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Yang J, Huang J, Han D, Ma X. Artificial Intelligence Applications in the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer: A Narrative Review. Clin Med Insights Oncol 2024; 18:11795549231220320. [PMID: 38187459 PMCID: PMC10771756 DOI: 10.1177/11795549231220320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most prevalent cancer worldwide, and its treatment has been a demanding clinical problem. Beyond traditional surgical therapy and chemotherapy, newly revealed molecular mechanisms diversify therapeutic approaches for colorectal cancer. However, the selection of personalized treatment among multiple treatment options has become another challenge in the era of precision medicine. Artificial intelligence has recently been increasingly investigated in the treatment of colorectal cancer. This narrative review mainly discusses the applications of artificial intelligence in the treatment of colorectal cancer patients. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science to identify relevant papers, resulting in 49 articles being included. The results showed that, based on different categories of data, artificial intelligence can predict treatment outcomes and essential guidance information of traditional and novel therapies, thus enabling individualized treatment strategy selection for colorectal cancer patients. Some frequently implemented machine learning algorithms and deep learning frameworks have also been employed for long-term prognosis prediction in patients with colorectal cancer. Overall, artificial intelligence shows encouraging results in treatment strategy selection and prognosis evaluation for colorectal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqing Yang
- Department of Biotherapy, West China Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Ultrasound, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Deqian Han
- Department of Oncology, West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuelei Ma
- Department of Biotherapy, West China Hospital and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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2
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Cao M, Wang Y, Lu G, Qi H, Li P, Dai X, Lu J. Classical Angiogenic Signaling Pathways and Novel Anti-Angiogenic Strategies for Colorectal Cancer. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:4447-4471. [PMID: 36286020 PMCID: PMC9601273 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44100305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although productive progress has been made in colorectal cancer (CRC) researchs, CRC is the second most frequent type of malignancy and the major cause of cancer-related death among gastrointestinal cancers. As angiogenesis constitutes an important point in the control of CRC progression and metastasis, understanding the key signaling pathways that regulate CRC angiogenesis is critical in elucidating ways to inhibit CRC. Herein, we comprehensively summarized the angiogenesis-related pathways of CRC, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT), Wingless and int-1 (Wnt), and Notch signaling pathways. We divided the factors influencing the specific pathway into promoters and inhibitors. Among these, some drugs or natural compounds that have antiangiogenic effects were emphasized. Furthermore, the interactions of these pathways in angiogenesis were discussed. The current review provides a comprehensive overview of the key signaling pathways that are involved in the angiogenesis of CRC and contributes to the new anti-angiogenic strategies for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Cao
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yunmeng Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Guige Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Haoran Qi
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Peiyu Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiaoshuo Dai
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Cancer Chemoprevention, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention & Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
- Correspondence:
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3
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Clemons NJ, Phillips WA. Trapping Colorectal Cancer Into a Dead-end. Gastroenterology 2021; 161:33-35. [PMID: 33798528 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Clemons
- Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Wayne A Phillips
- Cancer Research, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Victoria, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, Department of Surgery (St. Vincent's Hospital), The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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4
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Inchingolo R, Nestola M, Nunes TF, Spiliopoulos S, Nardella M. Biliary involvement in liver metastases: long-term experience with biliary biopsy from a single center. Radiol Bras 2021; 54:15-20. [PMID: 33574628 PMCID: PMC7863718 DOI: 10.1590/0100-3984.2020.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate long-term results of biliary biopsy performed with transluminal forceps in the setting of metastatic biliary involvement. MATERIALS AND METHODS Between September 2014 and June 2019, 25 patients-18 males (72%)-with a mean age of 65 ± 15 years, underwent 26 biliary biopsy procedures with a dedicated forceps system. All patients presented with obstructive jaundice that was suspected of being malignant and underwent pre-procedural magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography. The biopsies were performed during percutaneous placement of an internal-external biliary drainage catheter, under fluoroscopic guidance. RESULTS The technical success rate was 96% (corresponding to 25 of the 26 procedures). The histological diagnosis was inflammatory biliary stricture in five cases, pancreatic adenocarcinoma in six, liver metastases from colorectal cancer in eight, and hepatocellular carcinoma in three, the biliary mucosa being categorized as normal in three cases. In one case, the sample was considered insufficient and the procedure was successfully repeated, after which a diagnosis of pancreatic adenocarcinoma was made. Over a follow-up period of 6-48 months, there were five false-negative results: two findings of inflammatory biliary stricture were later identified as liver metastases from breast and gastric cancer, respectively; and all three patients in which the biliary mucosa was categorized as normal were subsequently diagnosed with metastatic hilar lymph nodes. The procedure was found to have a sensitivity of 77%, a specificity of 100%, and an overall accuracy of 80%. The complication rate was 11.5% (mild, transient hemobilia occurring in three cases). CONCLUSION Percutaneous transluminal forceps biopsy is a safe, effective, minimally invasive procedure for histological characterization in patients presenting with obstructive jaundice due to a non-primary biliary tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Inchingolo
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Madonna delle Grazie Hospital, Matera, Italy
- Interventional Radiology Unit, “F. Miulli” Regional General Hospital, Acquaviva delle Fonti (BA), Italy
- Correspondence: Riccardo Inchingolo, MD. Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Madonna delle Grazie Hospital. Via Montescaglioso, 75100, Matera, Italy.
