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Taylor JD, Barrett N, Martinez Cuesta S, Cassidy K, Pachl F, Dodgson J, Patel R, Eriksson TM, Riley A, Burrell M, Bauer C, Rees DG, Cimbro R, Zhang AX, Minter RR, Hunt J, Legg S. Targeted protein degradation using chimeric human E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes. Commun Biol 2024; 7:1179. [PMID: 39300128 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06803-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteins can be targeted for degradation by engineering biomolecules that direct them to the eukaryotic ubiquitination machinery. For instance, the fusion of an E3 ubiquitin ligase to a suitable target binding domain creates a 'biological Proteolysis-Targeting Chimera' (bioPROTAC). Here we employ an analogous approach where the target protein is recruited directly to a human E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme via an attached target binding domain. Through rational design and screening we develop E2 bioPROTACs that induce the degradation of the human intracellular proteins SHP2 and KRAS. Using global proteomics, we characterise the target-specific and wider effects of E2 vs. VHL-based fusions. Taking SHP2 as a model target, we also employ a route to bioPROTAC discovery based on protein display libraries, yielding a degrader with comparatively weak affinity capable of suppressing SHP2-mediated signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Taylor
- Biologics Engineering, R&D Oncology, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB2 0AA, UK.
| | - Nathalie Barrett
- Biologics Engineering, R&D Oncology, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB2 0AA, UK
| | - Sergio Martinez Cuesta
- Data Sciences and Quantitative Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB2 0AA, UK
| | - Katelyn Cassidy
- Protein Sciences, Discovery Sciences, R&D BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | - Fiona Pachl
- Protein Sciences, Discovery Sciences, R&D BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | - James Dodgson
- Biologics Engineering, R&D Oncology, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB2 0AA, UK
| | - Radhika Patel
- Centre for Genomics Research, Dynamic Omics, Discovery Sciences, R&D BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB2 0AA, UK
| | - Tuula M Eriksson
- Biologics Engineering, R&D Oncology, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB2 0AA, UK
| | - Aidan Riley
- Biologics Engineering, R&D Oncology, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB2 0AA, UK
| | - Matthew Burrell
- Biologics Engineering, R&D Oncology, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB2 0AA, UK
| | - Christin Bauer
- Biologics Engineering, R&D Oncology, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB2 0AA, UK
| | - D Gareth Rees
- Biologics Engineering, R&D Oncology, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB2 0AA, UK
| | - Raffaello Cimbro
- Centre for Genomics Research, Dynamic Omics, Discovery Sciences, R&D BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB2 0AA, UK
| | - Andrew X Zhang
- Protein Sciences, Discovery Sciences, R&D BioPharmaceuticals, AstraZeneca, Waltham, MA, 02451, USA
| | - Ralph R Minter
- Biologics Engineering, R&D Oncology, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB2 0AA, UK
| | - James Hunt
- Biologics Engineering, R&D Oncology, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB2 0AA, UK.
| | - Sandrine Legg
- Biologics Engineering, R&D Oncology, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, CB2 0AA, UK
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2
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Cuinat S, Quélin C, Effray C, Dubourg C, Le Bouar G, Cabaret-Dufour AS, Loget P, Proisy M, Sauvestre F, Sarreau M, Martin-Berenguer S, Beneteau C, Naudion S, Michaud V, Arveiler B, Trimouille A, Macé P, Sigaudy S, Glazunova O, Torrents J, Raymond L, Saint-Frison MH, Attié-Bitach T, Lefebvre M, Capri Y, Bourgon N, Thauvin-Robinet C, Tran Mau-Them F, Bruel AL, Vitobello A, Denommé-Pichon AS, Faivre L, Brehin AC, Goldenberg A, Patrier-Sallebert S, Perani A, Dauriat B, Bourthoumieu S, Yardin C, Marquet V, Barnique M, Fiorenza-Gasq M, Marey I, Tournadre D, Doumit R, Nugues F, Barakat TS, Bustos F, Jaillard S, Launay E, Pasquier L, Odent S. Extending the clinical spectrum of X-linked Tonne-Kalscheuer syndrome (TOKAS): new insights from the fetal perspective. J Med Genet 2024; 61:824-832. [PMID: 38849204 PMCID: PMC11420740 DOI: 10.1136/jmg-2024-109854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tonne-Kalscheuer syndrome (TOKAS) is a recessive X-linked multiple congenital anomaly disorder caused by RLIM variations. Of the 41 patients reported, only 7 antenatal cases were described. METHOD After the antenatal diagnosis of TOKAS by exome analysis in a family followed for over 35 years because of multiple congenital anomalies in five male fetuses, a call for collaboration was made, resulting in a cohort of 11 previously unpublished cases. RESULTS We present a TOKAS antenatal cohort, describing 11 new cases in 6 French families. We report a high frequency of diaphragmatic hernia (9 of 11), differences in sex development (10 of 11) and various visceral malformations. We report some recurrent dysmorphic features, but also pontocerebellar hypoplasia, pre-auricular skin tags and olfactory bulb abnormalities previously unreported in the literature. Although no clear genotype-phenotype correlation has yet emerged, we show that a recurrent p.(Arg611Cys) variant accounts for 66% of fetal TOKAS cases. We also report two new likely pathogenic variants in RLIM, outside of the two previously known mutational hotspots. CONCLUSION Overall, we present the first fetal cohort of TOKAS, describe the clinical features that made it a recognisable syndrome at fetopathological examination, and extend the phenotypical spectrum and the known genotype of this rare disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvestre Cuinat
- Service de Génétique Clinique, CRMR anomalies du développement CLAD-Ouest, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Chloé Quélin
- Service de Génétique Clinique, CRMR anomalies du développement CLAD-Ouest, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
- Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Hôpital Pontchaillou, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Claire Effray
- Service de Génétique Clinique, CRMR anomalies du développement CLAD-Ouest, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Christèle Dubourg
- Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Hôpital Pontchaillou, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
- CNRS, INSERM UMR 6290, ERL U1305, F-35000, Université de Rennes, IGDR, Rennes, France
| | - Gwenaelle Le Bouar
- Unité de Médecine fœtale, Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | | | - Philippe Loget
- Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Hôpital Pontchaillou, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Maia Proisy
- Radiology Department, CHU de Brest, Brest, France
| | - Fanny Sauvestre
- Unité de Pathologie Fœto-placentaire, Service de Pathologie, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Mélie Sarreau
- Unité de Pathologie Fœto-placentaire, Service de Pathologie, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sophie Martin-Berenguer
- Unité de Pathologie Fœto-placentaire, Service de Pathologie, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Mother and Children's Hospital, CHU Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Claire Beneteau
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Sophie Naudion
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Vincent Michaud
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM U1211, Maladies Rares, Génétique et Métabolisme, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Benoit Arveiler
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM U1211, Maladies Rares, Génétique et Métabolisme, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Aurélien Trimouille
- Service de Génétique Médicale, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM U1211, Maladies Rares, Génétique et Métabolisme, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pierre Macé
- Institut méditerranéen d'imagerie médicale appliquée à la gynécologie, la grossesse et l'enfance IMAGE2, Marseille, France
| | - Sabine Sigaudy
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Timone Enfant, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Olga Glazunova
- Département de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Timone Enfant, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Julia Torrents
- Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, La Timone Hospital, Aix Marseille University, AP-HM, Marseille, France
| | - Laure Raymond
- Genetics Department, Laboratoire Eurofins Biomnis, Lyon, France
| | | | - Tania Attié-Bitach
- Service de Médecine Génomique des Maladies Rares, Hopital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, AP-HP, Paris, France
