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Zeng P, Shu LZ, Zhou YH, Huang HL, Wei SH, Liu WJ, Deng H. Stem Cell Division and Its Critical Role in Mammary Gland Development and Tumorigenesis: Current Progress and Remaining Challenges. Stem Cells Dev 2024. [PMID: 38943275 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2024.0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The origin of breast cancer (BC) has traditionally been a focus of medical research. It is widely acknowledged that BC originates from immortal mammary stem cells and that these stem cells participate in two division modes: symmetric cell division (SCD) and asymmetrical cell division (ACD). Although both of these modes are key to the process of breast development and their imbalance is closely associated with the onset of BC, the molecular mechanisms underlying these phenomena deserve in-depth exploration. In this review, we first outline the molecular mechanisms governing ACD/SCD and analyze the role of ACD/SCD in various stages of breast development. We describe that the changes in telomerase activity, the role of polar proteins, and the stimulation of ovarian hormones subsequently lead to two distinct consequences: breast development or carcinogenesis. Finally, gene mutations, abnormalities in polar proteins, modulation of signal-transduction pathways, and alterations in the microenvironment disrupt the balance of BC stem cell division modes and cause BC. Important regulatory factors such as mammalian Inscuteable mInsc, Numb, Eya1, PKCα, PKCθ, p53, and IL-6 also play significant roles in regulating pathways of ACD/SCD and may constitute key targets for future research on stem cell division, breast development, and tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zeng
- Department of Breast Surgery, Jiangxi Armed Police Corps Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Lin-Zhen Shu
- Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yu-Hong Zhou
- Department of Breast Surgery, Jiangxi Armed Police Corps Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Hai-Lin Huang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Jiangxi Armed Police Corps Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Shu-Hua Wei
- Department of Breast Surgery, Jiangxi Armed Police Corps Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Wen-Jian Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Jiangxi Armed Police Corps Hospital, Nanchang, China
| | - Huan Deng
- Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Tumor Immunology Institute, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- The MOE Basic Research and Innovation Center for the Targeted Therapeutics of Solid Tumors, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Fankhaenel M, Hashemi FSG, Mourao L, Lucas E, Hosawi MM, Skipp P, Morin X, Scheele CLGJ, Elias S. Annexin A1 is a polarity cue that directs mitotic spindle orientation during mammalian epithelial morphogenesis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:151. [PMID: 36631478 PMCID: PMC9834401 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35881-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Oriented cell divisions are critical for the formation and maintenance of structured epithelia. Proper mitotic spindle orientation relies on polarised anchoring of force generators to the cell cortex by the evolutionarily conserved protein complex formed by the Gαi subunit of heterotrimeric G proteins, the Leucine-Glycine-Asparagine repeat protein (LGN) and the nuclear mitotic apparatus protein. However, the polarity cues that control cortical patterning of this ternary complex remain largely unknown in mammalian epithelia. Here we identify the membrane-associated protein Annexin A1 (ANXA1) as an interactor of LGN in mammary epithelial cells. Annexin A1 acts independently of Gαi to instruct the accumulation of LGN and nuclear mitotic apparatus protein at the lateral cortex to ensure cortical anchoring of Dynein-Dynactin and astral microtubules and thereby planar alignment of the mitotic spindle. Loss of Annexin A1 randomises mitotic spindle orientation, which in turn disrupts epithelial architecture and luminogenesis in three-dimensional cultures of primary mammary epithelial cells. Our findings establish Annexin A1 as an upstream cortical cue that regulates LGN to direct planar cell divisions during mammalian epithelial morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fankhaenel
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.,Insitute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Farahnaz S Golestan Hashemi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.,Insitute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Larissa Mourao
- VIB-KULeuven Center for Cancer Biology, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emily Lucas
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.,Insitute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Manal M Hosawi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.,Insitute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Paul Skipp
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.,Insitute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.,Centre for Proteomic Research, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Xavier Morin
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, Inserm, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | | | - Salah Elias
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK. .,Insitute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
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He Z, Ghorayeb R, Tan S, Chen K, Lorentzian AC, Bottyan J, Aalam SMM, Pujana MA, Lange PF, Kannan N, Eaves CJ, Maxwell CA. Pathogenic BRCA1 variants disrupt PLK1-regulation of mitotic spindle orientation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2200. [PMID: 35459234 PMCID: PMC9033786 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29885-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Preneoplastic mammary tissues from human female BRCA1 mutation carriers, or Brca1-mutant mice, display unexplained abnormalities in luminal differentiation. We now study the division characteristics of human mammary cells purified from female BRCA1 mutation carriers or non-carrier donors. We show primary BRCA1 mutant/+ cells exhibit defective BRCA1 localization, high radiosensitivity and an accelerated entry into cell division, but fail to orient their cell division axis. We also analyse 15 genetically-edited BRCA1 mutant/+ human mammary cell-lines and find that cells carrying pathogenic BRCA1 mutations acquire an analogous defect in their division axis accompanied by deficient expression of features of mature luminal cells. Importantly, these alterations are independent of accumulated DNA damage, and specifically dependent on elevated PLK1 activity induced by reduced BRCA1 function. This essential PLK1-mediated role of BRCA1 in controlling the cell division axis provides insight into the phenotypes expressed during BRCA1 tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengcheng He
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ryan Ghorayeb
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Susanna Tan
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amanda C Lorentzian
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jack Bottyan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Syed Mohammed Musheer Aalam
- Division of Experimental Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Miguel Angel Pujana
- ProCURE, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Oncobell, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Philipp F Lange
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Nagarajan Kannan
