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Lochner C, van den Berg G, Chamberlain SR, Marincowitz C, Coetzee B. Family functioning and problematic usage of the internet in youth: A cross-sectional investigation. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 173:239-244. [PMID: 38554619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Problematic usage of the internet (PUI) refers to maladaptive use of the Internet linked to functional impairment as a growing concern in many countries. Youths are often considered more vulnerable to PUI than other age groups. The relationship between PUI and family dynamics is likely bidirectional and complex, warranting further research. Using a cross-sectional study design, we aimed to determine the rate of PUI and the association between PUI and family functioning in a South African sample between the ages of 18 and 30 years. METHODS South African youths were recruited via email and social media. Respondents completed an online survey as part of a cross-sectional study to assess the extent and the types of activities for which they use the internet, as well as the quality of their family relationships and functioning, employing standardised questionnaires (including the IAT-10) and the General Functioning Scale of the Family Assessment Device (GF-FAD). The sample included 814 participants (65% female; aged 21 years; SD 3 years). RESULTS 15.5% of our sample presented with PUI. There was a significant, moderate positive correlation between totals on the IAT-10 and GF-FAD (r = 0.33, p < .001). An independent samples t-test found that individuals with self-reported PUI (GF-FAD: M = 2.57, SD = 0.51) had significantly poorer quality family functioning than individuals without PUI (GF-FAD: M = 2.13, SD = 0.61; t (812) = -7.52, p < .001; Cohen's d = -0.73, 95% CI [-0.92, -0.54]). Correlations were found between increased time spent on various online activities, including pornography (r = 0.20, p < 0.001), cyberbullying (r = 0.17, p < 0.001), social networking (r = 0.11, p = 0.003), and streaming media (r = 0.11, p = 0.003), and poorer quality family functioning. CONCLUSION PUI is common in South African youth. Presence of PUI and increased PUI severity were associated with worse family functioning in this sample. We recommend using family-based approaches in promoting a healthy family environment, and in the prevention of PUI and mitigation of its effects, with the goal of striking a balance between the benefits of the internet and its potential role in compromising aspects of family relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Lochner
- SA MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa.
| | - Gizela van den Berg
- SA MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Samuel R Chamberlain
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Southern Health NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Clara Marincowitz
- SA MRC Unit on Risk and Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Bronwyne Coetzee
- Department of Psychology, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Fu W, Li R, Liang Y. The Relationship between Stress Perception and Problematic Social Network Use among Chinese College Students: The Mediating Role of the Fear of Missing Out. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:497. [PMID: 37366748 DOI: 10.3390/bs13060497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on the interaction of person-affect-cognition-execution model, this study examined the association between stress perception and problematic social network use among Chinese college students and explored the mediating effect of the fear of missing out (FoMO) on the relationship between stress perception and problematic social network use. A questionnaire survey was conducted among 554 students from nine universities in China. We found that stress perception was significantly positively correlated with problematic social network use and FoMO (r = 0.38, 0.46; p < 0.001), and FoMO was significantly positively correlated with problematic social network use (r = 0.45, p < 0.001). FoMO mediated the relationship between stress perception and problematic social network use. Conclusion: Stress perception has a negative impact on college students' problematic social network use via the mediating effect of FoMO. Practical implications that reveal the college students' problematic social network use were discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangqian Fu
- Faculty of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Rui Li
- School of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100091, China
| | - Yuqian Liang
- School of Social Development and Public Policy, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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3
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Cai H, Zhao YJ, He F, Li SY, Li ZL, Zhang WY, Zhang Y, Cheung T, Ng CH, Sha S, Xiang YT. Internet addiction and residual depressive symptoms among clinically stable adolescents with major psychiatric disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic: a network analysis perspective. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:186. [PMID: 37270593 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02468-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To assess the inter-relationships between residual depressive symptoms (RDS) and Internet addiction (IA) using network analysis among clinically stable adolescents with major psychiatric disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic. RDS and IA were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and the Internet Addiction Test (IAT), respectively. Central symptoms and bridge symptoms in the network model were examined. A total of 1,454 adolescents met the study criteria and were included in the analyses. The prevalence of IA was 31.2% (95% CI: 28.8%-33.6%). In the network analysis, the nodes IAT15 ("Preoccupation with the Internet"), PHQ2 ("Sad mood"), and PHQ1 ("Anhedonia") were the most central symptoms in the IA-RDS network model. Bridge symptoms included IAT10 ("Sooth disturbing about your Internet use"), PHQ9 ("Suicide ideation"), and IAT3 ("Prefer the excitement online to the time with others"). Additionally, PHQ2 ("Sad mood") was the main node linking "Anhedonia" to other IA clusters. Internet addiction was common among clinically stable adolescents with major psychiatric disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic. Core and bridge symptoms identified in this study could be prioritized as targets for the prevention and treatment of IA in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Cai
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, & Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
- Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
- Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | - Yan-Jie Zhao
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders Beijing Anding Hospital & the Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, School of Mental Health, Beijing, China
| | - Fan He
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders Beijing Anding Hospital & the Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, School of Mental Health, Beijing, China
| | - Shu-Ying Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zong-Lei Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Xiamen Xianyue Hospital, Xiamen, China
| | - Wu-Yang Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Development and Behavior, The third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan province, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Teris Cheung
- School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chee H Ng
- Department of Psychiatry, The Melbourne Clinic and St Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Richmond, VIC, Australia.
