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Ke C, Xiao C, Li J, Wu X, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Sheng S, Fu Z, Wang L, Ni C, Zhao J, Shi Y, Wu Y, Zhong Z, Nan J, Zhu W, Chen J, Wu R, Hu X. FMO2 ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by suppressing ER-to-Golgi transport of SREBP1. Hepatology 2023:01515467-990000000-00617. [PMID: 37874228 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS NAFLD comprises a spectrum of liver disorders with the initial abnormal accumulation of lipids in hepatocytes called NAFL, progressing to the more serious NASH in a subset of individuals. Our previous study revealed that global flavin-containing monooxygenase 2 (FMO2) knockout causes higher liver weight in rats. However, the role of FMO2 in NAFLD remains unclear. Herein, we aimed to determine the function and mechanism of FMO2 in liver steatosis and steatohepatitis. APPROACH AND RESULTS The expression of FMO2 was significantly downregulated in patients with NAFL/NASH and mouse models. Both global and hepatocyte-specific knockout of FMO2 resulted in increased lipogenesis and severe hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis, whereas FMO2 overexpression in mice improved NAFL/NASH. RNA sequencing showed that hepatic FMO2 deficiency is associated with impaired lipogenesis in response to metabolic challenges. Mechanistically, FMO2 directly interacts with SREBP1 at amino acids 217-296 competitively with SREBP cleavage-activating protein (SCAP) and inhibits SREBP1 translocation from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus and its subsequent activation, thus suppressing de novo lipogenesis (DNL) and improving NAFL/NASH. CONCLUSIONS In hepatocytes, FMO2 is a novel molecule that protects against the progression of NAFL/NASH independent of enzyme activity. FMO2 impairs lipogenesis in high-fat diet-induced or choline-deficient, methionine-deficient, amino acid-defined high-fat diet-induced steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis by directly binding to SREBP1 and preventing its organelle translocation and subsequent activation. FMO2 thus is a promising molecule for targeting the activation of SREBP1 and for the treatment of NAFL/NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changle Ke
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R.China
- State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, Hangzhou, P.R.China
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, P.R.China
| | - Changchen Xiao
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R.China
- State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, Hangzhou, P.R.China
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, P.R.China
| | - Jiamin Li
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R.China
- State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, Hangzhou, P.R.China
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, P.R.China
| | - Xianpeng Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R.China
- State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, Hangzhou, P.R.China
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, P.R.China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R.China
- State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, Hangzhou, P.R.China
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, P.R.China
| | - Yongjian Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R.China
- State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, Hangzhou, P.R.China
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, P.R.China
| | - Shuyuan Sheng
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R.China
- State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, Hangzhou, P.R.China
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, P.R.China
| | - Zaiyang Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R.China
- State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, Hangzhou, P.R.China
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, P.R.China
| | - Lingjun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R.China
- State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, Hangzhou, P.R.China
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, P.R.China
| | - Cheng Ni
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R.China
- State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, Hangzhou, P.R.China
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, P.R.China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R.China
- State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, Hangzhou, P.R.China
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, P.R.China
| | - Yanna Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R.China
- State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, Hangzhou, P.R.China
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, P.R.China
| | - Yan Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R.China
- State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, Hangzhou, P.R.China
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, P.R.China
| | - Zhiwei Zhong
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R.China
- State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, Hangzhou, P.R.China
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, P.R.China
| | - Jinliang Nan
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R.China
- State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, Hangzhou, P.R.China
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, P.R.China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R.China
- State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, Hangzhou, P.R.China
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, P.R.China
| | - Jinghai Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R.China
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, P.R.China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R.China
| | - Rongrong Wu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R.China
- State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, Hangzhou, P.R.China
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, P.R.China
| | - Xinyang Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R.China
- State Key Laboratory of Transvascular Implantation Devices, Hangzhou, P.R.China
- Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, P.R.China
- Research Center for Life Science and Human Health, Binjiang Institute of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R.China
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Monfared RV, Abdelkarim S, Derdeyn P, Chen K, Wu H, Leong K, Chang T, Lee J, Versales S, Nauli S, Beier K, Baldi P, Alachkar A. Spatiotemporal Mapping of Brain Cilia Reveals Region-Specific Oscillation of Length and Orientation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.28.546950. [PMID: 37425809 PMCID: PMC10326993 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.28.546950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we conducted high-throughput spatiotemporal analysis of primary cilia length and orientation across 22 mouse brain regions. We developed automated image analysis algorithms, which enabled us to examine over 10 million individual cilia, generating the largest spatiotemporal atlas of cilia. We found that cilia length and orientation display substantial variations across different brain regions and exhibit fluctuations over a 24-hour period, with region-specific peaks during light-dark phases. Our analysis revealed unique orientation patterns of cilia at 45 degree intervals, suggesting that cilia orientation within the brain is not random but follows specific patterns. Using BioCycle, we identified circadian rhythms of cilia length in five brain regions: nucleus accumbens core, somatosensory cortex, and three hypothalamic nuclei. Our findings present novel insights into the complex relationship between cilia dynamics, circadian rhythms, and brain function, highlighting cilia crucial role in the brain's response to environmental changes and regulation of time-dependent physiological processes.
