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Ding X, Wang M, Chang R, Su M, Wang J, Li X. Longer fatty acid-protected GalNAz enables efficient labeling of proteins in living cells with minimized S-glyco modification. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:4574-4579. [PMID: 38775030 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00486h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic glycoengineering provides a powerful tool to label proteins with chemical tags for cell imaging and protein enrichment. The structures of per-O-acetylation on unnatural sugars facilitate membrane permeability and increase cellular uptake and are widely used for metabolic glycan labeling. However, unexpected S-glyco modification was discovered via a non-enzymatic reaction with protein cysteines, which was initially conducted with the hydrolysis of anomeric acetate by esterase. Herein, we synthesized a series of GalNAz derivatives that were protected with various lengths of short-chain fatty acid, including acetate, propionate, butyrate, valerate and pivalate, to detect differences in labeling efficiencies and occurrence of S-glyco modification. Our results demonstrate that all the GalNAz derivatives could effectively label proteins in HeLa cells, except the pivalate group. Of note, But4GalNAz exhibited excellent labeling abilities compared with Ac4GalNAz from the results for western blot, flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Moreover, the results for the S-glyco-modification assay by western blot and chemoproteomic analysis indicated that But4GalNAz generated negligible unexpected labeling signals compared to Ac4GalNAz. Our study uncovers the distinct labeling efficiency of different protected groups on unnatural sugars, which provides an alternative strategy to explore novel glycan probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ding
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China.
| | - Menghe Wang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China.
| | - Renhao Chang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China.
| | - Miaomiao Su
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China.
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China.
| | - Xia Li
- Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University, Henan University, Kaifeng 475000, China.
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2
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Hsieh SL, Li JH, Dong CD, Chen CW, Wu CC. Carnosine suppresses human colorectal cancer cell proliferation by inducing necroptosis and autophagy and reducing angiogenesis. Oncol Lett 2022; 23:44. [PMID: 34976156 PMCID: PMC8674876 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.13162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) is found in beef and fish. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of carnosine on the cell proliferation of human colorectal cancer cells. After human colorectal cancer HCT-116 cells were treated carnosine for 72 or 96 h, the cell proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, angiogenesis and the expression of related regulatory molecules were detected using MTT assays, fluorescence image analysis and RT-qPCR in this study. Treatment of HCT-116 cells with 5, 10 or 15 mM carnosine for 72 or 96 h significantly decreased cell viability (P<0.05). The mRNA expression of β-catenin and transcription factor 4 (Tcf-4) was significantly reduced by 15–23% and 11–80%, respectively (P<0.05). When HCT-116 cells were treated with 15 mM carnosine, the mRNA levels of 1A/1B-light chain 3 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase were significantly increased by 235% and 249%, respectively (P<0.05). The mRNA level of Beclin-1 and autophagy levels were significantly increased by 137–141% in HCT-116 cells treated with 5, 10 or 15 mM carnosine (P<0.05). Carnosine (15 mM) also increased reactive oxygen species levels and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein mRNA expression and depleted ATP levels (P<0.05). The angiogenesis-regulating molecules vascular endothelial growth factor, epidermal growth factor receptor and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α were all significantly decreased by 10 or 15 mM carnosine treatment. These results showed that carnosine could suppress human colorectal cell proliferation by reducing β-catenin/Tcf-4 signaling, inducing autophagy and necroptosis and inhibiting angiogenesis. It was demonstrated that carnosine is a potential compound from dietary food for the future clinical treatment and/or prevention of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ling Hsieh
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jia-Huei Li
- Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Cheng-Di Dong
- Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chiu-Wen Chen
- Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chih-Chung Wu
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Providence University, Taichung 43301, Taiwan, R.O.C
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3
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Novel Pharmacotherapies in Parkinson's Disease. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:1381-1390. [PMID: 34003454 PMCID: PMC8129607 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00375-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD), an age-related progressive neurodegenerative condition, is associated with loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), which results in motor deficits characterized by the following: akinesia, rigidity, resting tremor, and postural instability, as well as nonmotor symptoms such as emotional changes, particularly depression, cognitive impairment, gastrointestinal, and autonomic dysfunction. The most common treatment for PD is focused on dopamine (DA) replacement (e.g., levodopa = L-Dopa), which unfortunately losses its efficacy over months or years and can induce severe dyskinesia. Hence, more efficacious interventions without such adverse effects are urgently needed. In this review, following a general description of PD, potential novel therapeutic interventions for this devastating disease are examined. Specifically, the focus is on nicotine and nicotinic cholinergic system, as well as butyrate, a short chain fatty acid (SCFA), and fatty acid receptors.
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4
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Kalita M, Villanueva-Meyer J, Ohkawa Y, Kalyanaraman C, Chen K, Mohamed E, Parker MFL, Jacobson MP, Phillips JJ, Evans MJ, Wilson DM. Synthesis and Screening of α-Xylosides in Human Glioblastoma Cells. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:451-460. [PMID: 33315406 PMCID: PMC8483608 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) such as heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate decorate all mammalian cell surfaces. These mucopolysaccharides act as coreceptors for extracellular ligands, regulating cell signaling, growth, proliferation, and adhesion. In glioblastoma, the most common type of primary malignant brain tumor, dysregulated GAG biosynthesis results in altered chain length, sulfation patterns, and the ratio of contributing monosaccharides. These events contribute to the loss of normal cellular function, initiating and sustaining malignant growth. Disruption of the aberrant cell surface GAGs with small molecule inhibitors of GAG biosynthetic enzymes is a potential therapeutic approach to blocking the rogue signaling and proliferation in glioma, including glioblastoma. Previously, 4-azido-xylose-α-UDP sugar inhibited both xylosyltransferase (XYLT-1) and β-1,4-galactosyltransferase-7 (β-GALT-7)-the first and second enzymes of GAG biosynthesis-when microinjected into a cell. In another study, 4-deoxy-4-fluoro-β-xylosides inhibited β-GALT-7 at 1 mM concentration in vitro. In this work, we seek to solve the enduring problem of drug delivery to human glioma cells at low concentrations. We developed a library of hydrophobic, presumed prodrugs 4-deoxy-4-fluoro-2,3-dibenzoyl-(α- or β-) xylosides and their corresponding hydrophilic inhibitors of XYLT-1 and β-GALT-7 enzymes. The prodrugs were designed to be activatable by carboxylesterase enzymes overexpressed in glioblastoma. Using a colorimetric MTT assay in human glioblastoma cell lines, we identified a prodrug-drug pair (4-nitrophenyl-α-xylosides) as lead drug candidates. The candidates arrest U251 cell growth at an IC50 = 380 nM (prodrug), 122 μM (drug), and U87 cells at IC50 = 10.57 μM (prodrug). Molecular docking studies were consistent with preferred binding of the α- versus β-nitro xyloside conformer to XYLT-1 and β-GALT-7 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mausam Kalita
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Javier Villanueva-Meyer
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Yuki Ohkawa
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Chakrapani Kalyanaraman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Katharine Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Esraa Mohamed
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Matthew F L Parker
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Matthew P Jacobson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Joanna J Phillips
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Tumor Center University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Michael J Evans
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - David M Wilson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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5
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Paulovičová E, Paulovičová L, Poláková M, Pánik M, Jantová S. In vitro evaluation of immunobiological activity of simple mannolipids. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 70:105014. [PMID: 33049314 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.105014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Immunomodulation, cytotoxicity and anti-cancer activity of selected amphiphilic non-ionic (thio)alkyl α-D-mannosides (with aglycone of C6-C12) were investigated in vitro in human cervix epitheloid carcinoma cell line HeLa, murine melanoma cancer cells B16, murine lymphocytic leukemia cell line L1210, murine fibroblast cell line NIH 3 T3 and murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. Toxicological studies revealed structure-dependent immunobiological effectivity based on a tight interaction with relevant cells. The results demonstrated diverse immunomodulation of macrophage cell-line RAW264.7 proliferation and production of Th1 and Th2 cytokines, and induction of pro-inflammatory interleukins IL-1α, TNFα, IL-6, IL-12 and IL-17 and anti-inflammatory IL-10 following (thio)alkyl α-D-mannosides 24 and 48 h exposure. Direct application of alkyl mannosides MOC10 and MOC12 and their thio analogues MSC10 and MSC12 in reconstructed human EpiDerm™ and MOC12 and MSC12 in EpiOcular™ model assays for dermal and ocular irritation together with quantification of human proinflammatory cytokines IL-1α, TNFα, IL-6 and IL-8 culture media release was used to ascertain toxicological safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ema Paulovičová
- Institute of Chemistry, Center for Glycomics, Dept. Immunochemistry of Glycoconjugates, Immunol and Cell Culture Laboratory, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Lucia Paulovičová
