1
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James CA, Xu Y, Aguilar MS, Jing L, Layton ED, Gilleron M, Minnaard AJ, Scriba TJ, Day CL, Warren EH, Koelle DM, Seshadri C. CD4 and CD8 co-receptors modulate functional avidity of CD1b-restricted T cells. Nat Commun 2022; 13:78. [PMID: 35013257 PMCID: PMC8748927 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27764-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells recognize mycobacterial glycolipid (mycolipid) antigens presented by CD1b molecules, but the role of CD4 and CD8 co-receptors in mycolipid recognition is unknown. Here we show CD1b-mycolipid tetramers reveal a hierarchy in which circulating T cells expressing CD4 or CD8 co-receptor stain with a higher tetramer mean fluorescence intensity than CD4-CD8- T cells. CD4+ primary T cells transduced with mycolipid-specific T cell receptors bind CD1b-mycolipid tetramer with a higher fluorescence intensity than CD8+ primary T cells. The presence of either CD4 or CD8 also decreases the threshold for interferon-γ secretion. Co-receptor expression increases surface expression of CD3ε, suggesting a mechanism for increased tetramer binding and activation. Targeted transcriptional profiling of mycolipid-specific T cells from individuals with active tuberculosis reveals canonical markers associated with cytotoxicity among CD8+ compared to CD4+ T cells. Thus, expression of co-receptors modulates T cell receptor avidity for mycobacterial lipids, leading to in vivo functional diversity during tuberculosis disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A James
- Molecular Medicine and Mechanisms of Disease PhD Program (M3D), Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Yuexin Xu
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Lichen Jing
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Erik D Layton
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Martine Gilleron
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31077, Toulouse, France
| | - Adriaan J Minnaard
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Cheryl L Day
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Edus H Warren
- Molecular Medicine and Mechanisms of Disease PhD Program (M3D), Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David M Koelle
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Chetan Seshadri
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Tuberculosis Research and Training Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
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2
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Reijneveld JF, Marino L, Cao TP, Cheng TY, Dam D, Shahine A, Witte MD, Filippov DV, Suliman S, van der Marel GA, Moody DB, Minnaard AJ, Rossjohn J, Codée JDC, Van Rhijn I. Rational design of a hydrolysis-resistant mycobacterial phosphoglycolipid antigen presented by CD1c to T cells. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101197. [PMID: 34536421 PMCID: PMC8511953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas proteolytic cleavage is crucial for peptide presentation by classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins to T cells, glycolipids presented by CD1 molecules are typically presented in an unmodified form. However, the mycobacterial lipid antigen mannosyl-β1-phosphomycoketide (MPM) may be processed through hydrolysis in antigen presenting cells, forming mannose and phosphomycoketide (PM). To further test the hypothesis that some lipid antigens are processed, and to generate antigens that lead to defined epitopes for future tuberculosis vaccines or diagnostic tests, we aimed to create hydrolysis-resistant MPM variants that retain their antigenicity. Here, we designed and tested three different, versatile synthetic strategies to chemically stabilize MPM analogs. Crystallographic studies of CD1c complexes with these three new MPM analogs showed anchoring of the lipid tail and phosphate group that is highly comparable to nature-identical MPM, with considerable conformational flexibility for the mannose head group. MPM-3, a difluoromethylene-modified version of MPM that is resistant to hydrolysis, showed altered recognition by cells, but not by CD1c proteins, supporting the cellular antigen processing hypothesis. Furthermore, the synthetic analogs elicited T cell responses that were cross-reactive with nature-identical MPM, fulfilling important requirements for future clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine F Reijneveld
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Laura Marino
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Thinh-Phat Cao
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tan-Yun Cheng
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dennis Dam
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Adam Shahine
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Martin D Witte
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Dmitri V Filippov
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sara Suliman
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gijsbert A van der Marel
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Adriaan J Minnaard
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia; Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Jeroen D C Codée
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Faculty of Science, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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3
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Holzheimer M, Buter J, Minnaard AJ. Chemical Synthesis of Cell Wall Constituents of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Chem Rev 2021; 121:9554-9643. [PMID: 34190544 PMCID: PMC8361437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
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The pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), causing
tuberculosis disease, features an extraordinary
thick cell envelope, rich in Mtb-specific lipids,
glycolipids, and glycans. These cell wall components are often directly
involved in host–pathogen interaction and recognition, intracellular
survival, and virulence. For decades, these mycobacterial natural
products have been of great interest for immunology and synthetic
chemistry alike, due to their complex molecular structure and the
biological functions arising from it. The synthesis of many of these
constituents has been achieved and aided the elucidation of their
function by utilizing the synthetic material to study Mtb immunology. This review summarizes the synthetic efforts of a quarter
century of total synthesis and highlights how the synthesis layed
the foundation for immunological studies as well as drove the field
of organic synthesis and catalysis to efficiently access these complex
natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Holzheimer
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey Buter
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan J Minnaard
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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4
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Reijneveld JF, Holzheimer M, Young DC, Lopez K, Suliman S, Jimenez J, Calderon R, Lecca L, Murray MB, Ishikawa E, Yamasaki S, Minnaard AJ, Moody DB, Van Rhijn I. Synthetic mycobacterial diacyl trehaloses reveal differential recognition by human T cell receptors and the C-type lectin Mincle. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2010. [PMID: 33479373 PMCID: PMC7820438 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81474-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is composed of diverse glycolipids which potentially interact with the human immune system. To overcome difficulties in obtaining pure compounds from bacterial extracts, we recently synthesized three forms of mycobacterial diacyltrehalose (DAT) that differ in their fatty acid composition, DAT1, DAT2, and DAT3. To study the potential recognition of DATs by human T cells, we treated the lipid-binding antigen presenting molecule CD1b with synthetic DATs and looked for T cells that bound the complex. DAT1- and DAT2-treated CD1b tetramers were recognized by T cells, but DAT3-treated CD1b tetramers were not. A T cell line derived using CD1b-DAT2 tetramers showed that there is no cross-reactivity between DATs in an IFN-γ release assay, suggesting that the chemical structure of the fatty acid at the 3-position determines recognition by T cells. In contrast with the lack of recognition of DAT3 by human T cells, DAT3, but not DAT1 or DAT2, activates Mincle. Thus, we show that the mycobacterial lipid DAT can be both an antigen for T cells and an agonist for the innate Mincle receptor, and that small chemical differences determine recognition by different parts of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine F Reijneveld
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Hale Building for Transformative Medicine, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mira Holzheimer
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - David C Young
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Hale Building for Transformative Medicine, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Kattya Lopez
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Hale Building for Transformative Medicine, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Socios En Salud, Lima, Peru
| | - Sara Suliman
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Hale Building for Transformative Medicine, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | - Megan B Murray
- Division of Global Health Equity, Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eri Ishikawa
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Adriaan J Minnaard
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Hale Building for Transformative Medicine, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation, and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Hale Building for Transformative Medicine, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA, 02115, USA. .,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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5
