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Kumar M, Dubey R, Kumar Shukla P, Dayal D, Kumar Chaubey K, Tsai LW, Kumar S. Identification of small molecule inhibitors of RAD52 for breast cancer therapy: in silico approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:4605-4618. [PMID: 37288783 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2220822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The breast cancer susceptibility gene 1/2 (BRCA1/2) are the key regulators in maintaining the genomic integrity and mutations in these genes have been associated with development of breast and ovarian cancers. Also, synthetic lethality has been shown in BRCA1/2 deficient cancers, when the RAD52 gene is silenced by shRNA or small molecules aptamers, suggesting a role for RAD52 in the breast cancers pathogenesis. Thus, to find the potential inhibitors of RAD52, a collection of 21,000 compounds from the ChemBridge screening library was screened to conduct molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation (MD) against RAD52. Further, the results were validated by a density functional theory (DFT) analysis and using post-dynamics free energy calculations. Out of all screened molecules, the docking study revealed five compounds were found to have promising activities against RAD52. Moreover, the catalytic amino acid residues of RAD52 developed stable contacts with compound 8758 and 10593, as anticipated by DFT calculation, MD simulation, and post dynamics MM-GBSA energy calculation. It appears that compound 8758 is the best inhibitor against RAD52 followed by 10593 compared to the other top hits, in terms of the HOMO orbital energy (-1.0966 eV and -1.2136 eV) from DFT and the post dynamics binding free energy calculation (-54.71 and -52.43 Kcal/mol). Furthermore, a drug-like properties of lead molecules (8758 and 10593) were also seen via ADMET analysis. Based on our computational analysis, we hypothesize that a small molecule 8758 and 10593 possess the therapeutic potential in the management for breast cancer patients with a BRCA mutation via targeting RAD52.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajni Dubey
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Prakash Kumar Shukla
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Deen Dayal
- Department of Biotechnology, GLA University, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kundan Kumar Chaubey
- Division of Research and Innovation, School of Applied and Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Lung-Wen Tsai
- Department of Medicine Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Information Technology Office, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Data Science, College of Management, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Biological and Bio-computational Lab, Department of Life Sciences, Sharda School of Basic Science and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Srkalovic G, Rothe M, Mangat PK, Garrett-Mayer E, Ahn ER, Brouse G, Chan J, Mehmi I, Khalil M, Duvivier HL, Gaba A, Leuva H, Thota R, Yost KJ, Grantham GN, Gregory A, Hinshaw DC, Halabi S, Schilsky RL. Talazoparib in Patients With Solid Tumors With BRCA1/ 2 Mutation: Results From the Targeted Agent and Profiling Utilization Registry Study. JCO Precis Oncol 2024; 8:e2400026. [PMID: 38865672 DOI: 10.1200/po.24.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The Targeted Agent and Profiling Utilization Registry Study is a phase II basket trial evaluating the antitumor activity of commercially available targeted agents in patients with advanced cancer and genomic alterations known to be drug targets. Results of a cohort of patients with various solid tumors with germline or somatic BRCA1/2 mutations treated with talazoparib are reported. METHODS Eligible patients had advanced solid tumors, measurable disease (RECIST), Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 0-2, adequate organ function, and no standard treatment options. Patients with germline BRCA-mutated human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer were not eligible for this study. Primary end point was disease control (DC) determined by investigator assessment of objective response (OR) or stable disease (SD) of at least 16 weeks duration (SD16+). The results were evaluated on the basis of a one-sided exact binomial test with a null DC rate of 15% versus 35% (power = 0.82; α = .10). Secondary end points were OR, progression-free survival, overall survival, duration of response, duration of SD, and safety. RESULTS Twenty-eight patients (20 cancer types) with BRCA1/2 mutations were enrolled from December 2019 to September 2021 and collapsed into a single histology pooled cohort for analysis. All patients were evaluable for efficacy. One complete response, nine partial response, and six SD16+ were observed for DC and OR rates of 57% (one-sided 90% CI, 43 to 100) and 36% (95% CI, 19 to 56), respectively. The null hypothesis of a 15% DC rate was rejected (P < .001). Patients with OR had the following tumor types: breast (2), nonmelanoma skin, mesothelioma, stomach, uterus, non-small cell lung cancer, ovary, hepatocellular carcinoma, and pancreas. Thirteen patients had at least one grade 3-5 adverse event (AE) or serious AE at least possibly related to talazoparib. All were consistent with the drug label except bilirubin increase and hyponatremia (both grade 3 AEs). CONCLUSION Talazoparib demonstrated antitumor activity in patients with advanced solid tumors and BRCA1/2 mutations, including cancer types for which poly ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitors are not yet US Food and Drug Administration-approved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordan Srkalovic
- Herbert-Herman Cancer Center, Lansing, MI
- Michigan Cancer Research Consortium, Ypsilanti, MI
| | - Michael Rothe
- American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA
| | - Pam K Mangat
- American Society of Clinical Oncology, Alexandria, VA
| | | | | | | | - John Chan
- Sutter Cancer Research Consortium, San Francisco, CA
| | - Inderjit Mehmi
- The Angeles Clinic and Research Institute, A Cedars-Sinai Affiliate, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Maya Khalil
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center at the University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL
| | | | | | | | | | - Kathleen J Yost
- Cancer Research Consortium of West Michigan, Grand Rapids, MI
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Mentzel J, Hildebrand LS, Kuhlmann L, Fietkau R, Distel LV. Effective Radiosensitization of HNSCC Cell Lines by DNA-PKcs Inhibitor AZD7648 and PARP Inhibitors Talazoparib and Niraparib. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5629. [PMID: 38891817 PMCID: PMC11172136 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is common, while treatment is difficult, and mortality is high. Kinase inhibitors are promising to enhance the effects of radiotherapy. We compared the effects of the PARP inhibitors talazoparib and niraparib and that of the DNA-PKcs inhibitor AZD7648, combined with ionizing radiation. (2) Seven HNSCC cell lines, including Cal33, CLS-354, Detroit 562, HSC4, RPMI2650 (HPV-negative), UD-SCC-2 and UM-SCC-47 (HPV-positive), and two healthy fibroblast cell lines, SBLF8 and SBLF9, were studied. Flow cytometry was used to analyze apoptosis and necrosis induction (AnnexinV/7AAD) and cell cycle distribution (Hoechst). Cell inactivation was studied by the colony-forming assay. (3) AZD7648 had the strongest effects, radiosensitizing all HNSCC cell lines, almost always in a supra-additive manner. Talazoparib and niraparib were effective in both HPV-positive cell lines but only consistently in one and two HPV-negative cell lines, respectively. Healthy fibroblasts were not affected by any combined treatment in apoptosis and necrosis induction or G2/M-phase arrest. AZD7648 alone was not toxic to healthy fibroblasts, while the combination with ionizing radiation reduced clonogenicity. (4) In conclusion, talazoparib, niraparib and, most potently, AZD7648 could improve radiation therapy in HNSCC. Healthy fibroblasts tolerated AZD7648 alone extremely well, but irradiation-induced effects might occur. Our results justify in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Mentzel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (J.M.); (L.S.H.); (L.K.); (R.F.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-Europäische Metropolregion Nürnberg (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Laura S. Hildebrand
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (J.M.); (L.S.H.); (L.K.); (R.F.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-Europäische Metropolregion Nürnberg (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lukas Kuhlmann
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (J.M.); (L.S.H.); (L.K.); (R.F.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-Europäische Metropolregion Nürnberg (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rainer Fietkau
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (J.M.); (L.S.H.); (L.K.); (R.F.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-Europäische Metropolregion Nürnberg (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Luitpold V. Distel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (J.M.); (L.S.H.); (L.K.); (R.F.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-Europäische Metropolregion Nürnberg (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Gao H, Xi Z, Dai J, Xue J, Guan X, Zhao L, Chen Z, Xing F. Drug resistance mechanisms and treatment strategies mediated by Ubiquitin-Specific Proteases (USPs) in cancers: new directions and therapeutic options. Mol Cancer 2024; 23:88. [PMID: 38702734 PMCID: PMC11067278 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-024-02005-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance represents a significant obstacle in cancer treatment, underscoring the need for the discovery of novel therapeutic targets. Ubiquitin-specific proteases (USPs), a subclass of deubiquitinating enzymes, play a pivotal role in protein deubiquitination. As scientific research advances, USPs have been recognized as key regulators of drug resistance across a spectrum of treatment modalities, including chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy. This comprehensive review examines the complex relationship between USPs and drug resistance mechanisms, focusing on specific treatment strategies and highlighting the influence of USPs on DNA damage repair, apoptosis, characteristics of cancer stem cells, immune evasion, and other crucial biological functions. Additionally, the review highlights the potential clinical significance of USP inhibitors as a means to counter drug resistance in cancer treatment. By inhibiting particular USP, cancer cells can become more susceptible to a variety of anti-cancer drugs. The integration of USP inhibitors with current anti-cancer therapies offers a promising strategy to circumvent drug resistance. Therefore, this review emphasizes the importance of USPs as viable therapeutic targets and offers insight into fruitful directions for future research and drug development. Targeting USPs presents an effective method to combat drug resistance across various cancer types, leading to enhanced treatment strategies and better patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongli Gao
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Zhuo Xi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Jingwei Dai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Jinqi Xue
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Xin Guan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
| | - Zhiguang Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
| | - Fei Xing
- Department of Oncology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China.