| | - Sha Sha
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders Beijing Anding Hospital & the Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, School of Mental Health, Beijing, China.
| | - Yu-Tao Xiang
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, & Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
- Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
- Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
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4
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Ognibene D, Wilkens R, Taibi D, Hernández-Leo D, Kruschwitz U, Donabauer G, Theophilou E, Lomonaco F, Bursic S, Lobo RA, Sánchez-Reina JR, Scifo L, Schwarze V, Börsting J, Hoppe U, Aprin F, Malzahn N, Eimler S. Challenging social media threats using collective well-being-aware recommendation algorithms and an educational virtual companion. Front Artif Intell 2023; 5:654930. [PMID: 36699613 PMCID: PMC9869176 DOI: 10.3389/frai.2022.654930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Social media have become an integral part of our lives, expanding our interlinking capabilities to new levels. There is plenty to be said about their positive effects. On the other hand, however, some serious negative implications of social media have been repeatedly highlighted in recent years, pointing at various threats to society and its more vulnerable members, such as teenagers, in particular, ranging from much-discussed problems such as digital addiction and polarization to manipulative influences of algorithms and further to more teenager-specific issues (e.g., body stereotyping). The impact of social media-both at an individual and societal level-is characterized by the complex interplay between the users' interactions and the intelligent components of the platform. Thus, users' understanding of social media mechanisms plays a determinant role. We thus propose a theoretical framework based on an adaptive "Social Media Virtual Companion" for educating and supporting an entire community, teenage students, to interact in social media environments in order to achieve desirable conditions, defined in terms of a community-specific and participatory designed measure of Collective Well-Being (CWB). This Companion combines automatic processing with expert intervention and guidance. The virtual Companion will be powered by a Recommender System (CWB-RS) that will optimize a CWB metric instead of engagement or platform profit, which currently largely drives recommender systems thereby disregarding any societal collateral effect. CWB-RS will optimize CWB both in the short term by balancing the level of social media threats the users are exposed to, and in the long term by adopting an Intelligent Tutor System role and enabling adaptive and personalized sequencing of playful learning activities. We put an emphasis on experts and educators in the educationally managed social media community of the Companion. They play five key roles: (a) use the Companion in classroom-based educational activities; (b) guide the definition of the CWB; (c) provide a hierarchical structure of learning strategies, objectives and activities that will support and contain the adaptive sequencing algorithms of the CWB-RS based on hierarchical reinforcement learning; (d) act as moderators of direct conflicts between the members of the community; and, finally, (e) monitor and address ethical and educational issues that are beyond the intelligent agent's competence and control. This framework offers a possible approach to understanding how to design social media systems and embedded educational interventions that favor a more healthy and positive society. Preliminary results on the performance of the Companion's components and studies of the educational and psychological underlying principles are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Ognibene
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy,Faculty of Science and Health, School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering, University of Essex, Colchester, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Dimitri Ognibene ✉
| | - Rodrigo Wilkens
- Cental, Institut Langage et Communication (IL&C), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Davide Taibi
- Institute for Education Technology, National Research Council of Italy, Palermo, Italy,Davide Taibi ✉
| | - Davinia Hernández-Leo
- Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Udo Kruschwitz
- Faculty of Information Science, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gregor Donabauer
- Faculty of Information Science, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Emily Theophilou
- Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Sathya Bursic
- Department of Psychology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Rene Alejandro Lobo
- Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J. Roberto Sánchez-Reina
- Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lidia Scifo
- Institute for Education Technology, National Research Council of Italy, Palermo, Italy
| | - Veronica Schwarze
- Institute of Computer Science, Ruhr West University of Applied Science, Bottrop, Germany
| | - Johanna Börsting
- Institute of Computer Science, Ruhr West University of Applied Science, Bottrop, Germany
| | - Ulrich Hoppe
- Rhein-Ruhr Institut für Angewandte Systeminnovation, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Farbod Aprin
- Rhein-Ruhr Institut für Angewandte Systeminnovation, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Nils Malzahn
