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Wang L, Deng Y, Peng R, Gao J, Li Z, Zhang W, Xu J, Wang B, Wang Y, Han H, Fu X, Tian Y, Yao Q. Metabolic engineering for the biosynthesis of bis-indolylquinone terrequinone A in Escherichia coli from L-tryptophan and prenol. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:34. [PMID: 36859334 PMCID: PMC9979454 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02284-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Terrequinone A is a bis-indolylquinone natural product with antitumor activity. Due to its unique asymmetric quinone core structure and multiple functional groups, biosynthesis is more efficient and environmentally friendly than traditional chemical synthesis. Currently, most bis-indolylquinones are obtained by direct extraction from fungi or by chemical synthesis. By focusing on the biosynthesis of terrequinone A, we hope to explore the way to synthesize bis-indolylquinones de novo using Escherichia coli as a cell factory. RESULTS In this study, a terrequinone A synthesis pathway containing the tdiA-tdiE genes was constructed into Escherichia coli and activated by a phosphopantetheinyl transferase gene sfp, enabling the strain to synthesize 1.54 mg/L of terrequinone A. Subsequently, a two-step isopentenol utilization pathway was introduced to enhance the supply of endogenous dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) in E. coli, increasing the level of terrequinone A to 20.1 mg/L. By adjusting the L-tryptophan (L-Trp)/prenol ratio, the major product could be changed from ochrindole D to terrequinone A, and the content of terrequinone A reached the highest 106.3 mg/L under the optimized culture conditions. Metabolic analysis of L-Trp indicated that the conversion of large amounts of L-Trp to indole was an important factor preventing the further improvement of terrequinone A yield. CONCLUSIONS A comprehensive approach was adopted and terrequinone A was successfully synthesized from low-cost L-Trp and prenol in E. coli. This study provides a metabolic engineering strategy for the efficient synthesis of terrequinone A and other similar bis-indolylquinones with asymmetric quinone cores. In addition, this is the first report on the de novo biosyhthesis of terrequinone A in an engineered strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2901 Beidi Road, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory for Safety Assessment (Environment) of Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongdong Deng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2901 Beidi Road, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory for Safety Assessment (Environment) of Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
| | - Rihe Peng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2901 Beidi Road, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory for Safety Assessment (Environment) of Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianjie Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2901 Beidi Road, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory for Safety Assessment (Environment) of Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenjun Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2901 Beidi Road, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory for Safety Assessment (Environment) of Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenhui Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2901 Beidi Road, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory for Safety Assessment (Environment) of Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2901 Beidi Road, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory for Safety Assessment (Environment) of Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2901 Beidi Road, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory for Safety Assessment (Environment) of Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2901 Beidi Road, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory for Safety Assessment (Environment) of Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongjuan Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2901 Beidi Road, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory for Safety Assessment (Environment) of Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2901 Beidi Road, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory for Safety Assessment (Environment) of Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongsheng Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2901 Beidi Road, Shanghai, China.
- Key Laboratory for Safety Assessment (Environment) of Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China.
| | - Quanhong Yao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2901 Beidi Road, Shanghai, China.
- Key Laboratory for Safety Assessment (Environment) of Agricultural Genetically Modified Organisms, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Tseng CC, Chen L, Lee C, Tu Z, Lin CH, Lin HC. Characterization and catalytic investigation of fungal single-module nonribosomal peptide synthetase in terpene-amino acid meroterpenoid biosynthesis. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 50:kuad043. [PMID: 38049376 PMCID: PMC10720950 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuad043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid natural products are compounds that originate from diverse biosynthetic pathways and undergo a conjugation process, which enables them to expand their chemical diversity and biological functionality. Terpene-amino acid meroterpenoids have garnered increasing attention in recent years, driven by the discovery of noteworthy examples such as the anthelmintic CJ-12662, the insecticidal paeciloxazine, and aculene A (1). In the biosynthesis of terpene-amino acid natural products, single-module nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) have been identified to be involved in the esterification step, catalyzing the fusion of modified terpene and amino acid components. Despite prior investigations into these NRPSs through gene deletion or in vivo experiments, the enzymatic basis and mechanistic insights underlying this family of single-module NRPSs remain unclear. In this study, we performed biochemical characterization of AneB by in vitro characterization, molecular docking, and site-directed mutagenesis. The enzyme reaction analyses, performed with L-proline and daucane/nordaucane sesquiterpene substrates, revealed that AneB specifically esterifies the C10-OH of aculenes with L-proline. Notably, in contrast to ThmA in CJ-12662 biosynthesis, which exclusively recognizes oxygenated amorpha-4,11-diene sesquiterpenes for L-tryptophan transfer, AneB demonstrates broad substrate selectivity, including oxygenated amorpha-4,11-diene and 2-phenylethanol, resulting in the production of diverse unnatural prolyl compounds. Furthermore, site-directed mutagenesis experiments indicated the involvement of H794 and D798 in the esterification catalyzed by AneB. Lastly, domain swapping between AneB and ThmA unveiled that the A‒T domains of ThmA can be effectively harnessed by the C domain of AneB for L-tryptophan transfer, thus highlighting the potential of the C domain of AneB for generating various terpene-amino acid meroterpenoid derivatives. ONE-SENTENCE SUMMARY The enzymatic basis and mechanistic insights into AneB, a single-module NRPS, highlight its capacity to generate various terpene-amino acid meroterpenoid derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chung Tseng
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan R.O.C
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Li‐Xun Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan R.O.C
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Chi‐Fang Lee
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan R.O.C
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Zhijay Tu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Chun-Hung Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan R.O.C
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Hsiao-Ching Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan R.O.C
- School of Pharmacy, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan R.O.C
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan R.O.C
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Noriler S, Navarro-Muñoz JC, Glienke C, Collemare J. Evolutionary relationships of adenylation domains in fungi. Genomics 2022; 114:110525. [PMID: 36423773 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2022.110525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) and NRPS-like enzymes are abundant in microbes as they are involved in the production of primary and secondary metabolites. In contrast to the well-studied NRPSs, known to produce non-ribosomal peptides, NRPS-like enzymes exhibit more diverse activities and their evolutionary relationships are unclear. Here, we present the first in-depth phylogenetic analysis of fungal NRPS-like A domains from functionally characterized pathways, and their relationships to characterized A domains found in fungal NRPSs. This study clearly differentiated amino acid reductases, including NRPSs, from CoA/AMP ligases, which could be divided into 10 distinct phylogenetic clades that reflect their conserved domain organization, substrate specificity and enzymatic activity. In particular, evolutionary relationships of adenylate forming reductases could be refined and explained the substrate specificity difference. Consistent with their phylogeny, the deduced amino acid code of A domains differentiated amino acid reductases from other enzymes. However, a diagnostic code was found for α-keto acid reductases and clade 7 CoA/AMP ligases only. Comparative genomics of loci containing these enzymes revealed that they can be independently recruited as tailoring genes in diverse secondary metabolite pathways. Based on these results, we propose a refined and clear phylogeny-based classification of A domain-containing enzymes, which will provide a robust framework for future functional analyses and engineering of these enzymes to produce new bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandriele Noriler