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Genardi S, Visvabharathy L, Cao L, Morgun E, Cui Y, Qi C, Chen YH, Gapin L, Berdyshev E, Wang CR. Type II Natural Killer T Cells Contribute to Protection Against Systemic Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:610010. [PMID: 33312179 PMCID: PMC7708336 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.610010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (SA) bacteremia is responsible for over 10,000 deaths in the hospital setting each year. Both conventional CD4+ T cells and γδ T cells play protective roles in SA infection through secretion of IFN-γ and IL-17. However, the role of other unconventional T cells in SA infection is largely unknown. Natural killer T (NKT) cells, a subset of innate-like T cells, are activated rapidly in response to a wide range of self and microbial lipid antigens presented by MHC I-like molecule CD1d. NKT cells are divided into two groups, invariant NKT (iNKT) and type II NKT cells, based on TCR usage. Using mice lacking either iNKT cells or both types of NKT cells, we show that both NKT cell subsets are activated after systemic SA infection and produce IFN-γ in response to SA antigen, however type II NKT cells are sufficient to control bacterial burden and inflammatory infiltrate in infected organs. This protective capacity was specific for NKT cells, as mice lacking mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, another innate-like T cell subset, had no increased susceptibility to SA systemic infection. We identify polar lipid species from SA that induce IFN-γ production from type II NKT cells, which requires both CD1d-TCR engagement and IL-12 production by antigen presenting cells. We also demonstrate that a population of T cells enriched for type II NKT cells are increased in PBMC of SA bacteremic patients compared to healthy controls. Therefore, type II NKT cells perform effector functions that enhance control of SA infection prior to conventional T cell activation and recognize SA-derived lipid antigens. As CD1d is highly conserved in humans, these CD1d-restricted SA lipid antigens could be used in the design of next generation SA vaccines targeting cell-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Genardi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Lavanya Visvabharathy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Liang Cao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Eva Morgun
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Yongyong Cui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Chao Qi
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Yi-Hua Chen
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Laurent Gapin
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Evgeny Berdyshev
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Chyung-Ru Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
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6
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Visvabharathy L, Genardi S, Cao L, He Y, Alonzo F, Berdyshev E, Wang CR. Group 1 CD1-restricted T cells contribute to control of systemic Staphylococcus aureus infection. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008443. [PMID: 32343740 PMCID: PMC7188215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (SA) is the causative agent of both skin/soft tissue infections as well as invasive bloodstream infections. Though vaccines have been developed to target both humoral and T cell-mediated immune responses against SA, they have largely failed due to lack of protective efficacy. Group 1 CD1-restricted T cells recognize lipid rather than peptide antigens. Previously found to recognize lipids derived from cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), these cells were associated with protection against Mtb infection in humans. Using a transgenic mouse model expressing human group 1 CD1 molecules (hCD1Tg), we demonstrate that group 1 CD1-restricted T cells can recognize SA-derived lipids in both immunization and infection settings. Systemic infection of hCD1Tg mice showed that SA-specific group 1 CD1-restricted T cell response peaked at 10 days post-infection, and hCD1Tg mice displayed significantly decreased kidney pathology at this time point compared with WT control mice. Immunodominant SA lipid antigens recognized by group 1 CD1-restricted T cells were comprised mainly of cardiolipin and phosphatidyl glycerol, with little contribution from lysyl-phosphatidyl glycerol which is a unique bacterial lipid not present in mammals. Group 1 CD1-restricted T cell lines specific for SA lipids also conferred protection against SA infection in the kidney after adoptive transfer. They were further able to effectively control SA replication in vitro through direct antigen presentation by group 1 CD1-expressing BMDCs. Together, our data demonstrate a previously unknown role for group 1 CD1-restricted SA lipid-specific T cells in the control of systemic MRSA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya Visvabharathy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Samantha Genardi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Liang Cao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Ying He
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States of America
| | - Francis Alonzo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University, Maywood, United States of America
| | - Evgeny Berdyshev
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, United States of America
| | - Chyung-Ru Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, United States of America
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7
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Joosten SA, Ottenhoff TH, Lewinsohn DM, Hoft DF, Moody DB, Seshadri C. Harnessing donor unrestricted T-cells for new vaccines against tuberculosis. Vaccine 2019; 37:3022-3030. [PMID: 31040086 PMCID: PMC6525272 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) prevents extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB) and death among infants but fails to consistently and sufficiently prevent pulmonary TB in adults. Thus, TB remains the leading infectious cause of death worldwide, and new vaccine approaches are urgently needed. T-cells are important for protective immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), but the optimal T-cell antigens to be included in new vaccines are not established. T-cells are often thought of as responding mainly to peptide antigens presented by polymorphic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I and II molecules. Over the past two decades, the number of non-peptidic Mtb derived antigens for αβ and γδ T-cells has expanded rapidly, creating broader perspectives about the types of molecules that could be targeted by T-cell-based vaccines against TB. Many of these non-peptide responsive T-cell subsets in humans are activated in a manner that is unrestricted by classical MHC-dependent antigen-presenting systems, but instead require essentially nonpolymorphic presentation systems. These systems are Cluster of differentiation 1 (CD1), MHC related protein 1 (MR1), butyrophilin 3A1, as well as the nonclassical MHC class Ib family member HLA-E. Thus, the resulting T-cell responses can be shared among a genetically diverse population, creating the concept of donor-unrestricted T-cells (DURTs). Here, we review evidence that DURTs are an abundant component of the human immune system and recognize many antigens expressed by Mtb, including antigens that are expressed in BCG and other candidate whole cell vaccines. Further, DURTs exhibit functional diversity and demonstrate the ability to control microbial infection in small animal models. Finally, we outline specific knowledge gaps and research priorities that must be addressed to realize the full potential of DURTs as part of new TB vaccines approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone A. Joosten
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Tom H.M. Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - David M. Lewinsohn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary & Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, USA
| | - Daniel F. Hoft
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, Doisy Research Center, 8th floor, 1100 S. Grand Blvd., St. Louis, MO 63104, USA
| | - D. Branch Moody
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Boston, Harvard Medical School, USA
| | - Chetan Seshadri
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, USA,Tuberculosis Research & Training Center, University of Washington, Seattle, USA,Corresponding author at: University of Washington Medical Center, 750 Republican Street, Room E663, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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8
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Gras S, Van Rhijn I, Shahine A, Le Nours J. Molecular recognition of microbial lipid-based antigens by T cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:1623-1639. [PMID: 29340708 PMCID: PMC6328055 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2749-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The immune system has evolved to protect hosts from pathogens. T cells represent a critical component of the immune system by their engagement in host defence mechanisms against microbial infections. Our knowledge of the molecular recognition by T cells of pathogen-derived peptidic antigens that are presented by the major histocompatibility complex glycoproteins is now well established. However, lipids represent an additional, distinct chemical class of molecules that when presented by the family of CD1 antigen-presenting molecules can serve as antigens, and be recognized by specialized subsets of T cells leading to antigen-specific activation. Over the past decades, numerous CD1-presented self- and bacterial lipid-based antigens have been isolated and characterized. However, our understanding at the molecular level of T cell immunity to CD1 molecules presenting microbial lipid-based antigens is still largely unexplored. Here, we review the insights and the molecular basis underpinning the recognition of microbial lipid-based antigens by T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Gras
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Adam Shahine
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Jérôme Le Nours
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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9