- Rhein-Ruhr Institut für Angewandte Systeminnovation, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Sabrina Eimler
- Institute of Computer Science, Ruhr West University of Applied Science, Bottrop, Germany
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5
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Parmar JS, Kumbhakar S. Prevalence of internet addiction and its impact on selected psychological parameters among UG nursing students. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2022; 11:407. [PMID: 36824073 PMCID: PMC9942125 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_610_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, the use of the internet is one of the most important tools, which may lead to negative or positive impact on college or school students. The excessive use of electronic media may lead to change in the mood, an inability to resist internet usage, a diminishing social life, withdrawal symptoms while unengaged, affecting self-esteem, and adverse work or academic consequences. The main objective of this study is to explore Internet use and its impact on selected psychological parameters such as depression and insomnia among undergraduate (UG) nursing students. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 385 college students selected by purposive sampling technique were included in the study. Young's Internet Addiction Test (YIAT20) for Internet addiction (IA) assessment, and Beck's depression inventory Scale to assess level of depression, and insomnia severity index (ISI) scale to measure insomnia were used. RESULTS Among 385 participants, 175 and 210 were male and female, respectively. Demographic variables such as pursuing course, study year, use of Internet/day; and the purpose of Internet use such as social networking, games, entertainment, pornography, and news were significantly associated with IA. Depression and insomnia were found to be correlated with IA. CONCLUSION Internet usage more than the normal limit has a profound effect on college or school students, in particular, depression and insomnia. At times, it ends up in problems in their social and family relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra S. Parmar
- Faculty of Nursing, UP University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Samundy Kumbhakar
- Faculty of Nursing, UP University of Medical Sciences, Saifai, Uttar Pradesh, India
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6
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AlMarzooqi MA, Alhaj OA, Alrasheed MM, Helmy M, Trabelsi K, Ebrahim A, Hattab S, Jahrami HA, Ben Saad H. Symptoms of Nomophobia, Psychological Aspects, Insomnia and Physical Activity: A Cross-Sectional Study of ESports Players in Saudi Arabia. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10020257. [PMID: 35206871 PMCID: PMC8872081 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10020257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: ESports is a new trend of sports, which has gained considerable popularity worldwide. There is a scarcity of evidence that focuses on the lifestyle of ESports players (eSP) particularly on symptoms of nomophobia, level of anxiety, sleep quality, food consumption and physical activity. (2) Objective: to determine the prevalence and relationship between symptoms of nomophobia, psychological aspects, insomnia and physical activity of eSP in Saudi Arabia. (3) Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between March and April 2021 using a convenient self-selection adult sample. A total of 893 (216 eSP vs. 677 non-eSP (NeSP)) participants aged over 18 years were included. All participants answered a seven-part validated questionnaire that included: (i) sociodemographic questions; (ii) a symptoms of nomophobia questionnaire; (iii) general anxiety disorder questions, (iv) an insomnia severity index, (v) an Internet addiction scale, (vi) the Yale food addiction scale 2.0 short form and (vii) an international physical activity questionnaire. (4) Results: Among the entire population, the prevalence of moderate to severe nomophobia, anxiety, insomnia, Internet addiction and low physical activity were 29.8%, 13.9%, 63.3%, 27% and 2.8%, respectively. The eSP and NeSP differed significantly in nomophobia scale, anxiety and insomnia values. Compared to NeSP, eSP had a higher level of severe nomophobia p = 0.003, a severe level of anxiety p = 0.025 and symptoms of insomnia p = 0.018. Except for food addiction and physical activity, a positive correlation was identified between symptoms of nomophobia, anxiety and insomnia among eSP. (5) Conclusion: This study reported high prevalence of nomophobia, anxiety and insomnia among eSP compared to NeSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mezna A. AlMarzooqi
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Omar A. Alhaj
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman 961343, Jordan;
| | - Maha M. Alrasheed
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mai Helmy
- Psychology Department, College of Education, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman;
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Arts, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom 32511, Egypt
| | - Khaled Trabelsi
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia;
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, EM2S, LR19JS01, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Ebrahim
- Ministry of Health, Manama 410, Bahrain; (A.E.); (H.A.J.)