- Institute of Chemistry, Center for Glycomics, Dept. Immunochemistry of Glycoconjugates, Immunol and Cell Culture Laboratory, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Monika Poláková
- Institute of Chemistry, Center for Glycomics, Dept.Glycochemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Miroslav Pánik
- Institute of Management, of the Slovak University of Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Soňa Jantová
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
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N-acetyl-d-glucosamine-conjugated PAMAM dendrimers as dual receptor-targeting nanocarriers for anticancer drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 154:377-386. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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7
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Getachew B, Csoka AB, Bhatti A, Copeland RL, Tizabi Y. Butyrate Protects Against Salsolinol-Induced Toxicity in SH-SY5Y Cells: Implication for Parkinson's Disease. Neurotox Res 2020; 38:596-602. [PMID: 32572814 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00238-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is associated with the destruction of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) and the formation of Lewy bodies in basal ganglia. Risk factors for PD include aging, as well as environmental and genetic factors. Recent converging reports suggest a role for the gut microbiome and epigenetic factors in the onset and/or progression of PD. Of particular relevance and potential therapeutic targets in this regard are histone deacetylases (HDACs), enzymes that are involved in chromatin remodeling. Butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid (FA) produced in the gut and presumably acting via several G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) including FA3 receptors (FA3Rs), is a well-known HDAC inhibitor that plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis of the gut-brain axis. Recently, its significance in regulation of some critical brain functions and usefulness in neurodegenerative diseases such as PD has been suggested. In this study we sought to determine whether butyrate may have protective effects against salsolionl (SALS)-induced toxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. SALS, an endogenous product of aldehyde and dopamine condensation, may be selectively toxic to dopaminergic neurons. SH-SY5Y cells, derived from human neuroblastoma cells, are used as a model of these neurons. Exposure of SH-SY5Y cells for 24 h to 400 μM SALS resulted in approximately 60% cell death, which was concentration-dependently prevented by butyrate. The effects of butyrate in turn were significantly attenuated by beta-hydroxy butyrate (BHB), a selective FA3R antagonist. Moreover, a selective FA3R agonist (AR 420626) also provided protective effects against SALS, which was totally blocked by BHB. These findings provide further support that butyrate or an agonist of FA3R may be of therapeutic potential in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruk Getachew
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Antonei B Csoka
- Department of Anatomy, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Amna Bhatti
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Robert L Copeland
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yousef Tizabi
- Department of Pharmacology, Howard University College of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA.
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8
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Saeui CT, Cho KC, Dharmarha V, Nairn AV, Galizzi M, Shah SR, Gowda P, Park M, Austin M, Clarke A, Cai E, Buettner MJ, Ariss R, Moremen KW, Zhang H, Yarema KJ. Cell Line-, Protein-, and Sialoglycosite-Specific Control of Flux-Based Sialylation in Human Breast Cells: Implications for Cancer Progression. Front Chem 2020; 8:13. [PMID: 32117864 PMCID: PMC7013041 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialylation, a post-translational modification that impacts the structure, activity, and longevity of glycoproteins has been thought to be controlled primarily by the expression of sialyltransferases (STs). In this report we explore the complementary impact of metabolic flux on sialylation using a glycoengineering approach. Specifically, we treated three human breast cell lines (MCF10A, T-47D, and MDA-MB-231) with 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a "high flux" metabolic precursor for the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway. We then analyzed N-glycan sialylation using solid phase extraction of glycopeptides (SPEG) mass spectrometry-based proteomics under conditions that selectively captured sialic acid-containing glycopeptides, referred to as "sialoglycosites." Gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that flux-based changes to sialylation were broadly distributed across classes of proteins in 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells. Only three categories of proteins, however, were "highly responsive" to flux (defined as two or more sialylation changes of 10-fold or greater). Two of these categories were cell signaling and cell adhesion, which reflect well-known roles of sialic acid in oncogenesis. A third category-protein folding chaperones-was unexpected because little precedent exists for the role of glycosylation in the activity of these proteins. The highly flux-responsive proteins were all linked to cancer but sometimes as tumor suppressors, other times as proto-oncogenes, or sometimes both depending on sialylation status. A notable aspect of our analysis of metabolically glycoengineered breast cells was decreased sialylation of a subset of glycosites, which was unexpected because of the increased intracellular levels of sialometabolite "building blocks" in the 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc-treated cells. Sites of decreased sialylation were minor in the MCF10A (<25% of all glycosites) and T-47D (<15%) cells but dominated in the MDA-MB-231 line (~60%) suggesting that excess sialic acid could be detrimental in advanced cancer and cancer cells can evolve mechanisms to guard against hypersialylation. In summary, flux-driven changes to sialylation offer an intriguing and novel mechanism to switch between context-dependent pro- or anti-cancer activities of the several oncoproteins identified in this study. These findings illustrate how metabolic glycoengineering can uncover novel roles of sialic acid in oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Saeui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kyung-Cho Cho
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Vrinda Dharmarha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Alison V Nairn
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Melina Galizzi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Sagar R Shah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Prateek Gowda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Marian Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Melissa Austin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Amelia Clarke
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Edward Cai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Matthew J Buettner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ryan Ariss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kelley W Moremen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kevin J Yarema
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States.,Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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9
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Agatemor C, Buettner MJ, Ariss R, Muthiah K, Saeui CT, Yarema KJ. Exploiting metabolic glycoengineering to advance healthcare. Nat Rev Chem 2019; 3:605-620. [PMID: 31777760 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-019-0126-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic glycoengineering (MGE) is a technique for manipulating cellular metabolism to modulate glycosylation. MGE is used to increase the levels of natural glycans and, more importantly, to install non-natural monosaccharides into glycoconjugates. In this Review, we summarize the chemistry underlying MGE that has been developed over the past three decades and highlight several recent advances that have set the stage for clinical translation. In anticipation of near-term application to human healthcare, we describe emerging efforts to deploy MGE in diverse applications, ranging from the glycoengineering of biotherapeutic proteins and the diagnosis and treatment of complex diseases such as cancer to the development of new immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Agatemor
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center (TTEC), The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Matthew J Buettner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center (TTEC), The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ryan Ariss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center (TTEC), The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Keerthana Muthiah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center (TTEC), The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher T Saeui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center (TTEC), The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kevin J Yarema
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center (TTEC), The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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10
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Xu HZ, Wang ZQ, Shan HZ, Zhou L, Yang L, Lei H, Liu B, Wu YL. Overexpression of Fbxo6 inactivates spindle checkpoint by interacting with Mad2 and BubR1. Cell Cycle 2018; 17:2779-2789. [PMID: 30526252 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1557488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The spindle assembly checkpoint prevents chromosome mis-segregation during mitosis by delaying sister chromatid separation. Several F-box protein members play critical roles in maintaining genome stability and regulating cell cycle progress via ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation. Here, we showed that Fbxo6 critically regulated spindle checkpoint and chromosome segregation. Fbxo6 was phosphorylated during mitosis. Overexpression of Fbxo6 lead to faster exit from nocodazole-induced mitosis arrest through premature sister chromatid separation. Moreover, we found substantially more binuclear and multilobed nuclei cells accompanied with impaired cell viability in Fbxo6-overexpressed HeLa cells. Mechanistically, Fbxo6 interacted with spindle checkpoint proteins including Mad2 and BubR1 leading to the premature exit from mitosis. Overall, we revealed a novel role of Fbxo6 in regulating spindle checkpoint, which may shed light on the regulation of genome instability of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Zhang Xu
- a Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education , Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , PR China
| | - Zhuo-Qun Wang
- b Department of Anesthesiology , Huashan Hospital, Fudan University , Shanghai , PR China
| | - Hui-Zhuang Shan
- a Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education , Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , PR China
| | - Li Zhou
- c Department of Hematology , Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Li Yang
- a Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education , Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , PR China