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Chancellor A, Gadola SD, Mansour S. The versatility of the CD1 lipid antigen presentation pathway. Immunology 2018; 154:196-203. [PMID: 29460282 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The family of non-classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class-I like CD1 molecules has an emerging role in human disease. Group 1 CD1 includes CD1a, CD1b and CD1c, which function to display lipids on the cell surface of antigen-presenting cells for direct recognition by T-cells. The recent advent of CD1 tetramers and the identification of novel lipid ligands has contributed towards the increasing number of CD1-restricted T-cell clones captured. These advances have helped to identify novel donor unrestricted and semi-invariant T-cell populations in humans and new mechanisms of T-cell recognition. However, although there is an opportunity to design broadly acting lipids and harness the therapeutic potential of conserved T-cells, knowledge of their role in health and disease is lacking. We briefly summarize the current evidence implicating group 1 CD1 molecules in infection, cancer and autoimmunity and show that although CD1 are not as diverse as MHC, recent discoveries highlight their versatility as they exhibit intricate mechanisms of antigen presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Chancellor
- Faculty of Medicine, Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Southampton, UK
| | - Stephan D Gadola
- Faculty of Medicine, Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Southampton, UK.,F.Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Salah Mansour
- Faculty of Medicine, Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Southampton, UK
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10
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Chancellor A, Tocheva AS, Cave-Ayland C, Tezera L, White A, Al Dulayymi JR, Bridgeman JS, Tews I, Wilson S, Lissin NM, Tebruegge M, Marshall B, Sharpe S, Elliott T, Skylaris CK, Essex JW, Baird MS, Gadola S, Elkington P, Mansour S. CD1b-restricted GEM T cell responses are modulated by Mycobacterium tuberculosis mycolic acid meromycolate chains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E10956-E10964. [PMID: 29158404 PMCID: PMC5754766 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1708252114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, remains a major human pandemic. Germline-encoded mycolyl lipid-reactive (GEM) T cells are donor-unrestricted and recognize CD1b-presented mycobacterial mycolates. However, the molecular requirements governing mycolate antigenicity for the GEM T cell receptor (TCR) remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate CD1b expression in TB granulomas and reveal a central role for meromycolate chains in influencing GEM-TCR activity. Meromycolate fine structure influences T cell responses in TB-exposed individuals, and meromycolate alterations modulate functional responses by GEM-TCRs. Computational simulations suggest that meromycolate chain dynamics regulate mycolate head group movement, thereby modulating GEM-TCR activity. Our findings have significant implications for the design of future vaccines that target GEM T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Chancellor
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
- Public Health England, National Infections Service, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Anna S Tocheva
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Cave-Ayland
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Liku Tezera
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew White
- Public Health England, National Infections Service, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Juma'a R Al Dulayymi
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ivo Tews
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Wilson
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
- Histochemistry Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Marc Tebruegge
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Global Health Research Institute, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Melbourne, 3052 Parkville, Australia
- Department of Paediatric Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London SE1 7EH, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Marshall
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Sally Sharpe
- Public Health England, National Infections Service, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Tim Elliott
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Chris-Kriton Skylaris
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan W Essex
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Mark S Baird
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan Gadola
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paul Elkington
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Global Health Research Institute, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Salah Mansour
- Academic Unit of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom;
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
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11
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Le Nours J, Shahine A, Gras S. Molecular features of lipid-based antigen presentation by group 1 CD1 molecules. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 84:48-57. [PMID: 29113870 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lipids are now widely considered to play a variety of important roles in T-cell mediated immunity, including serving as antigens. Lipid-based antigens are presented by a specialised group of glycoproteins termed CD1. In humans, three classes of CD1 molecules exist: group 1 (CD1a, CD1b, CD1c), group 2 (CD1d), and group 3 (CD1e). While CD1d-mediated T-cell immunity has been extensively investigated, we have only recently gained insights into the structure and function of group 1 CD1 molecules. Structural studies have revealed how lipid-based antigens are presented by group 1 CD1 molecules, as well as shedding light on the molecular requirements for T-cell recognition. Here, we provide an overview of our current understanding of lipid presentation by group 1 CD1 molecules in humans and their recognition by T-cells, as well as examining the potential differences in lipid presentation that may occur across different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Le Nours
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Adam Shahine
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Stephanie Gras
- Infection and Immunity Program and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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12
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Kaczmarek R, Pasciak M, Szymczak-Kulus K, Czerwinski M. CD1: A Singed Cat of the Three Antigen Presentation Systems. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2017; 65:201-214. [PMID: 28386696 PMCID: PMC5434122 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-017-0461-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Contrary to general view that the MHC Class I and II are the kapellmeisters of recognition and response to antigens, there is another big player in that part of immunity, represented by CD1 glycoproteins. In contrast to MHC Class I or II, which present peptides, CD1 molecules present lipids. Humans express five CD1 proteins (CD1a-e), four of which (CD1a-d) are trafficked to the cell surface, where they may display lipid antigens to T-cell receptors. This interaction may lead to both non-cognate and cognate T cell help to B cells, the latter eliciting anti-lipid antibody response. All CD1 proteins can bind a broad range of structurally different exogenous and endogenous lipids, but each shows a preference to one or more lipid classes. This unorthodox binding behavior is the result of elaborate architectures of CD1 binding clefts and distinct intracellular trafficking routes. Together, these features make CD1 system a versatile player in immune response, sitting at the crossroads of innate and adaptive immunity. While CD1 system may be involved in numerous infectious, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases, its involvement may lead to opposite outcomes depending on different pathologies. Despite these ambiguities and complexity, CD1 system draws growing attention and continues to show glimmers of therapeutic potential. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about CD1 proteins, their structures, lipid-binding profiles, and roles in immunity, and evaluate the role of CD1 proteins in eliciting humoral immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radoslaw Kaczmarek
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Immunochemistry, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Mariola Pasciak
- Laboratory of Medical Microbiology, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Szymczak-Kulus
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Immunochemistry, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marcin Czerwinski
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Immunochemistry, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland. .,Faculty of Physiotherapy and Physical Education, Opole University of Technology, Opole, Poland.
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13
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van Dijken DJ, Štacko P, Stuart MCA, Browne WR, Feringa BL. Chirality controlled responsive self-assembled nanotubes in water. Chem Sci 2017; 8:1783-1789. [PMID: 28451300 PMCID: PMC5396556 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc02935c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of using chirality to dictate dimensions and to store chiral information in self-assembled nanotubes in a fully controlled manner is presented. We report a photoresponsive amphiphile that co-assembles with its chiral counterpart to form nanotubes and demonstrate how chirality can be used to effect the formation of either micrometer long, achiral nanotubes or shorter (∼300 nm) chiral nanotubes that are bundled. The nature of these assemblies is studied using a variety of spectroscopic and microscopic techniques and it is shown that the tubes can be disassembled with light, thereby allowing the chiral information to be erased.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J van Dijken
- Centre for Systems Chemistry , Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG , Groningen , The Netherlands .
| | - P Štacko
- Centre for Systems Chemistry , Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG , Groningen , The Netherlands .
| | - M C A Stuart
- Centre for Systems Chemistry , Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG , Groningen , The Netherlands .
- Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 7 , 9747 AG , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - W R Browne
- Centre for Systems Chemistry , Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG , Groningen , The Netherlands .
| | - B L Feringa
- Centre for Systems Chemistry , Stratingh Institute for Chemistry , University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4 , 9747 AG , Groningen , The Netherlands .