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Villanueva-Carmona T, Cedó L, Madeira A, Ceperuelo-Mallafré V, Rodríguez-Peña MM, Núñez-Roa C, Maymó-Masip E, Repollés-de-Dalmau M, Badia J, Keiran N, Mirasierra M, Pimenta-Lopes C, Sabadell-Basallote J, Bosch R, Caubet L, Escolà-Gil JC, Fernández-Real JM, Vilarrasa N, Ventura F, Vallejo M, Vendrell J, Fernández-Veledo S. SUCNR1 signaling in adipocytes controls energy metabolism by modulating circadian clock and leptin expression. Cell Metab 2023; 35:601-619.e10. [PMID: 36977414 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue modulates energy homeostasis by secreting leptin, but little is known about the factors governing leptin production. We show that succinate, long perceived as a mediator of immune response and lipolysis, controls leptin expression via its receptor SUCNR1. Adipocyte-specific deletion of Sucnr1 influences metabolic health according to nutritional status. Adipocyte Sucnr1 deficiency impairs leptin response to feeding, whereas oral succinate mimics nutrient-related leptin dynamics via SUCNR1. SUCNR1 activation controls leptin expression via the circadian clock in an AMPK/JNK-C/EBPα-dependent manner. Although the anti-lipolytic role of SUCNR1 prevails in obesity, its function as a regulator of leptin signaling contributes to the metabolically favorable phenotype in adipocyte-specific Sucnr1 knockout mice under standard dietary conditions. Obesity-associated hyperleptinemia in humans is linked to SUCNR1 overexpression in adipocytes, which emerges as the major predictor of adipose tissue leptin expression. Our study establishes the succinate/SUCNR1 axis as a metabolite-sensing pathway mediating nutrient-related leptin dynamics to control whole-body homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Villanueva-Carmona
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Research Unit, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona 43005, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Lídia Cedó
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Research Unit, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona 43005, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Ana Madeira
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Research Unit, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona 43005, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Victòria Ceperuelo-Mallafré
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Research Unit, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona 43005, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain; Department of Medicine and Surgery, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Reus 43201, Spain
| | - M-Mar Rodríguez-Peña
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Research Unit, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona 43005, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Catalina Núñez-Roa
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Research Unit, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona 43005, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Elsa Maymó-Masip
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Research Unit, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona 43005, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Maria Repollés-de-Dalmau
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Research Unit, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona 43005, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain; Department of Medicine and Surgery, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Reus 43201, Spain
| | - Joan Badia
- Institut d'Oncologia de la Catalunya Sud, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, IISPV, Reus 43204, Spain
| | - Noelia Keiran
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Research Unit, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona 43005, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Mercedes Mirasierra
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC/UAM), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Carolina Pimenta-Lopes
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08907, Spain
| | - Joan Sabadell-Basallote
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Research Unit, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona 43005, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Ramón Bosch
- Department of Pathology, Oncological Pathology and Bioinformatics Research Group, Hospital de Tortosa Verge de la Cinta, IISPV, Tortosa 43500, Spain
| | - Laura Caubet
- General and Digestive Surgery Service, Hospital Sant Pau i Santa Tecla, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Tarragona 43003, Spain
| | - Joan Carles Escolà-Gil
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques (IIB) Sant Pau, Barcelona 08041, Spain; Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - José-Manuel Fernández-Real
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Institut d'Investigació Biomèdica de Girona (IdIBGi), Salt 17190, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CB06/03/010), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain; Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Girona, Girona 17004, Spain
| | - Nuria Vilarrasa
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain; Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Hospital Universitari Bellvitge - IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08907, Spain
| | - Francesc Ventura
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, Universitat de Barcelona, IDIBELL, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona 08907, Spain
| | - Mario Vallejo
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain; Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (CSIC/UAM), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Joan Vendrell
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Research Unit, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona 43005, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain; Department of Medicine and Surgery, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Reus 43201, Spain
| | - Sonia Fernández-Veledo
- Department of Endocrinology and Nutrition, Research Unit, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Tarragona 43005, Spain; CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid 28029, Spain.
