1
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Yonge A, Gusmão GS, Fushimi R, Medford AJ. Model-Based Design of Experiments for Temporal Analysis of Products (TAP): A Simulated Case Study in Oxidative Propane Dehydrogenation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2024; 63:4756-4770. [PMID: 38525291 PMCID: PMC10958505 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.3c03418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Temporal analysis of products (TAP) reactors enable experiments that probe numerous kinetic processes within a single set of experimental data through variations in pulse intensity, delay, or temperature. Selecting additional TAP experiments often involves an arbitrary selection of reaction conditions or the use of chemical intuition. To make experiment selection in TAP more robust, we explore the efficacy of model-based design of experiments (MBDoE) for precision in TAP reactor kinetic modeling. We successfully applied this approach to a case study of synthetic oxidative propane dehydrogenation (OPDH) that involves pulses of propane and oxygen. We found that experiments identified as optimal through the MBDoE for precision generally reduce parameter uncertainties to a higher degree than alternative experiments. The performance of MBDoE for model divergence was also explored for OPDH, with the relevant active sites (catalyst structure) being unknown. An experiment that maximized the divergence between the three proposed mechanisms was identified and provided evidence that improved the mechanism discrimination. However, reoptimization of kinetic parameters eliminated the ability to discriminate between models. The findings yield insight into the prospects and limitations of MBDoE for TAP and transient kinetic experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Yonge
- School
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Gabriel S. Gusmão
- School
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Rebecca Fushimi
- Catalysis
and Transient Kinetics Group, Idaho National
Laboratory, Idaho
Falls, Idaho 83415, United States
| | - Andrew J. Medford
- School
of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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2
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Rey J, Chizallet C, Rocca D, Bučko T, Badawi M. Reference-Quality Free Energy Barriers in Catalysis from Machine Learning Thermodynamic Perturbation Theory. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202312392. [PMID: 38055209 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, we report calculations of the free energies of activation of cracking and isomerization reactions of alkenes that combine several different electronic structure methods with molecular dynamics simulations. We demonstrate that the use of a high level of theory (here Random Phase Approximation-RPA) is necessary to bridge the gap between experimental and computed values. These transformations, catalyzed by zeolites and proceeding via cationic intermediates and transition states, are building blocks of many chemical transformations for valorization of long chain paraffins originating, e.g., from plastic waste, vegetable oils, Fischer-Tropsch waxes or crude oils. Compared with the free energy barriers computed at the PBE+D2 production level of theory via constrained ab initio molecular dynamics, the barriers computed at the RPA level by the application of Machine Learning thermodynamic Perturbation Theory (MLPT) show a significant decrease for isomerization reaction and an increase of a similar magnitude for cracking, yielding an unprecedented agreement with the results obtained by experiments and kinetic modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Rey
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques LPCT UMR 7019-CNRS, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lés-Nancy, France
| | - Céline Chizallet
- IFP Energies nouvelles, Rond-Point de l'Ēchangeur de Solaize, BP3, 69360, Solaize, France
| | - Dario Rocca
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques LPCT UMR 7019-CNRS, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lés-Nancy, France
| | - Tomáš Bučko
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, SK-84215, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-84236, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michael Badawi
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques LPCT UMR 7019-CNRS, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lés-Nancy, France
- Laboratoire Lorrain de Chimie Moléculaire L2CM UMR 7053-CNRS, Université de Lorraine, Metz, France
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3
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Sabadell-Rendón A, Kaźmierczak K, Morandi S, Euzenat F, Curulla-Ferré D, López N. Automated MUltiscale simulation environment. DIGITAL DISCOVERY 2023; 2:1721-1732. [PMID: 38054103 PMCID: PMC10694852 DOI: 10.1039/d3dd00163f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiscale techniques integrating detailed atomistic information on materials and reactions to predict the performance of heterogeneous catalytic full-scale reactors have been suggested but lack seamless implementation. The largest challenges in the multiscale modeling of reactors can be grouped into two main categories: catalytic complexity and the difference between time and length scales of chemical and transport phenomena. Here we introduce the Automated MUltiscale Simulation Environment AMUSE, a workflow that starts from Density Functional Theory (DFT) data, automates the analysis of the reaction networks through graph theory, prepares it for microkinetic modeling, and subsequently integrates the results into a standard open-source Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code. We demonstrate the capabilities of AMUSE by applying it to the unimolecular iso-propanol dehydrogenation reaction and then, increasing the complexity, to the pre-commercial Pd/In2O3 catalyst employed for the CO2 hydrogenation to methanol. The results show that AMUSE allows the computational investigation of heterogeneous catalytic reactions in a comprehensive way, providing essential information for catalyst design from the atomistic to the reactor scale level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Sabadell-Rendón
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, (BIST) Av. Paisos Catalans 16 Tarragona 43007 Spain
| | - Kamila Kaźmierczak
- TotalEnergies, TotalEnergies One Tech Belgium Zone industrielle C, 7181 Feluy Belgium
| | - Santiago Morandi
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, (BIST) Av. Paisos Catalans 16 Tarragona 43007 Spain
- Department of Physical and Inorganic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili Campus Sescelades, N4 Block, C. Marcel·lí Domingo 1 Tarragona 43007 Spain
| | - Florian Euzenat
- TotalEnergies Research and Technology Gonfreville, Route Industrielle, Carrefour 4, Port 4864 76700 Rogerville France
| | - Daniel Curulla-Ferré
- TotalEnergies, TotalEnergies One Tech Belgium Zone industrielle C, 7181 Feluy Belgium
| | - Núria López
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-CERCA), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, (BIST) Av. Paisos Catalans 16 Tarragona 43007 Spain
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4
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Chen Y, Zhu Y, Dou H, Gong H. Theoretical insights into the catalytic mechanism of propylene hydroformylation over Co-N-C materials. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:28412-28427. [PMID: 37843831 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03486k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