- Postgraduate Program of Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology, Department of Pathology, Universidade Federal do Parana, Av. Coronel Francisco Heráclito dos Santos, 210, CEP: 81531-970, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Jorge C Navarro-Muñoz
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584, CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Chirlei Glienke
- Postgraduate Program of Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology, Department of Pathology, Universidade Federal do Parana, Av. Coronel Francisco Heráclito dos Santos, 210, CEP: 81531-970, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Postgraduate Program of Genetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Parana, Av. Coronel Francisco Heráclito dos Santos, 210, CEP: 81531-970, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Jérôme Collemare
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584, CT, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Lawrinowitz S, Wurlitzer JM, Weiss D, Arndt HD, Kothe E, Gressler M, Hoffmeister D. Blue Light-Dependent Pre-mRNA Splicing Controls Pigment Biosynthesis in the Mushroom Terana caerulea. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0106522. [PMID: 36094086 PMCID: PMC9603100 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01065-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Light induces the production of ink-blue pentacyclic natural products, the corticin pigments, in the cobalt crust mushroom Terana caerulea. Here, we describe the genetic locus for corticin biosynthesis and provide evidence for a light-dependent dual transcriptional/cotranscriptional regulatory mechanism. Light selectively induces the expression of the corA gene encoding the gateway enzyme, the first described mushroom polyporic acid synthetase CorA, while other biosynthetic genes for modifying enzymes necessary to complete corticin assembly are induced only at lower levels. The strongest corA induction was observed following exposure to blue and UV light. A second layer of regulation is provided by the light-dependent splicing of the three introns in the pre-mRNA of corA. Our results provide insight into the fundamental organization of how mushrooms regulate natural product biosynthesis. IMPORTANCE The regulation of natural product biosyntheses in mushrooms in response to environmental cues is poorly understood. We addressed this knowledge gap and chose the cobalt crust mushroom Terana caerulea as our model. Our work discovered a dual-level regulatory mechanism that connects light as an abiotic stimulus with a physiological response, i.e., the production of dark-blue pigments. Exposure to blue light elicits strongly increased transcription of the gene encoding the gateway enzyme, the polyporic acid synthetase CorA, that catalyzes the formation of the pigment core structure. Additionally, light is a prerequisite for the full splicing of corA pre-mRNA and, thus, its proper maturation. Dual transcriptional/cotranscriptional light-dependent control of fungal natural product biosynthesis has previously been unknown. As it allows the tight control of a key metabolic step, it may be a much more prevalent mechanism among these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Lawrinowitz
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Institute of Pharmacy, Jena, Germany
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Jacob M. Wurlitzer
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Institute of Pharmacy, Jena, Germany
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Dieter Weiss
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Arndt
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Institute for Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Erika Kothe
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Institute for Microbiology, Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Gressler
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Institute of Pharmacy, Jena, Germany
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Dirk Hoffmeister
- Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Institute of Pharmacy, Jena, Germany
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
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5
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Wieder C, Peres da Silva R, Witts J, Jäger CM, Geib E, Brock M. Characterisation of ascocorynin biosynthesis in the purple jellydisc fungus Ascocoryne sarcoides. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2022; 9:8. [PMID: 35477441 PMCID: PMC9047271 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-022-00138-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-ribosomal peptide synthetase-like (NRPS-like) enzymes are highly enriched in fungal genomes and can be discriminated into reducing and non-reducing enzymes. Non-reducing NRPS-like enzymes possess a C-terminal thioesterase domain that catalyses the condensation of two identical aromatic α-keto acids under the formation of enzyme-specific substrate-interconnecting core structures such as terphenylquinones, furanones, butyrolactones or dioxolanones. Ascocoryne sarcoides produces large quantities of ascocorynin, which structurally resembles a terphenylquinone produced from the condensation of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate and phenylpyruvate. Since the parallel use of two different substrates by a non-reducing NRPS-like enzyme appeared as highly unusual, we investigated the biosynthesis of ascocorynin in A. sarcoides. Results Here, we searched the genome of A. sarcoides for genes coding for non-reducing NRPS-like enzymes. A single candidate gene was identified that was termed acyN. Heterologous gene expression confirmed that AcyN is involved in ascocorynin production but only produces the non-hydroxylated precursor polyporic acid. Although acyN is embedded in an ascocorynin biosynthesis gene cluster, a gene encoding a monooxygenase required for the hydroxylation of polyporic acid was not present. Expression analyses of all monooxygenase-encoding genes from A. sarcoides identified a single candidate that showed the same expression pattern as acyN. Accordingly, heterologous co-expression of acyN and the monooxygenase gene resulted in the production of ascocorynin. Structural modelling of the monooxygenase suggests that the hydrophobic substrate polyporic acid enters the monooxygenase from a membrane facing entry site and is converted into the more hydrophilic product ascocorynin, which prevents its re-entry for a second round of hydroxylation. Conclusion This study characterises the first naturally occurring polyporic acid synthetase from an ascomycete. It confirms the high substrate and product specificity of this non-reducing NRPS-like enzyme and highlights the requirement of a monooxygenase to produce the terphenylquinone ascocorynin. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40694-022-00138-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Wieder
- Fungal Biology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.,Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Hanns-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 17, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Roberta Peres da Silva
- Fungal Biology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.,University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK
| | - Jessica Witts
- Fungal Biology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Christof Martin Jäger
- Sustainable Process Technologies Research Group, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Elena Geib
- Fungal Biology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Matthias Brock
- Fungal Biology Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
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Clinger JA, Zhang Y, Liu Y, Miller MD, Hall RE, Van Lanen SG, Phillips Jr. GN, Thorson JS, Elshahawi SI. Structure and Function of a Dual Reductase-Dehydratase Enzyme System Involved in p-Terphenyl Biosynthesis. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:2816-2824. [PMID: 34763417 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We report the identification of the ter gene cluster responsible for the formation of the p-terphenyl derivatives terfestatins B and C and echoside B from the Appalachian Streptomyces strain RM-5-8. We characterize the function of TerB/C, catalysts that work together as a dual enzyme system in the biosynthesis of natural terphenyls. TerB acts as a reductase and TerC as a dehydratase to enable the conversion of polyporic acid to a terphenyl triol intermediate. X-ray crystallography of the apo and substrate-bound forms for both enzymes provides additional mechanistic insights. Validation of the TerC structural model via mutagenesis highlights a critical role of arginine 143 and aspartate 173 in catalysis. Cumulatively, this work highlights a set of enzymes acting in harmony to control and direct reactive intermediates and advances fundamental understanding of the previously unresolved early steps in terphenyl biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A. Clinger
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Yinan Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Functional Substance of Chinese Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Mitchell D. Miller
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Ronnie E. Hall
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Steven G. Van Lanen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - George N. Phillips Jr.
- Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Jon S. Thorson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
- Center for Pharmaceutical Research and Innovation, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Sherif I. Elshahawi
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, California 92618, United States
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7
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Modulation of auxin formation by the cytosolic phenylalanine biosynthetic pathway. Nat Chem Biol 2020; 16:850-856. [PMID: 32284603 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-020-0519-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In plants, phenylalanine biosynthesis occurs via two compartmentally separated pathways. Overexpression of petunia chorismate mutase 2 (PhCM2), which catalyzes the committed step of the cytosolic pathway, increased flux in cytosolic phenylalanine biosynthesis, but paradoxically decreased the overall levels of phenylalanine and phenylalanine-derived volatiles. Concomitantly, the levels of auxins, including indole-3-acetic acid and its precursor indole-3-pyruvic acid, were elevated. Biochemical and genetic analyses revealed the existence of metabolic crosstalk between the cytosolic phenylalanine biosynthesis and tryptophan-dependent auxin biosynthesis mediated by an aminotransferase that uses a cytosolic phenylalanine biosynthetic pathway intermediate, phenylpyruvate, as an amino acceptor for auxin formation.
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8
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Hai Y, Jenner M, Tang Y. Complete Stereoinversion of l-Tryptophan by a Fungal Single-Module Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetase. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:16222-16226. [PMID: 31573806 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b08898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Single-module nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) and NRPS-like enzymes activate and transform carboxylic acids in both primary and secondary metabolism and are of great interest due to their biocatalytic potentials. The single-module NRPS IvoA is essential for fungal pigment biosynthesis. Here, we show that IvoA catalyzes ATP-dependent unidirectional stereoinversion of l-tryptophan to d-tryptophan with complete conversion. While the stereoinversion is catalyzed by the epimerization (E) domain, the terminal condensation (C) domain stereoselectively hydrolyzes d-tryptophanyl-S-phosphopantetheine thioester and thus represents a noncanonical C domain function. Using IvoA, we demonstrate a biocatalytic stereoinversion/deracemization route to access a variety of substituted d-tryptophan analogs in high enantiomeric excess.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew Jenner
- Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , United Kingdom.,Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology (WISB) Centre , University of Warwick , Coventry CV4 7AL , United Kingdom
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9
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Geib E, Baldeweg F, Doerfer M, Nett M, Brock M. Cross-Chemistry Leads to Product Diversity from Atromentin Synthetases in Aspergilli from Section Nigri. Cell Chem Biol 2018; 26:223-234.e6. [PMID: 30527997 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS)-like enzymes catalyze the non-oxidative homodimerization of aromatic α-keto acids, but the exact reaction mechanism is unknown. The furanone-forming thioesterase domain of the Aspergillus terreus aspulvinone E synthetase MelA displays a predicted quinone-forming motif, whereby its catalytic triad contains an essential cysteine indicating an unusual thioester intermediate. To convert MelA into a quinone-forming atromentin synthetase its thioesterase domain was replaced with that from a Paxillus involutus or A. terreus atromentin synthetase. Phylogenetic proximity of donor and acceptor seems important, as only replacement with the A. terreus thioesterase was functional. Heterologous expression of atromentin synthetases in Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus oryzae revealed host-dependent product formation whereby cross-chemistry directed atromentin biosynthesis in A. niger toward atrofuranic acid. Screening of aspergilli from section Nigri identified an atromentin synthetase in Aspergillus brasiliensis that produced atrofuranic acid in the homologous host. Therefore, cross-chemistry on quinone cores appears common to section Nigri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Geib
- Fungal Genetics and Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Florian Baldeweg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Adolf-Reichwein Straße 23a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Maximilian Doerfer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Adolf-Reichwein Straße 23a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Markus Nett
- Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Emil-Figge-Straße 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Matthias Brock
- Fungal Genetics and Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
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10
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A Highly Conserved Basidiomycete Peptide Synthetase Produces a Trimeric Hydroxamate Siderophore. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.01478-17. [PMID: 28842536 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01478-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The model white-rot basidiomycete, Ceriporiopsis (Gelatoporia) subvermispora B, encodes putative natural product biosynthesis genes. Among them is the gene for the seven-domain nonribosomal peptide synthetase CsNPS2. It is a member of the as-yet-uncharacterized fungal type VI siderophore synthetase family, which is highly conserved and widely distributed among the basidiomycetes. These enzymes include only one adenylation (A) domain, i.e., one complete peptide synthetase module, and two thiolation/condensation (T-C) didomain partial modules which together constitute an AT1C1T2C2T3C3 domain setup. The full-length CsNPS2 enzyme (274.5 kDa) was heterologously produced as a polyhistidine fusion in Aspergillus niger as a soluble and active protein. N 5-acetyl-N 5-hydroxy-l-ornithine (l-AHO) and N 5-cis-anhydromevalonyl-N 5 -hydroxy-l-ornithine (l-AMHO) were accepted as the substrates, based on results of an in vitro substrate-dependent [32P]ATP-pyrophosphate radioisotope exchange assay. Full-length holo-CsNPS2 catalyzed amide bond formation between three l-AHO molecules to release the linear l-AHO trimer, called basidioferrin, as the product in vitro, which was verified by liquid chromatography-high-resolution electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry analysis. Phylogenetic analyses suggested that type VI family siderophore synthetases are widespread in mushrooms and evolved in a common ancestor of basidiomycetes.IMPORTANCE The basidiomycete nonribosomal peptide synthetase CsNPS2 represents a member of a widely distributed but previously uninvestigated class (type VI) of fungal siderophore synthetases. Genes orthologous to CsNPS2 are highly conserved across various phylogenetic clades of the basidiomycetes. Hence, our work serves as a broadly applicable model for siderophore biosynthesis and iron metabolism in higher fungi. Also, our results on the amino acid substrate preference of CsNPS2 support a further understanding of the substrate selectivity of fungal adenylation domains. Methodologically, this report highlights the Aspergillus niger/SM-Xpress-based system as a suitable platform to heterologously express multimodular basidiomycete biosynthesis enzymes in the >250-kDa range in soluble and active form.