| | - Hu Lei
- a Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education , Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , PR China
| | - Bin Liu
- d Key Laboratory of Protein Modification and Tumor , Hubei Polytechnic University School of Medicine , Huangshi , Hubei , PR China
| | - Ying-Li Wu
- a Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Tongren Hospital/Faculty of Basic Medicine, Chemical Biology Division of Shanghai Universities E-Institutes, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of the Chinese Ministry of Education , Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , PR China
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11
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Hasan I, Ozeki Y. Histochemical localization of N-acetylhexosamine-binding lectin HOL-18 in Halichondria okadai (Japanese black sponge), and its antimicrobial and cytotoxic anticancer effects. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 124:819-827. [PMID: 30496858 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We studied localization and physiological activities of a lectin showing specific binding to N-acetylhexosamines, termed HOL-18, purified from Japanese black sponge (Halichondria okadai). Antiserum against the lectin was generated in rabbit and applied for immunohistochemical analyses. HOL-18 was expressed specifically around water pores and on spicules of sponge tissues. It showed strong binding to a variety of N-acetylhexosamines: N-acetyl D-glucosamine, N-acetyl D-galactosamine, N-acetyl mannosamine, N-acetyl muramic acid, and N-acetyl neuraminic acid. Hemagglutination induced by the lectin was inhibited by lipopolysaccharides and a peptidoglycan. HOL-18 inhibited growth of a gram-positive bacterium (Listeria monocytogenes), gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Shigella boydii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and a fungus (Aspergillus niger). It displayed anti-biofilm activity against P. aeruginosa. HOL-18 was internalized into conidiophores of A. niger, and displayed notable antifungal activity. Fluorescence microscopy revealed binding and incorporation of the lectin into human cancer cell lines HeLa, MCF-7, and T47D, but not Caco-2. HOL-18 displayed dose-dependent cytotoxic effects against HeLa, MCF-7, and T47D, with respective IC50 values 40, 52, and 63 μg/mL. In HeLa cells, it activated phosphorylation of MAPK pathway molecule (ERK1/2) and activated caspase-3 to trigger apoptosis. HOL-18 thus has the potential to upregulate metabolic pathways in higher animal cells through binding to N-acetylhexosamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imtiaj Hasan
- Laboratory of Glycobiology and Marine Biochemistry, Department of Life and Environmental System Science, Graduate School of NanoBiosciences, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh.
| | - Yasuhiro Ozeki
- Laboratory of Glycobiology and Marine Biochemistry, Department of Life and Environmental System Science, Graduate School of NanoBiosciences, Yokohama City University, 22-2 Seto, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama 236-0027, Japan.
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12
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Saeui CT, Nairn AV, Galizzi M, Douville C, Gowda P, Park M, Dharmarha V, Shah SR, Clarke A, Austin M, Moremen KW, Yarema KJ. Integration of genetic and metabolic features related to sialic acid metabolism distinguishes human breast cell subtypes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195812. [PMID: 29847599 PMCID: PMC5976204 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report we use 'high-flux' tributanoyl-modified N-acetylmannosamine (ManNAc) analogs with natural N-acetyl as well as non-natural azido- and alkyne N-acyl groups (specifically, 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAz, and 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAl respectively) to probe intracellular sialic acid metabolism in the near-normal MCF10A human breast cell line in comparison with earlier stage T-47D and more advanced stage MDA-MB-231 breast cancer lines. An integrated view of sialic acid metabolism was gained by measuring intracellular sialic acid production in tandem with transcriptional profiling of genes linked to sialic acid metabolism. The transcriptional profiling showed several differences between the three lines in the absence of ManNAc analog supplementation that helps explain the different sialoglycan profiles naturally associated with cancer. Only minor changes in mRNA transcript levels occurred upon exposure to the compounds confirming that metabolic flux alone can be a key determinant of sialoglycoconjugate display in breast cancer cells; this result complements the well-established role of genetic control (e.g., the transcription of STs) of sialylation abnormalities ubiquitously associated with cancer. A notable result was that the different cell lines produced significantly different levels of sialic acid upon exogenous ManNAc supplementation, indicating that feedback inhibition of UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase/ManNAc kinase (GNE)-generally regarded as the 'gatekeeper' enzyme for titering flux into sialic acid biosynthesis-is not the only regulatory mechanism that limits production of this sugar. A notable aspect of our metabolic glycoengineering approach is its ability to discriminate cell subtype based on intracellular metabolism by illuminating otherwise hidden cell type-specific features. We believe that this strategy combined with multi-dimensional analysis of sialic acid metabolism will ultimately provide novel insights into breast cancer subtypes and provide a foundation for new methods of diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T. Saeui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Alison V. Nairn
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Melina Galizzi
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Christopher Douville
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Prateek Gowda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Marian Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Vrinda Dharmarha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sagar R. Shah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Amelia Clarke
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Melissa Austin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kelley W. Moremen
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kevin J. Yarema
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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13
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Yin B, Wang Q, Chung CY, Ren X, Bhattacharya R, Yarema KJ, Betenbaugh MJ. Butyrated ManNAc analog improves protein expression in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:1531-1541. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bojiao Yin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore Maryland
| | - Qiong Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore Maryland
| | - Cheng-Yu Chung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore Maryland
| | - Xiaozhi Ren
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore Maryland
| | - Rahul Bhattacharya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore Maryland
| | - Kevin J. Yarema
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore Maryland
| | - Michael J. Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore Maryland
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14
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Saeui CT, Liu L, Urias E, Morrissette-McAlmon J, Bhattacharya R, Yarema KJ. Pharmacological, Physiochemical, and Drug-Relevant Biological Properties of Short Chain Fatty Acid Hexosamine Analogues Used in Metabolic Glycoengineering. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:705-720. [PMID: 28853901 PMCID: PMC6292510 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we catalog structure activity relationships (SAR) of several short chain fatty acid (SCFA)-modified hexosamine analogues used in metabolic glycoengineering (MGE) by comparing in silico and experimental measurements of physiochemical properties important in drug design. We then describe the impact of these compounds on selected biological parameters that influence the pharmacological properties and safety of drug candidates by monitoring P-glycoprotein (Pgp) efflux, inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), hERG channel inhibition, and cardiomyocyte cytotoxicity. These parameters are influenced by length of the SCFAs (e.g., acetate vs n-butyrate), which are added to MGE analogues to increase the efficiency of cellular uptake, the regioisomeric arrangement of the SCFAs on the core sugar, the structure of the core sugar itself, and by the type of N-acyl modification (e.g., N-acetyl vs N-azido). By cataloging the influence of these SAR on pharmacological properties of MGE analogues, this study outlines design considerations for tuning the pharmacological, physiochemical, and the toxicological parameters of this emerging class of small molecule drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T. Saeui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lingshu Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Esteban Urias
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Justin Morrissette-McAlmon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rahul Bhattacharya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kevin J. Yarema
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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15
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Mathew MP, Tan E, Labonte JW, Shah S, Saeui CT, Liu L, Bhattacharya R, Bovonratwet P, Gray JJ, Yarema KJ. Glycoengineering of Esterase Activity through Metabolic Flux-Based Modulation of Sialic Acid. Chembiochem 2017; 18:1204-1215. [PMID: 28218815 PMCID: PMC5757160 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This report describes the metabolic glycoengineering (MGE) of intracellular esterase activity in human colon cancer (LS174T) and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. In silico analysis of carboxylesterases CES1 and CES2 suggested that these enzymes are modified with sialylated N-glycans, which are proposed to stabilize the active multimeric forms of these enzymes. This premise was supported by treating cells with butanolylated ManNAc to increase sialylation, which in turn increased esterase activity. By contrast, hexosamine analogues not targeted to sialic acid biosynthesis (e.g., butanoylated GlcNAc or GalNAc) had minimal impact. Measurement of mRNA and protein confirmed that esterase activity was controlled through glycosylation and not through transcription or translation. Azide-modified ManNAc analogues widely used in MGE also enhanced esterase activity and provided a way to enrich targeted glycoengineered proteins (such as CES2), thereby providing unambiguous evidence that the compounds were converted to sialosides and installed into the glycan structures of esterases as intended. Overall, this study provides a pioneering example of the modulation of intracellular enzyme activity through MGE, which expands the value of this technology from its current status as a labeling strategy and modulator of cell surface biological events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit P. Mathew
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center