M-N-C was recently reported to be a high activity catalyst for hydroformylation compared with a metal nanocluster. However, the nature of M-N-C sites and the dominant path of propylene hydroformylation on M-N-C sites with different structures are poorly understood. In this work, five different Co-N-C models (Co-N3-C, Co-N4-C, 0N-bridged Co2-N6-C, 1N-bridged Co2-N7-C and 2N-bridged Co2-N6-C) were constructed to simulate the Co active sites with different coordination that may exist on the surface of MOF-derived Co-based carbon materials. DFT combined with kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) methods were used to study the catalytic performance for hydroformylation of different Co-N-C models. The results of the DFT calculations show that the coordination number and mode of N atoms could regulate the electronic density of the Co sites. The electronic density of the Co sites further affects the catalytic activity. The higher the electronic density is, the lower the energy barrier for partial hydrogenation of propylene and CO insertion reactions. Besides, the catalytic activity is also affected by the strong interaction in closer neighboring Co atoms in some Co2-Nx-C models. The strong interaction affects the adsorption state and energy of species, which also reduces the overall reaction energy barrier. The kMC simulation results further showed that the dominant path of propylene hydroformylation was the n-butylaldehyde path for the 0N-bridged model, and the isobutylaldehyde path for Co-N3-C and 2N-bridged models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Chen
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, R&D Center for Petrochemical Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, China
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yanan Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, R&D Center for Petrochemical Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, China
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Huaiqiang Dou
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, R&D Center for Petrochemical Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, China
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hao Gong
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, R&D Center for Petrochemical Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
- Zhejiang Institute of Tianjin University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315201, China
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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5
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Rajan A, Pushkar AP, Dharmalingam BC, Varghese JJ. Iterative multiscale and multi-physics computations for operando catalyst nanostructure elucidation and kinetic modeling. iScience 2023; 26:107029. [PMID: 37360694 PMCID: PMC10285649 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern heterogeneous catalysis has benefitted immensely from computational predictions of catalyst structure and its evolution under reaction conditions, first-principles mechanistic investigations, and detailed kinetic modeling, which are rungs on a multiscale workflow. Establishing connections across these rungs and integration with experiments have been challenging. Here, operando catalyst structure prediction techniques using density functional theory simulations and ab initio thermodynamics calculations, molecular dynamics, and machine learning techniques are presented. Surface structure characterization by computational spectroscopic and machine learning techniques is then discussed. Hierarchical approaches in kinetic parameter estimation involving semi-empirical, data-driven, and first-principles calculations and detailed kinetic modeling via mean-field microkinetic modeling and kinetic Monte Carlo simulations are discussed along with methods and the need for uncertainty quantification. With these as the background, this article proposes a bottom-up hierarchical and closed loop modeling framework incorporating consistency checks and iterative refinements at each level and across levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajin Rajan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600036, India
| | - Anoop P. Pushkar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600036, India
| | - Balaji C. Dharmalingam
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600036, India
| | - Jithin John Varghese
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600036, India
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6
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Lv C, Bai X, Ning S, Song C, Guan Q, Liu B, Li Y, Ye J. Nanostructured Materials for Photothermal Carbon Dioxide Hydrogenation: Regulating Solar Utilization and Catalytic Performance. ACS NANO 2023; 17:1725-1738. [PMID: 36734978 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c09025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Converting carbon dioxide (CO2) into value-added fuels or chemicals through photothermal catalytic CO2 hydrogenation is a promising approach to alleviate the energy shortage and global warming. Understanding the nanostructured material strategies in the photothermal catalytic CO2 hydrogenation process is vital for designing photothermal devices and catalysts and maximizing the photothermal CO2 hydrogenation performance. In this Perspective, we first describe several essential nanomaterial design concepts to enhance sunlight absorption and utilization in photothermal CO2 hydrogenation. Subsequently, we review the latest progress in photothermal CO2 hydrogenation into C1 (e.g., CO, CH4, and CH3OH) and multicarbon hydrocarbon (C2+) products. Finally, the relevant challenges and opportunities in this exciting research realm are discussed. This perspective provides a comprehensive understanding for the light-heat synergy over nanomaterials and instruction for rational photothermal catalyst design for CO2 utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuncai Lv
- Research Center for Solar Driven Carbon Neutrality, The College of Physics Science and Technology, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, 071002 Baoding, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianhua Bai
- Research Center for Solar Driven Carbon Neutrality, The College of Physics Science and Technology, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, 071002 Baoding, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangbo Ning
- Research Center for Solar Driven Carbon Neutrality, The College of Physics Science and Technology, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, 071002 Baoding, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenxi Song
- Research Center for Solar Driven Carbon Neutrality, The College of Physics Science and Technology, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, 071002 Baoding, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingqing Guan
- Research Center for Solar Driven Carbon Neutrality, The College of Physics Science and Technology, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, 071002 Baoding, People's Republic of China
| | - Bang Liu
- Research Center for Solar Driven Carbon Neutrality, The College of Physics Science and Technology, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, 071002 Baoding, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaguang Li
- Research Center for Solar Driven Carbon Neutrality, The College of Physics Science and Technology, Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, 071002 Baoding, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhua Ye
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0814, Japan
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
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7