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Trzeciak JR, Steele AD. Studying food entrainment: Models, methods, and musings. Front Nutr 2022; 9:998331. [PMID: 36211505 PMCID: PMC9532691 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.998331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to tell time relative to predictable feeding opportunities has a long history of research, going back more than 100 years with behavioral observations of honeybees and rats. Animals that have access to food at a particular time of day exhibit “food anticipatory activity” (FAA), which is a preprandial increase in activity and arousal thought to be driven by food entrained circadian oscillator(s). However, the mechanisms behind adaptation of behavior to timed feeding continue to elude our grasp. Methods used to study circadian entrainment by food vary depending on the model system and the laboratory conducting the experiments. Most studies have relied on rodent model systems due to neuroanatomical tools and genetic tractability, but even among studies of laboratory mice, methods vary considerably. A lack of consistency within the field in experimental design, reporting, and definition of food entrainment, or even FAA, makes it difficult to compare results across studies or even within the same mutant mouse strain, hindering interpretation of replication studies. Here we examine the conditions used to study food as a time cue and make recommendations for study design and reporting.
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Tang Q, Assali DR, Güler AD, Steele AD. Dopamine systems and biological rhythms: Let's get a move on. Front Integr Neurosci 2022; 16:957193. [PMID: 35965599 PMCID: PMC9364481 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2022.957193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
How dopamine signaling regulates biological rhythms is an area of emerging interest. Here we review experiments focused on delineating dopamine signaling in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, nucleus accumbens, and dorsal striatum to mediate a range of biological rhythms including photoentrainment, activity cycles, rest phase eating of palatable food, diet-induced obesity, and food anticipatory activity. Enthusiasm for causal roles for dopamine in the regulation of circadian rhythms, particularly those associated with food and other rewarding events, is warranted. However, determining that there is rhythmic gene expression in dopamine neurons and target structures does not mean that they are bona fide circadian pacemakers. Given that dopamine has such a profound role in promoting voluntary movements, interpretation of circadian phenotypes associated with locomotor activity must be differentiated at the molecular and behavioral levels. Here we review our current understanding of dopamine signaling in relation to biological rhythms and suggest future experiments that are aimed at teasing apart the roles of dopamine subpopulations and dopamine receptor expressing neurons in causally mediating biological rhythms, particularly in relation to feeding, reward, and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijun Tang
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Dina R. Assali
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University Pomona, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Ali D. Güler
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Program in Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Andrew D. Steele
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University Pomona, Pomona, CA, United States
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Song B, Feldmann JW, Cao S, Feitosa M, Kong Y, Kim W, Schweitzer A, Leblanc P, Schweitzer JS, Kim KS. A Pitx3-deficient developmental mouse model for fine motor, olfactory, and gastrointestinal symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2022; 170:105777. [PMID: 35636646 PMCID: PMC9425627 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Scarpa LL, Wanken B, Smidt M, Mistlberger RE, Steele AD. Mice hypomorphic for Pitx3 show robust entrainment of circadian behavioral and metabolic rhythms to scheduled feeding. Cell Rep 2022; 38:109865. [PMID: 35021098 PMCID: PMC8788647 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Pitx3ak mice lack a functioning retina and develop fewer than 10% of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra. Del Río-Martín et al. (2019) reported that entrainment of circadian rhythms to daily light-dark (LD) cycles is absent in these mice, and that rhythms of locomotor activity, energy expenditure, and other metabolic variables are disrupted with food available ad libitum and fail to entrain to a daily feeding. The authors propose that retinal innervation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus is required for development of cyclic metabolic homeostasis, but methodological issues limit interpretation of the results. Using standardized feeding schedules and procedures for distinguishing free-running from entrained circadian rhythms, we confirm that behavioral and metabolic rhythms in Pitx3ak mice do not entrain to LD cycles, but we find no impairment in circadian organization of metabolism with food available ad libitum and no impairment in entrainment of metabolic or behavioral rhythms by daily feeding schedules. This Matters Arising paper is in response to Del Río-Martín et al. (2019), published in Cell Reports. See also the response by Fernandez-Perez et al. (2022), published in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori L Scarpa
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University Pomona, Pomona, CA 91768, USA
| | - Brad Wanken
- Rodent Metabolic Core, Saban Research Institute, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Marten Smidt
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 94246, the Netherlands
| | - Ralph E Mistlberger
- Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Andrew D Steele
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University Pomona, Pomona, CA 91768, USA.
