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Agarwal P. In preprints: quantitative decoupling between regulatory modules safeguards phenotypic robustness. Development 2024; 151:dev202691. [PMID: 38288659 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Priti Agarwal
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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Yamamoto K, Motegi F. Cell polarity: Adapting the PAR cascade to diverse cellular contexts. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R1047-R1049. [PMID: 37875077 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.08.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Two new studies shed light on the intricacies of Caenorhabditis elegans embryo patterning, revealing how the conserved interaction and crosstalk of PAR proteins are adapted to perceive distinct cues, ultimately shaping unique asymmetries in form and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Yamamoto
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan
| | - Fumio Motegi
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 15, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0815, Japan.
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Ng K, Hirani N, Bland T, Borrego-Pinto J, Wagner S, Kreysing M, Goehring NW. Cleavage furrow-directed cortical flows bias PAR polarization pathways to link cell polarity to cell division. Curr Biol 2023; 33:4298-4311.e6. [PMID: 37729912 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
During development, the conserved PAR polarity network is continuously redeployed, requiring that it adapt to changing cellular contexts and environmental cues. In the early C. elegans embryo, polarity shifts from being a cell-autonomous process in the zygote to one that must be coordinated between neighbors as the embryo becomes multicellular. Here, we sought to explore how the PAR network adapts to this shift in the highly tractable C. elegans germline P lineage. We find that although P lineage blastomeres exhibit a distinct pattern of polarity emergence compared with the zygote, the underlying mechanochemical processes that drive polarity are largely conserved. However, changes in the symmetry-breaking cues of P lineage blastomeres ensure coordination of their polarity axis with neighboring cells. Specifically, we show that furrow-directed cortical flows associated with cytokinesis of the zygote induce symmetry breaking in the germline blastomere P1 by transporting PAR-3 into the nascent cell contact. This pool of PAR-3 then biases downstream PAR polarization pathways to establish the polarity axis of P1 with respect to the position of its anterior sister, AB. Thus, our data suggest that cytokinesis itself induces symmetry breaking through the advection of polarity proteins by furrow-directed flows. By directly linking cell polarity to cell division, furrow-directed cortical flows could be a general mechanism to ensure proper organization of cell polarity within actively dividing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- KangBo Ng
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Nisha Hirani
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Tom Bland
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Susan Wagner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Moritz Kreysing
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Pfotenhauerstraße 108, 01307 Dresden, Germany; Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Nathan W Goehring
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK; Institute for the Physics of Living Systems, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Samanta P, Bhowmik A, Biswas S, Sarkar R, Ghosh R, Pakhira S, Mondal M, Sen S, Saha P, Hajra S. Therapeutic Effectiveness of Anticancer Agents Targeting Different Signaling Molecules Involved in Asymmetric Division of Cancer Stem Cell. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023:10.1007/s12015-023-10523-3. [PMID: 36952080 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10523-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Intra-tumoral heterogeneity is maintained by cancer stem cells (CSCs) with dysregulated self-renewal and asymmetric cell division (ACD). According to the cancer stem cell theory, by ACD a CSC can generate two daughter progenies with different fates such as one cancer stem cell and one differentiated cell. Therefore, this type of mitotic division supports vital process of the maintenance of CSC population. But this CSC pool reservation by ACD complicates the treatment of cancer patients, as CSCs give rise to aggressive clones which are prone to metastasis and drug-insensitivity. Hence, identification of therapeutic modalities which can target ACD of cancer stem cell is an intriguing part of cancer research. In this review, other than the discussion about the extrinsic inducers of ACD role of different proteins, miRNAs and lncRNAs in this type of cell division is also mentioned. Other than these, mode of action of the proven and potential drugs targeting ACD of CSC is also discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Samanta
- Department of Cancer Chemoprevention, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI), 37, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Rd, Bakul Bagan, Bhowanipore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India
| | - Arijit Bhowmik
- Department of Cancer Chemoprevention, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI), 37, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Rd, Bakul Bagan, Bhowanipore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India.
| | - Souradeep Biswas
- Department of Cancer Chemoprevention, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI), 37, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Rd, Bakul Bagan, Bhowanipore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India
| | - Rupali Sarkar
- Department of Cancer Chemoprevention, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI), 37, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Rd, Bakul Bagan, Bhowanipore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India
| | - Rituparna Ghosh
- Department of Cancer Chemoprevention, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI), 37, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Rd, Bakul Bagan, Bhowanipore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India
| | - Shampa Pakhira
- Department of Cancer Chemoprevention, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI), 37, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Rd, Bakul Bagan, Bhowanipore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India
| | - Mrinmoyee Mondal
- Department of Cancer Chemoprevention, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI), 37, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Rd, Bakul Bagan, Bhowanipore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India
| | - Soummadeep Sen
- Department of Cancer Chemoprevention, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI), 37, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Rd, Bakul Bagan, Bhowanipore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India
| | - Prosenjit Saha
- Department of Cancer Chemoprevention, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI), 37, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Rd, Bakul Bagan, Bhowanipore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India
| | - Subhadip Hajra
- Department of Cancer Chemoprevention, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute (CNCI), 37, Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Rd, Bakul Bagan, Bhowanipore, Kolkata, West Bengal, 700026, India.