| | - Elaine Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center
| | - Jason W. Labonte
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shivam Shah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center
| | - Christopher T. Saeui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center
| | - Lingshu Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center
| | - Rahul Bhattacharya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center
| | - Patawut Bovonratwet
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center
| | - Jeffrey J. Gray
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kevin J. Yarema
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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16
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Yin B, Wang Q, Chung CY, Bhattacharya R, Ren X, Tang J, Yarema KJ, Betenbaugh MJ. A novel sugar analog enhances sialic acid production and biotherapeutic sialylation in CHO cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:1899-1902. [PMID: 28295160 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A desirable feature of many therapeutic glycoprotein production processes is to maximize the final sialic acid content. In this study, the effect of applying a novel chemical analog of the sialic acid precursor N-acetylmannosamine (ManNAc) on the sialic acid content of cellular proteins and a model recombinant glycoprotein, erythropoietin (EPO), was investigated in CHO-K1 cells. By introducing the 1,3,4-O-Bu3 ManNAc analog at 200-300 µM into cell culture media, the intracellular sialic acid content of EPO-expressing cells increased ∼8-fold over untreated controls while the level of cellular sialylated glycoconjugates increased significantly as well. For example, addition of 200-300 µM 1,3,4-O-Bu3 ManNAc resulted in >40% increase in final sialic acid content of recombinant EPO, while natural ManNAc at ∼100 times higher concentration of 20 mM produced a less profound change in EPO sialylation. Collectively, these results indicate that butyrate-derivatization of ManNAc improves the capacity of cells to incorporate exogenous ManNAc into the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway and thereby increase sialylation of recombinant EPO and other glycoproteins. This study establishes 1,3,4-O-Bu3 ManNAc as a novel chemical supplement to improve glycoprotein quality and sialylation levels at concentrations orders of magnitude lower than alternative approaches. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 1899-1902. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojiao Yin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 221 Maryland Hall, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Qiong Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 221 Maryland Hall, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Cheng-Yu Chung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 221 Maryland Hall, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Rahul Bhattacharya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Xiaozhi Ren
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 221 Maryland Hall, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Juechun Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 221 Maryland Hall, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Kevin J Yarema
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 221 Maryland Hall, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael J Betenbaugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, 221 Maryland Hall, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218
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17
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Manal M, Chandrasekar M, Gomathi Priya J, Nanjan M. Inhibitors of histone deacetylase as antitumor agents: A critical review. Bioorg Chem 2016; 67:18-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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18
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Kim C, Jeon OH, Kim DH, Chae JJ, Shores L, Bernstein N, Bhattacharya R, Coburn JM, Yarema KJ, Elisseeff JH. Local delivery of a carbohydrate analog for reducing arthritic inflammation and rebuilding cartilage. Biomaterials 2015; 83:93-101. [PMID: 26773662 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease characterized by articular cartilage degradation. Because OA has a multifactorial nature and complex interrelationship of the individual elements of a whole joint, there is a need for comprehensive therapeutic approaches for cartilage tissue engineering, which simultaneously address multiple aspects of disease etiology. In this work, we investigated a multifunctional carbohydrate-based drug candidate, tri-butanoylated N-acetyl-D-galactosamine analog (3,4,6-O-Bu3GalNAc) that induced cartilage tissue production by human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) and human OA chondrocytes by modulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling activity. The dual effects promoted chondrogenesis of human MSC and reduced inflammation of human OA chondrocytes in in vitro cultures. Translating these findings in vivo, we evaluated therapeutic effect of 3,4,6-O-Bu3GalNAc on the rat model of posttraumatic OA when delivered via local intra-articular sustained-release delivery using microparticles and found this method to be efficacious in preventing OA progression. These results show that 3,4,6-O-Bu3GalNAc, a disease modifying OA drug candidate, has promising therapeutic potential for articular cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaekyu Kim
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Ok Hee Jeon
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Do Hun Kim
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - J Jeremy Chae
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Lucas Shores
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Nicholas Bernstein
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Rahul Bhattacharya
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Jeannine M Coburn
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Kevin J Yarema
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA
| | - Jennifer H Elisseeff
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and the Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21231, USA.
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19
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Applying Acylated Fucose Analogues to Metabolic Glycoengineering. Bioengineering (Basel) 2015; 2:213-234. [PMID: 28952479 PMCID: PMC5597091 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering2040213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Manipulations of cell surface glycosylation or glycan decoration of selected proteins hold immense potential for exploring structure-activity relations or increasing glycoprotein quality. Metabolic glycoengineering describes the strategy where exogenously supplied sugar analogues intercept biosynthetic pathways and are incorporated into glycoconjugates. Low membrane permeability, which so far limited the large-scale adaption of this technology, can be addressed by the introduction of acylated monosaccharides. In this work, we investigated tetra-O-acetylated, -propanoylated and -polyethylene glycol (PEG)ylated fucoses. Concentrations of up to 500 µM had no substantial effects on viability and recombinant glycoprotein production of human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293T cells. Analogues applied to an engineered Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line with blocked fucose de novo synthesis revealed an increase in cell surface and recombinant antibody fucosylation as proved by lectin blotting, mass spectrometry and monosaccharide analysis. Significant fucose incorporation was achieved for tetra-O-acetylated and -propanoylated fucoses already at 20 µM. Sequential fucosylation of the recombinant glycoprotein, achieved by the application of increasing concentrations of PEGylated fucose up to 70 µM, correlated with a reduced antibody’s binding activity in a Fcγ receptor IIIa (FcγRIIIa) binding assay. Our results provide further insights to modulate fucosylation by exploiting the salvage pathway via metabolic glycoengineering.
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20
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Büll C, Heise T, Beurskens DMH, Riemersma M, Ashikov A, Rutjes FPJT, van Kuppevelt TH, Lefeber DJ, den Brok MH, Adema GJ, Boltje TJ. Sialic Acid Glycoengineering Using an Unnatural Sialic Acid for the Detection of Sialoglycan Biosynthesis Defects and On-Cell Synthesis of Siglec Ligands. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:2353-63. [PMID: 26258433 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sialoglycans play a vital role in physiology, and aberrant sialoglycan expression is associated with a broad spectrum of diseases. Since biosynthesis of sialoglycans is only partially regulated at the genetic level, chemical tools are crucial to study their function. Here, we report the development of propargyloxycarbonyl sialic acid (Ac5NeuNPoc) as a powerful tool for sialic acid glycoengineering. Ac5NeuNPoc showed strongly increased labeling efficiency and exhibited less toxicity compared to those of widely used mannosamine analogues in vitro and was also more efficiently incorporated into sialoglycans in vivo. Unlike mannosamine analogues, Ac5NeuNPoc was exclusively utilized in the sialoglycan biosynthesis pathway, allowing a genetic defect in sialic acid biosynthesis to be specifically detected. Furthermore, Ac5NeuNPoc-based sialic acid glycoengineering enabled the on-cell synthesis of high-affinity Siglec-7 ligands and the identification of a novel Siglec-2 ligand. Thus, Ac5NeuNPoc glycoengineering is a highly efficient, nontoxic, and selective approach to study and modulate sialoglycan interactions on living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Torben Heise
- Cluster
for Molecular Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Floris P. J. T. Rutjes
- Cluster
for Molecular Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas J. Boltje
- Cluster
for Molecular Chemistry, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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21
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Stowell SR, Ju T, Cummings RD. Protein glycosylation in cancer. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2015; 10:473-510. [PMID: 25621663 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-012414-040438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 574] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neoplastic transformation results in a wide variety of cellular alterations that impact the growth, survival, and general behavior of affected tissue. Although genetic alterations underpin the development of neoplastic disease, epigenetic changes can exert an equally significant effect on neoplastic transformation. Among neoplasia-associated epigenetic alterations, changes in cellular glycosylation have recently received attention as a key component of neoplastic progression. Alterations in glycosylation appear to not only directly impact cell growth and survival but also facilitate tumor-induced immunomodulation and eventual metastasis. Many of these changes may support neoplastic progression, and unique alterations in tumor-associated glycosylation may also serve as a distinct feature of cancer cells and therefore provide novel diagnostic and even therapeutic targets.