| | - Suhaib Hattab
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology & Toxicology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, AnNajah National University, Nablus 4000, Palestine;
| | - Haitham A. Jahrami
- Ministry of Health, Manama 410, Bahrain; (A.E.); (H.A.J.)
- College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 329, Bahrain
| | - Helmi Ben Saad
- Heart Failure (LR12SP09) Research Laboratory, Farhat HACHED Hospital, Sousse 4000, Tunisia;
- Laboratory of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, University of Sousse, Sousse 4000, Tunisia
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7
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TERROSO LB, PANTE M, KRIMBERG2 JS, ALMEIDA RMMD. Prevalence of internet addiction and its association to impulsivity, aggression, depression, and anxiety in young adult university students. ESTUDOS DE PSICOLOGIA (CAMPINAS) 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-0275202239e200024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract The increasing availability of the Internet, although with many positive effects for most, has triggered addictive effects for part of the population. They experience social isolation due to Internet overuse and, when deprived of it, they feel anxiety, fissure, and psychomotor agitation. This study investigated associations among Internet addiction, demographic and cognitive variables, such as impulsivity, aggression, and depressive and/or anxiety symptoms. In this study, 1,485 young adults (67.9% women) were assessed using four psychological instruments. It was found that 19.1% of the participants presented a moderate or severe internet addiction, with men having a higher prevalence (45.0%). The risk population also included individuals who use the Internet for gaming and residents of the Northeastern region of Brazil. Moreover, a higher index of motor or attentional impulsivity, or more depressive symptoms, seems to increase the prevalence of Internet Addiction, requiring greater attention in preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marina PANTE
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
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Abhilasha P, Haryal A, Malhotra M, Reddy M, Moorthy T, Singla M. A study of impulsivity, compulsivity, and dysfunctional belief among medical undergraduate students with problematic internet use. JOURNAL OF MENTAL HEALTH AND HUMAN BEHAVIOUR 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/jmhhb.jmhhb_201_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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9
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Cai H, Bai W, Yue Y, Zhang L, Mi WF, Li YC, Liu HZ, Du X, Zeng ZT, Lu CM, Zhang L, Feng KX, Ding YH, Yang JJ, Jackson T, Cheung T, An FR, Xiang YT. Mapping network connectivity between internet addiction and residual depressive symptoms in patients with depression. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:997593. [PMID: 36353572 PMCID: PMC9638086 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.997593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Depression often triggers addictive behaviors such as Internet addiction. In this network analysis study, we assessed the association between Internet addiction and residual depressive symptoms in patients suffering from clinically stable recurrent depressive disorder (depression hereafter). MATERIALS AND METHODS In total, 1,267 depressed patients were included. Internet addiction and residual depressive symptoms were measured using the Internet Addiction Test (IAT) and the two-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-2), respectively. Central symptoms and bridge symptoms were identified via centrality indices. Network stability was examined using the case-dropping procedure. RESULTS The prevalence of IA within this sample was 27.2% (95% CI: 24.7-29.6%) based on the IAT cutoff of 50. IAT15 ("Preoccupation with the Internet"), IAT13 ("Snap or act annoyed if bothered without being online") and IAT2 ("Neglect chores to spend more time online") were the most central nodes in the network model. Additionally, bridge symptoms included the node PHQ1 ("Anhedonia"), followed by PHQ2 ("Sad mood") and IAT3 ("Prefer the excitement online to the time with others"). There was no gender difference in the network structure. CONCLUSION Both key central and bridge symptoms found in the network analysis could be potentially targeted in prevention and treatment for depressed patients with comorbid Internet addiction and residual depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Cai
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, Macao SAR, China.,Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, Macao SAR, China
| | - Wei Bai
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, Macao SAR, China.,Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, Macao SAR, China
| | - Yan Yue
- Guangji Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Nanning Fifth People's Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Wen-Fang Mi
- Department of Psychiatry, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yu-Chen Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Xiamen Xianyue Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian Province, China
| | - Huan-Zhong Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China.,School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Xiangdong Du
- Guangji Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhen-Tao Zeng
- Nanning Fifth People's Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Chang-Mou Lu
- Nanning Fifth People's Hospital, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Ke-Xin Feng
- School of Public Health, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China
| | - Yan-Hong Ding