- INSERM UMR 1163, Imagine Institute, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Lefebvre
- Service de Pathologie fœtale, Hôpital Universitaire Armand Trousseau, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Yline Capri
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Robert Debré, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Bourgon
- Service d'Obstétrique-Maternité Chirurgie, Médecine et Imagerie foetales, AP-HP, Hopital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
- UMR1231 GAD, INSERM, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Christel Thauvin-Robinet
- UMR1231 GAD, INSERM, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Unité Fonctionnelle Innovation en Diagnostic Génomique des Maladies Rares, FHU-TRANSLAD, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
- Centre de référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire TRANSLAD, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Frédéric Tran Mau-Them
- UMR1231 GAD, INSERM, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Unité Fonctionnelle Innovation en Diagnostic Génomique des Maladies Rares, FHU-TRANSLAD, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Ange-Line Bruel
- UMR1231 GAD, INSERM, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Unité Fonctionnelle Innovation en Diagnostic Génomique des Maladies Rares, FHU-TRANSLAD, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Antonio Vitobello
- UMR1231 GAD, INSERM, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Unité Fonctionnelle Innovation en Diagnostic Génomique des Maladies Rares, FHU-TRANSLAD, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Denommé-Pichon
- UMR1231 GAD, INSERM, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Unité Fonctionnelle Innovation en Diagnostic Génomique des Maladies Rares, FHU-TRANSLAD, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Laurence Faivre
- UMR1231 GAD, INSERM, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Centre de référence Anomalies du Développement et Syndromes Malformatifs, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire TRANSLAD, CHU Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Anne-Claire Brehin
- Department of Pathology, Department of Genetics and Reference Center for Developmental Abnormalities, F-76000, CHU de Rouen, Rouen, France
- Inserm U1245, Université de Rouen Normandie, Rouen, France
| | - Alice Goldenberg
- Inserm U1245, Université de Rouen Normandie, Rouen, France
- Department of Genetics and Reference Center for Developmental Abnormalities, F-76000, CHU de Rouen, Rouen, France
| | | | - Alexandre Perani
- Cytogenetic, Medical Genetic and Reproductive Biology Department, Hôpital de la Mère et de l'Enfant, CHU Dupuytren, CHU Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Benjamin Dauriat
- Cytogenetic, Medical Genetic and Reproductive Biology Department, Hôpital de la Mère et de l'Enfant, CHU Dupuytren, CHU Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Sylvie Bourthoumieu
- Cytogenetic, Medical Genetic and Reproductive Biology Department, Hôpital de la Mère et de l'Enfant, CHU Dupuytren, CHU Limoges, Limoges, France
- UMR 7252, CNRS, XLIM, F-87000, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Catherine Yardin
- Cytogenetic, Medical Genetic and Reproductive Biology Department, Hôpital de la Mère et de l'Enfant, CHU Dupuytren, CHU Limoges, Limoges, France
- UMR 7252, CNRS, XLIM, F-87000, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Valentine Marquet
- Cytogenetic, Medical Genetic and Reproductive Biology Department, Hôpital de la Mère et de l'Enfant, CHU Dupuytren, CHU Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Marion Barnique
- Cytogenetic, Medical Genetic and Reproductive Biology Department, Hôpital de la Mère et de l'Enfant, CHU Dupuytren, CHU Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Maryse Fiorenza-Gasq
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Mother and Children's Hospital, CHU Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Isabelle Marey
- INSERM U1209, Institute for Advanced Bioscience, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Danielle Tournadre
- CPDPN de Grenoble, Echographie obstétricale dépistage et diagnostic, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Raïa Doumit
- Service d'Imagerie Pédiatrique, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Frédérique Nugues
- Service d'Imagerie Pédiatrique, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Tahsin Stefan Barakat
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- ENCORE Expertise Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Discovery Unit, Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Francisco Bustos
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota, USA
| | - Sylvie Jaillard
- Service de Cytogénétique et Biologie Cellulaire, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
- EHESP, INSERM U1085 IRSET, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Erika Launay
- Service de Cytogénétique et Biologie Cellulaire, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Laurent Pasquier
- Service de Génétique Clinique, CRMR anomalies du développement CLAD-Ouest, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
- CNRS, INSERM UMR 6290, ERL U1305, F-35000, Université de Rennes, IGDR, Rennes, France
- FHU GenoMeds, ERN ITHACA, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Sylvie Odent
- Service de Génétique Clinique, CRMR anomalies du développement CLAD-Ouest, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
- CNRS, INSERM UMR 6290, ERL U1305, F-35000, Université de Rennes, IGDR, Rennes, France
- FHU GenoMeds, ERN ITHACA, CHU Rennes, Rennes, France
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3
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Espejo-Serrano C, Aitken C, Tan BF, May DG, Chrisopulos RJ, Roux KJ, Demmers JA, Mackintosh SG, Gribnau J, Bustos F, Gontan C, Findlay GM. Chromatin targeting of the RNF12/RLIM E3 ubiquitin ligase controls transcriptional responses. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202302282. [PMID: 38199845 PMCID: PMC10781586 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein ubiquitylation regulates key biological processes including transcription. This is exemplified by the E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF12/RLIM, which controls developmental gene expression by ubiquitylating the REX1 transcription factor and is mutated in an X-linked intellectual disability disorder. However, the precise mechanisms by which ubiquitylation drives specific transcriptional responses are not known. Here, we show that RNF12 is recruited to specific genomic locations via a consensus sequence motif, which enables co-localisation with REX1 substrate at gene promoters. Surprisingly, RNF12 chromatin recruitment is achieved via a non-catalytic basic region and comprises a previously unappreciated N-terminal autoinhibitory mechanism. Furthermore, RNF12 chromatin targeting is critical for REX1 ubiquitylation and downstream RNF12-dependent gene regulation. Our results demonstrate a key role for chromatin in regulation of the RNF12-REX1 axis and provide insight into mechanisms by which protein ubiquitylation enables programming of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Espejo-Serrano
- https://ror.org/01zg1tt02 MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Catriona Aitken
- https://ror.org/01zg1tt02 MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Beatrice F Tan
- https://ror.org/018906e22 Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Danielle G May
- https://ror.org/00sfn8y78 Enabling Technologies Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Rachel J Chrisopulos
- https://ror.org/00sfn8y78 Enabling Technologies Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Kyle J Roux
- https://ror.org/00sfn8y78 Enabling Technologies Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Jeroen Aa Demmers
- https://ror.org/018906e22 Proteomics Center and Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Samuel G Mackintosh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Joost Gribnau
- https://ror.org/018906e22 Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Francisco Bustos
- Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
- https://ror.org/00sfn8y78 Pediatrics and Rare Diseases Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD, USA
| | - Cristina Gontan
- https://ror.org/018906e22 Department of Developmental Biology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Greg M Findlay
- https://ror.org/01zg1tt02 MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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4