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Li M, Xiao J, Song S, Han F, Liu H, Lin Y, Ni Y, Zeng S, Zou X, Wu J, Wang F, Xu S, Liang Y, Xu P, Hong H, Qiu J, Cao J, Zhu Q, Liang L. PREX2 contributes to radiation resistance by inhibiting radiotherapy-induced tumor immunogenicity via cGAS/STING/IFNs pathway in colorectal cancer. BMC Med 2024; 22:154. [PMID: 38609982 PMCID: PMC11015576 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-024-03375-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) lacks established biomarkers or molecular targets for predicting or enhancing radiation response. Phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-triphosphate-dependent Rac exchange factor 2 (PREX2) exhibits intricate implications in tumorigenesis and progression. Nevertheless, the precise role and underlying mechanisms of PREX2 in CRC radioresistance remain unclear. METHODS RNA-seq was employed to identify differentially expressed genes between radioresistant CRC cell lines and their parental counterparts. PREX2 expression was scrutinized using Western blotting, real-time PCR, and immunohistochemistry. The radioresistant role of PREX2 was assessed through in vitro colony formation assay, apoptosis assay, comet assay, and in vivo xenograft tumor models. The mechanism of PREX2 was elucidated using RNA-seq and Western blotting. Finally, a PREX2 small-molecule inhibitor, designated PREX-in1, was utilized to enhance the efficacy of ionizing radiation (IR) therapy in CRC mouse models. RESULTS PREX2 emerged as the most significantly upregulated gene in radioresistant CRC cells. It augmented the radioresistant capacity of CRC cells and demonstrated potential as a marker for predicting radioresistance efficacy. Mechanistically, PREX2 facilitated DNA repair by upregulating DNA-PKcs, suppressing radiation-induced immunogenic cell death, and impeding CD8+ T cell infiltration through the cGAS/STING/IFNs pathway. In vivo, the blockade of PREX2 heightened the efficacy of IR therapy. CONCLUSIONS PREX2 assumes a pivotal role in CRC radiation resistance by inhibiting the cGAS/STING/IFNs pathway, presenting itself as a potential radioresistant biomarker and therapeutic target for effectively overcoming radioresistance in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhou Li
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing, 401329, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbiao Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing, 401329, People's Republic of China
| | - Shasha Song
- Department of Pathology, Yantai Fushan People's Hospital, Yantai, 265500, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangyi Han
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Yue Bei People's Hospital Postdoctoral Innovation Practice Base, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongling Liu
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Lin
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfei Ni
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Sisi Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing, 401329, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zou
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jieqiong Wu
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Feifei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaowan Xu
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - You Liang
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Peishuang Xu
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Huirong Hong
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfeng Qiu
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianing Cao
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Liang
- Department of Pathology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China.
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Pathology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
- Jinfeng Laboratory, Chongqing, 401329, People's Republic of China.
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Klieber N, Hildebrand LS, Faulhaber E, Symank J, Häck N, Härtl A, Fietkau R, Distel LV. Different Impacts of DNA-PK and mTOR Kinase Inhibitors in Combination with Ionizing Radiation on HNSCC and Normal Tissue Cells. Cells 2024; 13:304. [PMID: 38391917 PMCID: PMC10887161 DOI: 10.3390/cells13040304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite substantial advancements in understanding the pathomechanisms of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), effective therapy remains challenging. The application of kinase inhibitors (KIs) in HNSCC, specifically mTOR and DNA-PK inhibitors, can increase radiosensitivity and therefore presents a promising strategy when used simultaneously with ionizing radiation (IR) in cancer treatment. Our study focused on the selective DNA-PK-inhibitor AZD7648; the selective mTOR-inhibitor Sapanisertib; and CC-115, a dual inhibitor targeting both mTOR and DNA-PK. The impact of these KIs on HNSCC and normal tissue cells was assessed using various analytical methods including cell death studies, cell cycle analysis, real-time microscopy, colony-forming assays and immunohistochemical staining for γH2AX and downstream mTOR protein p-S6. We detected a strong inhibition of IR-induced DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair, particularly in AZD7648-treated HNSCC, whereas normal tissue cells repaired DNA DSB more efficiently. Additionally, AZD7648 + IR treatment showed a synergistic decline in cell proliferation and clonogenicity, along with an elevated G2/M arrest and cell death in the majority of HNSCC cell lines. CC-115 + IR treatment led to an elevation in G2/M arrest, increased cell death, and a synergistic reduction in cell proliferation, though the effect was notably lower compared to the AZD7648 + IR- treated group. Sapanisertib led to a high cellular toxicity in both HNSCC and normal tissue cells, even in non-irradiated cells. Regarding cell proliferation and the induction of apoptosis and necrosis, Sapanisertib + IR was beneficial only in HPV+ HNSCC. Overall, this study highlights the potential of AZD7648 as a radiosensitizing agent in advanced-stage HPV-positive and negative HNSCC, offering a promising therapeutic strategy. However, the dual mTOR/DNA-PK-I CC-115 did not provide a distinct advantage over the use of selective KIs in our investigations, suggesting limited benefits for its application in KI + IR therapy. Notably, the selective mTOR-inhibitor Sapanisertib was only beneficial in HPV+ HNSCC and should not be applied in HPV- cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Klieber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 27, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Laura S. Hildebrand
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 27, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eva Faulhaber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 27, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Symank
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 27, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicole Häck
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 27, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Annamaria Härtl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 27, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rainer Fietkau
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 27, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Luitpold V. Distel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Universitätsstr. 27, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Kasamatsu T. Implications of Senescent T Cells for Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5835. [PMID: 38136380 PMCID: PMC10742305 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15245835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell senescence is thought to result from the age-related loss of the ability to mount effective responses to pathogens and tumor cells. In addition to aging, T-cell senescence is caused by repeated antigenic stimulation and chronic inflammation. Moreover, we demonstrated that T-cell senescence was induced by treatment with DNA-damaging chemotherapeutic agents. The characteristics of therapy-induced senescent T (TIS-T) cells and general senescent T cells are largely similar. Senescent T cells demonstrate an increase in the senescence-associated beta-galactosidase-positive population, cell cycle arrest, secretion of senescence-associated secretory phenotypic factors, and metabolic reprogramming. Furthermore, senescent T cells downregulate the expression of the co-stimulatory molecules CD27 and CD28 and upregulate natural killer cell-related molecules. Moreover, TIS-T cells showed increased PD-1 expression. However, the loss of proliferative capacity and decreased expression of co-stimulatory molecules associated with T-cell senescence cause a decrease in T-cell immunocompetence. In this review, we discuss the characteristics of senescent T-cells, including therapy-induced senescent T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuhiro Kasamatsu
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi 371-8514, Gunma, Japan
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Scheper J, Hildebrand LS, Faulhaber EM, Deloch L, Gaipl US, Symank J, Fietkau R, Distel LV, Hecht M, Jost T. Tumor-specific radiosensitizing effect of the ATM inhibitor AZD0156 in melanoma cells with low toxicity to healthy fibroblasts. Strahlenther Onkol 2023; 199:1128-1139. [PMID: 36229655 PMCID: PMC10673781 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-022-02009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Despite new treatment options, melanoma continues to have an unfavorable prognosis. DNA damage response (DDR) inhibitors are a promising drug class, especially in combination with chemotherapy (CT) or radiotherapy (RT). Manipulating DNA damage repair during RT is an opportunity to exploit the genomic instability of cancer cells and may lead to radiosensitizing effects in tumors that could improve cancer therapy. METHODS A panel of melanoma-derived cell lines of different origin were used to investigate toxicity-related clonogenic survival, cell death, and cell cycle distribution after treatment with a kinase inhibitor (KI) against ATM (AZD0156) or ATR (VE-822, berzosertib), irradiation with 2 Gy, or a combination of KI plus ionizing radiation (IR). Two fibroblast cell lines generated from healthy skin tissue were used as controls. RESULTS Clonogenic survival indicated a clear radiosensitizing effect of the ATM inhibitor (ATMi) AZD0156 in all melanoma cells in a synergistic manner, but not in healthy tissue fibroblasts. In contrast, the ATR inhibitor (ATRi) VE-822 led to additive enhancement of IR-related toxicity in most of the melanoma cells. Both inhibitors mainly increased cell death induction in combination with IR. In healthy fibroblasts, VE-822 plus IR led to higher cell death rates compared to AZD0156. A significant G2/M block was particularly induced in cancer cells when combining AZD0156 with IR. CONCLUSION ATMi, in contrast to ATRi, resulted in synergistic radiosensitization regarding colony formation in melanoma cancer cells, while healthy tissue fibroblasts were merely affected with respect to cell death induction. In connection with an increased number of melanoma cells in the G2/M phase after ATMi plus IR treatment, ATMi seems to be superior to ATRi in melanoma cancer cell treatments when combined with RT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Scheper