- Department of Psychiatry, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Juan-Juan Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaohu Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China.,School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Todd Jackson
- Department of Psychology, University of Macau, Macao, Macao SAR, China
| | - Teris Cheung
- School of Nursing, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Feng-Rong An
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital and the Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Tao Xiang
- Unit of Psychiatry, Department of Public Health and Medicinal Administration, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, Macao SAR, China.,Centre for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, Macao SAR, China.,Institute of Advanced Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, Macao SAR, China
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10
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Harren N, Walburg V, Chabrol H. Validation study of the Core Beliefs about Behavioral Addictions and Internet Addiction Questionnaire (CBBAIAQ). COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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11
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Lin L, Wang X, Li Q, Xia B, Chen P, Wang W. The Influence of Interpersonal Sensitivity on Smartphone Addiction: A Moderated Mediation Model. Front Psychol 2021; 12:670223. [PMID: 34366988 PMCID: PMC8339309 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.670223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Smartphone addiction is a behavioral dependence characterized by excessive or compulsive Internet use and a preoccupation with and loss of control over this use that interferes with an individual’s daily functioning and results in negative mental processes and subsequent social consequences. Smartphone addiction can negatively impact physical and mental health as well as academic performance, sleep quality, and even interpersonal interaction and relationships. Based on the compensatory Internet use theory, this study explores the relationship between interpersonal sensitivity and smartphone addiction in college students and constructed a moderated mediation model. A sample of 881 college students was tested using the Interpersonal Sensitivity Scale, Smart Phone Addiction Scale, Fear of Missing Out Scale, and Relational Self-Construal Scale. We used AMOS 26.0 to conduct a confirmatory factor analysis and employed SPSS 24.0 to test our hypotheses. The results indicated that (1) interpersonal sensitivity was positively related to the fear of missing out and smartphone addiction; (2) the fear of missing out mediated the relationship between interpersonal sensitivity and mobile phone addiction; (3) relational self-construal moderated interpersonal sensitivity and the fear of missing out; and (4) relational self-construal moderated the mediating effect of the fear of missing out on the relationship between interpersonal sensitivity and smartphone addiction. We concluded that the fear of missing out and relational self-construal play a moderated mediation effect on the relationship between smartphone addiction and interpersonal sensitivity. Our findings provided some theoretical implications. Specifically, in addition to proposing a new approach for the study of smartphone addiction, we also introduced a theoretical basis for psychotherapy and intervention of smartphone addiction. In addition, this study also provides some insightful ideas for educational practitioners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Lin
- School of Business Administration, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- School of Business Administration, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qing Li
- School of Business Administration, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bingnan Xia
- School of Marxism, Zhejiang University of Media and Communications, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peihong Chen
- School of Marxism, Zhejiang University of Media and Communications, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Zhongxing Hospital, Hangzhou, China
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12
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Problematic internet use: The effect of comorbid psychopathology on treatment outcomes. Psychiatry Res 2021; 298:113789. [PMID: 33639406 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Problematic Internet use (PIU) behaviours involve one's maladaptive Internet use and have been often described as secondary manifestations of pre-existing psychopathology. Furthermore, different profiles of PIU sufferers have been proposed. However, little is known of the impact these may be having on treatment responses. Thus, this study aims to investigate the psychopathological profiles of those who seek treatment for PIU within a specialised public outpatient unit and whether these influence treatment outcomes. This research utilised 203 treatment seekers of the Specialized Department of Problematic Internet Use (SD-PIU) of the Psychiatric Hospital of Attica, in Greece (mean age = 26.02; SD = 7.9). To assess psychopathology, the Symptom Checklist-90 Revised (SCL-90-R) was used. Treatment responses were reported either as completed, continued, or drop out. A Latent Class/Profiling-Analysis (LCA) was performed, guided by variations across the SCL-90-R psychopathologies. It indicated two naturally occurring profiles of comorbid psychological symptoms; 66% were classified as the "High Comorbidity" (HC) and 34% as the "Low Comorbidity" (LC) profile. Regarding treatment outcomes, LC patients presented with significantly lower dropout rates and higher levels of completion. The present study poses imperative clinical implications regarding the necessity of specialized treatment planning based on the different PIU treatment seekers psychopathological comorbidities.