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Fernández-Pérez A, Sanz-Magro A, Moratalla R, Vallejo M. Restricting feeding to dark phase fails to entrain circadian activity and energy expenditure oscillations in Pitx3-mutant Aphakia mice. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110241. [PMID: 35021074 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic homeostasis is under circadian regulation to adapt energy requirements to light-dark cycles. Feeding cycles are regulated by photic stimuli reaching the suprachiasmatic nucleus via retinohypothalamic axons and by nutritional information involving dopaminergic neurotransmission. Previously, we reported that Pitx3-mutant Aphakia mice with altered development of the retinohypothalamic tract and the dopaminergic neurons projecting to the striatum, are resistant to locomotor and metabolic entrainment by time-restricted feeding. In their Matters Arising article, Scarpa et al. (2022) challenge this conclusion using mice from the same strain but following a different experimental paradigm involving calorie restriction. Here, we address their concerns by extending the analyses of our previous data, by identifying important differences in the experimental design between both studies and by presenting additional results on the dopaminergic deficit in the brain of Aphakia mice. This Matters Arising Response article addresses the Matters Arising article by Scarpa et al. (2022), published concurrently in Cell Reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Fernández-Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas /Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas CIBERDEM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián Sanz-Magro
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, and CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosario Moratalla
- Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, and CIBERNED, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Vallejo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas /Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle Arturo Duperier 4, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas CIBERDEM, Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review will discuss the recent studies that implicate disturbed diurnal rhythms with the development of obesity. The second part of the review will discuss studies that use feeding time to restore diurnal rhythms and rescue obesity. RECENT FINDINGS Studies in patients with obesity and diabetes reveal attenuated circadian and metabolic rhythms in adipose tissue. The use of animal models furthers our mechanistic insight on how environmental disturbances such as high-fat diet and shift work disturb circadian and metabolic rhythms. Studies in both animals and humans describe how disturbance of diurnal rhythms can lead to increased adiposity and obesity. The effects of time-restricted feeding in animals and the time of feeding in humans provide new evidence on how restoring diurnal rhythms can reverse adiposity and obesity. SUMMARY Many more studies in humans were performed in recent years to confirm a number of findings from animal studies. It is becoming apparent that the time of feeding and maintaining a healthy daily schedule is important for metabolic health. Ongoing studies may soon improve current recommendations regarding the time of eating and time of day behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios K Paschos
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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10
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Circadian rhythms of mineral metabolism in chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2021; 29:367-377. [PMID: 32452917 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The circadian rhythms have a systemic impact on all aspects of physiology. Kidney diseases are associated with extremely high-cardiovascular mortality, related to chronic kidney disease-mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD), involving bone, parathyroids and vascular calcification. Disruption of circadian rhythms may cause serious health problems, contributing to development of cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, cancer, organ fibrosis, osteopenia and aging. Evidence of disturbed circadian rhythms in CKD-MBD parameters and organs involved is emerging and will be discussed in this review. RECENT FINDINGS Kidney injury induces unstable behavioral circadian rhythm. Potentially, uremic toxins may affect the master-pacemaker of circadian rhythm in hypothalamus. In CKD disturbances in the circadian rhythms of CKD-MBD plasma-parameters, activin A, fibroblast growth factor 23, parathyroid hormone, phosphate have been demonstrated. A molecular circadian clock is also expressed in peripheral tissues, involved in CKD-MBD; vasculature, parathyroids and bone. Expression of the core circadian clock genes in the different tissues is disrupted in CKD-MBD. SUMMARY Disturbed circadian rhythms is a novel feature of CKD-MBD. There is a need to establish which specific input determines the phase of the local molecular clock and to characterize its regulation and deregulation in tissues involved in CKD-MBD. Finally, it is important to establish what are the implications for treatment including the potential applications for chronotherapy.