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Rasool D, Burban A, Sharanek A, Madrigal A, Hu J, Yan K, Qu D, Voss AK, Slack RS, Thomas T, Bonni A, Picketts DJ, Soleimani VD, Najafabadi HS, Jahani-Asl A. PHF6-mediated transcriptional control of NSC via Ephrin receptors is impaired in the intellectual disability syndrome BFLS. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:1256-1281. [PMID: 38429579 PMCID: PMC10933485 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00082-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The plant homeodomain zinc-finger protein, PHF6, is a transcriptional regulator, and PHF6 germline mutations cause the X-linked intellectual disability (XLID) Börjeson-Forssman-Lehmann syndrome (BFLS). The mechanisms by which PHF6 regulates transcription and how its mutations cause BFLS remain poorly characterized. Here, we show genome-wide binding of PHF6 in the developing cortex in the vicinity of genes involved in central nervous system development and neurogenesis. Characterization of BFLS mice harbouring PHF6 patient mutations reveals an increase in embryonic neural stem cell (eNSC) self-renewal and a reduction of neural progenitors. We identify a panel of Ephrin receptors (EphRs) as direct transcriptional targets of PHF6. Mechanistically, we show that PHF6 regulation of EphR is impaired in BFLS mice and in conditional Phf6 knock-out mice. Knockdown of EphR-A phenocopies the PHF6 loss-of-function defects in altering eNSCs, and its forced expression rescues defects of BFLS mice-derived eNSCs. Our data indicate that PHF6 directly promotes Ephrin receptor expression to control eNSC behaviour in the developing brain, and that this pathway is impaired in BFLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilan Rasool
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- University of Ottawa, Brain and Mind Research Institute, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
| | - Audrey Burban
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- University of Ottawa, Brain and Mind Research Institute, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, 5100 de Maisonneuve Blvd. West, Montréal, QC, H4A 3T2, Canada
| | - Ahmad Sharanek
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- University of Ottawa, Brain and Mind Research Institute, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, 5100 de Maisonneuve Blvd. West, Montréal, QC, H4A 3T2, Canada
| | - Ariel Madrigal
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, 3640 Rue University, Montréal, QC, H3A OC7, Canada
- McGill Genome Centre, Dahdaleh Institute of Genomic Medicine, 740 Dr Penfield Avenue, Montréal, QC, H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Jinghua Hu
- Regenerative Medicine Program and Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Keqin Yan
- Regenerative Medicine Program and Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Dianbo Qu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- University of Ottawa, Brain and Mind Research Institute, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Anne K Voss
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Ruth S Slack
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- University of Ottawa, Brain and Mind Research Institute, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
| | - Tim Thomas
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Azad Bonni
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Innovation Center, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David J Picketts
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada
- Regenerative Medicine Program and Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada
- Departments of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H8M5, Canada
| | - Vahab D Soleimani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, 3640 Rue University, Montréal, QC, H3A OC7, Canada
- Departments of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H8M5, Canada
| | - Hamed S Najafabadi
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, 3640 Rue University, Montréal, QC, H3A OC7, Canada.
- McGill Genome Centre, Dahdaleh Institute of Genomic Medicine, 740 Dr Penfield Avenue, Montréal, QC, H3A 0G1, Canada.
| | - Arezu Jahani-Asl
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.
- University of Ottawa, Brain and Mind Research Institute, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, 1001 Decarie Boulevard, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, 3755 Chemin de la Côte-Sainte-Catherine, Montréal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada.
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, McGill University, 5100 de Maisonneuve Blvd. West, Montréal, QC, H4A 3T2, Canada.
- Regenerative Medicine Program and Cancer Therapeutics Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L6, Canada.
- Ottawa Institutes of System Biology, University of Ottawa, Health Sciences Campus, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8M5, Canada.
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5
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Templeton KM, Thompson L, Tobias ES, Ahmed SF, McGowan R. Coloboma in a family with Tonne-Kalsheuer syndrome: extending the phenotype of RLIM variants. Clin Dysmorphol 2024; 33:38-42. [PMID: 38038056 DOI: 10.1097/mcd.0000000000000478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kerra M Templeton
- West of Scotland Clinical Genetics Service, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow
| | - Louise Thompson
- South East of Scotland Genetics Service, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh
| | - Edward S Tobias
- West of Scotland Clinical Genetics Service, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow
- Academic Unit of Medical Genetics and Clinical Pathology, University of Glasgow, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital
| | - S Faisal Ahmed
- Child Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing Studies, University of Glasgow, Royal Hospital for Children, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ruth McGowan
- West of Scotland Clinical Genetics Service, Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow
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6
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Wang F, Chander A, Yoon Y, Welton JM, Wallingford MC, Espejo-Serrano C, Bustos F, Findlay GM, Mager J, Bach I. Roles of the Rlim-Rex1 axis during X chromosome inactivation in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2313200120. [PMID: 38113263 PMCID: PMC10756295 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2313200120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In female mice, the gene dosage from X chromosomes is adjusted by a process called X chromosome inactivation (XCI) that occurs in two steps. An imprinted form of XCI (iXCI) that silences the paternally inherited X chromosome (Xp) is initiated at the 2- to 4-cell stages. As extraembryonic cells including trophoblasts keep the Xp silenced, epiblast cells that give rise to the embryo proper reactivate the Xp and undergo a random form of XCI (rXCI) around implantation. Both iXCI and rXCI require the lncRNA Xist, which is expressed from the X to be inactivated. The X-linked E3 ubiquitin ligase Rlim (Rnf12) in conjunction with its target protein Rex1 (Zfp42), a critical repressor of Xist, have emerged as major regulators of iXCI. However, their roles in rXCI remain controversial. Investigating early mouse development, we show that the Rlim-Rex1 axis is active in pre-implantation embryos. Upon implantation Rex1 levels are downregulated independently of Rlim specifically in epiblast cells. These results provide a conceptual framework of how the functional dynamics between Rlim and Rex1 ensures regulation of iXCI but not rXCI in female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
| | - Ashmita Chander
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA01003
| | - Yeonsoo Yoon
- Division of Genes and Development, Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
| | - Janelle M. Welton
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA01003
| | - Mary C. Wallingford
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA01003
| | - Carmen Espejo-Serrano
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, DundeeDD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco Bustos
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, DundeeDD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Greg M. Findlay
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, DundeeDD1 5EH, United Kingdom
| | - Jesse Mager
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA01003
| | - Ingolf Bach
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA01605
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7