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14
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Van Rhijn I, van Berlo T, Hilmenyuk T, Cheng TY, Wolf BJ, Tatituri RVV, Uldrich AP, Napolitani G, Cerundolo V, Altman JD, Willemsen P, Huang S, Rossjohn J, Besra GS, Brenner MB, Godfrey DI, Moody DB. Human autoreactive T cells recognize CD1b and phospholipids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:380-5. [PMID: 26621732 PMCID: PMC4720340 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1520947112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast with the common detection of T cells that recognize MHC, CD1a, CD1c, or CD1d proteins, CD1b autoreactive T cells have been difficult to isolate in humans. Here we report the development of polyvalent complexes of CD1b proteins and carbohydrate backbones (dextramers) and their use in identifying CD1b autoreactive T cells from human donors. Activation is mediated by αβ T-cell receptors (TCRs) binding to CD1b-phospholipid complexes, which is sufficient to activate autoreactive responses to CD1b-expressing cells. Using mass spectrometry and T-cell responses to scan through the major classes of phospholipids, we identified phosphatidylglycerol (PG) as the immunodominant lipid antigen. T cells did not discriminate the chemical differences that distinguish mammalian PG from bacterial PG. Whereas most models of T-cell recognition emphasize TCR discrimination of differing self and foreign structures, CD1b autoreactive T cells recognize lipids with dual self and foreign origin. PG is rare in the cellular membranes that carry CD1b proteins. However, bacteria and mitochondria are rich in PG, so these data point to a more general mechanism of immune detection of infection- or stress-associated lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Twan van Berlo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Tamara Hilmenyuk
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Tan-Yun Cheng
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Benjamin J Wolf
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Raju V V Tatituri
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Adam P Uldrich
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Giorgio Napolitani
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | | | - Peter Willemsen
- Central Veterinary Institute, Wageningen University, 8219 PH Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Shouxiong Huang
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3XQ, United Kingdom
| | - Gurdyal S Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Michael B Brenner
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115;
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15
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Abstract
Over two decades ago, it was discovered that the human T-cell repertoire contains T cells that do not recognize peptide antigens in the context of MHC molecules but instead respond to lipid antigens presented by CD1 antigen-presenting molecules. The ability of T cells to 'see' lipid antigens bound to CD1 enables these lymphocytes to sense changes in the lipid composition of cells and tissues as a result of infections, inflammation, or malignancies. Although foreign lipid antigens have been shown to function as antigens for CD1-restricted T cells, many CD1-restricted T cells do not require foreign antigens for activation but instead can be activated by self-lipids presented by CD1. This review highlights recent developments in the field, including the identification of common mammalian lipids that function as autoantigens for αβ and γδ T cells, a novel mode of T-cell activation whereby CD1a itself rather than lipids serves as the autoantigen, and various mechanisms by which the activation of CD1-autoreactive T cells is regulated. As CD1 can induce T-cell effector functions in the absence of foreign antigens, multiple mechanisms are in place to regulate this self-reactivity, and stimulatory CD1-lipid complexes appear to be tightly controlled in space and time.
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16
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Salio M, Cerundolo V. Regulation of Lipid Specific and Vitamin Specific Non-MHC Restricted T Cells by Antigen Presenting Cells and Their Therapeutic Potentials. Front Immunol 2015; 6:388. [PMID: 26284072 PMCID: PMC4517378 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since initial reports, more than 25 years ago, that T cells recognize lipids in the context on non-polymorphic CD1 molecules, our understanding of antigen presentation to non-peptide-specific T cell populations has deepened. It is now clear that αβ T cells bearing semi-invariant T cell receptor, as well as subsets of γδ T cells, recognize a variety of self and non-self lipids and contribute to shaping immune responses via cross talk with dendritic cells and B cells. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that small molecules derived from the microbial riboflavin biosynthetic pathway (vitamin B2) bind monomorphic MR1 molecules and activate mucosal-associated invariant T cells, another population of semi-invariant T cells. Novel insights in the biological relevance of non-peptide-specific T cells have emerged with the development of tetrameric CD1 and MR1 molecules, which has allowed accurate enumeration and functional analysis of CD1- and MR1-restricted T cells in humans and discovery of novel populations of semi-invariant T cells. The phenotype and function of non-peptide-specific T cells will be discussed in the context of the known distribution of CD1 and MR1 molecules by different subsets of antigen-presenting cells at steady state and following infection. Concurrent modulation of CD1 transcription and lipid biosynthetic pathways upon TLR stimulation, coupled with efficient lipid antigen processing, result in the increased cell surface expression of antigenic CD1-lipid complexes. Similarly, MR1 expression is almost undetectable in resting APC and it is upregulated following bacterial infection, likely due to stabilization of MR1 molecules by microbial antigens. The tight regulation of CD1 and MR1 expression at steady state and during infection may represent an important mechanism to limit autoreactivity, while promoting T cell responses to foreign antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariolina Salio
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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17
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Abstract
For decades, proteins were thought to be the sole or at least the dominant source of antigens for T cells. Studies in the 1990s demonstrated that CD1 proteins and mycobacterial lipids form specific targets of human αβ T cells. The molecular basis by which T-cell receptors (TCRs) recognize CD1-lipid complexes is now well understood. Many types of mycobacterial lipids function as antigens in the CD1 system, and new studies done with CD1 tetramers identify T-cell populations in the blood of tuberculosis patients. In human populations, a fundamental difference between the CD1 and major histocompatibility complex systems is that all humans express nearly identical CD1 proteins. Correspondingly, human CD1 responsive T cells show evidence of conserved TCRs. In addition to natural killer T cells and mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT cells), conserved TCRs define other subsets of human T cells, including germline-encoded mycolyl-reactive (GEM) T cells. The simple immunogenetics of the CD1 system and new investigative tools to measure T-cell responses in humans now creates a situation in which known lipid antigens can be developed as immunodiagnostic and immunotherapeutic reagents for tuberculosis disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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19
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Larrouy-Maumus G, Puzo G. Mycobacterial envelope lipids fingerprint from direct MALDI-TOF MS analysis of intact bacilli. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2014; 95:75-85. [PMID: 25488848 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) lipids including glycolipids and lipoglycans play a crucial role in the modulation of the host immune response by targeting the innate receptors C-type lectins, TLRs and the CD1 proteins of class 1. Glycolipids have been shown to be biomarkers of M. tuberculosis strains and also of opportunistic mycobacteria called non-tuberculous mycobacteria. Most of the structural and functional work of the Mtb lipids has been done using lipids arising from M. tuberculosis cell growth in vitro. However it is likely that lipid structures can change during infection or among the M. tuberculosis or opportunistic clinical strains. Here we describe a new, rapid and sensitive analysis of lipids directly on whole mycobacteria which can be done in few minutes and on less than 1000 mycobacteria by direct matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry using an unusual solvent matrix. By this new methodology, which does not require extraction or purification steps, we are able to discriminate mycobacteria belonging to the Mtb complex as well as opportunistic and non-pathogenic mycobacteria. This method was also found to be successful for identification of an envelope lipid mutant. This work opens a new analytical route for in vivo analysis of mycobacterial lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérald Larrouy-Maumus
- Tuberculosis and Infection Biology CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, 205 Route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France; UPS, Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, F-31077 Toulouse, France.
| | - Germain Puzo
- Tuberculosis and Infection Biology CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, 205 Route de Narbonne, F-31077 Toulouse, France; UPS, Université de Toulouse, UPS, IPBS, F-31077 Toulouse, France.