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Ostovar S, Bagheri R, Griffiths MD, Mohd Hashima IH. Internet addiction and maladaptive schemas: The potential role of disconnection/rejection and impaired autonomy/performance. Clin Psychol Psychother 2021; 28:1509-1524. [PMID: 33687117 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Problematic internet use (PIU) has become public health concern, particularly among adolescents and emerging adults. There is growing interest concerning the potential impacts of early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) on PIU and its most severe manifestation internet addiction (IA). However, a deeper understanding of these relationships is needed regarding of effects of schemas on IA. The purpose of the present study was to explore the role of EMSs among adults. METHODS The sample comprised 714 Iranian participants who completed a self-report survey comprising sociodemographic variables, the Internet Addiction Test (IAT), and the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF). The data were analysed using partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). RESULTS Findings indicated that there was a positive and significant relationship between EMS domains and IA. The results confirmed that disconnection/rejection schema domains and impaired autonomy/performance schema domains were significantly related with IA. The results of the analysis of convergent validity and discriminant validity were acceptable among the nine reflective constructs. CONCLUSION Findings of the present study indicated that existence of underlying EMSs may be a vulnerability factor for developing IA and adds to the growing body of cyberpsychology literature that has examined the relationships between the EMSs and IA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahla Ostovar
- School of Social Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Reyhaneh Bagheri
- Centre for Research on Women and Gender (KANITA), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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14
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Kınık Ö, Odacı H. Effects of dysfunctional attitudes and depression on academic procrastination: does self-esteem have a mediating role? BRITISH JOURNAL OF GUIDANCE & COUNSELLING 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/03069885.2020.1780564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hatice Odacı
- Fatih Faculty of Education, Department of Guidance and Psychological Counseling, Department of Educational Sciences, Trabzon University, Trabzon, Turkey
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15
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Abstract
AbstractThe dearth of evidence related to cultural and gender variations of established associations between Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) and other psychopathologies has been highlighted. Accordingly, the present study examined the association between depression and disordered gaming behaviors, while considering cultural perspectives of vertical individualism (independence and hierarchy) and gender as potentially variating factors. To achieve this, an ethnically diverse online sample of internet gamers from multicultural societies (N = 1032; Australia = 738; 71.5%; USA = 222; 21.5%; other multicultural countries = 72; 13.3%; Mage = 24 years; males = 503 [48.7%], females = 529 [51.3%]) completed the Internet Gaming Disorder Scale–Short-Form (IGDS9-SF); the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) and the Individualism and Collectivism Scale (ICS). Regression, moderation and moderated moderation analyses were conducted. Results demonstrated that gamers presenting concurrently with symptoms of depression and vertically individualistic inclinations reported higher levels of disordered gaming behaviors, with no significant gender differences. The findings obtained imply that practitioners globally, and especially in multicultural societies (e.g., Australia, USA), should consider cultural differences when developing prevention and intervention strategies for disordered gaming.