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Hogg EKJ, Findlay GM. Functions of SRPK, CLK and DYRK kinases in stem cells, development, and human developmental disorders. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:2375-2415. [PMID: 37607329 PMCID: PMC10952393 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Human developmental disorders encompass a wide range of debilitating physical conditions and intellectual disabilities. Perturbation of protein kinase signalling underlies the development of some of these disorders. For example, disrupted SRPK signalling is associated with intellectual disabilities, and the gene dosage of DYRKs can dictate the pathology of disorders including Down's syndrome. Here, we review the emerging roles of the CMGC kinase families SRPK, CLK, DYRK, and sub-family HIPK during embryonic development and in developmental disorders. In particular, SRPK, CLK, and DYRK kinase families have key roles in developmental signalling and stem cell regulation, and can co-ordinate neuronal development and function. Genetic studies in model organisms reveal critical phenotypes including embryonic lethality, sterility, musculoskeletal errors, and most notably, altered neurological behaviours arising from defects of the neuroectoderm and altered neuronal signalling. Further unpicking the mechanisms of specific kinases using human stem cell models of neuronal differentiation and function will improve our understanding of human developmental disorders and may provide avenues for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K. J. Hogg
- The MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeUK
| | - Greg M. Findlay
- The MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeUK
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8
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Omelková M, Fenger CD, Murray M, Hammer TB, Pravata VM, Bartual SG, Czajewski I, Bayat A, Ferenbach AT, Stavridis MP, van Aalten DMF. An O-GlcNAc transferase pathogenic variant linked to intellectual disability affects pluripotent stem cell self-renewal. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm049132. [PMID: 37334838 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) transferase (OGT) is an essential enzyme that modifies proteins with O-GlcNAc. Inborn OGT genetic variants were recently shown to mediate a novel type of congenital disorder of glycosylation (OGT-CDG), which is characterised by X-linked intellectual disability (XLID) and developmental delay. Here, we report an OGTC921Y variant that co-segregates with XLID and epileptic seizures, and results in loss of catalytic activity. Colonies formed by mouse embryonic stem cells carrying OGTC921Y showed decreased levels of protein O-GlcNAcylation accompanied by decreased levels of Oct4 (encoded by Pou5f1), Sox2 and extracellular alkaline phosphatase (ALP), implying reduced self-renewal capacity. These data establish a link between OGT-CDG and embryonic stem cell self-renewal, providing a foundation for examining the developmental aetiology of this syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Omelková
- Division of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Christina Dühring Fenger
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics, Filadelfia Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund 4293, Denmark
- Amplexa Genetics A/S, Odense 5000, Denmark
| | - Marta Murray
- Division of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Trine Bjørg Hammer
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics, Filadelfia Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund 4293, Denmark
| | - Veronica M Pravata
- Division of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Sergio Galan Bartual
- Division of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Ignacy Czajewski
- Division of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Allan Bayat
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics, Filadelfia Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund 4293, Denmark
| | - Andrew T Ferenbach
- Division of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Marios P Stavridis
- Division of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Daan M F van Aalten
- Division of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
- Institute of Molecular Precision Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
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9
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Bustos F, Findlay GM. Therapeutic validation and targeting of signalling networks that are dysregulated in intellectual disability. FEBS J 2023; 290:1454-1460. [PMID: 35212144 PMCID: PMC10952735 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Intellectual disability (ID) represents a major burden on healthcare systems in the developed world. However, there is a disconnect between our knowledge of genes that are mutated in ID and our understanding of the underpinning molecular mechanisms that cause these disorders. We argue that elucidating the signalling and transcriptional networks that are dysregulated in patients will afford new therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Bustos
- Pediatrics and Rare Diseases GroupSanford ResearchSioux FallsSDUSA
- Department of PediatricsSanford School of MedicineUniversity of South DakotaSioux FallsSDUSA
| | - Greg M. Findlay
- The MRC Protein Phosphorylation & Ubiquitylation UnitSchool of Life SciencesThe University of DundeeDundeeUK
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10
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Bustos F, Mathur S, Espejo-Serrano C, Toth R, Hastie CJ, Virdee S, Findlay GM. Activity-based probe profiling of RNF12 E3 ubiquitin ligase function in Tonne-Kalscheuer syndrome. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:e202101248. [PMID: 35764390 PMCID: PMC9240097 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202101248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitylation enzymes are involved in all aspects of eukaryotic biology and are frequently disrupted in disease. One example is the E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF12/RLIM, which is mutated in the developmental disorder Tønne-Kalscheuer syndrome (TOKAS). RNF12 TOKAS variants largely disrupt catalytic E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, which presents a pressing need to develop approaches to assess the impact of variants on RNF12 activity in patients. Here, we use photocrosslinking activity-based probes (photoABPs) to monitor RNF12 RING E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in normal and pathogenic contexts. We demonstrate that photoABPs undergo UV-induced labelling of RNF12 that is consistent with its RING E3 ligase activity. Furthermore, photoABPs robustly report the impact of RNF12 TOKAS variants on E3 activity, including variants within the RING domain and distal non-RING regulatory elements. Finally, we show that this technology can be rapidly deployed in human pluripotent stem cells. In summary, photoABPs are versatile tools that can directly identify disruptions to RING E3 ubiquitin ligase activity in human disease, thereby providing new insight into pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Bustos
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Sunil Mathur
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Carmen Espejo-Serrano
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Rachel Toth
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - C James Hastie
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Satpal Virdee
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Greg M Findlay
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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11
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Segarra-Fas A, Espejo-Serrano C, Bustos F, Zhou H, Wang F, Toth R, Macartney T, Bach I, Nardocci G, Findlay GM. An RNF12-USP26 amplification loop drives germ cell specification and is disrupted by disease-associated mutations. Sci Signal 2022; 15:eabm5995. [PMID: 35857630 PMCID: PMC7613676 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abm5995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF12 plays essential roles during development, and the gene encoding it, RLIM, is mutated in the X-linked human developmental disorder Tonne-Kalscheuer syndrome (TOKAS). Substrates of RNF12 include transcriptional regulators such as the pluripotency-associated transcriptional repressor REX1. Using global quantitative proteomics in male mouse embryonic stem cells, we identified the deubiquitylase USP26 as a putative downstream target of RNF12 activity. RNF12 relieved REX1-mediated repression of Usp26, leading to an increase in USP26 abundance and the formation of RNF12-USP26 complexes. Interaction with USP26 prevented RNF12 autoubiquitylation and proteasomal degradation, thereby establishing a transcriptional feed-forward loop that amplified RNF12-dependent derepression of REX1 targets. We showed that the RNF12-USP26 axis operated specifically in mouse testes and was required for the expression of gametogenesis genes and for germ cell differentiation in vitro. Furthermore, this RNF12-USP26 axis was disrupted by RLIM and USP26 variants found in TOKAS and infertility patients, respectively. This work reveals synergy within the ubiquitylation cycle that controls a key developmental process in gametogenesis and that is disrupted in human genetic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Segarra-Fas