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Guan G, Zhao Z, Tang C. Delineating mechanisms and design principles of Caenorhabditis elegans embryogenesis using in toto high-resolution imaging data and computational modeling. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:5500-5515. [PMID: 36284714 PMCID: PMC9562942 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The nematode (roundworm) Caenorhabditis elegans is one of the most popular animal models for the study of developmental biology, as its invariant development and transparent body enable in toto cellular-resolution fluorescence microscopy imaging of developmental processes at 1-min intervals. This has led to the development of various computational tools for the systematic and automated analysis of imaging data to delineate the molecular and cellular processes throughout the embryogenesis of C. elegans, such as those associated with cell lineage, cell migration, cell morphology, and gene activity. In this review, we first introduce C. elegans embryogenesis and the development of techniques for tracking cell lineage and reconstructing cell morphology during this process. We then contrast the developmental modes of C. elegans and the customized technologies used for studying them with the ones of other animal models, highlighting its advantage for studying embryogenesis with exceptional spatial and temporal resolution. This is followed by an examination of the physical models that have been devised—based on accurate determinations of developmental processes afforded by analyses of imaging data—to interpret the early embryonic development of C. elegans from subcellular to intercellular levels of multiple cells, which focus on two key processes: cell polarization and morphogenesis. We subsequently discuss how quantitative data-based theoretical modeling has improved our understanding of the mechanisms of C. elegans embryogenesis. We conclude by summarizing the challenges associated with the acquisition of C. elegans embryogenesis data, the construction of algorithms to analyze them, and the theoretical interpretation.
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Cole E, Gaertig J. Anterior-posterior pattern formation in ciliates. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2022; 69:e12890. [PMID: 35075744 PMCID: PMC9309198 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As single cells, ciliates build, duplicate, and even regenerate complex cortical patterns by largely unknown mechanisms that precisely position organelles along two cell‐wide axes: anterior–posterior and circumferential (left–right). We review our current understanding of intracellular patterning along the anterior–posterior axis in ciliates, with emphasis on how the new pattern emerges during cell division. We focus on the recent progress at the molecular level that has been driven by the discovery of genes whose mutations cause organelle positioning defects in the model ciliate Tetrahymena thermophila. These investigations have revealed a network of highly conserved kinases that are confined to either anterior or posterior domains in the cell cortex. These pattern‐regulating kinases create zones of cortical inhibition that by exclusion determine the precise placement of organelles. We discuss observations and models derived from classical microsurgical experiments in large ciliates (including Stentor) and interpret them in light of recent molecular findings in Tetrahymena. In particular, we address the involvement of intracellular gradients as vehicles for positioning organelles along the anterior‐posterior axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Cole
- Biology Department, St. Olaf College, Northfield, MN, USA
| | - Jacek Gaertig
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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Deshpande O, Telley IA. Nuclear positioning during development: Pushing, pulling and flowing. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 120:10-21. [PMID: 34642103 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The positioning of the nucleus, the central organelle of the cell, is an active and regulated process crucially linked to cell cycle, differentiation, migration, and polarity. Alterations in positioning have been correlated with cell and tissue function deficiency and genetic or chemical manipulation of nuclear position is embryonic lethal. Nuclear positioning is a precursor for symmetric or asymmetric cell division which is accompanied by fate determination of the daughter cells. Nuclear positioning also plays a key role during early embryonic developmental stages in insects, such as Drosophila, where hundreds of nuclei divide without cytokinesis and are distributed within the large syncytial embryo at roughly regular spacing. While the cytoskeletal elements and the linker proteins to the nucleus are fairly well characterised, including some of the force generating elements driving nuclear movement, there is considerable uncertainty about the biophysical mechanism of nuclear positioning, while the field is debating different force models. In this review, we highlight the current body of knowledge, discuss cell context dependent models of nuclear positioning, and outline open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ojas Deshpande
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (IGC), Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ivo A Telley
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (IGC), Rua da Quinta Grande 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal.
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