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20
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Molecular basis of mycobacterial lipid antigen presentation by CD1c and its recognition by αβ T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E4648-57. [PMID: 25298532 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1408549111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CD1c is a member of the group 1 CD1 family of proteins that are specialized for lipid antigen presentation. Despite high cell surface expression of CD1c on key antigen-presenting cells and the discovery of its mycobacterial lipid antigen presentation capability, the molecular basis of CD1c recognition by T cells is unknown. Here we present a comprehensive functional and molecular analysis of αβ T-cell receptor (TCR) recognition of CD1c presenting mycobacterial phosphomycoketide antigens. Our structure of CD1c with the mycobacterial phosphomycoketide (PM) shows similarities to that of CD1c-mannosyl-β1-phosphomycoketide in that the A' pocket accommodates the mycoketide alkyl chain; however, the phosphate head-group of PM is shifted ∼6 Å in relation to that of mannosyl-β1-PM. We also demonstrate a bona fide interaction between six human TCRs and CD1c-mycoketide complexes, measuring high to moderate affinities. The crystal structure of the DN6 TCR and mutagenic studies reveal a requirement of five complementarity determining region (CDR) loops for CD1c recognition. Furthermore, mutagenesis of CD1c reveals residues in both the α1 and α2 helices involved in TCR recognition, yet not entirely overlapping among the examined TCRs. Unlike patterns for MHC I, no archetypical binding footprint is predicted to be shared by CD1c-reactive TCRs, even when recognizing the same or similar antigens.
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21
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The CD1 size problem: lipid antigens, ligands, and scaffolds. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3069-79. [PMID: 24658584 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1603-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Whereas research on CD1d has emphasized a few glycosyl ceramides, the broader family of four human CD1 antigen-presenting molecules binds hundreds of distinct self-lipids. Individual lipid types bind within CD1 grooves in different ways, such that they partially fill the groove, match the groove volume, or protrude substantially from the groove. These differing modes of binding can now be connected to differing immunological functions, as individual lipids can act as stimulatory antigens, inhibitory ligands, or space-filling scaffolds. Because each type of CD1 protein folds to produce antigen-binding grooves with differing sizes and shapes, CD1a, CD1b, CD1c, CD1d, and CD1e have distinct mechanisms of capturing self-lipids and exchanging them for foreign lipids. The size discrepancy between endogeneous lipids and groove volume is most pronounced for CD1b. Recent studies show that the large CD1b cavity can simultaneously bind two self-lipids, the antigen, and its scaffold lipid, which can be exchanged for one large bacterial lipid. In this review, we will highlight recent studies showing how cells regulate lipid antigen loading and the roles CD1 groove structures have in control of the presentation of chemically diverse lipids to T cells.
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22
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De Libero G, Mori L. The T-Cell Response to Lipid Antigens of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2014; 5:219. [PMID: 24904574 PMCID: PMC4033098 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cells recognize lipid antigens presented by dedicated antigen-presenting molecules that belong to the CD1 family. This review discusses the structural properties of CD1 molecules, the nature of mycobacterial lipid antigens, and the phenotypic and functional properties of T-cells recognizing mycobacterial lipids. In humans, the five CD1 genes encode structurally similar glycoproteins that recycle in and thus survey different cellular endosomal compartments. The structure of the CD1-lipid-binding pockets, their mode of intracellular recycling and the type of CD1-expressing antigen-presenting cells all contribute to diversify lipid immunogenicity and presentation to T-cells. Mycobacteria produce a large variety of lipids, which form stable complexes with CD1 molecules and stimulate specific T-cells. The structures of antigenic lipids may be greatly different from each other and each lipid may induce unique T-cells capable of discriminating small lipid structural changes. The important functions of some lipid antigens within mycobacterial cells prevent the generation of negative mutants capable of escaping this type of immune response. T-cells specific for lipid antigens are stimulated in tuberculosis and exert protective functions. The mechanisms of antigen recognition, the type of effector functions and the mode of lipid-specific T-cell priming are discussed, emphasizing recent evidence of the roles of lipid-specific T-cells in tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro De Libero
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR) , Singapore , Singapore ; Experimental Immunology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Lucia Mori
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR) , Singapore , Singapore
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Quadri LEN. Biosynthesis of mycobacterial lipids by polyketide synthases and beyond. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 49:179-211. [DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2014.896859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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24
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de Jong A, Cheng TY, Huang S, Gras S, Birkinshaw RW, Kasmar A, van Rhijn I, Peña-Cruz V, Ruan DT, Altman JD, Rossjohn J, Moody DB. CD1a-autoreactive T cells recognize natural skin oils that function as headless antigens. Nat Immunol 2014; 15:177-85. [PMID: 24362891 PMCID: PMC3932764 DOI: 10.1038/ni.2790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
T cells autoreactive to the antigen-presenting molecule CD1a are common in human blood and skin, but the search for natural autoantigens has been confounded by background T cell responses to CD1 proteins and self lipids. After capturing CD1a-lipid complexes, we gently eluted ligands while preserving non-ligand-bound CD1a for testing lipids from tissues. CD1a released hundreds of ligands of two types. Inhibitory ligands were ubiquitous membrane lipids with polar head groups, whereas stimulatory compounds were apolar oils. We identified squalene and wax esters, which naturally accumulate in epidermis and sebum, as autoantigens presented by CD1a. The activation of T cells by skin oils suggested that headless mini-antigens nest within CD1a and displace non-antigenic resident lipids with large head groups. Oily autoantigens naturally coat the surface of the skin; thus, this points to a previously unknown mechanism of barrier immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stephanie Gras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Richard W. Birkinshaw
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Anne Kasmar
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy
| | - Ildiko van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Daniel T. Ruan
- Department of Gastrointestinal and General Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School
| | | | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
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25
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Abstract
Over the past 15 years, investigators have shown that T lymphocytes can recognize not only peptides in the context of MHC class I and class II molecules but also foreign and self-lipids in association with the nonclassical MHC class I-like molecules, CD1 proteins. In this review, we describe the most recent events in the field, with particular emphasis on (a) structural and functional aspects of lipid presentation by CD1 molecules, (b) the development of CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells and transcription factors required for their differentiation, (c) the ability of iNKT cells to modulate innate and adaptive immune responses through their cross talk with lymphoid and myeloid cells, and (d) MR1-restricted and group I (CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c)-restricted T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariolina Salio
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, United Kingdom;
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26
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Li NS, Scharf L, Adams EJ, Piccirilli JA. Highly stereocontrolled total synthesis of β-D-mannosyl phosphomycoketide: a natural product from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Org Chem 2013; 78:5970-86. [PMID: 23724960 DOI: 10.1021/jo4006602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
β-D-mannosyl phosphomycoketide (C32-MPM), a naturally occurring glycolipid found in the cell walls of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, acts as a potent antigen to activate T-cells upon presentation by CD1c protein. The lipid portion of C32-MPM contains a C32-mycoketide, consisting of a saturated oligoisoprenoid chain with five chiral methyl branches. Here we develop several stereocontrolled approaches to assemble the oligoisoprenoid chain with high stereopurity (>96%) using Julia-Kocienski olefinations followed by diimide reduction. By careful choice of olefination sites, we could derive all chirality from a single commercial compound, methyl (2S)-3-hydroxy-2-methylpropionate (>99% ee). Our approach is the first highly stereocontrolled method to prepare C32-MPM molecule with >96% stereopurity from a single >99% ee starting material. We anticipate that our methods will facilitate the highly stereocontrolled synthesis of a variety of other natural products containing chiral oligoisoprenoid-like chains, including vitamins, phytol, insect pheromones, and archaeal lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Sheng Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States.