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Zhu Y, Hua Y, Zhang B, Sun L, Li W, Kong X, Hong J. Metabolic engineering of indole pyruvic acid biosynthesis in Escherichia coli with tdiD. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:2. [PMID: 28049530 PMCID: PMC5209907 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-016-0620-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Indole pyruvic acid (IPA) is a versatile platform intermediate and building block for a number of high-value products in the pharmaceutical and food industries. It also has a wide range of applications, such as drugs for the nervous system, cosmetics, and luminophores. Chemical synthesis of IPA is a complicated and costly process. Moreover, through the biosynthesis route employing l-amino acid oxidase, the byproduct hydrogen peroxide leads the degradation of IPA. TdiD, identified as a specific tryptophan aminotransferase, could be an alternative solution for efficient IPA biosynthesis. Results Escherichia coli strain W3110, which demonstrates basic production when supplied with tryptophan, was engineered for IPA biosynthesis. Several strategies were implemented to improve IPA production. First, through incorporating the codon-optimized tdiD into W3110, IPA levels increased from 41.54 ± 1.26 to 52.54 ± 2.08 mg/L. Second, after verifying the benefit of an increased phenylpyruvate pool, a YL03 strain was constructed based on a previously reported mutant strain of W3110 with a plasmid carrying aroFfbr and pheAfbr to further improve IPA production. The recombinant YL03 strain accumulated IPA at 158.85 ± 5.36 mg/L, which was 3.82-fold higher than that of the wild-type W3110 strain. Third, optimization of tdiDco expression was carried out by replacing the Trc promoter with a series of constitutively active promoters along with increasing the plasmid copy numbers. The highest IPA production was observed in YL08, which achieved 236.42 ± 17.66 mg/L and represented a greater than 5-fold increase as compared to W3110. Finally, the effects of deletion and overexpression of tnaA on IPA biosynthesis were evaluated. The removal of tnaA led to slightly reduced IPA levels, whereas the overexpression of tnaA resulted in a considerable decline in production. Conclusions This study illustrates the feasibility of IPA biosynthesis in E. coli through tdiD. An efficient IPA producing strain, YL08, was developed, which provides a new possibility for biosynthesis of IPA. Although the final production was limited, this study demonstrates a convenient method of IPA synthesis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-016-0620-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelin Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Hua
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Biao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianhong Sun
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjie Li
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Kong
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiong Hong
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, People's Republic of China.
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Nectrisine Biosynthesis Genes in Thelonectria discophora SANK 18292: Identification and Functional Analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:6414-6422. [PMID: 27565616 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01709-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The fungus Thelonectria discophora SANK 18292 produces the iminosugar nectrisine, which has a nitrogen-containing heterocyclic 5-membered ring and acts as a glycosidase inhibitor. In our previous study, an oxidase (designated NecC) that converts 4-amino-4-deoxyarabinitol to nectrisine was purified from T. discophora cultures. However, the genes required for nectrisine biosynthesis remained unclear. In this study, the nectrisine biosynthetic gene cluster in T. discophora was identified from the contiguous genome sequence around the necC gene. Gene disruption and complementation studies and heterologous expression of the gene showed that necA, necB, and necC could be involved in nectrisine biosynthesis, during which amination, dephosphorylation, and oxidation occur. It was also demonstrated that nectrisine could be produced by recombinant Escherichia coli coexpressing the necA, necB, and necC genes. These findings provide the foundation to develop a bacterial production system for nectrisine or its intermediates through genetic engineering. IMPORTANCE Iminosugars might have great therapeutic potential for treatment of many diseases. However, information on the genes for their biosynthesis is limited. In this study, we report the identification of genes required for biosynthesis of the iminosugar nectrisine in Thelonectria discophora SANK 18292, which was verified by disruption, complementation, and heterologous expression of the genes involved. We also demonstrate heterologous production of nectrisine by recombinant E. coli, toward developing an efficient production system for nectrisine or its intermediates through genetic engineering.