- The MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, The University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Carmen Espejo-Serrano
- The MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, The University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Francisco Bustos
- The MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, The University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Houjiang Zhou
- The MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, The University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Rachel Toth
- The MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, The University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Thomas Macartney
- The MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, The University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Ingolf Bach
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Gino Nardocci
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- Program in Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Center for Biomedical Research and Innovation (CIIB), Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile
- IMPACT, Center of Interventional Medicine for Precision and Advanced Cellular Therapy, Santiago, Chile
| | - Greg M. Findlay
- The MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, The University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
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12
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Cruz Walma DA, Chen Z, Bullock AN, Yamada KM. Ubiquitin ligases: guardians of mammalian development. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2022; 23:350-367. [DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00448-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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13
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Li Y, Yang C, Wang H, Zhao L, Kong Q, Cang Y, Zhao S, Lv L, Li Y, Mao B, Ma P. Sequential stabilization of RNF220 by RLIM and ZC4H2 during cerebellum development and Shh-group medulloblastoma progression. J Mol Cell Biol 2022; 14:6510822. [PMID: 35040952 PMCID: PMC8982406 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjab082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling is essential for the proliferation of cerebellar granule neuron progenitors (CGNPs), and its misregulation is linked to various disorders, including cerebellar cancer medulloblastoma (MB). During vertebrate neural development, RNF220, a ubiquitin E3 ligase, is involved in spinal cord patterning by modulating the subcellular location of glioma-associated oncogene homologs (Glis) through ubiquitination. RNF220 is also required for full activation of Shh signaling during cerebellum development in an epigenetic manner through targeting embryonic ectoderm development. ZC4H2 was reported to be involved in spinal cord patterning by acting as an RNF220 stabilizer. Here, we provided evidence to show that ZC4H2 is also required for full activation of Shh signaling in CGNP and MB progression by stabilizing RNF220. In addition, we found that the ubiquitin E3 ligase RING finger LIM domain-binding protein (RLIM) is responsible for ZC4H2 stabilization via direct ubiquitination, through which RNF220 is also thus stabilized. RLIM is a direct target of Shh signaling and is also required for full activation of Shh signaling in CGNP and MB cell proliferation. We further provided clinical evidence to show that the RLIM‒ZC4H2‒RNF220 cascade is involved in Shh-group MB progression. Disease-causative human RLIM and ZC4H2 mutations affect their interaction and regulation. Therefore, our study sheds light on the regulation of Shh signaling during cerebellar development and MB progression and provides insights into neural disorders caused by RLIM or ZC4H2 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650203, China
| | - Chencheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650203, China
| | - Huishan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650203, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Experimental Animal Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Qinghua Kong
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Yu Cang
- Department of Urology, the Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Kunming 650021, China
| | - Shuhua Zhao
- First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China
| | - Longbao Lv
- Experimental Animal Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Yan Li
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Bingyu Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Pengcheng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
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14
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Márquez-Cantudo L, Ramos A, Coderch C, de Pascual-Teresa B. Proteasomal Degradation of Zn-Dependent Hdacs: The E3-Ligases Implicated and the Designed Protacs That Enable Degradation. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185606. [PMID: 34577077 PMCID: PMC8467390 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein degradation by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System is one of the main mechanisms of the regulation of cellular proteostasis, and the E3 ligases are the key effectors for the protein recognition and degradation. Many E3 ligases have key roles in cell cycle regulation, acting as checkpoints and checkpoint regulators. One of the many important proteins involved in the regulation of the cell cycle are the members of the Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) family. The importance of zinc dependent HDACs in the regulation of chromatin packing and, therefore, gene expression, has made them targets for the design and synthesis of HDAC inhibitors. However, achieving potency and selectivity has proven to be a challenge due to the homology between the zinc dependent HDACs. PROteolysis TArgeting Chimaera (PROTAC) design has been demonstrated to be a useful strategy to inhibit and selectively degrade protein targets. In this review, we attempt to summarize the E3 ligases that naturally ubiquitinate HDACs, analyze their structure, and list the known ligands that can bind to these E3 ligases and be used for PROTAC design, as well as the already described HDAC-targeted PROTACs.
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15
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Bustos F, Espejo-Serrano C, Segarra-Fas A, Toth R, Eaton AJ, Kernohan KD, Wilson MJ, Riley LG, Findlay GM. A novel RLIM/RNF12 variant disrupts protein stability and function to cause severe Tonne-Kalscheuer syndrome. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9560. [PMID: 33953269 PMCID: PMC8100121 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88911-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tonne-Kalscheuer syndrome (TOKAS) is an X-linked intellectual disability syndrome associated with variable clinical features including craniofacial abnormalities, hypogenitalism and diaphragmatic hernia. TOKAS is caused exclusively by variants in the gene encoding the E3 ubiquitin ligase gene RLIM, also known as RNF12. Here we report identification of a novel RLIM missense variant, c.1262A>G p.(Tyr421Cys) adjacent to the regulatory basic region, which causes a severe form of TOKAS resulting in perinatal lethality by diaphragmatic hernia. Inheritance and X-chromosome inactivation patterns implicate RLIM p.(Tyr421Cys) as the likely pathogenic variant in the affected individual and within the kindred. We show that the RLIM p.(Tyr421Cys) variant disrupts both expression and function of the protein in an embryonic stem cell model. RLIM p.(Tyr421Cys) is correctly localised to the nucleus, but is readily degraded by the proteasome. The RLIM p.(Tyr421Cys) variant also displays significantly impaired E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, which interferes with RLIM function in Xist long-non-coding RNA induction that initiates imprinted X-chromosome inactivation. Our data uncover a highly disruptive missense variant in RLIM that causes a severe form of TOKAS, thereby expanding our understanding of the molecular and phenotypic spectrum of disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Bustos
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Carmen Espejo-Serrano
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Anna Segarra-Fas
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Rachel Toth
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Alison J Eaton
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Kristin D Kernohan
- Newborn Screening Ontario, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Meredith J Wilson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
- Discipline of Genomic Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Lisa G Riley
- Rare Diseases Functional Genomics, Kids Research, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and The Children's Medical Research Institute, Sydney, Australia.