| | - Massimiliano Nestola
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Madonna delle Grazie Hospital, Matera, Italy
| | - Thiago Franchi Nunes
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Hospital Universitário Maria Aparecida Pedrossian da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (HUMAP-UFMS), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Stavros Spiliopoulos
- 2nd Radiology Department, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michele Nardella
- Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Madonna delle Grazie Hospital, Matera, Italy
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5
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Lee KC, Yen CK, Chen CN, Chang SF, Lu YC, Huang WS. Drug Resistance of CPT-11 in Human DLD-1 Colorectal Cancer Cells through MutS Homolog 2 Upregulation. Int J Med Sci 2021; 18:1269-1276. [PMID: 33526988 PMCID: PMC7847627 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.52620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancers (CRCs) is the most commonly diagnosed and deadly cancer types in the world. Despite advances in chemotherapy for CRCs, drug resistance remains a major challenge to high incurable and eventually deadly rates for patients. CPT-11 is one of the current chemotherapy agents for CRC patients and the CPT-11 resistance development of CRCs is also inevitable. Recently, accumulating data has suggested that DNA repair system might be an inducer of chemotherapy resistance in cancer cells. Thus, this study was aimed to examine whether MutS homolog (MSH) 2, one member of DNA repair system, plays a role to affect the cytotoxicity of CPT-11 to CRCs. Human DLD-1 CRC cells were used in this study. It was shown that MSH2 gene and protein expression could be upregulated in DLD-1 cells under CPT-11 treatment and this upregulation subsequently attenuates the sensitivity of DLD-1 cells to CPT-11. Moreover, ERK1/2 and Akt signaling and AP-1 transcription factor have been found to modulate these effects. These results elucidate the drug resistance role of MSH2 upregulation in the CPT-11-treated DLD-1 CRC cells. Our findings may provide a useful thought for new adjuvant drug development by controlling the DNA repair system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko-Chao Lee
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital; Kaohsiung Medical Center, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Kung Yen
- Department of Food Science, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 600, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Nan Chen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 600, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fu Chang
- Department of Medical Research and Development, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chen Lu
- Department of Food Science, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 600, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Shih Huang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.,Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi 613, Taiwan
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Levin-Sparenberg E, Bylsma LC, Lowe K, Sangare L, Fryzek JP, Alexander DD. A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis Describing the Prevalence of KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF Gene Mutations in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. Gastroenterology Res 2020; 13:184-198. [PMID: 33224365 PMCID: PMC7665856 DOI: 10.14740/gr1167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumors of the metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients that are wildtype (WT) for KRAS or NRAS mutations respond more favorably to anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) treatments. Treatment guidelines now recommend that all mCRC patients have WT KRAS and NRAS tumor status confirmed prior to initiating anti-EGFR therapy. Evidence also suggests that BRAF mutations may predict lack of response to anti-EGFR therapy. As such, there is now a need for comprehensive data on the prevalence of KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF mutations among patients with mCRC. Methods A systematic literature review was conducted among studies that described the prevalence of KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF gene mutations in mCRC patients. Observational cohort studies and standard of care arm of randomized clinical trials were included. Random effects meta-analysis models were used to create summary prevalence estimates for each of the mutation types. Subgroup analyses were also conducted to identify potential sources of heterogeneity. Exploratory analyses of overall and progression-free survival by mutation status were also conducted. Results This systematic review and meta-analysis included 275 studies comprising 77,104 mCRC patients. The summary prevalence estimate was 35.9% for KRAS mutations, 7.1% for BRAF mutations, and 4.1% for NRAS mutations. Female patients had significantly more KRAS and BRAF mutations than males, and significant variation by study location was observed for both KRAS and BRAF mutation prevalence. Overall survival was significantly decreased for patients with KRAS, BRAF, and NRAS mutations compared to those with WT tumors. Progression-free survival was also significantly decreased among patients with KRAS and BRAF mutations. Conclusions KRAS, NRAS, and BRAF mutation statuses in patients with mCRC are important predictors of treatment success and may also have prognostic value. In this paper we present the first systematic and comprehensive literature review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of KRAS, BRAF, and NRAS mutations and demonstrate the prognostic impact of mutation status on survival.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kimberly Lowe