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22
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Mathew MP, Tan E, Saeui CT, Bovonratwet P, Liu L, Bhattacharya R, Yarema KJ. Metabolic glycoengineering sensitizes drug-resistant pancreatic cancer cells to tyrosine kinase inhibitors erlotinib and gefitinib. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:1223-7. [PMID: 25690786 PMCID: PMC5753412 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic human pancreatic cancer cells (the SW1990 line) that are resistant to the EGFR-targeting tyrosine kinase inhibitor drugs (TKI) erlotinib and gefitinib were treated with 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, a 'metabolic glycoengineering' drug candidate that increased sialylation by ∼2-fold. Consistent with genetic methods previously used to increase EGFR sialylation, this small molecule reduced EGF binding, EGFR transphosphorylation, and downstream STAT activation. Significantly, co-treatment with both the sugar pharmacophore and the existing TKI drugs resulted in strong synergy, in essence re-sensitizing the SW1990 cells to these drugs. Finally, 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAz, which is the azido-modified counterpart to 1,3,4-O-Bu3ManNAc, provided a similar benefit thereby establishing a broad-based foundation to extend a 'metabolic glycoengineering' approach to clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit P Mathew
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, 5029 Robert H. & Clarice Smith Building, 400 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Elaine Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, 5029 Robert H. & Clarice Smith Building, 400 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Christopher T Saeui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, 5029 Robert H. & Clarice Smith Building, 400 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Patawut Bovonratwet
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, 5029 Robert H. & Clarice Smith Building, 400 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Lingshu Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, 5029 Robert H. & Clarice Smith Building, 400 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Rahul Bhattacharya
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, 5029 Robert H. & Clarice Smith Building, 400 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Kevin J Yarema
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, 5029 Robert H. & Clarice Smith Building, 400 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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23
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Synthesis and antitumor activity of novel per-butyrylated glycosides of podophyllotoxin and its derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:1437-46. [PMID: 25744190 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of perbutyrylated glycosides of podophyllotoxin and its derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their antitumor activity in vitro. Most of them exhibit cytotoxic activity against a panel of five human cancer cell lines (HL-60, SMMC-7721, A-549, MCF-7, SW480) using MTT assays. Among the synthesized compounds, epipodophyllotoxin α-d-galactopyranoside 8b, epipodophyllotoxin α-d-arabinopyranoside 8e, and podophyllotoxin β-d-glucopyranoside 11a show the highest potency of anticancer activity with their IC50 values ranging from 0.14 to 1.69μM. Structure activity relationship analysis indicates that the type of glycosidic linkage, the configuration at C-4 of the podophyllotoxin scaffold, and the substitution at 4'-position (OH vs OCH3) can all have significant effect on the potency of their anticancer activity. Several compounds are more active than the control drugs Etoposide and Cisplatin, suggesting their potential as anticancer agents for further development.
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24
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Du Z, Treiber D, McCarter JD, Fomina-Yadlin D, Saleem RA, McCoy RE, Zhang Y, Tharmalingam T, Leith M, Follstad BD, Dell B, Grisim B, Zupke C, Heath C, Morris AE, Reddy P. Use of a small molecule cell cycle inhibitor to control cell growth and improve specific productivity and product quality of recombinant proteins in CHO cell cultures. Biotechnol Bioeng 2014; 112:141-55. [PMID: 25042542 PMCID: PMC4282109 DOI: 10.1002/bit.25332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The continued need to improve therapeutic recombinant protein productivity has led to ongoing assessment of appropriate strategies in the biopharmaceutical industry to establish robust processes with optimized critical variables, that is, viable cell density (VCD) and specific productivity (product per cell, qP). Even though high VCD is a positive factor for titer, uncontrolled proliferation beyond a certain cell mass is also undesirable. To enable efficient process development to achieve consistent and predictable growth arrest while maintaining VCD, as well as improving qP, without negative impacts on product quality from clone to clone, we identified an approach that directly targets the cell cycle G1-checkpoint by selectively inhibiting the function of cyclin dependent kinases (CDK) 4/6 with a small molecule compound. Results from studies on multiple recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines demonstrate that the selective inhibitor can mediate a complete and sustained G0/G1 arrest without impacting G2/M phase. Cell proliferation is consistently and rapidly controlled in all recombinant cell lines at one concentration of this inhibitor throughout the production processes with specific productivities increased up to 110 pg/cell/day. Additionally, the product quality attributes of the mAb, with regard to high molecular weight (HMW) and glycan profile, are not negatively impacted. In fact, high mannose is decreased after treatment, which is in contrast to other established growth control methods such as reducing culture temperature. Microarray analysis showed major differences in expression of regulatory genes of the glycosylation and cell cycle signaling pathways between these different growth control methods. Overall, our observations showed that cell cycle arrest by directly targeting CDK4/6 using selective inhibitor compound can be utilized consistently and rapidly to optimize process parameters, such as cell growth, qP, and glycosylation profile in recombinant antibody production cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimei Du
- Cell Sciences and Technology, Amgen Inc., 1201 Amgen Court West, Seattle, Washington.
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Dang CH, Nguyen CH, Nguyen TD, Im C. Synthesis and characterization of N-acyl-tetra-O-acyl glucosamine derivatives. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra46007j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Zi CT, Xu FQ, Li GT, Li Y, Ding ZT, Zhou J, Jiang ZH, Hu JM. Synthesis and anticancer activity of glucosylated podophyllotoxin derivatives linked via 4β-triazole rings. Molecules 2013; 18:13992-4012. [PMID: 24232736 PMCID: PMC6270044 DOI: 10.3390/molecules181113992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of 4β-triazole-linked glucose podophyllotoxin conjugates have been designed and synthesized by employing a click chemistry approach. All the compounds were evaluated for their anticancer activity against a panel of five human cancer cell lines (HL-60, SMMC-7721, A-549, MCF-7, SW480) using MTT assays. Most of these triazole derivatives have good anticancer activity. Among them, compound 35 showed the highest potency against all five cancer cell lines tested, with IC₅₀ values ranging from 0.59 to 2.90 μM, which is significantly more active than the drug etoposide currently in clinical use. Structure-activity relationship analysis reveals that the acyl substitution on the glucose residue, the length of oligoethylene glycol linker, and the 4'-demethylation of podophyllotoxin scaffold can significantly affect the potency of the anticancer activity. Most notably, derivatives with a perbutyrylated glucose residue show much higher activity than their counterparts with either a free glucose or a peracetylated glucose residue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Ting Zi
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; E-Mails: (C.-T.Z.); (F.-Q.X.); (G.-T.L.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.)