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Greg M Findlay
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
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16
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Aprigliano R, Aksu ME, Bradamante S, Mihaljevic B, Wang W, Rian K, Montaldo NP, Grooms KM, Fordyce Martin SL, Bordin DL, Bosshard M, Peng Y, Alexov E, Skinner C, Liabakk NB, Sullivan GJ, Bjørås M, Schwartz CE, van Loon B. Increased p53 signaling impairs neural differentiation in HUWE1-promoted intellectual disabilities. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100240. [PMID: 33948573 PMCID: PMC8080178 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Essential E3 ubiquitin ligase HUWE1 (HECT, UBA, and WWE domain containing 1) regulates key factors, such as p53. Although mutations in HUWE1 cause heterogenous neurodevelopmental X-linked intellectual disabilities (XLIDs), the disease mechanisms common to these syndromes remain unknown. In this work, we identify p53 signaling as the central process altered in HUWE1-promoted XLID syndromes. By focusing on Juberg-Marsidi syndrome (JMS), one of the severest XLIDs, we show that increased p53 signaling results from p53 accumulation caused by HUWE1 p.G4310R destabilization. This further alters cell-cycle progression and proliferation in JMS cells. Modeling of JMS neurodevelopment reveals majorly impaired neural differentiation accompanied by increased p53 signaling. The neural differentiation defects can be successfully rescued by reducing p53 levels and restoring the expression of p53 target genes, in particular CDKN1A/p21. In summary, our findings suggest that increased p53 signaling underlies HUWE1-promoted syndromes and impairs XLID JMS neural differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Aprigliano
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7049 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Merdane Ezgi Aksu
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7049 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Stefano Bradamante
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7049 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Pathology and Medical Genetics, St. Olavs University Hospital, 7049 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Boris Mihaljevic
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7049 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7049 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kristin Rian
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7049 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Nicola P. Montaldo
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7049 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kayla Mae Grooms
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7049 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sarah L. Fordyce Martin
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7049 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Diana L. Bordin
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7049 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Matthias Bosshard
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yunhui Peng
- Computational Biophysics and Bioinformatics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631, USA
| | - Emil Alexov
- Computational Biophysics and Bioinformatics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631, USA
| | | | - Nina-Beate Liabakk
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7049 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Gareth J. Sullivan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
- Hybrid Technology Hub, Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Magnar Bjørås
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7049 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Pathology and Medical Genetics, St. Olavs University Hospital, 7049 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Barbara van Loon
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7049 Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, University of Zurich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Pathology and Medical Genetics, St. Olavs University Hospital, 7049 Trondheim, Norway
- Corresponding author
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17
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Wu Y, Zhang W. The Role of E3s in Regulating Pluripotency of Embryonic Stem Cells and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1168. [PMID: 33503896 PMCID: PMC7865285 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are derived from early embryos and can differentiate into any type of cells in living organisms. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) resemble ESCs, both of which serve as excellent sources to study early embryonic development and realize cell replacement therapies for age-related degenerative diseases and other cell dysfunction-related illnesses. To achieve these valuable applications, comprehensively understanding of the mechanisms underlying pluripotency maintenance and acquisition is critical. Ubiquitination modifies proteins with Ubiquitin (Ub) at the post-translational level to monitor protein stability and activity. It is extensively involved in pluripotency-specific regulatory networks in ESCs and iPSCs. Ubiquitination is achieved by sequential actions of the Ub-activating enzyme E1, Ub-conjugating enzyme E2, and Ub ligase E3. Compared with E1s and E2s, E3s are most abundant, responsible for substrate selectivity and functional diversity. In this review, we focus on E3 ligases to discuss recent progresses in understanding how they regulate pluripotency and somatic cell reprogramming through ubiquitinating core ESC regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China;
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18
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Beck DB, Basar MA, Asmar AJ, Thompson JJ, Oda H, Uehara DT, Saida K, Pajusalu S, Talvik I, D'Souza P, Bodurtha J, Mu W, Barañano KW, Miyake N, Wang R, Kempers M, Tamada T, Nishimura Y, Okada S, Kosho T, Dale R, Mitra A, Macnamara E, Matsumoto N, Inazawa J, Walkiewicz M, Õunap K, Tifft CJ, Aksentijevich I, Kastner DL, Rocha PP, Werner A. Linkage-specific deubiquitylation by OTUD5 defines an embryonic pathway intolerant to genomic variation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/4/eabe2116. [PMID: 33523931 PMCID: PMC7817106 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe2116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Reversible modification of proteins with linkage-specific ubiquitin chains is critical for intracellular signaling. Information on physiological roles and underlying mechanisms of particular ubiquitin linkages during human development are limited. Here, relying on genomic constraint scores, we identify 10 patients with multiple congenital anomalies caused by hemizygous variants in OTUD5, encoding a K48/K63 linkage-specific deubiquitylase. By studying these mutations, we find that OTUD5 controls neuroectodermal differentiation through cleaving K48-linked ubiquitin chains to counteract degradation of select chromatin regulators (e.g., ARID1A/B, histone deacetylase 2, and HCF1), mutations of which underlie diseases that exhibit phenotypic overlap with OTUD5 patients. Loss of OTUD5 during differentiation leads to less accessible chromatin at neuroectodermal enhancers and aberrant gene expression. Our study describes a previously unidentified disorder we name LINKED (LINKage-specific deubiquitylation deficiency-induced Embryonic Defects) syndrome and reveals linkage-specific ubiquitin cleavage from chromatin remodelers as an essential signaling mode that coordinates chromatin remodeling during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Beck
- Metabolic, Cardiovascular and Inflammatory Disease Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Stem Cell Biochemistry Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mohammed A Basar
- Stem Cell Biochemistry Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anthony J Asmar
- Stem Cell Biochemistry Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joyce J Thompson
- Unit on Genome Structure and Regulation, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Hirotsugu Oda
- Metabolic, Cardiovascular and Inflammatory Disease Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniela T Uehara
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Saida
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Sander Pajusalu
- Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Inga Talvik
- Department of Neurology and Rehabilitation, Tallinn Children's Hospital, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Precilla D'Souza
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joann Bodurtha
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Weiyi Mu
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Kristin W Barañano
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Noriko Miyake
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Raymond Wang
- Division of Metabolic Disorders, CHOC Children's Specialists, Orange, CA 92868, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Orange, CA 92967, USA
| | - Marlies Kempers
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Tomoko Tamada
- Department of Pediatrics, Hiroshima Prefectural Rehabilitation Center, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yutaka Nishimura
- Department of General Perinatology, Hiroshima City Hiroshima Citizens Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okada
- Department of Pediatrics, Hiroshima University, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tomoki Kosho
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shinshu University School of Medicine, Nagano, Japan
| | - Ryan Dale
- Bioinformatics and Scientific Programming Core, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Apratim Mitra
- Bioinformatics and Scientific Programming Core, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ellen Macnamara
- Undiagnosed Diseases Program, The Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Naomichi Matsumoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 236-0004, Japan
| | - Johji Inazawa
- Department of Molecular Cytogenetics, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Magdalena Walkiewicz
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Katrin Õunap
- Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Cynthia J Tifft
- Office of the Clinical Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Undiagnosed Diseases Program, The Common Fund, Office of the Director, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ivona Aksentijevich
- Metabolic, Cardiovascular and Inflammatory Disease Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel L Kastner
- Metabolic, Cardiovascular and Inflammatory Disease Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pedro P Rocha
- Unit on Genome Structure and Regulation, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Achim Werner
- Stem Cell Biochemistry Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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19
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Jin JO, Lee GD, Nam SH, Lee TH, Kang DH, Yun JK, Lee PCW. Sequential ubiquitination of p53 by TRIM28, RLIM, and MDM2 in lung tumorigenesis. Cell Death Differ 2020; 28:1790-1803. [PMID: 33328571 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-00701-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Tripartite motif-containing 28 (TRIM28) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase harboring multiple cellular functions. We found that the TRIM28 protein is frequently overexpressed in patients with lung cancer. The stable overexpression of TRIM28 in lung cancer cells and xenograft models significantly increased the proliferation, migration, and invasiveness, whereas knockdown of TRIM28 had the opposite effect. We further observed that TRIM28 regulates the ubiquitin ligases RLIM and MDM2 to target the p53 levels during lung tumorigenesis. These data provide new insights into lung cancer development and potential new therapeutic targets for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-O Jin
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Geun Dong Lee
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.,Lung Cancer Research Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Nam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyeong Lee
- Lung Cancer Research Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Kang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kwang Yun
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.,Lung Cancer Research Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Peter Chang-Whan Lee
- Lung Cancer Research Center, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Bustos F, Segarra-Fas A, Nardocci G, Cassidy A, Antico O, Davidson L, Brandenburg L, Macartney TJ, Toth R, Hastie CJ, Moran J, Gourlay R, Varghese J, Soares RF, Montecino M, Findlay GM. Functional Diversification of SRSF Protein Kinase to Control Ubiquitin-Dependent Neurodevelopmental Signaling. Dev Cell 2020; 55:629-647.e7. [PMID: 33080171 PMCID: PMC7725506 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Conserved protein kinases with core cellular functions have been frequently redeployed during metazoan evolution to regulate specialized developmental processes. The Ser/Arg (SR)-rich splicing factor (SRSF) protein kinase (SRPK), which is implicated in splicing regulation, is one such conserved eukaryotic kinase. Surprisingly, we show that SRPK has acquired the capacity to control a neurodevelopmental ubiquitin signaling pathway. In mammalian embryonic stem cells and cultured neurons, SRPK phosphorylates Ser-Arg motifs in RNF12/RLIM, a key developmental E3 ubiquitin ligase that is mutated in an intellectual disability syndrome. Processive phosphorylation by SRPK stimulates RNF12-dependent ubiquitylation of nuclear transcription factor substrates, thereby acting to restrain a neural gene expression program that is aberrantly expressed in intellectual disability. SRPK family genes are also mutated in intellectual disability disorders, and patient-derived SRPK point mutations impair RNF12 phosphorylation. Our data reveal unappreciated functional diversification of SRPK to regulate ubiquitin signaling that ensures correct regulation of neurodevelopmental gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Bustos
- The MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, the University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Anna Segarra-Fas
- The MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, the University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Gino Nardocci
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrew Cassidy
- Tayside Centre for Genomic Analysis, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Odetta Antico
- The MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, the University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Lindsay Davidson
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Lennart Brandenburg
- The MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, the University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Thomas J Macartney
- The MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, the University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Rachel Toth
- The MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, the University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - C James Hastie
- The MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, the University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Jennifer Moran
- The MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, the University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Robert Gourlay
- The MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, the University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Joby Varghese
- The MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, the University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Renata F Soares
- The MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, the University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Martin Montecino
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences and FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Greg M Findlay
- The MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, the University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK.