- Amgen, Inc., 1 Amgen Center Drive, Mailstop D2262, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
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7
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Koveitypour Z, Panahi F, Vakilian M, Peymani M, Seyed Forootan F, Nasr Esfahani MH, Ghaedi K. Signaling pathways involved in colorectal cancer progression. Cell Biosci 2019; 9:97. [PMID: 31827763 PMCID: PMC6889432 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-019-0361-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth leading cause of the worldwide cancer mortality. Different molecular mechanisms have been attributed to the development and progress of CRC. In this review, we will focus on the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades downstream of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Notch, PI3K/AKT pathway, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), and Wnt signaling pathways. Various mutations in the components of these signaling pathways have been linked to the development of CRC. Accordingly, numerous efforts have been carried out to target the signaling pathways to develop novel therapeutic approaches. Herein, we review the signaling pathways involved in the incidence and progression of CRC, and the strategies for the therapy targeting components of signaling pathways in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Koveitypour
- Department of Modern Biology, ACECR Institute of Higher Education (Isfahan Branch), Isfahan, Iran
| | - Farnoush Panahi
- Department of Modern Biology, ACECR Institute of Higher Education (Isfahan Branch), Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehrdad Vakilian
- 6Department of Cell Regeneration and Advanced Therapies, Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER), University of Pablo de Olavide-University of Seville-CSIC, Seville, Spain.,7Department of Cellular Biology, Genetics and Physiology, Faculty of Science, University of Malaga (UMA), Malaga, Spain
| | - Maryam Peymani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box: 88137-33395, Shahrekord, Iran.,4Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, P.O. Box: 816513-1378, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Farzad Seyed Forootan
- 4Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, P.O. Box: 816513-1378, Isfahan, Iran.,Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr Esfahani
- 4Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, P.O. Box: 816513-1378, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Kamran Ghaedi
- 3Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.,4Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, P.O. Box: 816513-1378, Isfahan, Iran
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8
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Bylsma LC, Dean R, Lowe K, Sangaré L, Alexander DD, Fryzek JP. The incidence of infusion reactions associated with monoclonal antibody drugs targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor in metastatic colorectal cancer patients: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis of patient and study characteristics. Cancer Med 2019; 8:5800-5809. [PMID: 31376243 PMCID: PMC6745824 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Systemic cancer therapies may induce infusion reactions (IRs) or hypersensitivities. Metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients treated with anti‐EGFR therapies, including cetuximab and panitumumab, may be subject to these reactions. We conducted a meta‐analysis to estimate the IR incidence in this population and identify variations in this incidence by patient or study characteristics. Methods A systematic review was conducted to identify observational studies or clinical trials of mCRC patients treated with anti‐EGFR therapies that reported occurrences of IRs, hypersensitivity, or allergy/anaphylaxis. The objective of the study was to estimate the incidence of IRs. Random effects models were used to meta‐analyze the incidence of IRs overall and stratified by therapy type, study design, geographic location, RAS or KRAS mutation status, grade of reaction severity, and terminology used to describe the reaction. Results The pooled estimate for IR incidence was 4.9% (95% confidence interval: 3.6%‐6.5%). Lower‐grade reactions were more common than higher‐grade reactions overall and the incidence of reactions among cetuximab patients was nearly four times that of panitumumab patients (6.1% vs 1.6%). Conclusions IRs occur in approximately 5% of mCRC patients treated with anti‐EGFR therapies, and the incidence varies significantly by grade of severity and therapy type. Studies evaluating these outcomes should consider investigating survival outcomes by IR status to determine its prognostic relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kimberly Lowe
- Amgen, One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California, USA
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9