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Laura S Hildebrand
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eva-Maria Faulhaber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lisa Deloch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Translational Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Udo S Gaipl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Translational Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Symank
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rainer Fietkau
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Luitpold V Distel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus Hecht
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tina Jost
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
- Translational Radiobiology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
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9
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Qin C, Li A, Xiao Y, Liu W, Zhai E, Li Q, Jing H, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Ma X, Tang H, Rong D. Expression of ZNF281 in colorectal cancer correlates with response to radiotherapy and survival. Ann Med 2023; 55:2278619. [PMID: 37939252 PMCID: PMC10653697 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2023.2278619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The treatment of Colorectal cancer (CRC) is extremely complex and survival rates vary depending on the stage of the disease at the time of diagnosis. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NACRT), is the conventional treatment for locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC); however, the resistance to chemoradiotherapy in LARC is difficult to predict. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, clinical data of 126 LARC patients were collected and analyzed, and relevant validation was performed using GEO database and in vitro and in vivo experiments, including Western blotting and Real-time quantitative PCR, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, clonogenic cell survival assays, and nude-mouse xenograft models. RESULTS In patients with LARC who were treated with neoadjuvant radiotherapy (NART), higher ZNF281 expression in malignant tissue was associated with a poorer prognosis and lesser degree of tumor regression. Cell and mouse experiments have shown that ZNF281 reduces the damage caused by X-rays to CRC cells and tumors grown in mice. CONCLUSION We found that the expression of ZNF281 predicted the radiation response of CRC cells and suggested the prognosis of patients with LARC who received neoadjuvant radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjiang Qin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Ang Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yafei Xiao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Ertao Zhai
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Quanying Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Hong Jing
- Department of Pathology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yijie Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xuhui Ma
- Department of Pathology, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Hongna Tang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Dan Rong
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Huaihe Hospital of Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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10
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Kumari N, Antil H, Kumari S, Raghavan SC. Deficiency of ligase IV leads to reduced NHEJ, accumulation of DNA damage, and can sensitize cells to cancer therapeutics. Genomics 2023; 115:110731. [PMID: 37871849 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2023.110731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Ligase IV is a key enzyme involved during DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) repair through nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). However, in contrast to Ligase IV deficient mouse cells, which are embryonic lethal, Ligase IV deficient human cells, including pre-B cells, are viable. Using CRISPR-Cas9 mediated genome editing, we have generated six different LIG4 mutants in cervical cancer and normal kidney epithelial cell lines. While the LIG4 mutant cells showed a significant reduction in NHEJ, joining mediated through microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ) and homologous recombination (HR) were significantly high. The reduced NHEJ joining activity was restored by adding purified Ligase IV/XRCC4. Accumulation of DSBs and reduced cell viability were observed in LIG4 mutant cells. LIG4 mutant cells exhibited enhanced sensitivity towards DSB-inducing agents such as ionizing radiation (IR) and etoposide. More importantly, the LIG4 mutant of cervical cancer cells showed increased sensitivity towards FDA approved drugs such as Carboplatin, Cisplatin, Paclitaxel, Doxorubicin, and Bleomycin used for cervical cancer treatment. These drugs, in combination with IR showed enhanced cancer cell death in the background of LIG4 gene mutation. Thus, our study reveals that mutation in LIG4 results in compromised NHEJ, leading to sensitization of cervical cancer cells towards currently used cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitu Kumari
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Himanshu Antil
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Susmita Kumari
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Sathees C Raghavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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11
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Prabhu D, Ray U, Rajeev A, Joy R, George AT, George J, Raghavan SC, John F. Design and Synthesis of Ketenimine Sulfonamide Conjugates through Multicomponent Reactions; A Combined Cytotoxic Analysis and Computational Exploration. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:38619-38631. [PMID: 37867708 PMCID: PMC10586297 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Multicomponent reactions involving zwitterion generated from dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate, aryl sulfonamide, and isocyanide to generate sulfonamide-conjugated ketenimines is reported. The synthetic strategy adopted is highly atom economical and stereoselective. Ketenimine sulfonamide analogues are key intermediates for further synthetic conversions to generate a combinatorial library of compounds. Furthermore, sulfonamide compounds are known to possess a broad spectrum of biological applications. All the novel molecules synthesized exhibit the potential to target the nonhomologous DNA end-joining (NHEJ) pathway with cytotoxic ability. Computational studies compliment the in vitro biological assays of the 8 small-molecule inhibitors. DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are considered as the most lethal among different DNA damages. NHEJ repairs about 70% of the DSBs generated in cells within mammals. The DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit is one of the PI3 kinases associated with NHEJ. Compounds DK01-DK08 were investigated for their ability to induce cancer cell death by treating with two leukemic cell lines where NHEJ is high. Results showed that bromoaryl (DK04)- and nitroaryl (DK05)-conjugated molecules showed excellent biological activity, having IC50 values of ∼2 μM in Nalm6 cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak
J. Prabhu
- Post
Graduate Research Department of Chemistry, Maharajas College, Ernakulam, Ernakulam, Kerala 682011, India
| | - Ujjayinee Ray
- Department
of Microbiology, Techno India University,
Kolkata, West Bengal 700091, India
| | - Anjaly Rajeev
- Post
Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Sacred Heart college (M.G University), Thevara, Kerala 682013, India
| | - Reshma Joy
- Post
Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Sacred Heart college (M.G University), Thevara, Kerala 682013, India
| | - Abi Thoppilan George
- Post
Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Sacred Heart college (M.G University), Thevara, Kerala 682013, India
| | - Jinu George
- Post
Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Sacred Heart college (M.G University), Thevara, Kerala 682013, India
| | - Sathees C. Raghavan
- Department
of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Franklin John
- Post
Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Sacred Heart college (M.G University), Thevara, Kerala 682013, India
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12
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Kasamatsu T, Awata-Shiraiwa M, Ishihara R, Murakami Y, Masuda Y, Gotoh N, Oda T, Yokohama A, Matsumura I, Handa H, Tsukamoto N, Murakami H, Saitoh T. Sub-lethal doses of chemotherapeutic agents induce senescence in T cells and upregulation of PD-1 expression. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:2695-2703. [PMID: 36913034 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01034-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a stable cell cycle arrest, usually in response to internal and/or external stress, including telomere dysfunction, abnormal cellular growth, and DNA damage. Several chemotherapeutic drugs, such as melphalan (MEL) and doxorubicin (DXR), induce cellular senescence in cancer cells. However, it is not clear whether these drugs induce senescence in immune cells. We evaluated the induction of cellular senescence in T cells were derived from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) in healthy donors using sub-lethal doses of chemotherapeutic agents. The PBMNCs were kept overnight in RPMI 1640 medium with 2% phytohemagglutinin and 10% fetal bovine serum and then cultured in RPMI 1640 with 20 ng/mL IL-2 and sub-lethal doses of chemotherapeutic drugs (2 μM MEL and 50 nM DXR) for 48 h. Sub-lethal doses of chemotherapeutic agents induced phenotypes associated with senescence, such as the formation of γH2AX nuclear foci, cell proliferation arrest, and induction of senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) activity, (control vs. MEL, DXR; median mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) 1883 (1130-2163) vs. 2233 (1385-2254), 2406.5 (1377-3119), respectively) in T cells. IL6 and SPP1 mRNA, which are senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors, were significantly upregulated by sublethal doses of MEL and DXR compared to the control (P = 0.043 and 0.018, respectively). Moreover, sub-lethal doses of chemotherapeutic agents significantly enhanced the expression of programmed death 1 (PD-1) on CD3 + CD4 + and CD3 + CD8 + T cells compared to the control (CD4 + T cells; P = 0.043, 0.043, and 0.043, respectively, CD8 + T cells; P = 0.043, 0.043, and 0.043, respectively). Our results suggest that sub-lethal doses of chemotherapeutic agents induce senescence in T cells and tumor immunosuppression by upregulating PD-1 expression on T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuhiro Kasamatsu
