binding partners and discuss the role of VAPA/B in maintaining organelle-ER interactions and cooperation. Furthermore, we address how viruses and intracellular bacteria hijack VAPs and their binding partners to induce interactions between the host ER and pathogen-containing compartments and support pathogen replication. Finally, we focus on the role of VAP in human disease and discuss how mutated VAPB leads to the disruption of cellular homeostasis and causes amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Kors
- *Correspondence: Suzan Kors, ; Michael Schrader,
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37
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Abstract
Virus entry, consisting of attachment to and penetration into the host target cell, is the first step of the virus life cycle and is a critical 'do or die' event that governs virus emergence in host populations. Most antiviral vaccines induce neutralizing antibodies that prevent virus entry into cells. However, while the prevention of virus invasion by humoral immunity is well appreciated, considerably less is known about the immune defences present within cells (known as intrinsic immunity) that interfere with virus entry. The interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) proteins, known for inhibiting fusion between viral and cellular membranes, were once the only factors known to restrict virus entry. However, the progressive development of genetic and pharmacological screening platforms and the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic have galvanized interest in how viruses infiltrate cells and how cells defend against it. Several host factors with antiviral potential are now implicated in the regulation of virus entry, including cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H), lymphocyte antigen 6E (LY6E), nuclear receptor co-activator protein 7 (NCOA7), interferon-γ-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT), CD74 and ARFGAP with dual pleckstrin homology domain-containing protein 2 (ADAP2). This Review summarizes what is known and what remains to be understood about the intrinsic factors that form the first line of defence against virus infection.
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38
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Boutry M, Kim PK. ORP1L mediated PI(4)P signaling at ER-lysosome-mitochondrion three-way contact contributes to mitochondrial division. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5354. [PMID: 34504082 PMCID: PMC8429648 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25621-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial division is not an autonomous event but involves multiple organelles, including the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and lysosomes. Whereas the ER drives the constriction of mitochondrial membranes, the role of lysosomes in mitochondrial division is not known. Here, using super-resolution live-cell imaging, we investigate the recruitment of lysosomes to the site of mitochondrial division. We find that the ER recruits lysosomes to the site of division through the interaction of VAMP-associated proteins (VAPs) with the lysosomal lipid transfer protein ORP1L to induce a three-way contact between the ER, lysosome, and the mitochondrion. We also show that ORP1L might transport phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI(4)P) from lysosomes to mitochondria, as inhibiting its transfer or depleting PI(4)P at the mitochondrial division site impairs fission, demonstrating a direct role for PI(4)P in the division process. Our findings support a model where the ER recruits lysosomes to act in concert at the fission site for the efficient division of mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Boutry
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Peter K Kim
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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39
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Schoop V, Martello A, Eden ER, Höglinger D. Cellular cholesterol and how to find it. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158989. [PMID: 34118431 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential component of eukaryotic cellular membranes. Information about its subcellular localization and transport pathways inside cells are key for the understanding and treatment of cholesterol-related diseases. In this review we give an overview over the most commonly used methods that contributed to our current understanding of subcellular cholesterol localization and transport routes. First, we discuss methods that provide insights into cholesterol metabolism based on readouts of downstream effects such as esterification. Subsequently, we focus on the use of cholesterol-binding molecules as probes that facilitate visualization and quantification of sterols inside of cells. Finally, we explore different analogues of cholesterol which, when taken up by living cells, are integrated and transported in a similar fashion as endogenous sterols. Taken together, we highlight the challenges and advantages of each method such that researchers studying aspects of cholesterol transport may choose the most pertinent approach for their problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Schoop
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Martello
- University College London (UCL), Institute of Ophthalmology, EC1V 9EL London, United Kingdom
| | - Emily R Eden
- University College London (UCL), Institute of Ophthalmology, EC1V 9EL London, United Kingdom
| | - Doris Höglinger
- Heidelberg University Biochemistry Center (BZH), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Borgese N, Iacomino N, Colombo SF, Navone F. The Link between VAPB Loss of Function and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Cells 2021; 10:1865. [PMID: 34440634 PMCID: PMC8392409 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The VAP proteins are integral adaptor proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane that recruit a myriad of interacting partners to the ER surface. Through these interactions, the VAPs mediate a large number of processes, notably the generation of membrane contact sites between the ER and essentially all other cellular membranes. In 2004, it was discovered that a mutation (p.P56S) in the VAPB paralogue causes a rare form of dominantly inherited familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS8). The mutant protein is aggregation-prone, non-functional and unstable, and its expression from a single allele appears to be insufficient to support toxic gain-of-function effects within motor neurons. Instead, loss-of-function of the single wild-type allele is required for pathological effects, and VAPB haploinsufficiency may be the main driver of the disease. In this article, we review the studies on the effects of VAPB deficit in cellular and animal models. Several basic cell physiological processes are affected by downregulation or complete depletion of VAPB, impinging on phosphoinositide homeostasis, Ca2+ signalling, ion transport, neurite extension, and ER stress. In the future, the distinction between the roles of the two VAP paralogues (A and B), as well as studies on motor neurons generated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) of ALS8 patients will further elucidate the pathogenic basis of p.P56S familial ALS, as well as of other more common forms of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nica Borgese
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Via Follereau 3, Bldg U28, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, Italy; (N.I.); (S.F.C.)