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Kumar A, Chatterjee A. A probabilistic microkinetic modeling framework for catalytic surface reactions. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:024109. [PMID: 36641399 DOI: 10.1063/5.0132877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a probabilistic microkinetic modeling (MKM) framework that incorporates the short-ranged order (SRO) evolution for adsorbed species (adspecies) on a catalyst surface. The resulting model consists of a system of ordinary differential equations. Adsorbate-adsorbate interactions, surface diffusion, adsorption, desorption, and catalytic reaction processes are included. Assuming that the adspecies ordering/arrangement is accurately described by the SRO parameters, we employ the reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) method to extract the relevant local environment probability distributions and pass them to the MKM. The reaction kinetics is faithfully captured as accurately as the kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) method but with a computational time requirement of few seconds on a standard desktop computer. KMC, on the other hand, can require several days for the examples discussed. The framework presented here is expected to provide the basis for wider application of the RMC-MKM approach to problems in computational catalysis, electrocatalysis, and material science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Abhijit Chatterjee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
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8
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Sánchez-Ramírez E, Huerta-Rosas B, Quiroz-Ramírez JJ, Suárez-Toriello VA, Contreras-Zarazua G, Segovia-Hernández JG. Optimization-based framework for modeling and kinetic parameter estimation. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2022.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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9
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Xie Y, Yu Y, Xie H, Huang F, Hughes TC. 3D-printed heterogeneous Cu 2O monoliths: Reusable supports for Antibiotic Treatmentantibiotic treatment of wastewater. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 436:129170. [PMID: 35739707 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, surfactant stabilized dispersions of the Cu2O microparticles in a commercially available photocurable resin were 3D printed into both porous and non-porous monoliths, and the heterogeneous Cu2O catalytic monolith with improved mass transfer characteristics was applied for antibiotic wastewater treatment. The physicochemical properties of catalytic monoliths were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and thermogravimetric. Ten intermediates were analyzed and identified by GC-MS, and the corresponding degradation pathways were proposed. Both numerical simulation and degradation experiments were used to explore the mass transfer mechanism and catalytic performance of the monoliths. The results showed that the 3D-printed monolith with a well-defined porous network exhibited a high ofloxacin degradation efficiency (100%) based on the sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes. In addition, the catalytic monolith showed sustained high activity over 7 reusable cycles demonstrating its feasibility in removal of antibiotics from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxing Xie
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yang Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; Manufacturing, CSIRO, Clayton, Victoria 3169, Australia.
| | - Haodong Xie
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Fei Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China; School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
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10
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Cohen M, Vlachos DG. Modified Energy Span Analysis of Catalytic Parallel Pathways and Selectivity. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Cohen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Dionisios G. Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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11
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Anderson SD, Kreitz B, Turek T, Wehinger GD. Assessment of Concentration and Temperature Distribution in a Berty Reactor for an Exothermic Reaction. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Scott D. Anderson
- Institute of Chemical and Electrochemical Process Engineering, Clausthal University of Technology, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, 38678, Germany
| | - Bjarne Kreitz
- Institute of Chemical and Electrochemical Process Engineering, Clausthal University of Technology, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, 38678, Germany
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Thomas Turek
- Institute of Chemical and Electrochemical Process Engineering, Clausthal University of Technology, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, 38678, Germany
| | - Gregor D. Wehinger
- Institute of Chemical and Electrochemical Process Engineering, Clausthal University of Technology, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, 38678, Germany
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12
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Kreitz B, Wehinger GD, Goldsmith CF, Turek T. Microkinetic modeling of the transient CO2 methanation with DFT‐based uncertainties in a Berty reactor. ChemCatChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202200570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bjarne Kreitz
- Brown University School of Engineering 184 Hope Street 02906 Providence UNITED STATES
| | - Gregor D. Wehinger
- Technische Universitat Clausthal Institute for Chemical and Electrochemical Engineering GERMANY
| | | | - Thomas Turek
- TU Clausthal Institut für Chemische und Elektrochemische Verfahrenstechnik Leibnizstr. 17 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld GERMANY
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13
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14
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Ghosh K, Vernuccio S, Dowling AW. Nonlinear Reactor Design Optimization With Embedded Microkinetic Model Information. FRONTIERS IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fceng.2022.898685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the success of multiscale modeling in science and engineering, embedding molecular-level information into nonlinear reactor design and control optimization problems remains challenging. In this work, we propose a computationally tractable scale-bridging approach that incorporates information from multi-product microkinetic (MK) models with thousands of rates and chemical species into nonlinear reactor design optimization problems. We demonstrate reduced-order kinetic (ROK) modeling approaches for catalytic oligomerization in shale gas processing. We assemble a library of six candidate ROK models based on literature and MK model structure. We find that three metrics—quality of fit (e.g., mean squared logarithmic error), thermodynamic consistency (e.g., low conversion of exothermic reactions at high temperatures), and model identifiability—are all necessary to train and select ROK models. The ROK models that closely mimic the structure of the MK model offer the best compromise to emulate the product distribution. Using the four best ROK models, we optimize the temperature profiles in staged reactors to maximize conversions to heavier oligomerization products. The optimal temperature starts at 630–900K and monotonically decreases to approximately 560 K in the final stage, depending on the choice of ROK model. For all models, staging increases heavier olefin production by 2.5% and there is minimal benefit to more than four stages. The choice of ROK model, i.e., model-form uncertainty, results in a 22% difference in the objective function, which is twice the impact of parametric uncertainty; we demonstrate sequential eigendecomposition of the Fisher information matrix to identify and fix sloppy model parameters, which allows for more reliable estimation of the covariance of the identifiable calibrated model parameters. First-order uncertainty propagation determines this parametric uncertainty induces less than a 10% variability in the reactor optimization objective function. This result highlights the importance of quantifying model-form uncertainty, in addition to parametric uncertainty, in multi-scale reactor and process design and optimization. Moreover, the fast dynamic optimization solution times suggest the ROK strategy is suitable for incorporating molecular information in sequential modular or equation-oriented process simulation and optimization frameworks.