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22 Showa-Machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8514, Japan.
| | - Maaya Awata-Shiraiwa
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22 Showa-Machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8514, Japan
- Gunma University of Health and Welfare, 191-1 Kawamagari-Cho, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-0823, Japan
| | - Rei Ishihara
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22 Showa-Machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8514, Japan
- Gunma University of Health and Welfare, 191-1 Kawamagari-Cho, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-0823, Japan
| | - Yuki Murakami
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22 Showa-Machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8514, Japan
- Gunma University of Health and Welfare, 191-1 Kawamagari-Cho, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-0823, Japan
| | - Yuta Masuda
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22 Showa-Machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8514, Japan
- Gunma University of Health and Welfare, 191-1 Kawamagari-Cho, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-0823, Japan
| | - Nanami Gotoh
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22 Showa-Machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8514, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Oda
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Regulation, Gunma University, 3-39-22 Showa-Machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Akihiko Yokohama
- Blood Transfusion Service, Gunma University Hospital, 3-39-15 Showa-Machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Ikuko Matsumura
- Department of Hematology, Gunma University, 3-39-22 Showa-Machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-0034, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Handa
- Department of Hematology, Gunma University, 3-39-22 Showa-Machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-0034, Japan
| | - Norifumi Tsukamoto
- Oncology Center, Gunma University Hospital, 3-39-15 Showa-Machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Murakami
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22 Showa-Machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8514, Japan
- Gunma University of Health and Welfare, 191-1 Kawamagari-Cho, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-0823, Japan
| | - Takayuki Saitoh
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, Gunma University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 3-39-22 Showa-Machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8514, Japan
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13
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Zhang H, Wang X, Ma Y, Zhang Q, Liu R, Luo H, Wang Z. Review of possible mechanisms of radiotherapy resistance in cervical cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1164985. [PMID: 37692844 PMCID: PMC10484717 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1164985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is one of the main treatments for cervical cancer. Early cervical cancer is usually considered postoperative radiotherapy alone. Radiotherapy combined with cisplatin is the standard treatment for locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC), but sometimes the disease will relapse within a short time after the end of treatment. Tumor recurrence is usually related to the inherent radiation resistance of the tumor, mainly involving cell proliferation, apoptosis, DNA repair, tumor microenvironment, tumor metabolism, and stem cells. In the past few decades, the mechanism of radiotherapy resistance of cervical cancer has been extensively studied, but due to its complex process, the specific mechanism of radiotherapy resistance of cervical cancer is still not fully understood. In this review, we discuss the current status of radiotherapy resistance in cervical cancer and the possible mechanisms of radiotherapy resistance, and provide favorable therapeutic targets for improving radiotherapy sensitivity. In conclusion, this article describes the importance of understanding the pathway and target of radioresistance for cervical cancer to promote the development of effective radiotherapy sensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanqun Zhang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- Department of Oncology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou, China
| | - Xiaohu Wang
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Lanzhou Heavy Ion Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yan Ma
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Qiuning Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Lanzhou Heavy Ion Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ruifeng Liu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Lanzhou Heavy Ion Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongtao Luo
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
- Lanzhou Heavy Ion Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zi Wang
- Department of Oncology, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guizhou, China
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14
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Varshavsky A, Lewis K, Chen SJ. Deletions of DNA in cancer and their possible uses for therapy. Bioessays 2023; 45:e2300051. [PMID: 37166062 PMCID: PMC11102808 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in treatments over the last decades, a uniformly reliable and free of side effects therapy of human cancers remains to be achieved. During chromosome replication, a premature halt of two converging DNA replication forks would cause incomplete replication and a cytotoxic chromosome nondisjunction during mitosis. In contrast to normal cells, most cancer cells bear numerous DNA deletions. A homozygous deletion permanently marks a cell and its descendants. Here, we propose an approach to cancer therapy in which a pair of sequence-specific roadblocks is placed solely at two cancer-confined deletion sites that are located ahead of two converging replication forks. We describe this method, termed "replication blocks specific for deletions" (RBSD), and another deletions-based approach as well. RBSD can be expanded by placing pairs of replication roadblocks on several different chromosomes. The resulting simultaneous nondisjunctions of these chromosomes in cancer cells would further increase the cancer-specific toxicity of RBSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Varshavsky
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Kim Lewis
- Antimicrobial Discovery Center, Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shun-Jia Chen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
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15
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Xie D, Jiang B, Wang S, Wang Q, Wu G. The mechanism and clinical application of DNA damage repair inhibitors combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors in the treatment of urologic cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1200466. [PMID: 37305685 PMCID: PMC10248030 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1200466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Urologic cancers such as kidney, bladder, prostate, and uroepithelial cancers have recently become a considerable global health burden, and the response to immunotherapy is limited due to immune escape and immune resistance. Therefore, it is crucial to find appropriate and effective combination therapies to improve the sensitivity of patients to immunotherapy. DNA damage repair inhibitors can enhance the immunogenicity of tumor cells by increasing tumor mutational burden and neoantigen expression, activating immune-related signaling pathways, regulating PD-L1 expression, and reversing the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment to activate the immune system and enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy. Based on promising experimental results from preclinical studies, many clinical trials combining DNA damage repair inhibitors (e.g., PARP inhibitors and ATR inhibitors) with immune checkpoint inhibitors (e.g., PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors) are underway in patients with urologic cancers. Results from several clinical trials have shown that the combination of DNA damage repair inhibitors with immune checkpoint inhibitors can improve objective rates, progression-free survival, and overall survival (OS) in patients with urologic tumors, especially in patients with defective DNA damage repair genes or a high mutational load. In this review, we present the results of preclinical and clinical trials of different DNA damage repair inhibitors in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors in urologic cancers and summarize the potential mechanism of action of the combination therapy. Finally, we also discuss the challenges of dose toxicity, biomarker selection, drug tolerance, drug interactions in the treatment of urologic tumors with this combination therapy and look into the future direction of this combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Qifei Wang
- *Correspondence: Guangzhen Wu, ; Qifei Wang,
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16
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Jeong BR, Jang J, Jin E. Genome engineering via gene editing technologies in microalgae. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 373:128701. [PMID: 36746216 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.128701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR-Cas has revolutionized genetic modification with its comparative simplicity and accuracy, and it can be used even at the genomic level. Microalgae are excellent feedstocks for biofuels and nutraceuticals because they contain high levels of fatty acids, carotenoids, and other metabolites; however, genome engineering for microalgae is not yet as developed as for other model organisms. Microalgal engineering at the genetic and metabolic levels is relatively well established, and a few genomic resources are available. Their genomic information was used for a "safe harbor" site for stable transgene expression in microalgae. This review proposes further genome engineering schemes including the construction of sgRNA libraries, pan-genomic and epigenomic resources, and mini-genomes, which can together be developed into synthetic biology for carbon-based engineering in microalgae. Acetyl-CoA is at the center of carbon metabolic pathways and is further reviewed for the production of molecules including terpenoids in microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byeong-Ryool Jeong
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Junhwan Jang
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - EonSeon Jin
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; Hanyang Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea.