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; E-Mail:
| | - Feng-Qing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; E-Mails: (C.-T.Z.); (F.-Q.X.); (G.-T.L.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Gen-Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; E-Mails: (C.-T.Z.); (F.-Q.X.); (G.-T.L.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; E-Mails: (C.-T.Z.); (F.-Q.X.); (G.-T.L.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Zhong-Tao Ding
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China; E-Mail:
| | - Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; E-Mails: (C.-T.Z.); (F.-Q.X.); (G.-T.L.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.)
| | - Zi-Hua Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, ON P7B 5E1, Canada
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (Z.-H.J.); (J.-M.H.); Tel.: +1-807-766-7171 (Z.-H.J.); Fax: +1-807-346-7775 (Z.-H.J.); Tel.: +86-871-6522-3264 (J.-M.H.); Fax: +86-871-6522-3261 (J.-M.H.)
| | - Jiang-Miao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China; E-Mails: (C.-T.Z.); (F.-Q.X.); (G.-T.L.); (Y.L.); (J.Z.)
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mails: (Z.-H.J.); (J.-M.H.); Tel.: +1-807-766-7171 (Z.-H.J.); Fax: +1-807-346-7775 (Z.-H.J.); Tel.: +86-871-6522-3264 (J.-M.H.); Fax: +86-871-6522-3261 (J.-M.H.)
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Tan E, Almaraz RT, Khanna HS, Du J, Yarema KJ. Experimental Design Considerations for In Vitro Non-Natural Glycan Display via Metabolic Oligosaccharide Engineering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 2:171-94. [PMID: 23839968 DOI: 10.1002/9780470559277.ch100059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic oligosaccharide engineering (MOE) refers to a technique where non-natural monosaccharide analogs are introduced into living biological systems. Once inside a cell, these compounds intercept a targeted biosynthetic glycosylation pathway and in turn are metabolically incorporated into cell-surface-displayed oligosaccharides where they can modulate a host of biological activities or be exploited as "tags" for bio-orthogonal and chemoselective ligation reactions. Undertaking a MOE experiment can be a daunting task based on the growing repertoire of analogs now available and the ever increasing number of metabolic pathways that can be targeted; therefore, a major emphasis of this article is to describe a general approach for analog design and selection and then provide protocols to ensure safe and efficacious analog usage by cells. Once cell-surface glycans have been successfully remodeled by MOE methodology, the stage is set for probing changes to the myriad cellular responses modulated by these versatile molecules. Curr. Protoc. Chem. Biol. 2:171-194 © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Tan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
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Steliou K, Boosalis MS, Perrine SP, Sangerman J, Faller DV. Butyrate histone deacetylase inhibitors. Biores Open Access 2013; 1:192-8. [PMID: 23514803 PMCID: PMC3559235 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2012.0223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to being a part of the metabolic fatty acid fuel cycle, butyrate is also capable of inducing growth arrest in a variety of normal cell types and senescence-like phenotypes in gynecological cancer cells, inhibiting DNA synthesis and cell growth in colonic tumor cell lines, suppressing hTERT mRNA expression and telomerase activity in human prostate cancer cells, and inducing stem cell differentiation and apoptosis by DNA fragmentation. It regulates gene expression by inhibiting histone deacetylases (HDACs), enhances memory recovery and formation in mice, stimulates neurogenesis in the ischemic brain, promotes osteoblast formation, selectively blocks cell replication in transformed cells (compared to healthy cells), and can prevent and treat diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance in mouse models of obesity, as well as stimulate fetal hemoglobin expression in individuals with hematologic diseases such as the thalassemias and sickle-cell disease, in addition to a multitude of other biochemical effects in vivo. However, efforts to exploit the potential of butyrate in the clinical treatment of cancer and other medical disorders are thwarted by its poor pharmacological properties (short half-life and first-pass hepatic clearance) and the multigram doses needed to achieve therapeutic concentrations in vivo. Herein, we review some of the methods used to overcome these difficulties with an emphasis on HDAC inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosta Steliou
- PhenoMatriX, Inc. , Boston, Massachusetts. ; Cancer Research Center, Boston University School of Medicine , Boston, Massachusetts
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29
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Mathew MP, Tan E, Shah S, Bhattacharya R, Adam Meledeo M, Huang J, Espinoza FA, Yarema KJ. Extracellular and intracellular esterase processing of SCFA-hexosamine analogs: implications for metabolic glycoengineering and drug delivery. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:6929-33. [PMID: 23041156 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This report provides a synopsis of the esterase processing of short chain fatty acid (SCFA)-derivatized hexosamine analogs used in metabolic glycoengineering by demonstrating that the extracellular hydrolysis of these compounds is comparatively slow (e.g., with a t(1/2) of ∼4 h to several days) in normal cell culture as well as in high serum concentrations intended to mimic in vivo conditions. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis of common sugar analogs revealed that O-acetylated and N-azido ManNAc derivatives were more refractory against extracellular inactivation by FBS than their butanoylated counterparts consistent with in silico docking simulations of Ac(4)ManNAc and Bu(4)ManNAc to human carboxylesterase 1 (hCE1). By contrast, all analogs tested supported increased intracellular sialic acid production within 2h establishing that esterase processing once the analogs are taken up by cells is not rate limiting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit P Mathew
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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30
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Chen CY, Sun JG, Liu FY, Fung KP, Wu P, Huang ZZ. Synthesis and biological evaluation of glycosylated psoralen derivatives. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.01.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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31
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Almaraz RT, Aich U, Khanna HS, Tan E, Bhattacharya R, Shah S, Yarema KJ. Metabolic oligosaccharide engineering with N-Acyl functionalized ManNAc analogs: cytotoxicity, metabolic flux, and glycan-display considerations. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 109:992-1006. [PMID: 22068462 DOI: 10.1002/bit.24363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic oligosaccharide engineering (MOE) is a maturing technology capable of modifying cell surface sugars in living cells and animals through the biosynthetic installation of non-natural monosaccharides into the glycocalyx. A particularly robust area of investigation involves the incorporation of azide functional groups onto the cell surface, which can then be further derivatized using "click chemistry." While considerable effort has gone into optimizing the reagents used for the azide ligation reactions, less optimization of the monosaccharide analogs used in the preceding metabolic incorporation steps has been done. This study fills this void by reporting novel butanoylated ManNAc analogs that are used by cells with greater efficiency and less cytotoxicity than the current "gold standard," which are peracetylated compounds such as Ac₄ ManNAz. In particular, tributanoylated, N-acetyl, N-azido, and N-levulinoyl ManNAc analogs with the high flux 1,3,4-O-hydroxyl pattern of butanoylation were compared with their counterparts having the pro-apoptotic 3,4,6-O-butanoylation pattern. The results reveal that the ketone-bearing N-levulinoyl analog 3,4,6-O-Bu₃ ManNLev is highly apoptotic, and thus is a promising anti-cancer drug candidate. By contrast, the azide-bearing analog 1,3,4-O-Bu₃ ManNAz effectively labeled cellular sialoglycans at concentrations ∼3- to 5-fold lower (e.g., at 12.5-25 µM) than Ac₄ ManNAz (50-150 µM) and exhibited no indications of apoptosis even at concentrations up to 400 µM. In summary, this work extends emerging structure activity relationships that predict the effects of short chain fatty acid modified monosaccharides on mammalian cells and also provides a tangible advance in efforts to make MOE a practical technology for the medical and biotechnology communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben T Almaraz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and the Translational Tissue Engineering Center, The Johns Hopkins University, 5029 Robert H. & Clarice Smith Building, 400 North Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
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Metabolic oligosaccharide engineering: implications for selectin-mediated adhesion and leukocyte extravasation. Ann Biomed Eng 2011; 40:806-15. [PMID: 22037949 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-011-0450-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic oligosaccharide engineering is an emerging technology wherein non-natural monosaccharide analogs are exogenously supplied to living cells and are biosynthetically incorporated into cell surface glycans. A recently reported application of this methodology employs fluorinated analogs of ManNAc, GlcNAc, and GalNAc to modulate selectin-mediated adhesion associated with leukocyte extravasation and cancer cell metastasis. This monograph outlines possible mechanisms underlying the altered adhesion observed in analog-treated cells; these range from the most straightforward explanation (e.g., structural changes to the selectin ligands ablate interaction with their receptors) to the alternative mechanism where the analogs inhibit or otherwise perturb ligand production to more indirect mechanisms (e.g., changes to the biophysical properties of the selectin binding partner, the nanoenviroment of the binding partners, or the entire cell surface).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele H. Hite