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Characterization of the Aminotransferase ThdN from Thienodolin Biosynthesis inStreptomyces albogriseolus. Chembiochem 2016; 17:1859-1864. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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14
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Geib E, Gressler M, Viediernikova I, Hillmann F, Jacobsen I, Nietzsche S, Hertweck C, Brock M. A Non-canonical Melanin Biosynthesis Pathway Protects Aspergillus terreus Conidia from Environmental Stress. Cell Chem Biol 2016; 23:587-597. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Baccile JA, Spraker JE, Le HH, Brandenburger E, Gomez C, Bok JW, Macheleidt J, Brakhage AA, Hoffmeister D, Keller NP, Schroeder FC. Plant-like biosynthesis of isoquinoline alkaloids in Aspergillus fumigatus. Nat Chem Biol 2016; 12:419-24. [PMID: 27065235 PMCID: PMC5049701 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Natural product discovery efforts have focused primarily on microbial biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) containing large multi-modular PKSs and NRPSs; however, sequencing of fungal genomes has revealed a vast number of BGCs containing smaller NRPS-like genes of unknown biosynthetic function. Using comparative metabolomics, we show that a BGC in the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus named fsq, which contains an NRPS-like gene lacking a condensation domain, produces several novel isoquinoline alkaloids, the fumisoquins. These compounds derive from carbon-carbon bond formation between two amino acid-derived moieties followed by a sequence that is directly analogous to isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis in plants. Fumisoquin biosynthesis requires the N-methyltransferase FsqC and the FAD-dependent oxidase FsqB, which represent functional analogs of coclaurine N-methyltransferase and berberine bridge enzyme in plants. Our results show that BGCs containing incomplete NRPS modules may reveal new biosynthetic paradigms and suggest that plant-like isoquinoline biosynthesis occurs in diverse fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Baccile
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Joseph E Spraker
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Henry H Le
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Eileen Brandenburger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans-Knöll-Institute, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Gomez
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Jin Woo Bok
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Juliane Macheleidt
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.,Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Axel A Brakhage
- Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.,Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Dirk Hoffmeister
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology at the Hans-Knöll-Institute, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Nancy P Keller
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Frank C Schroeder
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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Lacey HJ, Vuong D, Pitt JI, Lacey E, Piggott AM. Kumbicins A–D: Bis-Indolyl Benzenoids and Benzoquinones from an Australian Soil Fungus, Aspergillus kumbius. Aust J Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/ch15488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A soil survey conducted in southern Queensland, Australia, identified a novel isolate belonging to the genus Aspergillus subgenus Circumdati section Circumdati, Aspergillus kumbius FRR6049. Cultivation and fractionation of secondary metabolites from A. kumbius revealed a unique chemotype comprising three new bis-indolyl benzenoids, kumbicins A–C, and a new bis-indolyl benzoquinone, kumbicin D, along with the previously reported compounds asterriquinol D dimethyl ether, petromurins C and D, aspochracin, its N-demethyl analogue JBIR-15, and neohydroxyaspergillic acid. The structures of kumbicins A–D were assigned by detailed spectroscopic analysis. Kumbicin C was found to inhibit the growth of mouse myeloma cells (IC50 0.74 μg mL–1) and the Gram-positive bacterium Bacillus subtilis (MIC 1.6 μg mL–1).
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A Fivefold Parallelized Biosynthetic Process Secures Chlorination of Armillaria mellea (Honey Mushroom) Toxins. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 82:1196-1204. [PMID: 26655762 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03168-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The basidiomycetous tree pathogen Armillaria mellea (honey mushroom) produces a large variety of structurally related antibiotically active and phytotoxic natural products, referred to as the melleolides. During their biosynthesis, some members of the melleolide family of compounds undergo monochlorination of the aromatic moiety, whose biochemical and genetic basis was not known previously. This first study on basidiomycete halogenases presents the biochemical in vitro characterization of five flavin-dependent A. mellea enzymes (ArmH1 to ArmH5) that were heterologously produced in Escherichia coli. We demonstrate that all five enzymes transfer a single chlorine atom to the melleolide backbone. A 5-fold, secured biosynthetic step during natural product assembly is unprecedented. Typically, flavin-dependent halogenases are categorized into enzymes acting on free compounds as opposed to those requiring a carrier-protein-bound acceptor substrate. The enzymes characterized in this study clearly turned over free substrates. Phylogenetic clades of halogenases suggest that all fungal enzymes share an ancestor and reflect a clear divergence between ascomycetes and basidiomycetes.
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18
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Sharma R, Xia X, Cano LM, Evangelisti E, Kemen E, Judelson H, Oome S, Sambles C, van den Hoogen DJ, Kitner M, Klein J, Meijer HJG, Spring O, Win J, Zipper R, Bode HB, Govers F, Kamoun S, Schornack S, Studholme DJ, Van den Ackerveken G, Thines M. Genome analyses of the sunflower pathogen Plasmopara halstedii provide insights into effector evolution in downy mildews and Phytophthora. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:741. [PMID: 26438312 PMCID: PMC4594904 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1904-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Downy mildews are the most speciose group of oomycetes and affect crops of great economic importance. So far, there is only a single deeply-sequenced downy mildew genome available, from Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis. Further genomic resources for downy mildews are required to study their evolution, including pathogenicity effector proteins, such as RxLR effectors. Plasmopara halstedii is a devastating pathogen of sunflower and a potential pathosystem model to study downy mildews, as several Avr-genes and R-genes have been predicted and unlike Arabidopsis downy mildew, large quantities of almost contamination-free material can be obtained easily. RESULTS Here a high-quality draft genome of Plasmopara halstedii is reported and analysed with respect to various aspects, including genome organisation, secondary metabolism, effector proteins and comparative genomics with other sequenced oomycetes. Interestingly, the present analyses revealed further variation of the RxLR motif, suggesting an important role of the conservation of the dEER-motif. Orthology analyses revealed the conservation of 28 RxLR-like core effectors among Phytophthora species. Only six putative RxLR-like effectors were shared by the two sequenced downy mildews, highlighting the fast and largely independent evolution of two of the three major downy mildew lineages. This is seemingly supported by phylogenomic results, in which downy mildews did not appear to be monophyletic. CONCLUSIONS The genome resource will be useful for developing markers for monitoring the pathogen population and might provide the basis for new approaches to fight Phytophthora and downy mildew pathogens by targeting core pathogenicity effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Sharma
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. .,Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60323, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. .,Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. .,Center for Integrative Fungal Research (IPF), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325, Frankfurt (Main), Germany.
| | - Xiaojuan Xia
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. .,Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60323, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. .,Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt (Main), Germany.
| | - Liliana M Cano
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK. .,Present address: Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University Raleigh, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| | | | - Eric Kemen
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl von Linne´ Weg 10, Cologne, 50829, Germany.
| | - Howard Judelson
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
| | - Stan Oome
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, NL-3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Christine Sambles
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
| | - D Johan van den Hoogen
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, NL-6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Miloslav Kitner
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 11, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Joël Klein
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, NL-3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Harold J G Meijer
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, NL-6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Otmar Spring
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Botany 210, D-70593, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Joe Win
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
| | - Reinhard Zipper
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Botany 210, D-70593, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Helge B Bode
- Merck-Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften and Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Francine Govers
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, NL-6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Sophien Kamoun
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK.
| | | | - David J Studholme
- Biosciences, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QD, UK.