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Inchingolo R, Spiliopoulos S, Nestola M, Nardella M. Outcomes of percutaneous transluminal biopsy of biliary lesions using a dedicated forceps system. Acta Radiol 2019; 60:602-607. [PMID: 30111195 DOI: 10.1177/0284185118795319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Distinction between benign and malignant biliary obstruction is always challenging. PURPOSE To evaluate outcomes of percutaneous transluminal biopsy of biliary strictures using a dedicated forceps system. MATERIAL AND METHODS This prospective, single-center, single-arm study, included 29 consecutive patients (17 men [56.6%]; mean age = 60 ± 9 years), who underwent 30 transluminal biopsies during percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) due to obstructive jaundice, between September 2014 and January 2017, using a transluminal biliary access and biopsy forceps set. The study's primary efficacy endpoint was technical success and the primary safety endpoint was the procedure-related major complications rate. The study's secondary endpoints were procedure-related minor complication rate, sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy for the characterization of malignancy. RESULTS Tissue samples allowed histological diagnosis in 27/30 procedures (technical success rate 90.0%), as in three cases (10.0%) the sample was characterized as non-diagnostic: one case was suspicious for pancreatic cancer and two cases were cholangiocarcinoma. In one case, biopsy was successfully repeated. The diagnosis was cholangiocarcinoma in 16 cases (53.3%), colorectal metastasis in three cases (10%), pancreatic adenocarcinoma in three cases (10.0%), and inflammation in five cases (16.6%). There were two false-negative cases of inflammation proven to be cholangiocarcinoma, resulting in sensitivity of 91.67%, specificity of 100%, and accuracy of 92.59%. No major complications were noted. There were four cases of hemobilia (13%) which auto-resolved within 48 h. CONCLUSION Percutaneous transluminal biopsy of biliary strictures during PTBD using the specific forceps system was proven safe and resulted in high technical success and diagnostic accuracy rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Inchingolo
- 1 Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Madonna delle Grazie Hospital, Matera, Italy
| | - Stavros Spiliopoulos
- 2 Second Radiology Department, School of Medicine; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Massimiliano Nestola
- 1 Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Madonna delle Grazie Hospital, Matera, Italy
| | - Michele Nardella
- 1 Division of Interventional Radiology, Department of Radiology, Madonna delle Grazie Hospital, Matera, Italy
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10
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Xu C, Liu D, Chen Z, Zhuo F, Sun H, Hu J, Li T. Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Natural Killer Cells Combined with Bevacizumab for Colorectal Cancer Treatment. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 30:459-470. [PMID: 29914273 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2018.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the cancers with the highest incidence globally, and it currently ranks as the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Novel strategies for the treatment of advanced CRC are urgently needed, and adoptive transfer of allogeneic natural killer (NK) cells represents an attractive option. In this study, we successfully expanded NK cells from umbilical cord blood (UCB) with membrane-bound interleukin (IL)-21, termed eUCB-NK cells. eUCB-NK cells efficiently lysed CRC cell lines in vitro and secreted significantly higher levels of interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor, and chemokine ligand 3 compared with IL-2-stimulated NK cells. Adoptive transfer of these NK cells significantly inhibited the growth of HT29 xenografts, whereas LoVo tumors were not effectively controlled with eUCB-NK cells. Higher numbers of NK cells inside HT29 tumors, not seen in LoVo tumors, might contribute to the differences in response to eUCB-NK cells. Bevacizumab increased extravasation of adoptively transferred NK cells into LoVo tumors and improved the therapeutic activity of eUCB-NK cells. These results justify clinical translation of UCB-derived NK cell-based therapeutics, used alone or in combination with bevacizumab, as a novel treatment option for patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University , Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongning Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University , Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixin Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University , Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Zhuo
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University , Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Huankui Sun
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University , Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaping Hu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University , Nanchang, People's Republic of China
| | - Taiyuan Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University , Nanchang, People's Republic of China
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11
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Yang M, Yeatman TJ. Molecular stratification of colorectal cancer populations and its use in directing precision medicine. EXPERT REVIEW OF PRECISION MEDICINE AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2017.1362316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingli Yang
- Gibbs Research Institute, Gibbs Cancer Center & Research Institute, Spartanburg, SC 29303, USA
| | - Timothy J Yeatman
- Gibbs Research Institute, Gibbs Cancer Center & Research Institute, Spartanburg, SC 29303, USA
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12