| | | | | | - Francesca Navone
- CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Via Follereau 3, Bldg U28, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, Italy; (N.I.); (S.F.C.)
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Nakatsu F, Kawasaki A. Functions of Oxysterol-Binding Proteins at Membrane Contact Sites and Their Control by Phosphoinositide Metabolism. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:664788. [PMID: 34249917 PMCID: PMC8264513 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.664788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipids must be correctly transported within the cell to the right place at the right time in order to be fully functional. Non-vesicular lipid transport is mediated by so-called lipid transfer proteins (LTPs), which contain a hydrophobic cavity that sequesters lipid molecules. Oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP)-related proteins (ORPs) are a family of LTPs known to harbor lipid ligands, such as cholesterol and phospholipids. ORPs act as a sensor or transporter of those lipid ligands at membrane contact sites (MCSs) where two different cellular membranes are closely apposed. In particular, a characteristic functional property of ORPs is their role as a lipid exchanger. ORPs mediate counter-directional transport of two different lipid ligands at MCSs. Several, but not all, ORPs transport their lipid ligand from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in exchange for phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P), the other ligand, on apposed membranes. This ORP-mediated lipid “countertransport” is driven by the concentration gradient of PI4P between membranes, which is generated by its kinases and phosphatases. In this review, we will discuss how ORP function is tightly coupled to metabolism of phosphoinositides such as PI4P. Recent progress on the role of ORP-mediated lipid transport/countertransport at multiple MCSs in cellular functions will be also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fubito Nakatsu
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Niigata University School of Medicine and Graduate School of Medical/Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Asami Kawasaki
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, Niigata University School of Medicine and Graduate School of Medical/Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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Abstract
Eukaryotic cells are complicated factories that need ensure productivity and functionality on the cellular level as well as being able to communicate with their environment. In order to do so cells developed intracellular communication systems. For a long time, research focused mainly on the secretory/biosynthetic and endocytic routes for communication, leaving the communication with other organelles apart. In the last decade, this view has changed dramatically and a more holistic view of intracellular communication is emerging. We are still at the tip of the iceberg, but a common theme of touching, kissing, fusing is emerging as general principles of communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Spang
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Abstract
Our cells are comprised of billions of proteins, lipids, and other small molecules packed into their respective subcellular organelles, with the daunting task of maintaining cellular homeostasis over a lifetime. However, it is becoming increasingly evident that organelles do not act as autonomous discrete units but rather as interconnected hubs that engage in extensive communication through membrane contacts. In the last few years, our understanding of how these contacts coordinate organelle function has redefined our view of the cell. This review aims to present novel findings on the cellular interorganelle communication network and how its dysfunction may contribute to aging and neurodegeneration. The consequences of disturbed interorganellar communication are intimately linked with age-related pathologies. Given that both aging and neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by the concomitant failure of multiple cellular pathways, coordination of organelle communication and function could represent an emerging regulatory mechanism critical for long-term cellular homeostasis. We anticipate that defining the relationships between interorganelle communication, aging, and neurodegeneration will open new avenues for therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Petkovic
- Department of Physiology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Caitlin E O'Brien
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Yuh Nung Jan
- Department of Physiology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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Baba T, Balla T. Emerging roles of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate as regulators of multiple steps in autophagy. J Biochem 2021; 168:329-336. [PMID: 32745205 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvaa089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inositol phospholipids are low-abundance regulatory lipids that orchestrate diverse cellular functions in eukaryotic organisms. Recent studies have uncovered involvement of the lipids in multiple steps in autophagy. The late endosome-lysosome compartment plays critical roles in cellular nutrient sensing and in the control of both the initiation of autophagy and the late stage of eventual degradation of cytosolic materials destined for elimination. It is particularly notable that inositol lipids are involved in almost all steps of the autophagic process. In this review, we summarize how inositol lipids regulate and contribute to autophagy through the endomembrane compartments, primarily focusing on PI4P and PI(4,5)P2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Baba