| | - Guido Van den Ackerveken
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, NL-3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Marco Thines
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. .,Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60323, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. .,Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. .,Center for Integrative Fungal Research (IPF), Georg-Voigt-Str. 14-16, 60325, Frankfurt (Main), Germany. .,Integrative Fungal Research (IPF), Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (BiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, D-60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Three Redundant Synthetases Secure Redox-Active Pigment Production in the Basidiomycete Paxillus involutus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 22:1325-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Genetic engineering activates biosynthesis of aromatic fumaric acid amides in the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 81:1594-600. [PMID: 25527545 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03268-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Aspergillus fumigatus nonribosomal peptide synthetase FtpA is among the few of this species whose natural product has remained unknown. Both FtpA adenylation domains were characterized in vitro. Fumaric acid was identified as preferred substrate of the first and both l-tyrosine and l-phenylalanine as preferred substrates of the second adenylation domain. Genetically engineered A. fumigatus strains expressed either ftpA or the regulator gene ftpR, encoded in the same cluster of genes, under the control of the doxycycline-inducible tetracycline-induced transcriptional activation (tet-on) cassette. These strains produced fumaryl-l-tyrosine and fumaryl-l-phenylalanine which were identified by liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Modeling of the first adenylation domain in silico provided insight into the structural requirements to bind fumaric acid as peptide synthetase substrate. This work adds aromatic fumaric acid amides to the secondary metabolome of the important human pathogen A. fumigatus which was previously not known as a producer of these compounds.
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Chankhamjon P, Boettger-Schmidt D, Scherlach K, Urbansky B, Lackner G, Kalb D, Dahse HM, Hoffmeister D, Hertweck C. Biosynthesis of the Halogenated Mycotoxin Aspirochlorine in Koji Mold Involves a Cryptic Amino Acid Conversion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201407624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Chankhamjon P, Boettger-Schmidt D, Scherlach K, Urbansky B, Lackner G, Kalb D, Dahse HM, Hoffmeister D, Hertweck C. Biosynthesis of the halogenated mycotoxin aspirochlorine in koji mold involves a cryptic amino acid conversion. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:13409-13. [PMID: 25302411 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201407624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Aspirochlorine (1) is an epidithiodiketopiperazine (ETP) toxin produced from koji mold (Aspergillus oryzae), which has been used in the oriental cuisine for over two millennia. Considering its potential risk for food safety, we have elucidated the molecular basis of aspirochlorine biosynthesis. By a combination of genetic and chemical analyses we found the acl gene locus and identified the key role of AclH as a chlorinase. Stable isotope labeling, biotransformation, and mutational experiments, analysis of intermediates and an in vitro adenylation domain assay gave totally unexpected insights into the acl pathway: Instead of one Phe and one Gly, two Phe units are assembled by an iterative non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS, AclP), followed by halogenation and an unprecedented Phe to Gly amino acid conversion. Biological assays showed that both amino acid transformations are required to confer cytotoxicity and antifungal activity to the mycotoxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranatchareeya Chankhamjon
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Chemistry and Infection Biology, Departments Biomolecular Chemistry and Infection Biology, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena (Germany) http://www.hki-jena.de
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Functional and phylogenetic divergence of fungal adenylate-forming reductases. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:6175-83. [PMID: 25085485 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01767-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A key step in fungal L-lysine biosynthesis is catalyzed by adenylate-forming L-α-aminoadipic acid reductases, organized in domains for adenylation, thiolation, and the reduction step. However, the genomes of numerous ascomycetes and basidiomycetes contain an unexpectedly large number of additional genes encoding similar but functionally distinct enzymes. Here, we describe the functional in vitro characterization of four reductases which were heterologously produced in Escherichia coli. The Ceriporiopsis subvermispora serine reductase Nps1 features a terminal ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase (FNR) domain and thus belongs to a hitherto undescribed class of fungal multidomain enzymes. The second major class is characterized by the canonical terminal short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase domain and represented by Ceriporiopsis subvermispora Nps3 as the first biochemically characterized L-α-aminoadipic acid reductase of basidiomycete origin. Aspergillus flavus l-tyrosine reductases LnaA and LnbA are members of a distinct phylogenetic clade. Phylogenetic analysis supports the view that fungal adenylate-forming reductases are more diverse than previously recognized and belong to four distinct classes.
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Zhu J, Chen W, Li YY, Deng JJ, Zhu DY, Duan J, Liu Y, Shi GY, Xie C, Wang HX, Shen YM. Identification and catalytic characterization of a nonribosomal peptide synthetase-like (NRPS-like) enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of echosides from Streptomyces sp. LZ35. Gene 2014; 546:352-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Chooi YH, Muria-Gonzalez MJ, Solomon PS. A genome-wide survey of the secondary metabolite biosynthesis genes in the wheat pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum.. Mycology 2014; 5:192-206. [PMID: 25379341 PMCID: PMC4205913 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2014.928386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The model pathogen Parastagonospora nodorum is a necrotroph and the causal agent of the wheat disease Septoria nodorum blotch (SNB). The sequenced P. nodorum genome has revealed that the fungus harbours a large number of secondary metabolite genes. Secondary metabolites are known to play important roles in the virulence of plant pathogens, but limited knowledge is available about the SM repertoire of this wheat pathogen. Here, we review the secondary metabolites that have been isolated from P. nodorum and related species of the same genus and provide an in-depth genome-wide overview of the secondary metabolite gene clusters encoded in the P. nodorum genome. The secondary metabolite gene survey reveals that P. nodorum is capable of producing a diverse range of small molecules and exciting prospects exist for discovery of novel virulence factors and bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yit-Heng Chooi
- Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University , Canberra , 0200 , Australia
| | - Mariano Jordi Muria-Gonzalez
- Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University , Canberra , 0200 , Australia
| | - Peter S Solomon
- Plant Sciences Division, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University , Canberra , 0200 , Australia
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26