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21
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Palmer EE, Carroll R, Shaw M, Kumar R, Minoche AE, Leffler M, Murray L, Macintosh R, Wright D, Troedson C, McKenzie F, Townshend S, Ward M, Nawaz U, Ravine A, Runke CK, Thorland EC, Hummel M, Foulds N, Pichon O, Isidor B, Le Caignec C, Demeer B, Andrieux J, Albarazi SH, Bye A, Sachdev R, Kirk EP, Cowley MJ, Field M, Gecz J. RLIM Is a Candidate Dosage-Sensitive Gene for Individuals with Varying Duplications of Xq13, Intellectual Disability, and Distinct Facial Features. Am J Hum Genet 2020; 107:1157-1169. [PMID: 33159883 PMCID: PMC7820564 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interpretation of the significance of maternally inherited X chromosome variants in males with neurocognitive phenotypes continues to present a challenge to clinical geneticists and diagnostic laboratories. Here we report 14 males from 9 families with duplications at the Xq13.2-q13.3 locus with a common facial phenotype, intellectual disability (ID), distinctive behavioral features, and a seizure disorder in two cases. All tested carrier mothers had normal intelligence. The duplication arose de novo in three mothers where grandparental testing was possible. In one family the duplication segregated with ID across three generations. RLIM is the only gene common to our duplications. However, flanking genes duplicated in some but not all the affected individuals included the brain-expressed genes NEXMIF, SLC16A2, and the long non-coding RNA gene FTX. The contribution of the RLIM-flanking genes to the phenotypes of individuals with different size duplications has not been fully resolved. Missense variants in RLIM have recently been identified to cause X-linked ID in males, with heterozygous females typically having normal intelligence and highly skewed X chromosome inactivation. We detected consistent and significant increase of RLIM mRNA and protein levels in cells derived from seven affected males from five families with the duplication. Subsequent analysis of MDM2, one of the targets of the RLIM E3 ligase activity, showed consistent downregulation in cells from the affected males. All the carrier mothers displayed normal RLIM mRNA levels and had highly skewed X chromosome inactivation. We propose that duplications at Xq13.2-13.3 including RLIM cause a recognizable but mild neurocognitive phenotype in hemizygous males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth E Palmer
- Genetics of Learning Disability Service, Waratah, NSW 2298, Australia; School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute, Darlinghurst, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Renee Carroll
- Adelaide Medical School and the Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Marie Shaw
- Adelaide Medical School and the Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Raman Kumar
- Adelaide Medical School and the Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Andre E Minoche
- St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Melanie Leffler
- Genetics of Learning Disability Service, Waratah, NSW 2298, Australia
| | - Lucinda Murray
- Genetics of Learning Disability Service, Waratah, NSW 2298, Australia
| | | | - Dale Wright
- Discipline of Genomic Medicine and Discipline of Child & Adolescent Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; Department of Cytogenetics, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Chris Troedson
- Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Fiona McKenzie
- School of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; Genetic Services of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6008, Australia
| | | | - Michelle Ward
- Genetic Services of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6008, Australia
| | - Urwah Nawaz
- Adelaide Medical School and the Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Anja Ravine
- Department of Cytogenetics, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Pathwest Laboratory Medicine WA, Perth, WA 6008, Australia
| | - Cassandra K Runke
- Genomics Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Erik C Thorland
- Genomics Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
| | - Marybeth Hummel
- West Virginia University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Section of Medical Genetics Morgantown, WV 26506-9600, USA
| | - Nicola Foulds
- Wessex Clinical Genetics Services, Southampton SO16 5YA, UK
| | - Olivier Pichon
- Service de génétique médicale - Unité de Génétique Clinique, CHU de Nantes - Hôtel Dieu, Nantes 44093, France
| | - Bertrand Isidor
- Service de génétique médicale - Unité de Génétique Clinique, CHU de Nantes - Hôtel Dieu, Nantes 44093, France
| | - Cédric Le Caignec
- Service de génétique médicale, Institut fédératif de Biologie, CHU Hopital Purpan, Toulouse 31059, France
| | - Bénédicte Demeer
- Center for Human Genetics, CLAD Nord de France, CHU Amiens-Picardie, Amiens 80080, France; CHIMERE EA 7516, University Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens 80025, France
| | - Joris Andrieux
- Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, CHU Lille, Lille 59000, France
| | | | - Ann Bye
- School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Rani Sachdev
- School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Edwin P Kirk
- School of Women's and Children's Health, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia; Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Mark J Cowley
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Randwick, NSW 2033, Australia
| | - Mike Field
- Genetics of Learning Disability Service, Waratah, NSW 2298, Australia
| | - Jozef Gecz
- Adelaide Medical School and the Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; Healthy Mothers, Babies and Children, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
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22
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The RING Domain of RING Finger 12 Efficiently Builds Degradative Ubiquitin Chains. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:3790-3801. [PMID: 32416094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
RNF12 is a widely expressed ubiquitin E3 ligase that is required for X-chromosome inactivation, regulation of LIM-domain containing transcription factors, and TGF-β signaling. A RING domain at the C terminus of RNF12 is important for its E3 ligase activity, and mutations in the RING domain are associated with X-linked intellectual disability. Here we have characterized ubiquitin transfer by RNF12, and show that the RING domain can bind to, and is active with, ubiquitin conjugating enzymes (E2s) that produce degradative ubiquitin chains. We report the crystal structures of RNF12 in complex with two of these E2 enzymes, as well as with an E2~Ub conjugate in a closed conformation. These structures form a basis for understanding the deleterious effect of a number of disease causing mutations. Comparison of the RNF12 structure with other monomeric RINGs suggests that a loop prior to the core RING domain has a conserved and essential role in stabilization of the active conformation of the bound E2~Ub conjugate. Together these findings provide a framework for better understanding substrate ubiquitylation by RNF12 and the impact of disease causing mutations.