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17
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Wei Y, Xiao G, Xu H, Sun X, Shi Y, Wang F, Kang J, Peng J, Zhou F. Radiation resistance of cancer cells caused by mitochondrial dysfunction depends on SIRT3-mediated mitophagy. FEBS J 2023. [PMID: 36871142 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
Radiation resistance is the leading cause of radiotherapy failure in patients with cancer. Enhanced DNA damage repair is the main reason for cancer cells to develop resistance to radiation. Autophagy has been widely reported to be linked to increased genome stability and radiation resistance. Mitochondria are highly involved in the cell response to radiotherapy. However, the autophagy subtype mitophagy has not been studied in terms of genome stability. We have previously demonstrated that mitochondrial dysfunction is the cause of radiation resistance in tumour cells. In the present study, we found that SIRT3 was highly expressed in colorectal cancer cells with mitochondrial dysfunction, leading to PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy. Excessive activation of mitophagy enhanced DNA damage repair, therefore promoting the resistance of tumour cells to radiation. Mechanistically, mitophagy resulted in decreased RING1b expression, which led to a reduction in the ubiquitination of histone H2A at K119, thereby enhancing the repair of DNA damage caused by radiation. Additionally, high expression of SIRT3 was related to a poor tumour regression grade in rectal cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant radiotherapy. These findings suggest that restoring mitochondrial function could be an effective method for increasing the radiosensitivity of patients with colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wei
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guohui Xiao
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuehua Sun
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingying Shi
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fen Wang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinlin Kang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin Peng
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fuxiang Zhou
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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18
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Ray U, Gopinatha VK, Sharma S, Goyary L, Choudhary B, Mantelingu K, Rangappa KS, Raghavan SC. Identification and characterization of mercaptopyrimidine-based small molecules as inhibitors of nonhomologous DNA end joining. FEBS J 2023; 290:796-820. [PMID: 36048168 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mercaptopyrimidine derivatives are heterocyclic compounds with potent biological activities including antiproliferative, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties. The present study describes the synthesis and characterization of several mercaptopyrimidine derivatives through condensation of 5,6-diamino-2-mercaptopyrimidin-4-ol with various heterocyclic and aromatic aldehydes. Previous studies have shown that SCR7, synthesized from 5,6-diamino-2-mercaptopyrimidin-4-ol, induced cytotoxicity by targeting cancer cells by primarily inhibiting DNA Ligase IV involved in nonhomologous end joining, one of the major DNA double-strand break repair pathways. Inhibition of DNA repair pathways is considered as an important strategy for cancer therapy. Due to limitations of SCR7 in terms of IC50 in cancer cells, here we have designed, synthesized, and characterized potent derivatives of SCR7 using 5,6-diamino-2-mercaptopyrimidin-4-ol as the starting material. Several synthesized imine compounds exhibited significant improvement in inhibition of end joining and cytotoxicity up to 27-fold lower concentrations than SCR7. Among these, two compounds, SCR116 and SCR132, showed increased cancer cell death in a Ligase IV-dependent manner. Treatment with the compounds also led to reduction in V(D)J recombination efficiency, cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase, accumulation of double-strand breaks inside cells, and improved anti-cancer potential when combined with γ-radiation and radiomimetic drugs. Thus, we describe novel inhibitors of NHEJ with higher efficacy and potential, which can be developed as cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjayinee Ray
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Vindya K Gopinatha
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, India
| | - Shivangi Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Electronics City, Bangalore, India
| | - Laijau Goyary
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Bibha Choudhary
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Electronics City, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Kanchugarakoppal S Rangappa
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, India.,Institution of Excellence, Vijnana Bhavana, University of Mysore, India
| | - Sathees C Raghavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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19
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Peng X, Zhang S, Wang Y, Zhou Z, Yu Z, Zhong Z, Zhang L, Chen Z, Claret FX, Elkabets M, Wang F, Sun F, Wang R, Liang H, Lin H, Kong D. Stellettin B Sensitizes Glioblastoma to DNA-Damaging Treatments by Suppressing PI3K-Mediated Homologous Recombination Repair. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205529. [PMID: 36453577 PMCID: PMC9875605 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive type of cancer. Its current first-line postsurgery regimens are radiotherapy and temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy, both of which are DNA damage-inducing therapies but show very limited efficacy and a high risk of resistance. There is an urgent need to develop novel agents to sensitize GBM to DNA-damaging treatments. Here it is found that the triterpene compound stellettin B (STELB) greatly enhances the sensitivity of GBM to ionizing radiation and TMZ in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, STELB inhibits the expression of homologous recombination repair (HR) factors BRCA1/2 and RAD51 by promoting the degradation of PI3Kα through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway; and the induced HR deficiency then leads to augmented DNA damage and cell death. It is further demonstrated that STELB has the potential to rapidly penetrate the blood-brain barrier to exert anti-GBM effects in the brain, based on zebrafish and nude mouse orthotopic xenograft tumor models. The study provides strong evidence that STELB represents a promising drug candidate to improve GBM therapy in combination with DNA-damaging treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Peng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and DiagnosticsSchool of PharmacyTianjin Medical UniversityTianjin300070China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases (Ministry of Education)Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjin300070China
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational BiologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTX77030USA
- Department of Systems Biologythe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTX77030USA
| | - Shaolu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and DiagnosticsSchool of PharmacyTianjin Medical UniversityTianjin300070China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases (Ministry of Education)Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjin300070China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and DiagnosticsSchool of PharmacyTianjin Medical UniversityTianjin300070China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases (Ministry of Education)Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjin300070China
| | - Zhicheng Zhou
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational BiologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTX77030USA
- Department of Systems Biologythe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTX77030USA
| | - Zixiang Yu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and DiagnosticsSchool of PharmacyTianjin Medical UniversityTianjin300070China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases (Ministry of Education)Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjin300070China
| | - Zhenxing Zhong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and DiagnosticsSchool of PharmacyTianjin Medical UniversityTianjin300070China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases (Ministry of Education)Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjin300070China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical BiologyState Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghai200025China
| | - Zhe‐Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesCollege of Pharmacy and Health SciencesSt. John's UniversityQueensNY11439USA
| | - Francois X. Claret
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational BiologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTX77030USA
| | - Moshe Elkabets
- The Shraga Segal Department of MicrobiologyImmunology and GeneticsFaculty of Health SciencesBen‐Gurion University of the NegevBeer‐Sheva84105Israel
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of GeneticsSchool of Basic Medical SciencesTianjin Medical UniversityTianjin300070China
| | - Fan Sun