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27
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Buter J, Yeh EAH, Budavich OW, Damodaran K, Minnaard AJ, Curran DP. Synthesis and analysis of the all-(S) side chain of phosphomycoketides: a test of NMR predictions for saturated oligoisoprenoid stereoisomers. J Org Chem 2013; 78:4913-8. [PMID: 23582013 DOI: 10.1021/jo4005298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
(4S,8S,12S,16S,20S)-Pentamethylheptacosan-1-ol has been synthesized and analyzed by resolution-enhanced NMR spectroscopy with the aid of a recent set predicted spectra of all its stereoisomers. The configuration was confirmed, but isomer purity of the sample (~70%) was lower than expected. A truncated analogue, (2S,6S,10S,14S)-2,6,10,14-tetramethylhenicosan-1-ol TBDPS ether, was prepared from a late stage synthetic intermediate. Analysis of its spectra confirmed the configuration and showed that the sample was isomerically pure. The results suggest that a late-stage epimerization, not a failure of an asymmetric synthesis step, caused the formation of minor stereoisomers in the sample of pentamethylheptacosan-1-ol. The study shows the value of the predicted set of oligoisoprenoid spectra and further extends the predictive model to a new subclass of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Buter
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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28
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Gokulan K, O'Leary SE, Russell WK, Russell DH, Lalgondar M, Begley TP, Ioerger TR, Sacchettini JC. Crystal structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis polyketide synthase 11 (PKS11) reveals intermediates in the synthesis of methyl-branched alkylpyrones. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:16484-16494. [PMID: 23615910 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.468892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
PKS11 is one of three type III polyketide synthases (PKSs) identified in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Although many PKSs in M. tuberculosis have been implicated in producing complex cell wall glycolipids, the biological function of PKS11 is unknown. PKS11 has previously been proposed to synthesize alkylpyrones from fatty acid substrates. We solved the crystal structure of M. tuberculosis PKS11 and found the overall fold to be similar to other type III PKSs. PKS11 has a deep hydrophobic tunnel proximal to the active site Cys-138 to accommodate substrates. We observed electron density in this tunnel from a co-purified molecule that was identified by mass spectrometry to be palmitate. Co-crystallization with malonyl-CoA (MCoA) or methylmalonyl-CoA (MMCoA) led to partial turnover of the substrate, resulting in trapped intermediates. Reconstitution of the reaction in solution confirmed that both co-factors are required for optimal activity, and kinetic analysis shows that MMCoA is incorporated first, then MCoA, followed by lactonization to produce methyl-branched alkylpyrones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuppan Gokulan
- Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics, College Station, Texas 77843
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas R Ioerger
- Computer Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843
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29
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Ly D, Kasmar AG, Cheng TY, de Jong A, Huang S, Roy S, Bhatt A, van Summeren RP, Altman JD, Jacobs WR, Adams EJ, Minnaard AJ, Porcelli SA, Moody DB. CD1c tetramers detect ex vivo T cell responses to processed phosphomycoketide antigens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:729-41. [PMID: 23530121 PMCID: PMC3620358 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20120624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
CD1c tetramers loaded with a phospholipid antigen from M. tuberculosis are recognized by human T cells. CD1c is expressed with high density on human dendritic cells (DCs) and B cells, yet its antigen presentation functions are the least well understood among CD1 family members. Using a CD1c-reactive T cell line (DN6) to complete an organism-wide survey of M. tuberculosis lipids, we identified C32 phosphomycoketide (PM) as a previously unknown molecule and a CD1c-presented antigen. CD1c binding and presentation of mycoketide antigens absolutely required the unusual, mycobacteria-specific lipid branching patterns introduced by polyketide synthase 12 (pks12). Unexpectedly, one TCR responded to diversely glycosylated and unglycosylated forms of mycoketide when presented by DCs and B cells. Yet cell-free systems showed that recognition was mediated only by the deglycosylated phosphoantigen. These studies identify antigen processing of a natural bacterial antigen in the human CD1c system, indicating that cells act on glycolipids to generate a highly simplified neoepitope composed of a sugar-free phosphate anion. Using knowledge of this processed antigen, we generated human CD1c tetramers, and demonstrate that CD1c–PM complexes stain T cell receptors (TCRs), providing direct evidence for a ternary interaction among CD1c-lipid-TCR. Furthermore, PM-loaded CD1c tetramers detect fresh human T cells from peripheral blood, demonstrating a polyclonal response to PM antigens in humans ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalam Ly
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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30
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Yeh EAH, Kumli E, Damodaran K, Curran DP. Bare-minimum fluorous mixture synthesis of a stereoisomer library of 4,8,12-trimethylnonadecanols and predictions of NMR spectra of saturated oligoisoprenoid stereoisomers. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:1577-84. [PMID: 23297872 DOI: 10.1021/ja311606u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
All four diastereomers of a typical saturated oligoisoprenoid, 4,8,12-trimethylnonadecanol, are made by an iterative three-step cycle with the aid of traceless thionocarbonate fluorous tags to encode configurations. The tags have a minimum number of total fluorine atoms, starting at zero and increasing in increments of one. With suitable acquisition and data processing, each diastereomer exhibits characteristic chemical shifts of methyl resonances in its (1)H and (13)C NMR spectra. Together, these shifts provide a basis to predict the appearance of the methyl region of the spectrum of every stereoisomer of higher saturated oligoisoprenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund A-H Yeh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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31
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Van Rhijn I, Ly D, Moody DB. CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c in immunity against mycobacteria. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 783:181-97. [PMID: 23468110 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6111-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The CD1 system is composed of five types of human CD1 proteins, CD1a, CD1b, CD1c, CD1d, and CD1e, and their mammalian orthologs. Each type of CD1 protein has a distinct antigen binding groove and shows differing patterns of expression within cells and in different tissues. Here we review the molecular mechanisms by which CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c capture distinct classes of self- and mycobacterial antigens. We discuss how CD1-restricted T cells participate in the immune response, emphasizing new evidence for mycobacterial recognition in vivo in human and non-human models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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32
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Matsunaga I, Meda S, Nakata N, Fujiwara N. The Polyketide Synthase-Associated Multidrug Tolerance in Mycobacterium intracellulare Clinical Isolates. Chemotherapy 2012; 58:341-8. [DOI: 10.1159/000343311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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33
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Mycoketide: a CD1c-presented antigen with important implications in mycobacterial infection. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:981821. [PMID: 22536277 PMCID: PMC3318773 DOI: 10.1155/2012/981821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and related mycobacteria species are unique in that the acid-fast bacilli possess a highly lipid-rich cell wall that not simply confers resistance to treatment with acid alcohol, but also controls their survival and virulence. It has recently been established that a fraction of the cell wall lipid components of mycobacteria can function as antigens targeted by the acquired immunity of the host. Human group 1 CD1 molecules (CD1a, CD1b, and CD1c) bind a pool of lipid antigens expressed by mycobacteria and present them to specific T cells, thereby mediating an effective pathway for host defense against tuberculosis. The contrasting and mutually complementary functions of CD1a and CD1b molecules in terms of the repertoire of antigens they bind have been well appreciated, but it remains to be established how CD1c may play a unique role. Nevertheless, recent advances in our understanding of the CD1c structure as well as the biosynthetic pathway of a CD1c-presented antigen, mannose-1, β-phosphomycoketide, expressed by pathogenic mycobacteria now unravel a new aspect of the group 1 CD1 biology that has not been appreciated in previous studies of CD1a and CD1b molecules.