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15
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Peters B. Simple Model and Spectral Analysis for a Fluxional Catalyst: Intermediate Abundances, Pathway Fluxes, Rates, and Transients. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baron Peters
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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16
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Sitapure N, Kwon JSI. Neural network-based model predictive control for thin-film chemical deposition of quantum dots using data from a multiscale simulation. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2022.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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17
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Samanta B, Morales-García Á, Illas F, Goga N, Anta JA, Calero S, Bieberle-Hütter A, Libisch F, Muñoz-García AB, Pavone M, Caspary Toroker M. Challenges of modeling nanostructured materials for photocatalytic water splitting. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:3794-3818. [PMID: 35439803 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00648g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the water splitting mechanism in photocatalysis is a rewarding goal as it will allow producing clean fuel for a sustainable life in the future. However, identifying the photocatalytic mechanisms by modeling photoactive nanoparticles requires sophisticated computational techniques based on multiscale modeling. In this review, we will survey the strengths and drawbacks of currently available theoretical methods at different length and accuracy scales. Understanding the surface-active site through Density Functional Theory (DFT) using new, more accurate exchange-correlation functionals plays a key role for surface engineering. Larger scale dynamics of the catalyst/electrolyte interface can be treated with Molecular Dynamics albeit there is a need for more generalizations of force fields. Monte Carlo and Continuum Modeling techniques are so far not the prominent path for modeling water splitting but interest is growing due to the lower computational cost and the feasibility to compare the modeling outcome directly to experimental data. The future challenges in modeling complex nano-photocatalysts involve combining different methods in a hierarchical way so that resources are spent wisely at each length scale, as well as accounting for excited states chemistry that is important for photocatalysis, a path that will bring devices closer to the theoretical limit of photocatalytic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bipasa Samanta
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3600003, Israel
| | - Ángel Morales-García
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, c/Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Francesc Illas
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, c/Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Nicolae Goga
- Faculty of Engineering in Foreign Languages, Universitatea Politehnica din Bucuresti, Bucuresti, Romania.
| | - Juan Antonio Anta
- Department of Physical, Chemical and Natural Systems, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Crta. De Utrera km. 1, 41089 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Sofia Calero
- Materials Simulation & Modeling, Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anja Bieberle-Hütter
- Electrochemical Materials and Interfaces, Dutch Institute for Fundamental Energy Research (DIFFER), 5600 HH Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Florian Libisch
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, TU Wien, 1040 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Ana B Muñoz-García
- Dipartimento di Fisica "Ettore Pancini", Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia 21, Napoli 80126, Italy.
| | - Michele Pavone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cintia 21, Napoli 80126, Italy.
| | - Maytal Caspary Toroker
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3600003, Israel.,The Nancy and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3600003, Israel.