- Division of Experimental Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Connie J Eaves
- Terry Fox Laboratory, British Columbia Cancer Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christopher A Maxwell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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Abstract
During salivary gland development, branches arise through formation of new end buds (budding) and division of existing buds (clefting). In a recent Cell study, Wang et al., (2021) report that mouse salivary gland budding is reliant on a delicate interplay between epithelial cells and the extracellular matrix surrounding them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Cazares
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Division of Craniofacial Anomalies, Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ameera S Haque
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Division of Craniofacial Anomalies, Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ophir D Klein
- Program in Craniofacial Biology and Division of Craniofacial Anomalies, Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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Watson CJ, Khaled WT. Mammary development in the embryo and adult: new insights into the journey of morphogenesis and commitment. Development 2020; 147:dev169862. [PMID: 33191272 DOI: 10.1242/dev.169862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The mammary gland is a unique tissue and the defining feature of the class Mammalia. It is a late-evolving epidermal appendage that has the primary function of providing nutrition for the young, although recent studies have highlighted additional benefits of milk including the provision of passive immunity and a microbiome and, in humans, the psychosocial benefits of breastfeeding. In this Review, we outline the various stages of mammary gland development in the mouse, with a particular focus on lineage specification and the new insights that have been gained by the application of recent technological advances in imaging in both real-time and three-dimensions, and in single cell RNA sequencing. These studies have revealed the complexity of subpopulations of cells that contribute to the mammary stem and progenitor cell hierarchy and we suggest a new terminology to distinguish these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine J Watson
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
| | - Walid T Khaled
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
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Beckett L, Xie S, Thimmapuram J, Tucker HA, Donkin SS, Casey T. Mammary transcriptome reveals cell maintenance and protein turnover support milk synthesis in early-lactation cows. Physiol Genomics 2020; 52:435-450. [PMID: 32744883 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00046.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A more complete understanding of the molecular mechanisms that support milk synthesis is needed to develop strategies to efficiently and sustainably meet the growing global demand for dairy products. With the postulate that coding gene transcript abundance reflects relative importance in supporting milk synthesis, we analyzed the global transcriptome of early lactation cows across magnitudes of normalized RNA-Seq read counts. Total RNA was isolated from milk samples collected from early-lactation cows (n = 6) following two treatment periods of postruminal lysine infusion of 0 or 63 g/day. Twelve libraries were prepared and sequenced on an Illumina NovaSeq6000 platform using paired end reads. Normalized read counts were averaged across both treatments, because EBseq analysis found no significant effect of lysine infusion. Approximately 10% of the total reads corresponded to 12,730 protein coding transcripts with a normalized read count mean ≥5. For functional annotation analysis, the protein coding transcripts were divided into nine categories by magnitude of reads. The 13 most abundant transcripts (≥50K reads) accounted for 67% of the 23M coding reads and included casein and whey proteins, regulators of fat synthesis and secretion, a ubiquitinating protein, and a tRNA transporter. Mammalian target of rapamycin, JAK/STAT, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha, and ubiquitin proteasome pathways were enriched with normalized reads ≥100 counts. Genes with ≤100 reads regulated tissue homeostasis and immune response. Enrichment in ontologies that reflect maintenance of translation, protein turnover, and amino acid recycling indicated that proteostatic mechanisms are central to supporting mammary function and primary milk component synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Beckett
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - S Xie
- Bioinformatics Core, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - J Thimmapuram
- Bioinformatics Core, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - H A Tucker
- Novus International Incorporated, St. Charles, Missouri
| | - S S Donkin
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - T Casey
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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Song M, Wang C, Yang H, Chen Y, Feng X, Li B, Fan H. P-STAT3 Inhibition Activates Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Induced Splenocyte Apoptosis in Chronic Stress. Front Physiol 2020; 11:680. [PMID: 32714202 PMCID: PMC7340136 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress leads to immunosuppression and induces splenocyte apoptosis. STAT3 is a transcription factor that regulates immunity and apoptosis; however, it is unclear whether the increased expression of phosphorylated STAT3 (p-STAT3) observed in chronic stress is related to splenocyte apoptosis. To explore the relationship between splenocyte apoptosis and STAT3 in chronic stress, we treated rats undergoing a 21-day chronic restraint stress program with the STAT3 inhibitor S3I-201. This chronic stress model was verified by observing rats’ behavior and measuring their serum corticosterone levels. Chronic stress led to increased expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and p-STAT3 inhibition enhanced splenocyte apoptosis in chronic stress. We detected key proteins in three apoptotic pathways to determine which pathway mediated increasing splenocyte apoptosis and found that the death receptor pathway was the main apoptotic pathway that occurred in the spleen during chronic stress. The unfolded protein response (UPR) was also activated, but the Bcl-2 family was not involved in chronic stress. P-STAT3 inhibition had no influence on the Bcl-2 family and the death receptor pathway; however, p-STAT3 inhibition disrupted the pro-survival function of the UPR by decreasing the expression of ATF6α and p-IRE1α. Furthermore, p-STAT3 inhibition activated endoplasmic reticulum stress by promoting the expression of CHOP, p-JNK, and procaspase-12. Collectively, these findings indicate that the increased p-STAT3 expression during chronic stress may promote splenocyte survival by activating the UPR. Consequently, STAT3 and the UPR may be considered as potential therapeutic targets for chronic stress in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manyu Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Chaoran Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Haotian Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yongping Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiujing Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Bei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Honggang Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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