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Psychopathological Symptoms and Loneliness in Adult Internet Users: A Contemporary Public Health Concern. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17030856. [PMID: 32019084 PMCID: PMC7037768 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17030856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
There are different concepts that translate abusive Internet use. Almost all these concepts converge on excessive time spent online, which can trigger the emergence of problematic situations. Most of the studies reported in the literature, both nationally and internationally, focused on a young population and found negative consequences of this Internet misuse. The objective of this study consists of associating the time spent using the Internet-in years, times per week, and hours per day-with psychopathological symptoms, as well as assessing the perception of loneliness, in an adult Portuguese population. A quantitative approach, based on a survey application, was conducted in a convenience sample composed by 418 participants (64.4% female), with a mean age of 29.9 years old (SD = 9.26), ranging from 18 to 73 years. The results suggest that maladaptive patterns of Internet use found in young people seem to be replicated in the adult population. A relationship between time spent on the Internet and psychopathological symptoms, and an association between loneliness and the number of hours spent on the Internet, were also identified. In an individualized and disconnected offline world, Internet impact in individuals' well-being results must be highlighted, since it should be understood as a public health issue. The novelty of this study lies in the target population: Portuguese Internet users over 18 years of age, for which there is no specific study on the subject, thus emphasizing the transverse nature of the problem.
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Koronczai B, Kökönyei G, Griffiths MD, Demetrovics Z. The Relationship Between Personality Traits, Psychopathological Symptoms, and Problematic Internet Use: A Complex Mediation Model. J Med Internet Res 2019; 21:e11837. [PMID: 31025955 PMCID: PMC6658222 DOI: 10.2196/11837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are many empirical studies that demonstrate the associations between problematic internet use, psychopathological symptoms, and personality traits. However, complex models are scarce. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to build and test a mediation model based on problematic internet use, psychopathological symptoms, and personality traits. METHODS Data were collected from a medical addiction center (43 internet addicts) and internet cafés (222 customers) in Beijing (mean age 22.45, SD 4.96 years; 239/265, 90.2% males). Path analysis was applied to test the mediation models using structural equation modeling. RESULTS Based on the preliminary analyses (correlations and linear regression), two different models were built. In the first model, low conscientiousness and depression had a direct significant influence on problematic internet use. The indirect effect of conscientiousness-via depression-was nonsignificant. Emotional stability only affected problematic internet use indirectly, via depressive symptoms. In the second model, low conscientiousness also had a direct influence on problematic internet use, whereas the indirect path via the Global Severity Index was again nonsignificant. Emotional stability impacted problematic internet use indirectly via the Global Severity Index, whereas it had no direct effect on it, as in the first model. CONCLUSIONS Personality traits (ie, conscientiousness as a protective factor and neuroticism as a risk factor) play a significant role in problematic internet use, both directly and indirectly (via distress level).
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrix Koronczai
- Department of Developmental and Clinical Child Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gyöngyi Kökönyei
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Addiction, Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,SE-NAP2 Genetic Brain Imaging Migraine Research Group, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- Psychology Division, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Addiction, Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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18
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Brand M, Antons S, Wegmann E, Potenza MN. Theoretical Assumptions on Pornography Problems Due to Moral Incongruence and Mechanisms of Addictive or Compulsive Use of Pornography: Are the Two "Conditions" as Theoretically Distinct as Suggested? ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2019; 48:417-423. [PMID: 30120612 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-018-1293-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Brand
- General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University of Duisburg-Essen, Forsthausweg 2, 47057, Duisburg, Germany.
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen, Germany.