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Niklaus M, Adams O, Berezowska S, Zlobec I, Graber F, Slotta-Huspenina J, Nitsche U, Rosenberg R, Tschan MP, Langer R. Expression analysis of LC3B and p62 indicates intact activated autophagy is associated with an unfavorable prognosis in colon cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:54604-54615. [PMID: 28903368 PMCID: PMC5589607 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation and recycling process implicated in cancer progression and therapy resistance. We assessed the impact of basal autophagy in colon cancer (CC) in vitro and ex vivo. Functional autophagy was demonstrated in CC cell lines (LoVo; HT-29) showing a dose-dependent increase of the autophagy markers LC3B, p62 and autophagic vesciles upon increasing concentrations of the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine, which was demonstrated by immunoblotting, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. Next, tissue microarrays with 292 primary resected CC, with cores from different tumor regions, and normal mucosa were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for LC3B and p62. CC tissue showed LC3B dot-like, p62 dot-like, cytoplasmic and nuclear staining in various levels without significant intratumoral heterogeneity. Tumoral LC3B and p62 expression was significantly higher than in normal tissue (p<0.001). No associations between staining patterns and pathological features (e.g. TNM categories; grading) were observed. Both low LC3B dot-like and low p62 dot-like-cytoplasmic staining were associated with worse overall survival (p=0.005 and p=0.002). The best prognostic discrimination, however, was seen for a combination of LC3B dot-like/p62 dot-like-cytoplasmic staining: high expression of both markers, indicative of impaired activated autophagy, was associated with the best overall survival. In contrast, high LC3B dot-like/low p62 dot-like-cytoplasmic expression, indicative of intact activated autophagy, was associated with the worst outcome (p<0.001 in univariate and HR=0.751; CI=0.607-0.928; p=0.008 in multivariate analysis). These specific expression patterns of LC3B and p62 pointing to different states of autophagy associated with diverging clinical outcomes highlighte the potential significance of basal autophagy in CC biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Niklaus
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Olivia Adams
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sabina Berezowska
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Inti Zlobec
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Graber
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Ulrich Nitsche
- Department of Surgery, Technische Universität München, D-81675 München, Germany
| | - Robert Rosenberg
- Department of Surgery, Kantonsspital Liestal, CH-4410 Liestal, Switzerland
| | - Mario P Tschan
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rupert Langer
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, CH-3008 Bern, Switzerland
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13
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Riffo-Campos ÁL, Castillo J, Vallet-Sánchez A, Ayala G, Cervantes A, López-Rodas G, Franco L. In silico RNA-seq and experimental analyses reveal the differential expression and splicing of EPDR1 and ZNF518B genes in relation to KRAS mutations in colorectal cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:3627-3634. [PMID: 27805251 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Several drugs used for the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) are targeted at the epidermal growth factor receptor, but mutations in genes of the RAS family cause resistance to these drugs. Thus, extensive research is being carried out to counterbalance this resistance. The G13D mutation of KRAS is common in humans, and we previously reported that this mutation results in the epigenetic modification of hnRNP proteins, involved in RNA splicing. As aberrant splicing often results in oncogenicity, the present study aimed to identify the genes which show altered splicing patterns in connection with the G13D KRAS mutation. To accomplish this, we first carried out an in silico analysis of RNA-seq databases and found that the distribution of alternative splicing isoforms of genes RPL13, HSP90B1, ENO1, EPDR1 and ZNF518B was altered in human CRC cell lines carrying the G13D KRAS mutation when compared to cell lines carrying wild-type KRAS. The in silico results were experimentally validated by quantitative real‑time PCR. Expression of the genes EPDR1 and ZNF518B was negligible in the Caco2, RKO and SW48 cell lines, which possess wild-type KRAS, while the HCT116, DLD1 and D-Mut1 cell lines, harbouring the G13D mutation, expressed these genes. Moreover, in both genes, the ratio of isoforms was significantly different between the parental DLD1 (+/G13D) and D-Mut1 cells, in which the wild-type allele had been knocked out. DWT7m cells also expressed both genes. These cells, derived from DLD1, have spontaneously acquired a G12D mutation in their single KRAS allele in 20% of the population. The present data suggest a relationship between KRAS mutations, particularly G13D, and the expression of the EPDR1 and ZNF518B genes and expression of their isoforms and provide enhanced understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the resistance of CRC cells to anti‑EGF receptor therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela L Riffo-Campos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Azahara Vallet-Sánchez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Guillermo Ayala
- Department of Statistics and Operational Research, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Gerardo López-Rodas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Luis Franco
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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14
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Huang CJ, Huang SH, Chien CC, Lee HHC, Yang SH, Chang CC, Lee CL. Impact of microsatellite status on chemotherapy for colorectal cancer patients with KRAS or BRAF mutation. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:4427-4434. [PMID: 28101205 PMCID: PMC5228315 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