- Research Center for Marine DrugsState Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesDepartment of PharmacyRenji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghai200127China
| | - Ran Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and DiagnosticsSchool of PharmacyTianjin Medical UniversityTianjin300070China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases (Ministry of Education)Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjin300070China
| | - Han Liang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational BiologyThe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTX77030USA
- Department of Systems Biologythe University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHoustonTX77030USA
| | - Hou‐Wen Lin
- Research Center for Marine DrugsState Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related GenesDepartment of PharmacyRenji HospitalSchool of MedicineShanghai Jiaotong UniversityShanghai200127China
| | - Dexin Kong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and DiagnosticsSchool of PharmacyTianjin Medical UniversityTianjin300070China
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases (Ministry of Education)Tianjin Medical UniversityTianjin300070China
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20
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Wang Y, Niu J, Liu J, Sun Y. Digital Counting of Breaks Labeling In Situ: A Fast and Absolute Quantification Method for Measurement of DNA Double-Strand Breaks Based on Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction. Anal Chem 2022; 94:16871-16876. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology & Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Jiahao Niu
- National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology & Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Jingyan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
| | - Yujie Sun
- National Biomedical Imaging Center, College of Future Technology, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology & Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
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21
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Yu Y, Liu T, Yu G, Wang H, Du Z, Chen Y, Yang N, Cao K, Liu C, Wan Z, Shen H, Gao F, Yang Y, Zhang W. PRDM15 interacts with DNA-PK-Ku complex to promote radioresistance in rectal cancer by facilitating DNA damage repair. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:978. [PMID: 36402747 PMCID: PMC9675803 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05402-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neoadjuvant radiotherapy is a standard treatment for locally advanced rectal cancer, however, resistance to chemoradiotherapy is one of the main obstacles to improving treatment outcomes. The goal of this study was to explore the role of PRDM15 involved in the radioresistance of colorectal cancer and to clarify the underlying mechanism. In present study, we demonstrated that, after DNA damage, PRDM15 was upregulated and localized to DNA damage sites, co-localizing with γ-H2AX. Knockdown of PRDM15 inhibited DNA damage repair and increased radiosensitivity in colorectal cancer cells. Mechanistically, PRDM15 promoted DNA repair by interacting with DNA-PKcs and Ku70/Ku80 complex. In preclinical models of rectal cancer, knockdown of PRDM15 sensitized cell derived xenograft and patient derived xenograft to radiotherapy. In 80 rectal cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, higher PRDM15 expression was observed associated with weaker tumor regression and poorer prognosis. Our findings revealed that inhibiting PRDM15 was potent to overcome radioresistance through abrogating DNA repair in colorectal cancer cells. Additionally, the expression level of PRDM15 could be applied to predict radiotherapy responsiveness and the outcome of neoadjuvant radiotherapy in rectal cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yu
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guanyu Yu
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hang Wang
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhipeng Du
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China ,grid.268099.c0000 0001 0348 3990School of Public Health and Management, Wenzhou Medical University, University Town, Wenzhou, Zhejiang China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nan Yang
- Pharmacy Department, Qingdao Special Servicemen Recuperation Center of CPLA Navy, Qingdao, 266071 China
| | - Kun Cao
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunlei Liu
- grid.512114.20000 0004 8512 7501Chifeng Municipal Hospital, Chifeng Clinical Medical School of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Chifeng, 024000 China
| | - Zhijie Wan
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Shen
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fu Gao
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyong Yang
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- grid.73113.370000 0004 0369 1660Department of Colorectal Surgery, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
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22
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Rajput M, Mishra D, Kumar K, Singh RP. Silibinin Radiosensitizes EGF Receptor-knockdown Prostate Cancer Cells by Attenuating DNA Repair Pathways. J Cancer Prev 2022; 27:170-181. [PMID: 36258717 PMCID: PMC9537578 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2022.27.3.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence of radioresistance in prostate cancer (PCa) cells is a major obstacle in cancer therapy and contributes to the relapse of the disease. EGF receptor (EGFR) signaling plays an important role in the development of radioresistance. Herein, we have assessed the modulatory effects of silibinin on radiation-induced resistance via DNA repair pathways in EGFR-knockdown DU145 cells. shRNA-based silencing of EGFR was done in radioresistant human PCa DU145 cells and effects of ionizing radiation (IR) and silibinin were assessed using clonogenic and trypan blue assays. Furthermore, radiosensitizing effects of silibinin on PCa in context with EGFR were analyzed using flow cytometry, comet assay, and immunoblotting. Silibinin decreased the colony formation ability with an increased death of DU145 cells exposed to IR (5 Gray), with a concomitant decrease in Rad51 protein expression. Silibinin (25 μM) augmented the IR-induced cytotoxic effect in EGFR-knockdown PCa cells, along with induction of G2/M phase cell cycle arrest. Further, we studied homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathways in silibinin-induced DNA double-strand breaks in EGFR-knockdown DU145 cells. Silibinin down-regulated the expression of Rad51 and DNA-dependent protein kinase proteins without any considerable effect on Ku70 and Ku80 in IR-exposed EGFR-knockdown PCa cells. The pro-survival signaling proteins, phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK)1/2, phospho-Akt and phospho-STAT3 were decreased by silibinin in EGFR-deficient PCa cells. These findings suggest a novel mechanism of silibinin-induced radiosensitization of PCa cells by targeting DNA repair pathways, HR and NHEJ, and suppressing the pro-survival signaling pathways, ERK1/2, Akt and STAT3, in EGFR-knockdown PCa cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Rajput
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepali Mishra
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Kunal Kumar
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rana P. Singh
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, New Delhi, India,Special Centre for Systems Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India,Correspondence to Rana P. Singh, E-mail: , https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4261-7044
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23
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Chloroquine-Induced DNA Damage Synergizes with Nonhomologous End Joining Inhibition to Cause Ovarian Cancer Cell Cytotoxicity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147518. [PMID: 35886866 PMCID: PMC9323666 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most lethal gynecological malignancy; therefore, more effective treatments are urgently needed. We recently reported that chloroquine (CQ) increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) in OC cell lines (OCCLs), causing DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Here, we analyzed whether these lesions are repaired by nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ), one of the main pathways involved in DSB repair, and if the combination of CQ with NHEJ inhibitors (NHEJi) could be effective against OC. We found that NHEJ inhibition increased the persistence of γH2AX foci after CQ-induced DNA damage, revealing an essential role of this pathway in the repair of the lesions. NHEJi decreased the proliferation of OCCLs and a strong in vitro synergistic effect on apoptosis induction was observed when combined with CQ. This effect was largely abolished by the antioxidant N-Acetyl-L-cysteine, revealing the critical role of ROS and DSB generation in CQ/NHEJi-induced lethality. We also found that the NHEJ efficiency in OCCLs was not affected by treatment with Panobinostat, a pan-histone deacetylase inhibitor that also synergizes with CQ in OCCLs by impairing homologous recombination. Accordingly, the triple combination of CQ-NHEJi-Panobinostat exerted a stronger in vitro synergistic effect. Altogether, our data suggest that the combination of these drugs could represent new therapeutic strategies against OC.