| | - Stephanie Antons
- General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University of Duisburg-Essen, Forsthausweg 2, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Elisa Wegmann
- General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University of Duisburg-Essen, Forsthausweg 2, 47057, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Child Study Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Connecticut Council on Problem Gambling, Wethersfield, CT, USA
- Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, CT, USA
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Kholmogorova A, Gerasimova A. Psychological Factors of Problematic Internet Use in Adolescent and Young Girls. КОНСУЛЬТАТИВНАЯ ПСИХОЛОГИЯ И ПСИХОТЕРАПИЯ 2019. [DOI: 10.17759/cpp.2019270309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The article introduces a study of the problematic Internet use (PIU) interrelationship with psychological well-being, psychopathological symptoms, and various personality traits. The study involved 432 females aged 14 to 23 years old (M = 17.2, SD = 2) and evaluated with Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale (GPIUS3), Ten Item Personality Measure (TIPI), Perfectionism Inventory, Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale (HSNS), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Well-Being Index (WHO-5), and Symptom Check List-90-Revised (SCL-90-R). The results indicate that PIU is associated with various psychopathological symptoms and a decrease in psychological well-being. According to multiple linear regression analysis, hypersensitive narcissism, perfectionism, and phobic anxiety are found to be significant predictors of PIU. Protective factors are Conscientiousness of the Big Five and the level of psychological well-being. The paper suggests risk and protective factors that must be considered when preventing the Problematic Internet Use in adolescent and young girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.B. Kholmogorova
- Moscow Research Institute of Psychiatry — Branch of The Serbsky Federal Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Narcology
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20
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Laconi S, Kaliszewska-Czeremska K, Gnisci A, Sergi I, Barke A, Jeromin F, Groth J, Gamez-Guadix M, Ozcan NK, Demetrovics Z, Király O, Siomos K, Floros G, Kuss DJ. Cross-cultural study of Problematic Internet Use in nine European countries. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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21
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Kircaburun K, Demetrovics Z, Király O, Griffiths MD. Childhood Emotional Trauma and Cyberbullying Perpetration Among Emerging Adults: A Multiple Mediation Model of the Role of Problematic Social Media Use and Psychopathology. Int J Ment Health Addict 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-018-9941-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
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22
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Musetti A, Corsano P. The Internet Is Not a Tool: Reappraising the Model for Internet-Addiction Disorder Based on the Constraints and Opportunities of the Digital Environment. Front Psychol 2018; 9:558. [PMID: 29720954 PMCID: PMC5915628 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Musetti
- Department of Humanities, Social Sciences and Cultural Industries, Università Degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Paola Corsano
- Department of Humanities, Social Sciences and Cultural Industries, Università Degli Studi di Parma, Parma, Italy
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Abstract
With Internet connectivity and technological advancement increasing dramatically in recent years, “Internet addiction” (IA) is emerging as a global concern. However, the use of the term ‘addiction’ has been considered controversial, with debate surfacing as to whether IA merits classification as a psychiatric disorder as its own entity, or whether IA occurs in relation to specific online activities through manifestation of other underlying disorders. Additionally, the changing landscape of Internet mobility and the contextual variations Internet access can hold has further implications towards its conceptualisation and measurement. Without official recognition and agreement on the concept of IA, this can lead to difficulties in efficacy of diagnosis and treatment. This paper therefore provides a critical commentary on the numerous issues of the concept of “Internet addiction”, with implications for the efficacy of its measurement and diagnosticity.
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Khazaei F, Khazaei O, Ghanbari-H. B. Positive psychology interventions for internet addiction treatment. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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25
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Brand M, Young KS, Laier C, Wölfling K, Potenza MN. Integrating psychological and neurobiological considerations regarding the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders: An Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 71:252-266. [PMID: 27590829 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 775] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Within the last two decades, many studies have addressed the clinical phenomenon of Internet-use disorders, with a particular focus on Internet-gaming disorder. Based on previous theoretical considerations and empirical findings, we suggest an Interaction of Person-Affect-Cognition-Execution (I-PACE) model of specific Internet-use disorders. The I-PACE model is a theoretical framework for the processes underlying the development and maintenance of an addictive use of certain Internet applications or sites promoting gaming, gambling, pornography viewing, shopping, or communication. The model is composed as a process model. Specific Internet-use disorders are considered to be the consequence of interactions between predisposing factors, such as neurobiological and psychological constitutions, moderators, such as coping styles and Internet-related cognitive biases, and mediators, such as affective and cognitive responses to situational triggers in combination with reduced executive functioning. Conditioning processes may strengthen these associations within an addiction process. Although the hypotheses regarding the mechanisms underlying the development and maintenance of specific Internet-use disorders, summarized in the I-PACE model, must be further tested empirically, implications for treatment interventions are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Brand
- General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany; Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Essen, Germany.
| | - Kimberly S Young
- Center for Internet Addiction, Russell J. Jandoli School of Journalism and Mass Communication, St. Bonaventure University, Olean, USA
| | - Christian Laier
- General Psychology: Cognition and Center for Behavioral Addiction Research (CeBAR), University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany
| | - Klaus Wölfling
- Outpatient Clinic for Behavioral Addiction, Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
| | - Marc N Potenza
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience and Child Study, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA; National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, USA; Connecticut Mental Health Center, New Haven, USA
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