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Center for Balanced Health, New York, New York
| | - Valerie Goldstein Berkowitz
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Center for Balanced Health, New York, New York
| | - Keith Berkowitz
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
- Center for Balanced Health, New York, New York
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34
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Du J, Che PL, Wang ZY, Aich U, Yarema KJ. Designing a binding interface for control of cancer cell adhesion via 3D topography and metabolic oligosaccharide engineering. Biomaterials 2011; 32:5427-37. [PMID: 21549424 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This study combines metabolic oligosaccharide engineering (MOE), a technology where the glycocalyx of living cells is endowed with chemical features not normally found in sugars, with custom-designed three-dimensional biomaterial substrates to enhance the adhesion of cancer cells and control their morphology and gene expression. Specifically, Ac(5)ManNTGc, a thiol-bearing analog of N-acetyl-d-mannosamine (ManNAc) was used to introduce thiolated sialic acids into the glycocalyx of human Jurkat T-lymphoma derived cells. In parallel 2D films and 3D electrospun nanofibrous scaffolds were prepared from polyethersulfone (PES) and (as controls) left unmodified or aminated. Alternately, the materials were malemided or gold-coated to provide bio-orthogonal binding partners for the thiol groups newly expressed on the cell surface. Cell attachment was modulated by both the topography of the substrate surface and by the chemical compatibility of the binding interface between the cell and the substrate; a substantial increase in binding for normally non-adhesive Jurkat line for 3D scaffold compared to 2D surfaces with an added degree of adhesion resulting from chemoselective binding to malemidede-derivatived or gold-coated surfaces. In addition, the morphology of the cells attached to the 3D scaffolds via MOE-mediated adhesion was dramatically altered and the expression of genes involved in cell adhesion changed in a time-dependent manner. This study showed that cell adhesion could be enhanced, gene expression modulated, and cell fate controlled by introducing the 3D topograhical cues into the growth substrate and by creating a glycoengineered binding interface where the chemistry of both the cell surface and biomaterials scaffold was controlled to facilitate a new mode of carbohydrate-mediated adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University,400 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD, USA
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35
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Du J, Yarema KJ. Carbohydrate engineered cells for regenerative medicine. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2010; 62:671-82. [PMID: 20117158 PMCID: PMC3032398 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2010.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are integral components of the stem cell niche on several levels; proteoglycans are a major constituent of the extracellular matrix (ECM) surrounding a cell, glycosoaminoglycans (GAGs) help link cells to the ECM and the neighboring cells, and small but informationally-rich oligosaccharides provide a "sugar code" that identifies each cell and provides it with unique functions. This article samples roles that glycans play in development and then describes how metabolic glycoengineering - a technique where monosaccharide analogs are introduced into the metabolic pathways of a cell and are biosynthetically incorporated into the glycocalyx - is overcoming many of the long-standing barriers to manipulating carbohydrates in living cells and tissues and is becoming an intriguing new tool for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University
| | - Kevin J. Yarema
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University
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Development of delivery methods for carbohydrate-based drugs: controlled release of biologically-active short chain fatty acid-hexosamine analogs. Glycoconj J 2010; 27:445-59. [PMID: 20458533 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-010-9292-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Revised: 04/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates are attractive candidates for drug development because sugars are involved in many, if not most, complex human diseases including cancer, immune dysfunction, congenital disorders, and infectious diseases. Unfortunately, potential therapeutic benefits of sugar-based drugs are offset by poor pharmacologic properties that include rapid serum clearance, poor cellular uptake, and relatively high concentrations required for efficacy. To address these issues, pilot studies are reported here where 'Bu(4)ManNAc', a short chain fatty acid-monosaccharide hybrid molecule with anti-cancer activities, was encapsulated in polyethylene glycol-sebacic acid (PEG-SA) polymers. Sustained release of biologically active compound was achieved for over a week from drug-laden polymer formulated into microparticles thus offering a dramatic improvement over the twice daily administration currently used for in vivo studies. In a second strategy, a tributanoylated ManNAc analog (3,4,6-O-Bu(3)ManNAc) with anti-cancer activities was covalently linked to PEG-SA and formulated into nanoparticles suitable for drug delivery; once again release of biologically active compound was demonstrated.
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Soares GA, de Oliveira RB, de Andrade SF, Alves RJ, Zani CL, de Souza-Fagundes EM. Synthesis and in vitro cytotoxic activity of compounds with pro-apoptotic potential. Molecules 2009; 15:12-26. [PMID: 20110868 PMCID: PMC6256932 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 12/12/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In our search for new anticancer therapies, some compounds synthesized in our lab were selected and their potential cytotoxic activity was evaluated in vitro against two cancer cells lines including a solid tumor (UACC-62, melanoma) and a human lymphoma (JURKAT). Compounds showing cytotoxic activity were subjected to an apoptosis assay. Two compounds showed promising results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle Apicela Soares
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30190-002, Brazil
| | - Renata Barbosa de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30190-002, Brazil
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Saulo Fernandes de Andrade
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Ricardo José Alves
- Departamento de Produtos Farmacêuticos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Carlos Leomar Zani
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30190-002, Brazil
| | - Elaine Maria de Souza-Fagundes
- Laboratório de Química de Produtos Naturais, Centro de Pesquisas René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Av. Augusto de Lima 1715, Belo Horizonte, MG, 30190-002, Brazil
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31.270-901, Brazil
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Characterization of the transient species generated in the photoexcitation of benzoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, 2-d-ribofuranosylhydrazide. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2009.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Du J, Meledeo MA, Wang Z, Khanna HS, Paruchuri VDP, Yarema KJ. Metabolic glycoengineering: sialic acid and beyond. Glycobiology 2009; 19:1382-401. [PMID: 19675091 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwp115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This report provides a perspective on metabolic glycoengineering methodology developed over the past two decades that allows natural sialic acids to be replaced with chemical variants in living cells and animals. Examples are given demonstrating how this technology provides the glycoscientist with chemical tools that are beginning to reproduce Mother Nature's control over complex biological systems - such as the human brain - through subtle modifications in sialic acid chemistry. Several metabolic substrates (e.g., ManNAc, Neu5Ac, and CMP-Neu5Ac analogs) can be used to feed flux into the sialic acid biosynthetic pathway resulting in numerous - and sometime quite unexpected - biological repercussions upon nonnatural sialoside display in cellular glycans. Once on the cell surface, ketone-, azide-, thiol-, or alkyne-modified glycans can be transformed with numerous ligands via bioorthogonal chemoselective ligation reactions, greatly increasing the versatility and potential application of this technology. Recently, sialic acid glycoengineering methodology has been extended to other pathways with analog incorporation now possible in surface-displayed GalNAc and fucose residues as well as nucleocytoplasmic O-GlcNAc-modified proteins. Finally, recent efforts to increase the "druggability" of sugar analogs used in metabolic glycoengineering, which have resulted in unanticipated "scaffold-dependent" activities, are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Du
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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40