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Molecular mechanisms of Aspergillus flavus secondary metabolism and development. Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 66:11-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Tarcz S, Ludwig L, Li SM. AstPT catalyses both reverse N1- and regular C2 prenylation of a methylated bisindolyl benzoquinone. Chembiochem 2013; 15:108-16. [PMID: 24302698 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Prenylated bisindolyl benzoquinones exhibit interesting biological activities, such as antidiabetic or anti-HIV activities. A number of these compounds, including asterriquinones, have been isolated from Aspergillus terreus. In this study, we identified two putative genes by genome mining, ATEG_09980 and ATEG_00702, which share high sequence similarity with the known bisindolyl benzoquinone prenyltransferase TdiB from Aspergillus nidulans. The coding sequences were cloned and overexpressed in E. coli. The overproduced recombinant proteins were purified to near homogeneity and used for enzyme assays with asterriquinone D in the presence of dimethylallyl diphosphate. HPLC analysis showed that product formation was only detected in enzyme assays with EAU29429 encoded by ATEG_09980, not in those with EAU39348 encoded by ATEG_00702. Product isolation and structure elucidation by NMR and MS analyses led to identification of N1-reversely and C2-regularly monoprenylated derivatives, as well as N1',N1''reversely, N1'-reversely, C2''-regularly diprenylated derivatives. This proved that EAU29429 functions as an asterriquinone prenyltransferase (AstPT) and indicated the involvement of EAU29429 rather than EAU39348 in the biosynthesis of methylated asterriquinones. Furthermore, incubation of monoprenylated enzyme products with AstPT resulted in the formation of the diprenylated derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Tarcz
- Philipps-Universität Marburg, Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Deutschhausstrasse 17 A, 35037 Marburg (Germany)
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Bimodular peptide synthetase SidE produces fumarylalanine in the human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:6670-6. [PMID: 23974138 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02642-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The filamentous mold Aspergillus fumigatus causes invasive aspergillosis, a potentially life-threatening infectious disease, in humans. The sidE gene encodes a bimodular peptide synthetase and was shown previously to be strongly upregulated during initiation of murine lung infection. In this study, we characterized the two adenylation domains of SidE with the ATP-[(32)P]pyrophosphate exchange assay in vitro, which identified fumarate and l-alanine, respectively, as the preferred substrates. Using full-length holo-SidE, fumarylalanine (FA) formation was observed in vitro. Furthermore, FA was identified in A. fumigatus culture supernatants under inducing conditions, unless sidE was genetically inactivated. As FA is structurally related to established pharmaceutical products exerting immunomodulatory activity, this work may contribute to our understanding of the virulence of A. fumigatus.
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29
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Kalb D, Lackner G, Hoffmeister D. Fungal peptide synthetases: an update on functions and specificity signatures. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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30
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Wilson DJ, Shi C, Teitelbaum AM, Gulick AM, Aldrich CC. Characterization of AusA: a dimodular nonribosomal peptide synthetase responsible for the production of aureusimine pyrazinones. Biochemistry 2013; 52:926-37. [PMID: 23302043 PMCID: PMC3577359 DOI: 10.1021/bi301330q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aureusimines have been identified as potential virulence factors in Staphylococcus aureus. These pyrazinone secondary metabolites are produced by a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) annotated as AusA. We report the overproduction of AusA as a 277 kDa soluble protein with A(1)-T(1)-C-A(2)-T(2)-R bimodular architecture. The substrate specificity of each adenylation (A) domain was initially probed using an ATP-pyrophosphate exchange assay with A-domain selective bisubstrate inhibitors to chemically knock out each companion A-domain. The activity of AusA was then reconstituted in vitro and shown to produce all naturally occurring aureusimines and non-natural pyrazinone products with k(cat) values ranging from 0.4 to 1.3 min(-1). Steady-state kinetic parameters were determined for all substrates and cofactors, providing the first comprehensive steady-state characterization of a NRPS employing a product formation assay. The K(M) values for the amino acids were up to 60-fold lower with the product formation assay than with the ATP-pyrophosphate exchange assay, most commonly used to assess A-domain substrate specificity. The C-terminal reductase (R) domain catalyzes reductive release of the dipeptidyl intermediate, leading to formation of an amino aldehyde that cyclizes to a dihydropyrazinone. We show oxidation to the final pyrazinone heterocycle is spontaneous. The activity and specificity of the R-domain was independently investigated using a NADPH consumption assay. AusA is a minimal autonomous two-module NRPS that represents an excellent model system for further kinetic and structural characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Wilson
- Center for Drug Design, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Ce Shi
- Center for Drug Design, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Aaron M. Teitelbaum
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, MN 55455
| | - Andrew M. Gulick
- Hauptman-Woodward Institute and Department of Structural Biology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203 USA
| | - Courtney C. Aldrich
- Center for Drug Design, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
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31
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Forseth RR, Amaike S, Schwenk D, Affeldt KJ, Hoffmeister D, Schroeder FC, Keller NP. Homologe NRPS-ähnliche Genloci vermitteln eine redundante Naturstoff-Biosynthese inAspergillus flavus. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201207456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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32
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Forseth RR, Amaike S, Schwenk D, Affeldt KJ, Hoffmeister D, Schroeder FC, Keller NP. Homologous NRPS-like gene clusters mediate redundant small-molecule biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 52:1590-4. [PMID: 23281040 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201207456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ry R Forseth
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, 1 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
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33
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34
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Li X, Zheng SL, Li X, Li JL, Qiang O, Liu R, He L. Synthesis and anti-breast cancer activity of new indolylquinone derivatives. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 54:42-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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35
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Wackler B, Lackner G, Chooi YH, Hoffmeister D. Characterization of the Suillus grevillei Quinone Synthetase GreA Supports a Nonribosomal Code for Aromatic α-Keto Acids. Chembiochem 2012; 13:1798-804. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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36
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Molecular genetic analysis reveals that a nonribosomal peptide synthetase-like (NRPS-like) gene in Aspergillus nidulans is responsible for microperfuranone biosynthesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 96:739-48. [PMID: 22627757 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4098-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Genome sequencing of Aspergillus species including Aspergillus nidulans has revealed that there are far more secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters than secondary metabolites isolated from these organisms. This implies that these organisms can produce additional secondary metabolites, which have not yet been elucidated. The A. nidulans genome contains 12 nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS), one hybrid polyketide synthase/NRPS, and 14 NRPS-like genes. The only NRPS-like gene in A. nidulans with a known product is tdiA, which is involved in terrequinone A biosynthesis. To attempt to identify the products of these NRPS-like genes, we replaced the native promoters of the NRPS-like genes with the inducible alcohol dehydrogenase (alcA) promoter. Our results demonstrated that induction of the single NRPS-like gene AN3396.4 led to the enhanced production of microperfuranone. Furthermore, heterologous expression of AN3396.4 in Aspergillus niger confirmed that only one NRPS-like gene, AN3396.4, is necessary for the production of microperfuranone.