- Department of Biological Informatics and Experimental Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Akita University, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, 010-8543, Japan.,Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 35A Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3752, USA
| | - Tamas Balla
- Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institutes of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, 35A Convent Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892-3752, USA
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The emerging roles of OSBP-related proteins in cancer: Impacts through phosphoinositide metabolism and protein-protein interactions. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 196:114455. [PMID: 33556339 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Oxysterol-binding protein -related proteins (ORPs) form a large family of intracellular lipid binding/transfer proteins. A number of ORPs are implicated in inter-organelle lipid transfer over membrane contacts sites, their mode of action involving in several cases the transfer of two lipids in opposite directions, termed countercurrent lipid transfer. A unifying feature appears to be the capacity to bind phosphatidylinositol polyphosphates (PIPs). These lipids are in some cases transported by ORPs from one organelle to another to drive the transfer of another lipid against its concentration gradient, while they in other cases may act as allosteric regulators of ORPs, or an ORP may introduce a PIP to an enzyme for catalysis. Dysregulation of several ORP family members is implicated in cancers, ORP3, -4, -5 and -8 being thus far the most studied examples. The most likely mechanisms underlying their associations with malignant growth are (i) impacts on PIP-mediated signaling events resulting in altered Ca2+ homeostasis, bioenergetics, cell survival, proliferation, and migration, (ii) protein-protein interactions affecting the activity of signaling factors, and (iii) modification of cellular lipid transport in a way that facilitates the proliferation of malignant cells. In this review I discuss the existing functional evidence for the involvement of ORPs in cancerous growth, discuss the findings in the light of the putative mechanisms outlined above and the possibility of employing ORPs as targets of anti-cancer therapy.
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Vos DY, van de Sluis B. Function of the endolysosomal network in cholesterol homeostasis and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). Mol Metab 2021; 50:101146. [PMID: 33348067 PMCID: PMC8324686 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), also known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, has become the leading cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. In addition to hepatic accumulation of triglycerides, dysregulated cholesterol metabolism is an important contributor to the pathogenesis of MAFLD. Maintenance of cholesterol homeostasis is highly dependent on cellular cholesterol uptake and, subsequently, cholesterol transport to other membrane compartments, such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Scope of review The endolysosomal network is key for regulating cellular homeostasis and adaptation, and emerging evidence has shown that the endolysosomal network is crucial to maintain metabolic homeostasis. In this review, we will summarize our current understanding of the role of the endolysosomal network in cholesterol homeostasis and its implications in MAFLD pathogenesis. Major conclusions Although multiple endolysosomal proteins have been identified in the regulation of cholesterol uptake, intracellular transport, and degradation, their physiological role is incompletely understood. Further research should elucidate their role in controlling metabolic homeostasis and development of fatty liver disease. The intracellular cholesterol transport is tightly regulated by the endocytic and lysosomal network. Dysfunction of the endolysosomal network affects hepatic lipid homeostasis. The endosomal sorting of lipoprotein receptors is precisely regulated and is not a bulk process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dyonne Y Vos
- Department of Pediatrics, section Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bart van de Sluis
- Department of Pediatrics, section Molecular Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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Zheng Koh DH, Saheki Y. Regulation of Plasma Membrane Sterol Homeostasis by Nonvesicular Lipid Transport. CONTACT (THOUSAND OAKS (VENTURA COUNTY, CALIF.)) 2021; 4:25152564211042451. [PMID: 37366378 PMCID: PMC10259818 DOI: 10.1177/25152564211042451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Sterol contributes to the structural integrity of cellular membranes and plays an important role in the regulation of cell signaling in eukaryotes. It is either produced in the endoplasmic reticulum or taken up from the extracellular environment. In most eukaryotic cells, however, the majority of sterol is enriched in the plasma membrane. Thus, the transport of sterol between the plasma membrane and other organelles, including the endoplasmic reticulum, is crucial for maintaining sterol homeostasis. While vesicular transport that relies on membrane budding and fusion reactions plays an important role in bulk sterol transport, this mode of transport is slow and non-selective. Growing evidence suggests a critical role of nonvesicular transport mediated by evolutionarily conserved families of lipid transfer proteins in more rapid and selective delivery of sterol. Some lipid transfer proteins act primarily at the sites of contacts formed between the endoplasmic reticulum and other organelles or the plasma membrane without membrane fusion. In this review, we describe the similarities and differences of sterol biosynthesis and uptake in mammals and yeast and discuss the role of their lipid transfer proteins in maintaining plasma membrane sterol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Hong Zheng Koh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Yasunori Saheki