KRAS and BRAF mutations are frequently detected in cases of colorectal cancer (CRC). The microsatellite status of patients with CRC and mutated KRAS/BRAF is important when determining cancer therapy. In the present study, the microsatellite status and genetic polymorphisms of KRAS (codons 12 and 13) and BRAF (V600E) were characterized in CRC tissue. The mismatch repair activity and oncogenic potential of KRAS were assessed by immunoblots from two KRAS-mutated CRC cell lines, SW480 and HCT116, with different microsatellite statuses, following treatment with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and oxaliplatin. Of all the 205 patients with CRC enrolled in the present study, 31.2% (64 of 205) had a KRAS or BRAF mutation, and 79.7% (51 of 64) of these patients with a KRAS/BRAF mutation exhibited microsatellite stability (MSS), indicating that microsatellite status is correlated with KRAS/BRAF mutation (P=0.027). A higher proportion (39.0%, 41 of 105) of elderly patients (≥62.6 years) had mutated KRAS or BRAF than younger patients (<62.6 years; 23.0%, 23 of 100; P=0.013). In the subgroup of 154 patients with MSS, patients without the KRAS or BRAF mutation (n=110) had longer disease-specific survival rates (58.8±9.4%) than patients with KRAS or BRAF mutations (n=44; 50.6±11.0%; P=0.043). Cytoplasmic KRAS levels decreased whereas nuclear MutS protein homolog 2 (MSH2) levels increased slightly in CRC HCT116 cells that were microsatellite instable, following treatment with 76.9 µM 5-FU for 2 days. In microsatellite stable SW480 cells, MSH2 levels markedly increased in the nucleus following 150 µM oxaliplatin treatment for 3 days. However, no significant change was observed regarding KRAS distribution in these cells. The results of the present study suggest that it is important to identify patients with CRC who may benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy with 5-FU or oxaliplatin, particularly CRC patients with MSS and mutated KRAS or BRAF, who have poorer overall survival rates than patients with microsatellite instability. Knowledge of the microsatellite status of patients and whether they harbor KRAS or BRAF mutations may enable more effective therapeutic strategies to be developed. Further prospective studies are required to validate the findings of the current study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Jung Huang
- Department of Medical Research, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 10630, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shih-Hung Huang
- Department of Pathology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 10630, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chih-Cheng Chien
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei 24257, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Department of Anesthesiology, Sijhih Cathay General Hospital, New Taipei 22174, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Henry Hsin-Chung Lee
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei 24257, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Department of Surgery, Hsinchu Cathay General Hospital, Hsinchu 30060, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Graduate Institute of Translational and Interdisciplinary Medicine, College of Health Sciences and Technology, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shung-Haur Yang
- Department of Surgery, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan, R.O.C.; School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chun-Chao Chang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chia-Long Lee
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei 24257, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan, R.O.C.; Department of Internal Medicine, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei 10630, Taiwan, R.O.C
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15
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Zhang CM, Lv JF, Gong L, Yu LY, Chen XP, Zhou HH, Fan L. Role of Deficient Mismatch Repair in the Personalized Management of Colorectal Cancer. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13090892. [PMID: 27618077 PMCID: PMC5036725 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13090892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents the third most common type of cancer in developed countries and one of the leading causes of cancer deaths worldwide. Personalized management of CRC has gained increasing attention since there are large inter-individual variations in the prognosis and response to drugs used to treat CRC owing to molecular heterogeneity. Approximately 15% of CRCs are caused by deficient mismatch repair (dMMR) characterized by microsatellite instability (MSI) phenotype. The present review is aimed at highlighting the role of MMR status in informing prognosis and personalized treatment of CRC including adjuvant chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy to guide the individualized therapy of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Min Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Jin-Feng Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
- Institute of Hospital Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
| | - Liang Gong
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Lin-Yu Yu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Xiao-Ping Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Hong-Hao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Lan Fan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Hunan Key Laboratory of Pharmacogenetics, Changsha 410078, China.