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18
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Cohen M, Vlachos DG. Modified Energy Span Analysis Reveals Heterogeneous Catalytic Kinetics. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c00390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Cohen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St., Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Dionisios G. Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St., Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy St., Newark, Delaware 19711, United States
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19
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Pineda M, Stamatakis M. Kinetic Monte Carlo simulations for heterogeneous catalysis: Fundamentals, current status, and challenges. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:120902. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0083251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations in combination with first-principles (1p)-based calculations are rapidly becoming the gold-standard computational framework for bridging the gap between the wide range of length scales and time scales over which heterogeneous catalysis unfolds. 1p-KMC simulations provide accurate insights into reactions over surfaces, a vital step toward the rational design of novel catalysts. In this Perspective, we briefly outline basic principles, computational challenges, successful applications, as well as future directions and opportunities of this promising and ever more popular kinetic modeling approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Pineda
- Thomas Young Centre and Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Roberts Building, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - M. Stamatakis
- Thomas Young Centre and Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Roberts Building, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
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20
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Cheula R, Maestri M. Nature and identity of the active site via structure-dependent microkinetic modeling: An application to WGS and reverse WGS reactions on Rh. Catal Today 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2021.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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21
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Yedala N, Aghalayam P. A methodology for structure dependent global kinetic models: Application to the selective catalytic reduction of NO by hydrocarbons. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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22
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X. Zhu FX, Xu L. Integrating Multiscale Modeling and Optimization for Sustainable Process Development. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.117619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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23
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Banivaheb S, Pitter S, Delgado KH, Rubin M, Sauer J, Dittmeyer R. Recent Progress in Direct DME Synthesis and Potential of Bifunctional Catalysts. CHEM-ING-TECH 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202100167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh Banivaheb
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute for Micro Process Engineering (IMVT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Stephan Pitter
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Karla Herrera Delgado
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Michael Rubin
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute for Micro Process Engineering (IMVT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Jörg Sauer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Roland Dittmeyer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Institute for Micro Process Engineering (IMVT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
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24
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Wittreich GR, Liu S, Dauenhauer PJ, Vlachos DG. Catalytic resonance of ammonia synthesis by simulated dynamic ruthenium crystal strain. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl6576. [PMID: 35080982 PMCID: PMC8791612 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl6576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia affords dense storage for renewable energy as a fungible liquid fuel, provided it can be efficiently synthesized from hydrogen and nitrogen. In this work, the catalysis of ammonia synthesis was computationally explored beyond the Sabatier limit by dynamically straining a ruthenium crystal (±4%) at the resonant frequencies (102 to 105+ Hz) of N2 surface dissociation and hydrogenation. Density functional theory calculations at different strain conditions indicated that the energies of NHx surface intermediates and transition states scale linearly, allowing the description of ammonia synthesis at a continuum of strain conditions. A microkinetic model including multiple sites and surface diffusion between step and Ru(0001) terrace sites of varying ratios for nanoparticles of differing size revealed that dynamic strain yields catalytic ammonia synthesis conversion and turnover frequency comparable to industrial reactors (400°C, 200 atm) but at lower temperature (320°C) and an order of magnitude lower pressure (20 atm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard R. Wittreich
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St., Newark, DE 19716, USA
- RAPID Manufacturing Institute and Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Shizhong Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St., Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Paul J. Dauenhauer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, 421 Washington Ave SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | - Dionisios G. Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St., Newark, DE 19716, USA
- RAPID Manufacturing Institute and Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19711, USA
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, 221 Academy Street, Newark, DE 19711, USA
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25
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Streibel V, Aljama HA, Yang AC, Choksi TS, Sánchez-Carrera RS, Schäfer A, Li Y, Cargnello M, Abild-Pedersen F. Microkinetic Modeling of Propene Combustion on a Stepped, Metallic Palladium Surface and the Importance of Oxygen Coverage. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c03699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Verena Streibel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Hassan A. Aljama
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - An-Chih Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Tej S. Choksi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | | | - Ansgar Schäfer
- BASF SE, Quantum Chemistry, Carl-Bosch-Straße 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - Yuejin Li
- BASF Corporation, Environmental Catalysis R&D and Application, 25 Middlesex-Essex Turnpike, Iselin, New Jersey 08830, United States
| | - Matteo Cargnello
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Frank Abild-Pedersen
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, SUNCAT Center for Interface Science and Catalysis, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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26
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Schweitzer JM, Rey J, Bignaud C, Bučko T, Raybaud P, Moscovici-Mirande M, Portejoie F, James C, Bouchy C, Chizallet C. Multiscale Modeling as a Tool for the Prediction of Catalytic Performances: The Case of n-Heptane Hydroconversion in a Large-Pore Zeolite. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Schweitzer
- IFP Energies nouvelles─Rond-Point de l’Echangeur de Solaize─BP 3, 69360 Solaize, France
| | - Jérôme Rey
- IFP Energies nouvelles─Rond-Point de l’Echangeur de Solaize─BP 3, 69360 Solaize, France
| | - Charles Bignaud
- IFP Energies nouvelles─Rond-Point de l’Echangeur de Solaize─BP 3, 69360 Solaize, France
- Département de Chimie, PSL University, École Normale Supérieure, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Tomáš Bučko
- Department of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, SK- 84215 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, SK-84236 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Pascal Raybaud
- IFP Energies nouvelles─Rond-Point de l’Echangeur de Solaize─BP 3, 69360 Solaize, France
| | | | - Frédéric Portejoie
- IFP Energies nouvelles─Rond-Point de l’Echangeur de Solaize─BP 3, 69360 Solaize, France
| | - Christophe James
- IFP Energies nouvelles─Rond-Point de l’Echangeur de Solaize─BP 3, 69360 Solaize, France
| | - Christophe Bouchy
- IFP Energies nouvelles─Rond-Point de l’Echangeur de Solaize─BP 3, 69360 Solaize, France
| | - Céline Chizallet
- IFP Energies nouvelles─Rond-Point de l’Echangeur de Solaize─BP 3, 69360 Solaize, France
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27
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Liao W, Liu P. Enhanced descriptor identification and mechanism understanding for catalytic activity using a data-driven framework: revealing the importance of interactions between elementary steps. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cy00284a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A data-driven framework was developed which used ML surrogate model to extract activity controlling descriptors from kinetics dataset. It enhanced mechanic understanding and predicted catalytic activities more accurately than derivate-based method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Liao
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, USA
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, USA
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, 11973, USA
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28
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Song YY, Wang G. Effect of Potassium for Propylene Epoxidation on Cu2O(111) by Molecular Oxygen: A DFT Study. Catal Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cy01857d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, spin-polarized density functional theory (DFT) calculations with a Hubbard U correction were employed to investigate the effect of potassium for propylene epoxidation on Cu2O(111) surface by...