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23
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Sánchez-Soler MJ, Serrano-Antón AT, López-González V, Ballesta Martínez MJ, Guillén-Navarro E. Primer caso español de discapacidad intelectual sindrómica con dismorfia facial, crisis y anomalías de extremidades por mutaciones bialélicas en el gen OTUD6B. An Pediatr (Barc) 2020; 92:169-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anpedi.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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24
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Sánchez-Soler MJ, Serrano-Antón AT, López-González V, Ballesta Martínez MJ, Guillén-Navarro E. First Spanish case of syndromic intellectual disability with dysmorphic facies, seizures, and distal limb anomalies caused by biallelic mutations in the OTUD6B gene. ANALES DE PEDIATRÍA (ENGLISH EDITION) 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anpede.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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25
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Wang F, Bach I. Rlim/Rnf12, Rex1, and X Chromosome Inactivation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:258. [PMID: 31737626 PMCID: PMC6834644 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
RLIM/Rnf12 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that has originally been identified as a transcriptional cofactor associated with LIM domain transcription factors. Indeed, this protein modulates transcriptional activities and multiprotein complexes recruited by several classes of transcription factors thereby enhancing or repressing transcription. Around 10 years ago, RLIM/Rnf12 has been identified as a major regulator for the process of X chromosome inactivation (XCI), the transcriptional silencing of one of the two X chromosomes in female mice and ESCs. However, the precise roles of RLIM during XCI have been controversial. Here, we discuss the cellular and developmental functions of RLIM as an E3 ubiquitin ligase and its roles during XCI in conjunction with its target protein Rex1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Ingolf Bach
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
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REX1 is the critical target of RNF12 in imprinted X chromosome inactivation in mice. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4752. [PMID: 30420655 PMCID: PMC6232137 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07060-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In mice, imprinted X chromosome inactivation (iXCI) of the paternal X in the pre-implantation embryo and extraembryonic tissues is followed by X reactivation in the inner cell mass (ICM) of the blastocyst to facilitate initiation of random XCI (rXCI) in all embryonic tissues. RNF12 is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that plays a key role in XCI. RNF12 targets pluripotency protein REX1 for degradation to initiate rXCI in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and loss of the maternal copy of Rnf12 leads to embryonic lethality due to iXCI failure. Here, we show that loss of Rex1 rescues the rXCI phenotype observed in Rnf12−/− ESCs, and that REX1 is the prime target of RNF12 in ESCs. Genetic ablation of Rex1 in Rnf12−/− mice rescues the Rnf12−/− iXCI phenotype, and results in viable and fertile Rnf12−/−:Rex1−/− female mice displaying normal iXCI and rXCI. Our results show that REX1 is the critical target of RNF12 in XCI. REX1 has been shown to regulate pluripotency of ESCs, genomic imprinting and preimplantation development in mice. Here the authors provide evidence that REX1 is the prime target of RNF12 E3 ubiquitin ligase and that Rex1 removal rescues the Rnf12 knockout phenotype in imprinted X chromosome inactivation in mice.
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Wang F, Zhao K, Yu S, Xu A, Han W, Mei Y. RNF12 catalyzes BRF1 ubiquitination and regulates RNA polymerase III-dependent transcription. J Biol Chem 2018; 294:130-141. [PMID: 30413534 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA polymerase III (Pol III) is responsible for the production of small noncoding RNA species, including tRNAs and 5S rRNA. Pol III-dependent transcription is generally enhanced in transformed cells and tumors, but the underlying mechanisms remain not well-understood. It has been demonstrated that the BRF1 subunit of TFIIIB is essential for the accurate initiation of Pol III-dependent transcription. However, it is not known whether BRF1 undergoes ubiquitin modification and whether BRF1 ubiquitination regulates Pol III-dependent transcription. Here, we show that RNF12, a RING domain-containing ubiquitin E3 ligase, physically interacts with BRF1. Via direct interaction, RNF12 catalyzes Lys27- and Lys33-linked polyubiquitination of BRF1. Furthermore, RNF12 is able to negatively regulate Pol III-dependent transcription and cell proliferation via BRF1. These findings uncover a novel mechanism for the regulation of BRF1 and reveal RNF12 as an important regulator of Pol III-dependent transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology/Center of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China; Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Kailiang Zhao
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Sixiang Yu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - An Xu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Wei Han
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology/Center of Medical Physics and Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, China.
| | - Yide Mei
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, the Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China.
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Straniero L, Rimoldi V, Soldà G, Bellini M, Biasucci G, Asselta R, Duga S. First Replication of the Involvement of OTUD6B in Intellectual Disability Syndrome With Seizures and Dysmorphic Features. Front Genet 2018; 9:464. [PMID: 30364145 PMCID: PMC6192414 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biallelic mutations in the ovarian tumor domain-containing 6B (OTUD6B) gene, coding for a deubiquitinating enzyme, were recently described to cause an intellectual disability syndrome characterized by seizures and dysmorphic features in six families worldwide. We here report on a 6-year-old Italian girl, presenting mild intellectual disability, speech and motor delay, and recurrent seizures, who came to our attention after being screened for genes responsible for Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome, Kabuki syndrome, and epilepsy. We hence submitted the proband’s DNA to whole-exome sequencing, disclosing two candidate heterozygous splicing mutations in the OTUD6B gene: c.324+1G>C and c.405+1G>A. Both variants are reported in the GnomAD database with a frequency lower than the 10−5 and affect the donor splicing site, of exons 2 and 3, respectively. Sanger sequencing confirmed the segregation of the variants in the family, showing that both parents are carriers of one mutation. RT-PCR experiments demonstrated that both variants affect OTUD6B splicing and lead to the production of aberrant transcripts, the major ones being, in both cases, the skipping of the upstream exon. Quantitative analysis performed by competitive-fluorescent RT-PCR on the patient RNA showed that the proband presents less than 1% of wild-type transcripts, further strengthening the causative role of these variants. This represents the first replication of the involvement of the OTUD6B gene in this syndrome and points to the appropriateness of screening OTUD6B in suspected Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome patients with negative results after the screening of the major genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valeria Rimoldi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Giulia Soldà
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Melissa Bellini
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Guglielmo da Saliceto Hospital, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Giacomo Biasucci
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Guglielmo da Saliceto Hospital, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Rosanna Asselta
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Stefano Duga
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Italy.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
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