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24
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Fu X, Duan Z, Lu X, Zhu Y, Ren Y, Zhang W, Sun X, Ge L, Yang J. SND1 Promotes Radioresistance in Cervical Cancer Cells by Targeting the DNA Damage Response. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2022. [PMID: 35271349 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2021.0371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Radiotherapy is one of the most effective therapeutic strategies for cervical cancer patients, although radioresistance-mediated residual and recurrent tumors are the main cause of treatment failure. However, the mechanism of tumor radioresistance is still elusive. DNA damage response pathways are key determinants of radioresistance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role and mechanism of SND1 in radioresistance of cervical cancer. Methods: A stable HeLa cell line with SND1 knockout (HeLa-KO) was generated through a modified CRISPR/Cas9 double-nicking gene editing system. The stable CaSki cell lines with SND1 knockdown (CaSki-Ctrl, CaSki-SND1-sh-1, CaSki-SND1-sh-2) were constructed through lentivirus transfection with the pSil-SND1-sh-1 and pSil-SND1-sh-2 plasmids. Results: It was observed that SND1 deficiency significantly increased the radiosensitivity of cervical cancer cells. It was also found that silencing SND1 promotes radiation-induced apoptosis. Significantly, the cells with a loss of SND1 function exhibited inefficient ataxia telangiectasia mutated pathway activation, subsequently impairing DNA repair and G2/M checkpoint arrest. In addition, threonine 103 is an important phosphorylation site of SND1 under DNA damaging stress. Conclusion: Collectively, the results of this study reveal a potent radiosensitizing effect of silencing SND1 or T103 mutation on cervical cancer cells, providing novel insights into potential therapeutic strategies for cervical cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Fu
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology in Tianjin, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Excellent Talent Project, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhongchao Duan
- Flow Cytometry Lab, Department of Hematopathology, Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingyu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology in Tianjin, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Excellent Talent Project, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology in Tianjin, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Excellent Talent Project, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology in Tianjin, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Excellent Talent Project, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoming Sun
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology in Tianjin, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Excellent Talent Project, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Lin Ge
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology in Tianjin, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Excellent Talent Project, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Disease, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology in Tianjin, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Excellent Talent Project, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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25
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Jost T, Schultz AK, Frey B, Vu J, Fietkau R, Distel LV, Hecht M. Influence of alectinib and crizotinib on ionizing radiation - in vitro analysis of ALK/ROS1-wildtype lung tissue cells. Neoplasia 2022; 27:100780. [PMID: 35278911 PMCID: PMC8914391 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2022.100780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Just little is known about the interaction of ALK/ROS1-targeting kinase inhibitors with ionizing radiation (IR), particularly regarding side effects. We investigated the toxicity in two different lung cell lines both ALK/ROS1 wildtype (healthy and tumor origin) as representatives for normal lung tissue; (2) Methods: Human lung cell line BEAS-2B and malignant A549 lung cancer cells (ALK/ROS1 wt) were treated with alectinib or crizotinib, 2 Gy irradiation or a combination of KI and IR. Cell toxicity was analyzed by cell death (Annexin, 7AAD), colony forming, migration assay and live-cell imaging (TMRM, DRAQ7, Caspase3/7). Cell cycle (Hoechst) were analyzed by flow cytometry; (3) Results: Crizotinib led to higher cell death rates than alectinib, when cells were treated with 10 µM KI. Alectinib induced a more intense growth inhibition of colonies. Both inhibitors showed additive effects in combination with irradiation. Combination treatment (IR + KI) does not lead to synergistic effect on neither cell death nor colony forming; (4) Conclusions: The influence of simultaneous KI and IR was studied in non-mutated ALK/ROS1 cell lines. Both KIs seems to be well tolerated in combination with thoracic radiotherapy and lacked synergistic reinforcement in cellular toxicity. This supports the feasibility of ALK/ROS1 inhibition in combination with thoracic irradiation in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Jost
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91054, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), Erlangen 91054, Germany.
| | - Ann-Kristin Schultz
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91054, Germany.
| | - Benjamin Frey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91054, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), Erlangen 91054, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Jennifer Vu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91054, Germany.
| | - Rainer Fietkau
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91054, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), Erlangen 91054, Germany.
| | - Luitpold V Distel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91054, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), Erlangen 91054, Germany.
| | - Markus Hecht
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91054, Germany; Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), Erlangen 91054, Germany.
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Cheng JY, Hung JT, Lin J, Lo FY, Huang JR, Chiou SP, Wang YH, Lin RJ, Wu JC, Yu J, Yu AL. O-Acetyl-GD2 as a Therapeutic Target for Breast Cancer Stem Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 12:791551. [PMID: 35046949 PMCID: PMC8761789 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.791551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Synopsis A sugar-lipid molecule called OAcGD2 is a novel marker for breast cancer stem cells. Treatment with anti-OAcGD2 mAb8B6 may have superior anticancer efficacy by targeting cancer stem cells, thereby reducing metastasis and recurrence of cancer. Background Cancer stem cells (CSCs) that drive tumor progression and disease recurrence are rare subsets of tumor cells. CSCs are relatively resistant to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Eradication of CSCs is thus essential to achieve durable responses. GD2 was reported to be a CSC marker in human triple-negative breast cancer, and anti-GD2 immunotherapy showed reduced tumor growth in cell lines. Using a specific anti-OAcGD2 antibody, mAb8D6, we set out to determine whether OAcGD2+ cells exhibit stem cell properties and mAb8D6 can inhibit tumor growth by targeting OAcGD2+CSCs. Method OAcGD2 expression in patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) of breast cancer was determined by flow cytometric analyses using mAb8D6. The stemness of OAcGD2+ cells isolated by sorting and the effects of mAb8B6 were assessed by CSC growth and mammosphere formation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo using PDX models. Result We found that the OAcGD2 expression levels in six PDXs of various molecular subtypes of breast cancer highly correlated with their previously defined CSC markers in these PDXs. The sorted OAcGD2+ cells displayed a greater capacity for mammosphere formation in vitro and tumor initiation in vivo than OAcGD2− cells. In addition, the majority of OAcGD2+ cells were aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH+) or CD44hiCD24lo, the known CSC markers in breast cancer. Treatment of PDXs-bearing mice with mAb8B6, but not doxorubicin, suppressed the tumor growth, along with reduced CSCs as assessed by CSC markers and in vivo tumorigenicity. In vitro, mAb8B6 suppressed proliferation and mammosphere formation and induced apoptosis of OAcGD2+ breast cancer cells harvested from PDXs, in a dose-dependent manner. Finally, administration of mAb8B6 in vivo dramatically suppressed tumor growth of OAcGD2+ breast CSCs (BCSCs) with complete tumor abrogation in 3/6 mice. Conclusion OAcGD2 is a novel marker for CSC in various subtypes of breast cancer. Anti-OAcGD2 mAb8B6 directly eradicated OAcGD2+ cells and reduced tumor growth in PDX model. Our data demonstrate the potential of mAb8B6 as a promising immunotherapeutic agent to target BCSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yan Cheng
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Tung Hung
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Juway Lin
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Fei-Yun Lo
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Rong Huang
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Pin Chiou
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hui Wang
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Jen Lin
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Chine Wu
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - John Yu
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Alice L Yu
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Chang Gung Univeristy, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California in San Diego, CA, United States.,Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Rahman SM, Lan J, Kaeli D, Dy J, Alshawabkeh A, Gu AZ. Machine learning-based biomarkers identification from toxicogenomics - Bridging to regulatory relevant phenotypic endpoints. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 423:127141. [PMID: 34560480 PMCID: PMC9628282 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