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29
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Shen T, Yang Y, Xu X. Structure–Reactivity Relationship for Nano‐Catalysts in the Hydrogenation/Dehydrogenation Controlled Reaction Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tonghao Shen
- Department of Chemistry Fudan University 200438 Shanghai China
| | - Yuqi Yang
- Department of Chemistry Fudan University 200438 Shanghai China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Chemistry Fudan University 200438 Shanghai China
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30
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Shen T, Yang Y, Xu X. Structure-Reactivity Relationship for Nano-Catalysts in the Hydrogenation/Dehydrogenation Controlled Reaction Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:26342-26345. [PMID: 34626058 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
For the activity of a nano-catalyst, a general and quantitative solution to building direct structure-reactivity relationship has not yet been established. On top of the first-principle-based kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations, we developed a model to build the adsorption site dependence of the activity. We applied this model to study the nano effects of Cu catalysts in the water-gas shift reaction. By accumulating the activities of different adsorption sites, our model satisfactorily reproduced the experimental apparent activation energies for catalysts with sizes over hundreds of nanometers, which were out of reach for conventional KMC simulations. Our results disclose that, even for a cubic catalyst with size of 877 nm, its activity can still be closely related to the activity of edge sites, instead of only the exposed Cu(100) facets as might be expected. The present model is expected to be useful for systems that are controlled by the hydrogenation/dehydrogenation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonghao Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 200438, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuqi Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 200438, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 200438, Shanghai, China
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31
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Baz A, Dix ST, Holewinski A, Linic S. Microkinetic modeling in electrocatalysis: Applications, limitations, and recommendations for reliable mechanistic insights. J Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2021.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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32
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Thompson CB, Lu Y, Karim AM. Kinetic Synergy between Supported Ir Single Atoms and Nanoparticles during CO Oxidation Light-Off. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c02806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Coogan B. Thompson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Yubing Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Ayman M. Karim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
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33
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34
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Kreitz B, Sargsyan K, Blöndal K, Mazeau EJ, West RH, Wehinger GD, Turek T, Goldsmith CF. Quantifying the Impact of Parametric Uncertainty on Automatic Mechanism Generation for CO 2 Hydrogenation on Ni(111). JACS AU 2021; 1:1656-1673. [PMID: 34723269 PMCID: PMC8549061 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Automatic mechanism generation is used to determine mechanisms for the CO2 hydrogenation on Ni(111) in a two-stage process while considering the correlated uncertainty in DFT-based energetic parameters systematically. In a coarse stage, all the possible chemistry is explored with gas-phase products down to the ppb level, while a refined stage discovers the core methanation submechanism. Five thousand unique mechanisms were generated, which contain minor perturbations in all parameters. Global uncertainty assessment, global sensitivity analysis, and degree of rate control analysis are performed to study the effect of this parametric uncertainty on the microkinetic model predictions. Comparison of the model predictions with experimental data on a Ni/SiO2 catalyst find a feasible set of microkinetic mechanisms within the correlated uncertainty space that are in quantitative agreement with the measured data, without relying on explicit parameter optimization. Global uncertainty and sensitivity analyses provide tools to determine the pathways and key factors that control the methanation activity within the parameter space. Together, these methods reveal that the degree of rate control approach can be misleading if parametric uncertainty is not considered. The procedure of considering uncertainties in the automated mechanism generation is not unique to CO2 methanation and can be easily extended to other challenging heterogeneously catalyzed reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjarne Kreitz
- Institute
of Chemical and Electrochemical Process Engineering, Clausthal University of Technology, Clausthal-Zellerfeld 38678, Germany
- School
of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Khachik Sargsyan
- Sandia
National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Katrín Blöndal
- School
of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Emily J. Mazeau
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Richard H. West
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Gregor D. Wehinger
- Institute
of Chemical and Electrochemical Process Engineering, Clausthal University of Technology, Clausthal-Zellerfeld 38678, Germany
| | - Thomas Turek
- Institute
of Chemical and Electrochemical Process Engineering, Clausthal University of Technology, Clausthal-Zellerfeld 38678, Germany
| | - C. Franklin Goldsmith
- School
of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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35
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Wang Y, Kalscheur J, Su YQ, Hensen EJM, Vlachos DG. Real-time dynamics and structures of supported subnanometer catalysts via multiscale simulations. Nat Commun 2021; 12:5430. [PMID: 34521852 PMCID: PMC8440615 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25752-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the performance of subnanometer catalysts and how catalyst treatment and exposure to spectroscopic probe molecules change the structure requires accurate structure determination under working conditions. Experiments lack simultaneous temporal and spatial resolution and could alter the structure, and similar challenges hinder first-principles calculations from answering these questions. Here, we introduce a multiscale modeling framework to follow the evolution of subnanometer clusters at experimentally relevant time scales. We demonstrate its feasibility on Pd adsorbed on CeO2(111) at various catalyst loadings, temperatures, and exposures to CO. We show that sintering occurs in seconds even at room temperature and is mainly driven by free energy reduction. It leads to a kinetically (far from equilibrium) frozen ensemble of quasi-two-dimensional structures that CO chemisorption and infrared experiments probe. CO adsorption makes structures flatter and smaller. High temperatures drive very rapid sintering toward larger, stable/metastable equilibrium structures, where CO induces secondary structure changes only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 150 Academy St., University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, DE, 19716, United States
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation (CCEI), RAPID Manufacturing Institute, and Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), 221 Academy St., University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, DE, 19716, United States
| | - Jake Kalscheur
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 150 Academy St., University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, DE, 19716, United States
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation (CCEI), RAPID Manufacturing Institute, and Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), 221 Academy St., University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, DE, 19716, United States
| | - Ya-Qiong Su
- School of Chemistry, Xi'an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
- Laboratory of Inorganic Materials and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Emiel J M Hensen
- Laboratory of Inorganic Materials and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Dionisios G Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 150 Academy St., University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, DE, 19716, United States.