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Wang Z, Sarje A, Che PL, Yarema KJ. Moderate strength (0.23-0.28 T) static magnetic fields (SMF) modulate signaling and differentiation in human embryonic cells. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:356. [PMID: 19653909 PMCID: PMC2907690 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 08/04/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Compelling evidence exists that magnetic fields modulate living systems. To date, however, rigorous studies have focused on identifying the molecular-level biosensor (e.g., radical ion pairs or membranes) or on the behavior of whole animals leaving a gap in understanding how molecular effects are translated into tissue-wide and organism-level responses. This study begins to bridge this gulf by investigating static magnetic fields (SMF) through global mRNA profiling in human embryonic cells coupled with software analysis to identify the affected signaling pathways. Results Software analysis of gene expression in cells exposed to 0.23–0.28 T SMF showed that nine signaling networks responded to SMF; of these, detailed biochemical validation was performed for the network linked to the inflammatory cytokine IL-6. We found the short-term (<24 h) activation of IL-6 involved the coordinate up-regulation of toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) with complementary changes to NEU3 and ST3GAL5 that reduced ganglioside GM3 in a manner that augmented the activation of TLR4 and IL-6. Loss of GM3 also provided a plausible mechanism for the attenuation of cellular responses to SMF that occurred over longer exposure periods. Finally, SMF-mediated responses were manifest at the cellular level as morphological changes and biochemical markers indicative of pre-oligodendrocyte differentiation. Conclusion This study provides a framework describing how magnetic exposure is transduced from a plausible molecular biosensor (lipid membranes) to cell-level responses that include differentiation toward neural lineages. In addition, SMF provided a stimulus that uncovered new relationships – that exist even in the absence of magnetic fields – between gangliosides, the time-dependent regulation of IL-6 signaling by these glycosphingolipids, and the fate of embryonic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyun Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Elmouelhi N, Aich U, Paruchuri VDP, Meledeo MA, Campbell CT, Wang JJ, Srinivas R, Khanna HS, Yarema KJ. Hexosamine template. A platform for modulating gene expression and for sugar-based drug discovery. J Med Chem 2009; 52:2515-30. [PMID: 19326913 DOI: 10.1021/jm801661m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the breadth of cellular responses engendered by short chain fatty acid (SCFA)-hexosamine hybrid molecules, a class of compounds long used in "metabolic glycoengineering" that are now emerging as drug candidates. First, a "mix and match" strategy showed that different SCFA (n-butyrate and acetate) appended to the same core sugar altered biological activity, complementing previous results [Campbell et al. J. Med. Chem. 2008, 51, 8135-8147] where a single type of SCFA elicited distinct responses. Microarray profiling then compared transcriptional responses engendered by regioisomerically modified ManNAc, GlcNAc, and GalNAc analogues in MDA-MB-231 cells. These data, which were validated by qRT-PCR or Western analysis for ID1, TP53, HPSE, NQO1, EGR1, and VEGFA, showed a two-pronged response where a core set of genes was coordinately regulated by all analogues while each analogue simultaneously uniquely regulated a larger number of genes. Finally, AutoDock modeling supported a mechanism where the analogues directly interact with elements of the NF-kappaB pathway. Together, these results establish the SCFA-hexosamine template as a versatile platform for modulating biological activity and developing new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Elmouelhi
- The Department of Biomedical Engineering, 106A Clark Hall, 3400 North Charles Street, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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Campbell CT, Aich U, Weier CA, Wang JJ, Choi SS, Wen MM, Maisel K, Sampathkumar SG, Yarema KJ. Targeting pro-invasive oncogenes with short chain fatty acid-hexosamine analogues inhibits the mobility of metastatic MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. J Med Chem 2009; 51:8135-47. [PMID: 19053749 DOI: 10.1021/jm800873k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Per-butanoylated N-acetyl-D-mannosamine (Bu(4)ManNAc), a SCFA-hexosamine cancer drug candidate with activity manifest through intact n-butyrate-carbohydrate linkages, reduced the invasion of metastatic MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells unlike per-butanoylated-D-mannose (Bu(5)Man), a clinically tested compound that did not alter cell mobility. To gain molecular-level insight, therapeutic targets implicated in metastasis were investigated. The active compound Bu(4)ManNAc reduced both MUC1 expression and MMP-9 activity (via down-regulation of CXCR4 transcription), whereas "inactive" Bu(5)Man had counterbalancing effects on these oncogenes. This divergent impact on transcription was linked to interplay between HDACi activity (held by both Bu(4)ManNAc and Bu(5)Man) and NF-kappaB activity, which was selectively down-regulated by Bu(4)ManNAc. Overall, these results establish a new therapeutic end point (control of invasion) for SCFA-hexosamine hybrid molecules, define relative contributions of molecular players involved in cell mobility and demonstrate that Bu(4)ManNAc breaks the confounding link between beneficial HDACi activity and the simultaneous deleterious activation of NF-kappaB often found in epigenetic drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Campbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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43
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Zhao P, Wang M, Zhang S, Shao S, Sun X, Yao S, Wang S. Photochemical properties of a new kind of anti-cancer drug: N-glycoside compound. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-008-0091-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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44
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Aich U, Campbell CT, Elmouelhi N, Weier CA, Sampathkumar SG, Choi SS, Yarema KJ. Regioisomeric SCFA attachment to hexosamines separates metabolic flux from cytotoxicity and MUC1 suppression. ACS Chem Biol 2008; 3:230-40. [PMID: 18338853 DOI: 10.1021/cb7002708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemical biology studies, exemplified by metabolic glycoengineering experiments that employ short chain fatty acid (SCFA)-hexosamine monosaccharide hybrid molecules, often suffer from off-target effects. Here we demonstrate that systematic structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies can deconvolute multiple biological activities of SCFA-hexosamine analogues by demonstrating that triacylated monosaccharides, including both n-butyrate- and acetate-modified ManNAc analogues, had dramatically different activities depending on whether the free hydroxyl group was at the C1 or C6 position. The C1-OH (hemiacetal) analogues enhanced growth inhibition in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells and suppressed expression of MUC1, which are attractive properties for an anticancer agent. By contrast, C6-OH analogues supported high metabolic flux into the sialic acid pathway with negligible growth inhibition or toxicity, which are desirable properties for glycan labeling in healthy cells. Importantly, these SAR were general, applying to other hexosamines ( e.g., GlcNAc) and non-natural sugar "scaffolds" ( e.g., ManNLev). From a practical standpoint, the ability to separate toxicity from flux will facilitate the use of MOE analogues for cancer treatment and glycomics applications, respectively. Mechanistically, these findings overturn the premise that the bioactivities of SCFA-monosaccharide hybrid molecules result from their hydrolysis products ( e.g., n-butyrate, which acts as a histone deacetylase inhibitor, and ManNAc, which activates sialic acid biosynthesis); instead the SAR establish that inherent properties of partially acylated hexosamines supersede the cellular responses supported by either the acyl or monosaccharide moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udayanath Aich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Clark Hall 106A, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Christopher T. Campbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Clark Hall 106A, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Noha Elmouelhi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Clark Hall 106A, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Christopher A. Weier
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Clark Hall 106A, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - S.-Gopalan Sampathkumar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Clark Hall 106A, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Sean S. Choi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Clark Hall 106A, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218
| | - Kevin J. Yarema
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Clark Hall 106A, 3400 N. Charles St., Baltimore, Maryland 21218
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Campbell CT, Sampathkumar SG, Yarema KJ. Metabolic oligosaccharide engineering: perspectives, applications, and future directions. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2007; 3:187-94. [PMID: 17308665 DOI: 10.1039/b614939c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many adhesion and signaling molecules critical for development, as well as surface markers implicated in diseases ranging from cancer to influenza, contain oligosaccharides that modify their functions. Inside a cell, complex glycosylation pathways assemble these oligosaccharides and attach them to proteins and lipids as they traffic to the cell surface. Until recently, practical technologies to manipulate glycosylation have lagged unlike the molecular biologic and genetic methods available to intervene in nucleic acid and protein biochemistry; now, metabolic oligosaccharide engineering shows promise for manipulating glycosylation. In this methodology, exogenously-supplied non-natural sugars intercept biosynthetic pathways and exploit the remarkable ability of many of the enzymes involved in glycosylation to process metabolites with slightly altered chemical structures. To date, non-natural forms of sialic acid, GalNAc, GlcNAc, and fucose have been incorporated into glycoconjugates that appear on the cell surface; in addition O-GlcNAc protein modification involved in intracellular signaling has been tagged with modified forms of this sugar. Reactive functional groups, including ketones, azides, and thiols, have been incorporated into glycoconjugates and thereby provide chemical 'tags' that can be used for diverse purposes ranging from drug delivery to new modes of carbohydrate-based cell adhesion that can be used to control stem cell destiny. Finally, strategies for further engineering non-natural sugars to improve their pharmacological properties and provide complementary biological activities, such as addition of short chain fatty acids, are discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Campbell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Clark Hall 106A, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
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