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16
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Poornima P, Kumar JD, Zhao Q, Blunder M, Efferth T. Network pharmacology of cancer: From understanding of complex interactomes to the design of multi-target specific therapeutics from nature. Pharmacol Res 2016; 111:290-302. [PMID: 27329331 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Despite massive investments in drug research and development, the significant decline in the number of new drugs approved or translated to clinical use raises the question, whether single targeted drug discovery is the right approach. To combat complex systemic diseases that harbour robust biological networks such as cancer, single target intervention is proved to be ineffective. In such cases, network pharmacology approaches are highly useful, because they differ from conventional drug discovery by addressing the ability of drugs to target numerous proteins or networks involved in a disease. Pleiotropic natural products are one of the promising strategies due to their multi-targeting and due to lower side effects. In this review, we discuss the application of network pharmacology for cancer drug discovery. We provide an overview of the current state of knowledge on network pharmacology, focus on different technical approaches and implications for cancer therapy (e.g. polypharmacology and synthetic lethality), and illustrate the therapeutic potential with selected examples green tea polyphenolics, Eleutherococcus senticosus, Rhodiola rosea, and Schisandra chinensis). Finally, we present future perspectives on their plausible applications for diagnosis and therapy of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramasivan Poornima
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2DG, United Kingdom
| | - Jothi Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Qiaoli Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Martina Blunder
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden and Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, UFRN, Natal, Brazil
| | - Thomas Efferth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
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17
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Boleij A, Tops BBJ, Rombout PDM, Dequeker EM, Ligtenberg MJL, van Krieken JH. RAS testing in metastatic colorectal cancer: excellent reproducibility amongst 17 Dutch pathology centers. Oncotarget 2016; 6:15681-9. [PMID: 25944693 PMCID: PMC4558179 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2013 the European Medicine Agency (EMA) restricted the indication for anti-EGFR targeted therapy to metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) with a wild-type RAS gene, increasing the need for reliable RAS mutation testing. We evaluated the completeness and reproducibility of RAS-testing in the Netherlands. From 17 laboratories, tumor DNA of the first 10 CRC cases tested in 2014 in routine clinical practice was re-tested by a reference laboratory using a custom next generation sequencing panel. In total, 171 CRC cases were re-evaluated for hotspot mutations in KRAS, NRAS and BRAF. Most laboratories had introduced complete RAS-testing (65%) and BRAF-testing (71%) by January 2014. The most employed method for all hotspot regions was Sanger sequencing (range 35.7 - 49.2%). The reference laboratory detected all mutations that had been found in the participating laboratories (n = 92), plus 10 additional mutations. This concerned three RAS and seven BRAF mutations that were missed due to incomplete testing of the participating laboratory. Overall, the concordance of tests performed by both the reference and participating laboratory was 100% (163/163; κ-static 1.0) for RAS and 100% (144/144; κ-static 1.0) for BRAF. Our study shows that RAS and BRAF mutations can be reproducibly assessed using a variety of testing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Boleij
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan B J Tops
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul D M Rombout
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth M Dequeker
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Biomedical Quality Assurance Research Unit, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marjolijn J L Ligtenberg
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J Han van Krieken
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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- C.J.M. van Noesel, Academic Medical Center (AMC), Department of Pathology, Amsterdam.,C.C. Scheidel-Jacobse (Technical specialist), J.A. Kummer (Pathologist/KMBP), P. Roepman (KMBP in training), St. Antonius Ziekenhuis, Department of Pathology, Nieuwegein.,C.F.M. Prinsen (KMBP), S.H.M. van den Berg-van Erp (Pathologist), Canisius Wilhelmina Ziekenhuis (CWZ), Department of Pathology, Nijmegen.,J.M.H.H. van Gorp, Diakonessenhuis, Laboratory for Pathology, Utrecht.,P.M. Nederlof, Dutch Cancer Institute (NKI), Amsterdam.,E. Caspers, St. Elisabeth Ziekenhuis, Department of Molecular Pathology, Tilburg.,W.N.M. Dinjens, E.C.W. Beerens, Erasmus MC, Department of Pathology, Molecular Diagnostics, Rotterdam.,N.A. 't Hart, Isala, Department of Pathology, Zwolle.,A.J.C. van den Brule, Jeroen Bosch Ziekenhuis, Molecular Diagnostics, 's-Hertogenbosch.,R. van der Geize (KMBP), S.A. Riemersma (Pathologist), Laboratory for Pathology Oost-Nederland (LABPON), Hengelo.,T. van Wezel (KMBP), H. Morreau (Pathologist), R. van Eijk (Technical specialist), Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Department of Pathology, Leiden.,J.W.M. Jeuken, Laboratory for Pathology and Medical Microbiology (PAMM), Eindhoven.,A. Dirkx, Pathan B.V., Molecular Diagnostics, Rotterdam.,M. Klomp, Rijnstate Ziekenhuis, Department of Pathology, Arnhem.,W.T.M van Blokland, University Medical Center (UMC) Utrecht, Molecular Pathology, Utrecht.,A. ter Elst (Technical specialist/KMBP in training), E. Schuuring (KMBP), A. Diepstra (Pathologist), University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Department of Pathology, Groningen.,D.A.M. Heideman (KMBP), N.C.T. van Grieken (Pathologist), D. Sie (Technical specialist), VU-University Medical Center (VUMC), Department of Pathology, Amsterdam