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11
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Photosensitive ganglion cells: A diminutive, yet essential population. ARCHIVOS DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE OFTALMOLOGÍA 2020; 96:299-315. [PMID: 34092284 DOI: 10.1016/j.oftale.2020.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Our visual system has evolved to provide us with an image of the scene that surrounds us, informing us of its texture, colour, movement, and depth with an enormous spatial and temporal resolution, and for this purpose, the image formation (IF) dedicates the vast majority of our retinal ganglion cell (RGC) population and much of our cerebral cortex. On the other hand, a minuscule proportion of RGCs, in addition to receiving information from classic cone and rod photoreceptors, express melanopsin and are intrinsically photosensitive (ipRGC). These ipRGC are dedicated to non-image-forming (NIF) visual functions, of which we are unaware, but which are essential for aspects related to our daily physiology, such as the timing of our circadian rhythms and our pupillary light reflex, among many others. Before the discovery of ipRGCs, it was thought that the IF and NIF functions were distinct compartments regulated by different RGCs, but this concept has evolved in recent years with the discovery of new types of ipRGCs that innervate subcortical IF regions, and therefore have IF visual functions. Six different types of ipRGCs are currently known. These are termed M1-M6, and differ in their morphological, functional, molecular properties, central projections, and visual behaviour responsibilities. A review is presented on the melanopsin visual system, the most active field of research in vision, for which knowledge has grown exponentially during the last two decades, when RGCs giving rise to this pathway were first discovered.
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12
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Chhabra NF, Amarie OV, Wu M, Amend AL, Rubey M, Gradinger D, Irmler M, Beckers J, Rathkolb B, Wolf E, Feuchtinger A, Huypens P, Teperino R, Rozman J, Przemeck GKH, Hrabě de Angelis M. PAX6 mutation alters circadian rhythm and β cell function in mice without affecting glucose tolerance. Commun Biol 2020; 3:628. [PMID: 33127955 PMCID: PMC7599253 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01337-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor PAX6 is involved in the development of the eye and pancreatic islets, besides being associated with sleep–wake cycles. Here, we investigated a point mutation in the RED subdomain of PAX6, previously described in a human patient, to present a comprehensive study of a homozygous Pax6 mutation in the context of adult mammalian metabolism and circadian rhythm. Pax6Leca2 mice lack appropriate retinal structures for light perception and do not display normal daily rhythmic changes in energy metabolism. Despite β cell dysfunction and decreased insulin secretion, mutant mice have normal glucose tolerance. This is associated with reduced hepatic glucose production possibly due to altered circadian variation in expression of clock and metabolic genes, thereby evading hyperglycemia. Hence, our findings show that while the RED subdomain is important for β cell functional maturity, the Leca2 mutation impacts peripheral metabolism via loss of circadian rhythm, thus revealing pleiotropic effects of PAX6. Nirav Chhabra et al. characterize adult mice carrying a homozygous mutation in Pax6 that was identified in a patient with foveal hypoplasia. They find that the Pax6 point mutation has pleiotropic effects, including defects in the mouse retinal structures, loss of the optic nerve, changes in energy metabolism and circadian rhythms, and dysregulation of genes expressed in the pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirav Florian Chhabra
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Oana Veronica Amarie
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Moya Wu
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anna-Lena Amend
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Marina Rubey
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Gradinger
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Irmler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.,Chair of Experimental Genetics, Center of Life and Food Sciences, Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Birgit Rathkolb
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.,Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Gene Center, Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Munich, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany.,Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Gene Center, Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Munich, Germany
| | - Annette Feuchtinger
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Peter Huypens
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Raffaele Teperino
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jan Rozman
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gerhard K H Przemeck
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabě de Angelis
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Neuherberg, Germany. .,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany. .,Chair of Experimental Genetics, Center of Life and Food Sciences, Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany.