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34
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Mulder MPC, Fodran P, Kemmink J, Breukink EJ, Kruijtzer JAW, Minnaard AJ, Liskamp RMJ. Mutual influence of backbone proline substitution and lipophilic tail character on the biological activity of simplified analogues of caspofungin. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:7491-502. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob25951f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Shih HW, Chen KT, Cheng WC. One-pot synthesis of phosphate diesters and phosphonate monoesters via a combination of microwave-CCl3CN–pyridine coupling conditions. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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36
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Hutacharoen P, Ruchirawat S, Boonyarattanakalin S. Biological Activities of Synthetic Oligosaccharides and Glycolipids from Mycobacteria. J Carbohydr Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2011.621041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Panatpong Hutacharoen
- a School of Bio-Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology , Thammasat University , Pathum Thani , 12121 , Thailand
- b Program in Chemical Biology, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute and the Center of Excellence on Environmental Health, Toxicology and Management of Chemicals , Vibhavadee-Rangsit Highway , Lak Si , Bangkok , 10210 , Thailand
| | - Somsak Ruchirawat
- b Program in Chemical Biology, Chulabhorn Graduate Institute and the Center of Excellence on Environmental Health, Toxicology and Management of Chemicals , Vibhavadee-Rangsit Highway , Lak Si , Bangkok , 10210 , Thailand
- c Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Chulabhorn Research Institute , Vibhavadee-Rangsit Highway , Lak Si , Bangkok , 10210 , Thailand
| | - Siwarutt Boonyarattanakalin
- a School of Bio-Chemical Engineering and Technology, Sirindhorn International Institute of Technology , Thammasat University , Pathum Thani , 12121 , Thailand
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37
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Structural reorganization of the antigen-binding groove of human CD1b for presentation of mycobacterial sulfoglycolipids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:17755-60. [PMID: 22006319 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1110118108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms permitting nonpolymorphic CD1 molecules to present lipid antigens that differ considerably in polar head and aliphatic tails remain elusive. It is also unclear why hydrophobic motifs in the aliphatic tails of some antigens, which presumably embed inside CD1 pockets, contribute to determinants for T-cell recognition. The 1.9-Å crystal structure of an active complex of CD1b and a mycobacterial diacylsulfoglycolipid presented here provides some clues. Upon antigen binding, endogenous spacers of CD1b, which consist of a mixture of diradylglycerols, moved considerably within the lipid-binding groove. Spacer displacement was accompanied by F' pocket closure and an extensive rearrangement of residues exposed to T-cell receptors. Such structural reorganization resulted in reduction of the A' pocket capacity and led to incomplete embedding of the methyl-ramified portion of the phthioceranoyl chain of the antigen, explaining why such hydrophobic motifs are critical for T-cell receptor recognition. Mutagenesis experiments supported the functional importance of the observed structural alterations for T-cell stimulation. Overall, our data delineate a complex molecular mechanism combining spacer repositioning and ligand-induced conformational changes that, together with pocket intricacy, endows CD1b with the required molecular plasticity to present a broad range of structurally diverse antigens.
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38
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Haig NA, Guan Z, Li D, McMichael A, Raetz CRH, Xu XN. Identification of self-lipids presented by CD1c and CD1d proteins. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:37692-701. [PMID: 21900247 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.267948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The CD1 family consists of five proteins that are related to the peptide-presenting MHC class I family. T cells can recognize the presentation of both foreign and self-derived lipids on four CD1 family members. The identities of the self-lipids capable of stimulating autoreactive T cell responses remain elusive or controversial. Here, we employed mass spectrometry to analyze the lipid content of highly purified CD1c and CD1d protein samples. We report the identification of 11 novel self-lipids presented by CD1c and nine by CD1d. Rigorous controls provide strong evidence that the identified lipids were specifically loaded into the lipid-binding site of the CD1 molecules. The diverse but distinct population of lipids identified from each CD1 family member implies each present a different subset of self-lipids, and the enrichment of particular motifs indicates that the lipids that are presented by CD1 family members could be predicted. Finally, our results imply the CD1 system surveys the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and/or secretory compartments, in addition to its well characterized surveillance of the endocytic and lysosomal compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil A Haig
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
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39
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Lockridge JL, Chen X, Zhou Y, Rajesh D, Roenneburg DA, Hegde S, Gerdts S, Cheng TY, Anderson RJ, Painter GF, Moody DB, Burlingham WJ, Gumperz JE. Analysis of the CD1 antigen presenting system in humanized SCID mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21701. [PMID: 21738769 PMCID: PMC3128084 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CD1 molecules are glycoproteins that present lipids and glycolipids for recognition by T cells. CD1-dependent immune activation has been implicated in a wide range of immune responses, however, our understanding of the role of this pathway in human disease remains limited because of species differences between humans and other mammals: whereas humans express five different CD1 gene products (CD1a, CD1b, CD1c, CD1d, and CD1e), muroid rodents express only one CD1 isoform (CD1d). Here we report that immune deficient mice engrafted with human fetal thymus, liver, and CD34(+) hematopoietic stem cells develop a functional human CD1 compartment. CD1a, b, c, and d isoforms were highly expressed by human thymocytes, and CD1a(+) cells with a dendritic morphology were present in the thymic medulla. CD1(+) cells were also detected in spleen, liver, and lungs. APCs from spleen and liver were capable of presenting bacterial glycolipids to human CD1-restricted T cells. ELISpot analyses of splenocytes demonstrated the presence of CD1-reactive IFN-γ producing cells. CD1d tetramer staining directly identified human iNKT cells in spleen and liver samples from engrafted mice, and injection of the glycolipid antigen α-GalCer resulted in rapid elevation of human IFN-γ and IL-4 levels in the blood indicating that the human iNKT cells are biologically active in vivo. Together, these results demonstrate that the human CD1 system is present and functionally competent in this humanized mouse model. Thus, this system provides a new opportunity to study the role of CD1-related immune activation in infections to human-specific pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Lockridge
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Xiuxu Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ying Zhou
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Deepika Rajesh
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Drew A. Roenneburg
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Subramanya Hegde
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Sarah Gerdts
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Tan-Yun Cheng
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Regan J. Anderson
- Carbohydrate Chemistry Team, Industrial Research Ltd, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Gavin F. Painter
- Carbohydrate Chemistry Team, Industrial Research Ltd, Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - D. Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - William J. Burlingham
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Jenny E. Gumperz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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40
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Scharf L, Li NS, Hawk AJ, Garzón D, Zhang T, Fox LM, Kazen AR, Shah S, Haddadian EJ, Gumperz JE, Saghatelian A, Faraldo-Gómez JD, Meredith SC, Piccirilli JA, Adams EJ. The 2.5 Å structure of CD1c in complex with a mycobacterial lipid reveals an open groove ideally suited for diverse antigen presentation. Immunity 2011; 33:853-62. [PMID: 21167756 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Revised: 09/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
CD1 molecules function to present lipid-based antigens to T cells. Here we present the crystal structure of CD1c at 2.5 Å resolution, in complex with the pathogenic Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen mannosyl-β1-phosphomycoketide (MPM). CD1c accommodated MPM's methylated alkyl chain exclusively in the A' pocket, aided by a unique exit portal underneath the α1 helix. Most striking was an open F' pocket architecture lacking the closed cavity structure of other CD1 molecules, reminiscent of peptide binding grooves of classical major histocompatibility complex molecules. This feature, combined with tryptophan-fluorescence quenching during loading of a dodecameric lipopeptide antigen, provides a compelling model by which both the lipid and peptide moieties of the lipopeptide are involved in CD1c presentation of lipopeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Scharf
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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41
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Abstract
In the same way that peptide antigens are presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, glycolipid antigens can also activate the immune response via binding to CD1 proteins on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and stimulate CD1-restricted T cells. In humans, there are five members of the CD1 family, termed CD1a–e, of which CD1a–d are involved in glycolipid presentation at the cell surface, while CD1e is involved in the intracellular trafficking of glycolipid antigens. Both endogenous (self-derived) and exogenous (non-self-derived) glycolipids have been shown to bind to members of the CD1 family with varying degrees of specificity. In this paper we focus on the key glycolipids that bind to the different members of the CD1 family.