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37
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Sanchez JF, Somoza AD, Keller NP, Wang CCC. Advances in Aspergillus secondary metabolite research in the post-genomic era. Nat Prod Rep 2012; 29:351-71. [PMID: 22228366 DOI: 10.1039/c2np00084a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review studies the impact of whole genome sequencing on Aspergillus secondary metabolite research. There has been a proliferation of many new, intriguing discoveries since sequencing data became widely available. What is more, the genomes disclosed the surprising finding that there are many more secondary metabolite biosynthetic pathways than laboratory research had suggested. Activating these pathways has been met with some success, but many more dormant genes remain to be awakened.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Sanchez
- University of Southern California-Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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38
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Misiek M, Braesel J, Hoffmeister D. Characterisation of the ArmA adenylation domain implies a more diverse secondary metabolism in the genus Armillaria. Fungal Biol 2011; 115:775-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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39
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Wackler B, Schneider P, Jacobs J, Pauly J, Allen C, Nett M, Hoffmeister D. Ralfuranone Biosynthesis in Ralstonia solanacearum Suggests Functional Divergence in the Quinone Synthetase Family of Enzymes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 18:354-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2011.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Revised: 12/31/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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40
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Bohnert M, Wackler B, Hoffmeister D. Spotlights on advances in mycotoxin research. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 87:1-7. [PMID: 20376632 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2565-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Revised: 03/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A remarkable feature of filamentous fungi is their ability to produce small yet structurally complex and often bioactive natural products. In this mini-review, we cover advances in the research on fungal secondary metabolites, particularly mycotoxins, and focus on biosynthetic aspects as well as on the complex regulatory mechanisms which control the expression of biosynthetic genes. We also highlight the increasing impact of genomics and transcriptomics, which help explore the realm of secondary metabolism of fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Bohnert
- Department Pharmaceutical Biology at the Hans-Knöll-Institute, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
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41
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Ryan KS, Drennan CL. Divergent pathways in the biosynthesis of bisindole natural products. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 16:351-64. [PMID: 19389622 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2009.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Revised: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Two molecules of the amino acid L-tryptophan are the biosynthetic precursors to a class of natural products named the "bisindoles." Hundreds of these bisindole molecules have been isolated from natural sources, and many of these molecules have potent medicinal properties. Recent studies have clarified the biosynthetic construction of six bisindole molecules, revealing novel enzymatic mechanisms and leading to combinatorial synthesis of new bisindole compounds. Collectively, these results provide a vantage point for understanding how much of the diversity of the bisindole class is generated from a small number of diverging pathways from L-tryptophan, as well as enabling identification of bisindoles that are likely derived via completely distinct biosynthetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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42
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Corre C, Challis GL. New natural product biosynthetic chemistry discovered by genome mining. Nat Prod Rep 2009; 26:977-86. [DOI: 10.1039/b713024b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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43
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McQuade TJ, Shallop AD, Sheoran A, Delproposto JE, Tsodikov OV, Garneau-Tsodikova S. A nonradioactive high-throughput assay for screening and characterization of adenylation domains for nonribosomal peptide combinatorial biosynthesis. Anal Biochem 2008; 386:244-50. [PMID: 19135023 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Revised: 11/27/2008] [Accepted: 12/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Adenylation domains are critical enzymes that dictate the identity of the amino acid building blocks to be incorporated during nonribosomal peptide (NRP) biosynthesis. NRPs display a wide range of biological activities and are some of the most important drugs currently used in clinics. Traditionally, activity of adenylation domains has been measured by radioactive ATP-[32P]pyrophosphate (PP(i)) exchange assays. To identify adenylation domains for future combinatorial production of novel NRPs as potential drugs, we report a convenient high-throughput nonradioactive method to measure activity of these enzymes. In our assay, malachite green is used to measure orthophosphate (P(i)) concentrations after degradation by inorganic pyrophosphatase of the PP(i) released during aminoacyl-AMP formation by action of the adenylation domains. The assay is quantitative, accurate, and robust, and it can be performed in 96- and 384-well plate formats. The performance of our assay was tested by using NcpB-A(4), one of the seven adenylation domains involved in nostocyclopeptide biosynthesis. The kinetics of pyrophosphate release monitored by this method are much slower than those measured by a traditional ATP-[32P]PP(i) exchange assay. This observation indicates that the formation of the adenylated amino acid and its release are the rate-limiting steps during the catalytic turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J McQuade
- Center for Chemical Genomics, High-Throughput Screening Laboratory, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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44
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Characterization of the atromentin biosynthesis genes and enzymes in the homobasidiomycete Tapinella panuoides. Fungal Genet Biol 2008; 45:1487-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2008.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Revised: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 08/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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45
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L Challis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
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46
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Zuther K, Mayser P, Hettwer U, Wu W, Spiteller P, Kindler BLJ, Karlovsky P, Basse CW, Schirawski J. The tryptophan aminotransferase Tam1 catalyses the single biosynthetic step for tryptophan-dependent pigment synthesis in Ustilago maydis. Mol Microbiol 2008; 68:152-72. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06144.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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47
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Schneider P, Misiek M, Hoffmeister D. In Vivo and In Vitro Production Options for Fungal Secondary Metabolites. Mol Pharm 2008; 5:234-42. [DOI: 10.1021/mp7001544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Schneider
- Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany, and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities Campus, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Mathias Misiek
- Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany, and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities Campus, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
| | - Dirk Hoffmeister
- Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Stefan-Meier-Strasse 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany, and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota—Twin Cities Campus, 1991 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108
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48
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Schneider P, Weber M, Hoffmeister D. The Aspergillus nidulans enzyme TdiB catalyzes prenyltransfer to the precursor of bioactive asterriquinones. Fungal Genet Biol 2008; 45:302-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2007.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2007] [Revised: 09/15/2007] [Accepted: 09/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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49
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Pirrung MC, Deng L, Lin B, Webster NJG. Quinone Replacements for Small Molecule Insulin Mimics. Chembiochem 2008; 9:360-2. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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