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation (CCEI), RAPID Manufacturing Institute, and Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), 221 Academy St., University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, DE, 19716, United States.
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36
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Achievements and Expectations in the Field of Computational Heterogeneous Catalysis in an Innovation Context. Top Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11244-021-01489-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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37
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Gutierrez‐Acebo E, Rey J, Bouchy C, Schuurman Y, Chizallet C. Ethylcyclohexane Hydroconversion in EU‐1 Zeolite: DFT‐based Microkinetic Modeling Reveals the Nature of the Kinetically Relevant Intermediates. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202100421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ester Gutierrez‐Acebo
- IFP Energies Nouvelles Rond-Point de l'échangeur de Solaize BP3 F-69360 Solaize France
| | - Jérôme Rey
- IFP Energies Nouvelles Rond-Point de l'échangeur de Solaize BP3 F-69360 Solaize France
| | - Christophe Bouchy
- IFP Energies Nouvelles Rond-Point de l'échangeur de Solaize BP3 F-69360 Solaize France
| | - Yves Schuurman
- CNRS, UMR 5256, IRCELYON Institut de recherches sur la catalyse et l'environnement de Lyon Université Lyon 1 2 Avenue Albert Einstein F-69626 Villeurbanne France
| | - Céline Chizallet
- IFP Energies Nouvelles Rond-Point de l'échangeur de Solaize BP3 F-69360 Solaize France
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38
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Gupta U, Vlachos DG. Learning Chemistry of Complex Reaction Systems via a Python First-Principles Reaction Rule Stencil (pReSt) Generator. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:3431-3441. [PMID: 34265203 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Complex reaction networks can be generated with automated network generators from initial reactants and reaction rules. Reaction rule specification is central to network generation. These reaction rules are, at present, user-defined based on (intuitive) expert knowledge of chemistry and are often transferred from gas-phase to surface processes. The catalyst active site geometry is usually left out but is often responsible for selectivity. We propose a first-principles-based reaction mechanism generation framework using density functional theory (DFT) data of published reaction mechanisms. The framework "learns the chemistry" from published mechanisms. It can generate reaction networks not studied before, "flag" reactions not seen before for further DFT convergence tests, and easily reconcile differences between catalysts and reactants that may introduce new pathways never seen before. As such, it can be a diagnostic tool for data (mechanism) quality assessment and novel pathway discovery to new molecules. A software, the Python Reaction Stencil (pReSt), was developed for this purpose to wrap around automatic mechanism generation software. Multiple catalytic chemistries are considered to show the efficacy of the proposed framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udit Gupta
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rapid Advancement in Process Intensification Deployment (RAPID) Institute, Delaware Energy Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Dionisios G Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rapid Advancement in Process Intensification Deployment (RAPID) Institute, Delaware Energy Institute, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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39
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Chen Z, Liu Z, Xu X. Coverage-Dependent Microkinetics in Heterogeneous Catalysis Powered by the Maximum Rate Analysis. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c01997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhangyun Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
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40
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Réocreux R, Fampiou I, Stamatakis M. The role of oxygenated species in the catalytic self-coupling of MeOH on O pre-covered Au(111). Faraday Discuss 2021; 229:251-266. [PMID: 33646205 DOI: 10.1039/c9fd00134d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation of alcohols plays a central role in the valorisation of biomass, in particular when performed with a non-toxic oxidant such as O2. Aerobic oxidation of methanol on gold has attracted attention lately and the main steps of its mechanism have been described experimentally. However, the exact role of O and OH on each elementary step and the effect of the interactions between adsorbates are still not completely understood. Here we investigate the mechanism of methanol oxidation to HCOOCH3 and CO2. We use Density Functional Theory (DFT) to assess the energetics of the underlying pathways, and subsequently build lattice kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) models of increasing complexity, to elucidate the role of different oxygenates. Detailed comparisons of our simulation results with experimental temperature programmed desorption (TPD) spectra enable us to validate the mechanism and identify rate determining steps. Crucially, taking into account dispersion (van der Waals forces) and adsorbate-adsorbate lateral interactions are both important for reproducing the experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Réocreux
- Thomas Young Centre and Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Roberts Building, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK.
| | - I Fampiou
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - M Stamatakis
- Thomas Young Centre and Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Roberts Building, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK.