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18
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Abstract
Transmembrane 4 superfamily member 5 protein (TM4SF5) is presumed to serve as a molecular target to prevent or treat hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and colon cancer in a mouse model. Previously, we reported the efficacy of anti-cancer peptide vaccine targeting TM4SF5. In addition, we reported an anti-proliferative effect of anti-TM4SF5 monoclonal antibody in HCC. Here, we investigated expression of TM4SF5 in 45 primary colon cancer tissues. Almost all of the colon cancer tissues expressed TM4SF5 based on immunohistochemistry using anti-TM4SF5 monoclonal antibody. The treatment of human colon cancer cells with anti-TM4SF5 antibody reduced growth of TM4SF5 expressing cells and enhanced expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin. Using mouse colon cancer models, we then evaluated the in vivo anti-cancer effect of anti-TM4SF5 antibody. Injection of the antibody significantly reduced growth of tumors priorly established by subcutaneous injection of human colon cancer cells HT-29 in a xenograft setting. We obtained similar results with mouse colon cancer cell line CT-26 in an allograft setting. Therefore, we suggest that the TM4SF5-specific monoclonal antibody has a therapeutic effect against colon cancer.
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19
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Lima CF, Costa M, Proença M, Pereira-Wilson C. Novel structurally similar chromene derivatives with opposing effects on p53 and apoptosis mechanisms in colorectal HCT116 cancer cells. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 72:34-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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Jeong WJ, Cha PH, Choi KY. Strategies to overcome resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:9862-9871. [PMID: 25110417 PMCID: PMC4123368 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i29.9862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Administration of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) such as cetuximab and panitumumab in combination with conventional chemotherapy substantially prolongs survival of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). However, the efficacy of these mAbs is limited due to genetic variation among patients, in particular K-ras mutations. The discovery of K-ras mutation as a predictor of non-responsiveness to EGFR mAb therapy has caused a major change in the treatment of mCRC. Drugs that inhibit transformation caused by oncogenic alterations of Ras and its downstream components such as BRAF, MEK and AKT seem to be promising cancer therapeutics as single agents or when given with EGFR inhibitors. Although multiple therapeutic strategies to overcome EGFR mAb-resistance are under investigation, our understanding of their mode of action is limited. Rational drug development based on stringent preclinical data, biomarker validation, and proper selection of patients is of paramount importance in the treatment of mCRC. In this review, we will discuss diverse approaches to overcome the problem of resistance to existing anti-EGFR therapies and potential future directions for cancer therapies related to the mutational status of genes associated with EGFR-Ras-ERK and PI3K signalings.
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Wang XW, Zhang YJ. Targeting mTOR network in colorectal cancer therapy. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:4178-88. [PMID: 24764656 PMCID: PMC3989954 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i15.4178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) integrates growth factor signals with cellular nutrient and energy levels and coordinates cell growth, proliferation and survival. A regulatory network with multiple feedback loops has evolved to ensure the exquisite regulation of cell growth and division. Colorectal cancer is the most intensively studied cancer because of its high incidence and mortality rate. Multiple genetic alterations are involved in colorectal carcinogenesis, including oncogenic Ras activation, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway hyperactivation, p53 mutation, and dysregulation of wnt pathway. Many oncogenic pathways activate the mTOR pathway. mTOR has emerged as an effective target for colorectal cancer therapy. In vitro and preclinical studies targeting the mTOR pathway for colorectal cancer chemotherapy have provided promising perspectives. However, the overall objective response rates in major solid tumors achieved with single-agent rapalog therapy have been modest, especially in advanced metastatic colorectal cancer. Combination regimens of mTOR inhibitor with agents such as cytotoxic chemotherapy, inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor, epidermal growth factor receptor and Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) inhibitors are being intensively studied and appear to be promising. Further understanding of the molecular mechanism in mTOR signaling network is needed to develop optimized therapeutic regimens. In this paper, oncogenic gene alterations in colorectal cancer, as well as their interaction with the mTOR pathway, are systematically summarized. The most recent preclinical and clinical anticancer therapeutic endeavors are reviewed. New players in mTOR signaling pathway, such as non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and metformin with therapeutic potentials are also discussed here.
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Hirschfield GM, Siminovitch KA. Genetics in PBC: What Do the “Risk Genes” Teach Us? Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2014; 48:176-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-014-8419-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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