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- Institute of Resource Development and
Analysis, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
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Shirane M. Lipid Transfer-Dependent Endosome Maturation Mediated by Protrudin and PDZD8 in Neurons. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:615600. [PMID: 33385000 PMCID: PMC7769939 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.615600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosome maturation refers to the conversion of early endosomes (EEs) to late endosomes (LEs) for subsequent fusion with lysosomes. It is an incremental process that involves a combination of endosome fusion and fission and which occurs at contact sites between endosomes and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), with knowledge of the underlying mechanisms having increased greatly in recent years. Protrudin is an ER-resident protein that was originally shown to regulate neurite formation by promoting endosome trafficking, whereas PDZD8 is a mammalian paralog of a subunit of the yeast ERMES (ER-mitochondrial encounter structure) complex that possesses lipid transfer activity. A complex of protrudin and PDZD8 was recently found to promote endosome maturation by mediating lipid transfer at ER-endosome membrane contact sites. This review focuses on the roles of the protrudin-PDZD8 complex in tethering of endosomes to the ER, in mediating lipid transfer at such contact sites, and in regulating endosome dynamics, especially in neuronal cells. It also addresses the physiological contribution of endosome maturation mediated by this complex to neuronal polarity and integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Shirane
- Department of Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
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49
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Understanding and Treating Niemann-Pick Type C Disease: Models Matter. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238979. [PMID: 33256121 PMCID: PMC7730076 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomedical research aims to understand the molecular mechanisms causing human diseases and to develop curative therapies. So far, these goals have been achieved for a small fraction of diseases, limiting factors being the availability, validity, and use of experimental models. Niemann–Pick type C (NPC) is a prime example for a disease that lacks a curative therapy despite substantial breakthroughs. This rare, fatal, and autosomal-recessive disorder is caused by defects in NPC1 or NPC2. These ubiquitously expressed proteins help cholesterol exit from the endosomal–lysosomal system. The dysfunction of either causes an aberrant accumulation of lipids with patients presenting a large range of disease onset, neurovisceral symptoms, and life span. Here, we note general aspects of experimental models, we describe the line-up used for NPC-related research and therapy development, and we provide an outlook on future topics.
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50
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Luquain-Costaz C, Rabia M, Hullin-Matsuda F, Delton I. Bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate, an important actor in the host endocytic machinery hijacked by SARS-CoV-2 and related viruses. Biochimie 2020; 179:247-256. [PMID: 33159981 PMCID: PMC7642752 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Viruses, including the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, redirect infected cell metabolism to their own purposes. After binding to its receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on the cell surface, the SARS-CoV-2 is taken up by receptor-mediated endocytosis ending in the acidic endolysosomal compartment. The virus hijacks the endosomal machinery leading to fusion of viral and endosomal membranes and release of the viral RNA into the cytosol. This mini-review specifically highlights the membrane lipid organization of the endosomal system focusing on the unconventional and late endosome/lysosome-specific phospholipid, bis(monoacylglycero)phosphate (BMP). BMP is enriched in alveolar macrophages of lung, one of the target tissue of SARS-CoV-2. This review details the BMP structure, its unsaturated fatty acid composition and fusogenic properties that are essential for the highly dynamic formation of the intraluminal vesicles inside the endosomes. Interestingly, BMP is necessary for infection and replication of enveloped RNA virus such as SARS-CoV-1 and Dengue virus. We also emphasize the role of BMP in lipid sorting and degradation, especially cholesterol transport in cooperation with Niemann Pick type C proteins (NPC 1 and 2) and with some oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP)-related proteins (ORPs) as well as in sphingolipid degradation. Interestingly, numerous virus infection required NPC1 as well as ORPs along the endocytic pathway. Furthermore, BMP content is increased during pathological endosomal lipid accumulation in various lysosomal storage disorders. This is particularly important knowing the high percentage of patients with metabolic disorders among the SARS-CoV-2 infected patients presenting severe forms of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Luquain-Costaz
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, Inserm U1060, INRAe U1397, INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Maxence Rabia
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, Inserm U1060, INRAe U1397, INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Isabelle Delton
- Univ-Lyon, CarMeN Laboratory, Inserm U1060, INRAe U1397, INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne, France.
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