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41
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Salviulo G, Lavagnolo MC, Dabalà M, Bernardo E, Polimeno A, Sambi M, Bonollo F, Gross S. Enabling Circular Economy: The Overlooked Role of Inorganic Materials Chemistry. Chemistry 2021; 27:6676-6695. [PMID: 33749911 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Circular economy is considered a new chance to build a more sustainable world from both the social and the economic point of view. In this Essay, the possible contribution of inorganic chemistry towards a smooth transition to circularity in inorganic materials design and production is discussed by adopting an interdisciplinary approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Salviulo
- Dipartimento di Geoscienze, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Gradenigo, 6, 35131, Padova, Italy.,Centro di Ateneo per i Diritti Umani "Antonio Papisca", Università di Padova, Via Martiri della Libertà 2, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Lavagnolo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Edile e Ambientale, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 9, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Manuele Dabalà
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 9, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Enrico Bernardo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 9, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Antonino Polimeno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Mauro Sambi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Franco Bonollo
- Dipartimento di Tecnica e Gestione dei Sistemi Industriali, Università degli Studi di Padova, Str. S. Nicola, 3, 36100, Vicenza, Italy
| | - Silvia Gross
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
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42
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Adjiman CS, Sahinidis NV, Vlachos DG, Bakshi B, Maravelias CT, Georgakis C. Process Systems Engineering Perspective on the Design of Materials and Molecules. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c05399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claire S. Adjiman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Centre for Process Systems Engineering and Institute for Molecular Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Nikolaos V. Sahinidis
- H. Milton Stewart School of Industrial & Systems Engineering and School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Dionisios G. Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, RAPID Manufacturing Institute, and Delaware Energy Institute (DEI), University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Bhavik Bakshi
- Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Christos T. Maravelias
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering and Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | - Christos Georgakis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering Systems Research Institute of Chemical and Biological Processes, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
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43
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Chen Z, Wang H, Liu Z, Xu X. Dynamic and Intermediate-Specific Local Coverage Controls the Syngas Conversion on Rh(111) Surfaces: An Operando Theoretical Analysis. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c05070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - He Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhangyun Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Xu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, MOE Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People’s Republic of China
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44
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Nezam I, Zhou W, Gusmão GS, Realff MJ, Wang Y, Medford AJ, Jones CW. Direct aromatization of CO2 via combined CO2 hydrogenation and zeolite-based acid catalysis. J CO2 UTIL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2020.101405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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45
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Reece C, Madix RJ. Moving from Fundamental Knowledge of Kinetics and Mechanisms on Surfaces to Prediction of Catalyst Performance in Reactors. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c05173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Reece
- Rowland Institute at Harvard, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Robert J. Madix
- School of Engineering and Applied Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02134, United States
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46
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Dixon AG. Local transport and reaction rates in a fixed bed reactor tube: Exothermic partial oxidation of ethylene. Chem Eng Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2020.116305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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47
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Gurras A, Gergidis LN. Modeling Sorption and Diffusion of Alkanes, Alkenes, and their Mixtures in Silicalite: From MD and GCMC Molecular Simulations to Artificial Neural Networks. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202000210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arsenios Gurras
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece
| | - Leonidas N. Gergidis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Ioannina Ioannina 45110 Greece
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48
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Li X, Paier W, Paier J. Machine Learning in Computational Surface Science and Catalysis: Case Studies on Water and Metal-Oxide Interfaces. Front Chem 2021; 8:601029. [PMID: 33425857 PMCID: PMC7793815 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.601029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of many computational physicists and chemists is the ability to bridge the gap between atomistic length scales of about a few multiples of an Ångström (Å), i. e., 10−10 m, and meso- or macroscopic length scales by virtue of simulations. The same applies to timescales. Machine learning techniques appear to bring this goal into reach. This work applies the recently published on-the-fly machine-learned force field techniques using a variant of the Gaussian approximation potentials combined with Bayesian regression and molecular dynamics as efficiently implemented in the Vienna ab initio simulation package, VASP. The generation of these force fields follows active-learning schemes. We apply these force fields to simple oxides such as MgO and more complex reducible oxides such as iron oxide, examine their generalizability, and further increase complexity by studying water adsorption on these metal oxide surfaces. We successfully examined surface properties of pristine and reconstructed MgO and Fe3O4 surfaces. However, the accurate description of water–oxide interfaces by machine-learned force fields, especially for iron oxides, remains a field offering plenty of research opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Li
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Paier
- Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications, Heinrich Hertz Institute HHI, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joachim Paier
- Institut für Chemie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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49
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Wang WY, Wang GC. The first-principles-based microkinetic simulation of the dry reforming of methane over Ru(0001). Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy01942a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As the temperature was increased, the generation rate of H2 and CO in the DRM reaction on Ru(0001) gradually increased along with the ratio of H2/CO generation rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education) and
- The Tianjin Key Lab and Molecule-based Material Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
| | - Gui-Chang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry (Ministry of Education) and
- The Tianjin Key Lab and Molecule-based Material Chemistry
- College of Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
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50
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Abstract
The unprecedented ability of computations to probe atomic-level details of catalytic systems holds immense promise for the fundamentals-based bottom-up design of novel heterogeneous catalysts, which are at the heart of the chemical and energy sectors of industry. Here, we critically analyze recent advances in computational heterogeneous catalysis. First, we will survey the progress in electronic structure methods and atomistic catalyst models employed, which have enabled the catalysis community to build increasingly intricate, realistic, and accurate models of the active sites of supported transition-metal catalysts. We then review developments in microkinetic modeling, specifically mean-field microkinetic models and kinetic Monte Carlo simulations, which bridge the gap between nanoscale computational insights and macroscale experimental kinetics data with increasing fidelity. We finally review the advancements in theoretical methods for accelerating catalyst design and discovery. Throughout the review, we provide ample examples of applications, discuss remaining challenges, and provide our outlook for the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W J Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Lang Xu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Manos Mavrikakis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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