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42
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De Libero G, Mori L. How the immune system detects lipid antigens. Prog Lipid Res 2010; 49:120-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Revised: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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43
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ter Horst B, van Wermeskerken J, Feringa BL, Minnaard AJ. Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Mycolipenic and Mycolipanolic Acid. European J Org Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200901120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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44
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Garzón D, Bond PJ, Faraldo-Gómez JD. Predicted structural basis for CD1c presentation of mycobacterial branched polyketides and long lipopeptide antigens. Mol Immunol 2009; 47:253-60. [PMID: 19828201 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
CD1 proteins mediate the trafficking and presentation of a diverse range of lipid antigens to T-cell receptors, and thus play a key role in our adaptive immune system. Crystal structures of several CD1 isoforms reveal a highly conserved tertiary structure, but also great variability in the anatomy of their binding pockets, reflecting their distinct ligand specificity. The structure of one important member of the family, CD1c, remains unknown. CD1c is of great interest as it can present an unusual and potent lipid antigen, mannosyl-beta(1)-phosphomycoketide (MPM) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis. CD1c has also been reported to present acetylated 12-amino-acid-long peptides (lipo-12), an observation with broad immunological implications but difficult to rationalize on structural grounds. To gain insights into the structural basis for the ligand specificity of CD1c, we have generated an atomic model of its binding domain using a detailed position-specific multiple-template homology modeling approach. This model reveals structural features unique to this isoform, particularly with regard to the so-called pocket F', which provide a compelling rationale for the ability of CD1c to bind not only branched alkyl chains such as in MPM, but also long lipopeptides comparable to those presented by MHC proteins. A model of CD1c with bound MPM was constructed and analyzed through molecular dynamics simulations, showing marked structural stability in the time-scale of 100 ns. A model of CD1c in complex with lipo-12 is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Garzón
- Theoretical Molecular Biophysics Group, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue Strasse 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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45
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Guiard J, Collmann A, Garcia-Alles LF, Mourey L, Brando T, Mori L, Gilleron M, Prandi J, De Libero G, Puzo G. Fatty acyl structures of mycobacterium tuberculosis sulfoglycolipid govern T cell response. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 182:7030-7. [PMID: 19454700 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0804044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD1b-restricted T lymphocytes recognize a large diversity of mycobacterial lipids, which differ in their hydrophilic heads and the structure of their acyl appendages. Both moieties participate in the antigenicity of lipid Ags, but the structural constraints governing binding to CD1b and generation of antigenic CD1b:lipid Ag complexes are still poorly understood. Here, we investigated the structural requirements conferring antigenicity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis sulfoglycolipid Ags using a combination of CD1b:lipid binding and T cell activation assays with both living dendritic cells and plate-bound recombinant soluble CD1b. Comparison of the antigenicity of a panel of synthetic analogs, sharing the same trehalose-sulfate polar head, but differing in the structure of their acyl tails, shows that the number of C-methyl substituents on the fatty acid, the configuration of the chiral centers, and the respective localization of the two different acyl chains on the sugar moiety govern TCR recognition and T lymphocyte activation. These studies have major implications for the design of sulfoglycolipid analogs with potential use as tuberculosis subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Guiard
- Departement Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections Mycobactériennes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Toulouse, France
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46
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Van Rhijn I, Young DC, De Jong A, Vazquez J, Cheng TY, Talekar R, Barral DC, Barral D, León L, Brenner MB, Katz JT, Riese R, Ruprecht RM, O'Connor PB, Costello CE, Porcelli SA, Briken V, Moody DB. CD1c bypasses lysosomes to present a lipopeptide antigen with 12 amino acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 206:1409-22. [PMID: 19468063 PMCID: PMC2715062 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20082480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The recent discovery of dideoxymycobactin (DDM) as a ligand for CD1a demonstrates how a nonribosomal lipopeptide antigen is presented to T cells. DDM contains an unusual acylation motif and a peptide sequence present only in mycobacteria, but its discovery raises the possibility that ribosomally produced viral or mammalian proteins that commonly undergo lipidation might also function as antigens. To test this, we measured T cell responses to synthetic acylpeptides that mimic lipoproteins produced by cells and viruses. CD1c presented an N-acyl glycine dodecamer peptide (lipo-12) to human T cells, and the response was specific for the acyl linkage as well as the peptide length and sequence. Thus, CD1c represents the second member of the CD1 family to present lipopeptides. lipo-12 was efficiently recognized when presented by intact cells, and unlike DDM, it was inactivated by proteases and augmented by protease inhibitors. Although lysosomes often promote antigen presentation by CD1, rerouting CD1c to lysosomes by mutating CD1 tail sequences caused reduction in lipo-12 presentation. Thus, although certain antigens require antigen processing in lysosomes, others are destroyed there, providing a hypothesis for the evolutionary conservation of large CD1 families containing isoforms that survey early endosomal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildiko Van Rhijn
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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47
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Jerphagnon T, Pizzuti MG, Minnaard AJ, Feringa BL. Recent advances in enantioselective copper-catalyzed 1,4-addition. Chem Soc Rev 2009; 38:1039-75. [PMID: 19421581 DOI: 10.1039/b816853a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive overview of recent literature from 2003 concerning advances in enantioselective copper catalysed 1,4-addition of organometallic reagents to alpha,beta-unsaturated compounds is given in this critical review. About 200 ligands and catalysts are presented, with a focus on stereoselectivities, catalyst loading, ligand structure and substrate scope. A major part is devoted to trapping and tandem reactions and a variety of recent synthetic applications are used to illustrate the practicality and current state of the art of 1,4-addition of organometallic reagents. Finally several mechanistic studies are discussed (162 references).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jerphagnon
- University of Groningen, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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48
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Guiard J, Collmann A, Gilleron M, Mori L, De Libero G, Prandi J, Puzo G. Synthesis of diacylated trehalose sulfates: candidates for a tuberculosis vaccine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:9734-8. [PMID: 18980166 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200803835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Guiard
- Département des Mécanismes Moléculaires des Infections, Mycobactériennes, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale du CNRS, UMR 5089, Université de Toulouse III, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex, France
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Silk JD, Salio M, Brown J, Jones EY, Cerundolo V. Structural and functional aspects of lipid binding by CD1 molecules. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2008; 24:369-95. [PMID: 18593354 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.24.110707.175359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Over the past ten years, investigators have shown that T lymphocytes can recognize not only peptides in the context of MHC class I and class II molecules but also foreign and self-lipids in association with the nonclassical MHC class I molecules the CD1 proteins. We describe the events that have led to the discovery of the role of CD1 molecules, their pattern of intracellular trafficking, and their ability to sample different intracellular compartments for self- and foreign lipids. Structural and functional aspects of lipid presentation by CD1 molecules are presented in the context of the function of CD1-restricted T cells in antimicrobial responses, antitumor immunity, and the regulation of the tolerance and autoimmunity immunoregulatory axis. Particular emphasis is on invariant NKT (iNKT) cells and their ability to modulate innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Silk
- Tumour Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
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50
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Guiard J, Collmann A, Gilleron M, Mori L, De Libero G, Prandi J, Puzo G. Synthesis of Diacylated Trehalose Sulfates: Candidates for a Tuberculosis Vaccine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200803835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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