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Espadas I, Keifman E, Palomo-Garo C, Burgaz S, García C, Fernández-Ruiz J, Moratalla R. Beneficial effects of the phytocannabinoid Δ 9-THCV in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 141:104892. [PMID: 32387338 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The antioxidant and CB2 receptor agonist properties of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin (Δ9-THCV) afforded neuroprotection in experimental Parkinson's disease (PD), whereas its CB1 receptor antagonist profile at doses lower than 5 mg/kg caused anti-hypokinetic effects. In the present study, we investigated the anti-dyskinetic potential of Δ9-THCV (administered i.p. at 2 mg/kg for two weeks), which had not been investigated before. This objective was investigated after inducing dyskinesia by repeated administration of L-DOPA (i.p. at 10 mg/kg) in a genetic model of dopaminergic deficiency, Pitx3ak mutant mice, which serves as a useful model for testing anti-dyskinetic agents. The daily treatment of these mice with L-DOPA for two weeks progressively increased the time spent in abnormal involuntary movements (AIMs) and elevated their horizontal and vertical activities (as measured in a computer-aided actimeter), signs that reflected the dyskinetic state of these mice. Interestingly, when combined with L-DOPA from the first injection, Δ9-THCV delayed the appearance of all these signs and decreased their intensity, with a reduction in the levels of FosB protein and the histone pAcH3 (measured by immunohistochemistry), which had previously been found to be elevated in the basal ganglia in L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. In addition to the anti-dyskinetic effects of Δ9-THCV when administered at the onset of L-DOPA treatment, Δ9-THCV was also effective in attenuating the intensity of dyskinesia when administered for three consecutive days once these signs were already present (two weeks after the onset of L-DOPA treatment). In summary, our data support the anti-dyskinetic potential of Δ9-THCV, both to delay the occurrence and to attenuate the magnitude of dyskinetic signs. Although further studies are clearly required to determine the clinical significance of these data in humans, the results nevertheless situate Δ9-THCV in a promising position for developing a cannabinoid-based therapy for patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Espadas
- Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Cristina Palomo-Garo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonia Burgaz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción García
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Fernández-Ruiz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain; Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rosario Moratalla
- Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
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14
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Yao Y, Zhang W, Ming R, Deng Q, Zuo A, Zhang S, Ying Y, Zhao Y, Ma J. Noninvasive 40-Hz Light Flicker Rescues Circadian Behavior and Abnormal Lipid Metabolism Induced by Acute Ethanol Exposure via Improving SIRT1 and the Circadian Clock in the Liver-Brain Axis. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:355. [PMID: 32269528 PMCID: PMC7109315 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is a protein deacetylase with important cellular functions, as it regulates numerous processes, including the circadian rhythm in peripheral tissues. Efforts are ongoing to reveal how Sirt1 can be used to treat diseases, such as alcoholic liver disease (ALD), Alzheimer's disease, and liver fibrosis. We have recently shown that noninvasive exposure to 40-Hz light flicker activates hypothalamic SIRT1 gene expression, thereby regulating the central circadian clock. This study investigated the effects of 40-Hz light flicker in a mouse model of ALD. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis was performed to explore the potential pathways affected by 40-Hz light flicker. We found that 40-Hz light flicker significantly decreased the acute ethanol-induced increases in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and serum triglyceride (TG) levels and reduced fat-droplet accumulation in mouse livers. Additionally, 40-Hz light flicker significantly suppressed ethanol-induced increases in sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP-1) and fatty acid synthase (Fasn) levels. Furthermore, the ethanol induced significant decreases in both Sirt1 levels and phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase subunit (AMPKα), compared with those in the control group. Strikingly, pretreatment with 40-Hz light flicker ameliorated such ethanol-induced decreases in SIRT1 levels and AMPKα phosphorylation. In addition, ethanol-induced increases in levels of brain and muscle arnt-like protein-1 (BMAL1), circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (CLOCK), and period 2 (PER2) were reversed by 40-Hz light flicker. RNA-seq analysis revealed significant differences in expression of genes related to the AMPK signalling. Moreover, ethanol consumption altered mRNA levels of Sirt1 and circadian genes in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), indicating that ethanol influenced central pacemaker genes; however, 40-Hz light flicker reversed these ethanol-induced changes. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that 40-Hz light flicker rapidly influence the SCN and exhibits inhibitory properties on hepatic lipogenesis, indicating that 40-Hz light flicker has therapeutic potential for preventing alcoholic liver steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youli Yao
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,School of Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenjiang Zhang
- School of Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ruibo Ming
- School of Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiyu Deng
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Along Zuo
- Key Laboratory for Natural Resource of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Yanji, China
| | - Shengli Zhang
- School of Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying Ying
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yingying Zhao
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shenzhen University Health Sciences Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Junxian Ma
- School of Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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