One of the major challenges in realization and implementations of the Tox21 vision is the urgent need to establish quantitative link between in-vitro assay molecular endpoint and in-vivo regulatory-relevant phenotypic toxicity endpoint. Current toxicomics approach still mostly rely on large number of redundant markers without pre-selection or ranking, therefore, selection of relevant biomarkers with minimal redundancy would reduce the number of markers to be monitored and reduce the cost, time, and complexity of the toxicity screening and risk monitoring. Here, we demonstrated that, using time series toxicomics in-vitro assay along with machine learning-based feature selection (maximum relevance and minimum redundancy (MRMR)) and classification method (support vector machine (SVM)), an "optimal" number of biomarkers with minimum redundancy can be identified for prediction of phenotypic toxicity endpoints with good accuracy. We included two case studies for in-vivo carcinogenicity and Ames genotoxicity prediction, using 20 selected chemicals including model genotoxic chemicals and negative controls, respectively. The results suggested that, employing the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) concept, molecular endpoints based on a relatively small number of properly selected biomarker-ensemble involved in the conserved DNA-damage and repair pathways among eukaryotes, were able to predict both Ames genotoxicity endpoints and in-vivo carcinogenicity in rats. A prediction accuracy of 76% with AUC = 0.81 was achieved while predicting in-vivo carcinogenicity with the top-ranked five biomarkers. For Ames genotoxicity prediction, the top-ranked five biomarkers were able to achieve prediction accuracy of 70% with AUC = 0.75. However, the specific biomarkers identified as the top-ranked five biomarkers are different for the two different phenotypic genotoxicity assays. The top-ranked biomarkers for the in-vivo carcinogenicity prediction mainly focused on double strand break repair and DNA recombination, whereas the selected top-ranked biomarkers for Ames genotoxicity prediction are associated with base- and nucleotide-excision repair The method developed in this study will help to fill in the knowledge gap in phenotypic anchoring and predictive toxicology, and contribute to the progress in the implementation of tox 21 vision for environmental and health applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Mokhlesur Rahman
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Jiaqi Lan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - David Kaeli
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jennifer Dy
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Akram Alshawabkeh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - April Z Gu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, 263 Hollister Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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OUP accepted manuscript. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2022; 11:299-310. [DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfac013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Peng X, Zhang S, Jiao W, Zhong Z, Yang Y, Claret FX, Elkabets M, Wang F, Wang R, Zhong Y, Chen ZS, Kong D. Hydroxychloroquine synergizes with the PI3K inhibitor BKM120 to exhibit antitumor efficacy independent of autophagy. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:374. [PMID: 34844627 PMCID: PMC8628289 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02176-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The critical role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activation in tumor cell biology has prompted massive efforts to develop PI3K inhibitors (PI3Kis) for cancer therapy. However, recent results from clinical trials have shown only a modest therapeutic efficacy of single-agent PI3Kis in solid tumors. Targeting autophagy has controversial context-dependent effects in cancer treatment. As a FDA-approved lysosomotropic agent, hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has been well tested as an autophagy inhibitor in preclinical models. Here, we elucidated the novel mechanism of HCQ alone or in combination with PI3Ki BKM120 in the treatment of cancer. METHODS The antitumor effects of HCQ and BKM120 on three different types of tumor cells were assessed by in vitro PrestoBlue assay, colony formation assay and in vivo zebrafish and nude mouse xenograft models. The involved molecular mechanisms were investigated by MDC staining, LC3 puncta formation assay, immunofluorescent assay, flow cytometric analysis of apoptosis and ROS, qRT-PCR, Western blot, comet assay, homologous recombination (HR) assay and immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS HCQ significantly sensitized cancer cells to BKM120 in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, the sensitization mediated by HCQ could not be phenocopied by treatment with other autophagy inhibitors (Spautin-1, 3-MA and bafilomycin A1) or knockdown of the essential autophagy genes Atg5/Atg7, suggesting that the sensitizing effect might be mediated independent of autophagy status. Mechanistically, HCQ induced ROS production and activated the transcription factor NRF2. In contrast, BKM120 prevented the elimination of ROS by inactivation of NRF2, leading to accumulation of DNA damage. In addition, HCQ activated ATM to enhance HR repair, a high-fidelity repair for DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in cells, while BKM120 inhibited HR repair by blocking the phosphorylation of ATM and the expression of BRCA1/2 and Rad51. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed that HCQ and BKM120 synergistically increased DSBs in tumor cells and therefore augmented apoptosis, resulting in enhanced antitumor efficacy. Our findings provide a new insight into how HCQ exhibits antitumor efficacy and synergizes with PI3Ki BKM120, and warn that one should consider the "off target" effects of HCQ when used as autophagy inhibitor in the clinical treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Peng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.,Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Shaolu Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.,State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Wenhui Jiao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Zhenxing Zhong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.,Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Yuqi Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, USA
| | - Francois X Claret
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Moshe Elkabets
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Ran Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China. .,Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
| | - Yuxu Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, USA.
| | - Dexin Kong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory on Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China. .,Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Diseases (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China. .,School of Medicine, Tianjin Tianshi College, Tianyuan University, Tianjin, 301700, China.
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The Role of Genetic Pathways in the Development of Chemoradiation Resistance in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC) Patients. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12111835. [PMID: 34828441 PMCID: PMC8619242 DOI: 10.3390/genes12111835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Management of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remains elusive despite new developments and advancement that has been made in the current management approaches. A patient’s survival and prognosis remain dismal especially for a late-stage disease. This is highly attribute to the chemoradiation resistance. Arrays of genes and molecular mechanisms underlie the development of chemoradiation resistance in NPC. Imperatively, unravelling the true pathogenesis of chemoradiation resistance is crucial as these significant proteins and genes can be modulated to produce an effective therapeutic target. It is pivotal to identify the chemoradiation resistance at the very beginning in order to combat the chemoradiation resistance efficiently. Intense research in the genetic ecosphere is critical, as the discovery and development of novel therapeutic targets can be used for screening, diagnosis, and treating the chemoradiation resistance aggressively. This will escalate the management trajectory of NPC patients. This article highlights the significance of genetic and molecular factors that play critical roles in the chemoradiation resistance and how these factors may be modified for next-generation targeted therapy products.
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Lan H, Sun Y. Tumor Suppressor FBXW7 and Its Regulation of DNA Damage Response and Repair. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:751574. [PMID: 34760892 PMCID: PMC8573206 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.751574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The proper DNA damage response (DDR) and repair are the central molecular mechanisms for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and genomic integrity. The abnormality in this process is frequently observed in human cancers, and is an important contributing factor to cancer development. FBXW7 is an F-box protein serving as the substrate recognition component of SCF (SKP1-CUL1-F-box protein) E3 ubiquitin ligase. By selectively targeting many oncoproteins for proteasome-mediated degradation, FBXW7 acts as a typical tumor suppressor. Recent studies have demonstrated that FBXW7 also plays critical roles in the process of DDR and repair. In this review, we first briefly introduce the processes of protein ubiquitylation by SCFFBXW7 and DDR/repair, then provide an overview of the molecular characteristics of FBXW7. We next discuss how FBXW7 regulates the process of DDR and repair, and its translational implication. Finally, we propose few future perspectives to further elucidate the role of FBXW7 in regulation of a variety of biological processes and tumorigenesis, and to design a number of approaches for FBXW7 reactivation in a subset of human cancers for potential anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyin Lan
- Department of Thoracic Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Cancer Hospital of University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Cancer Institute of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Valikhani M, Rahimian E, Ahmadi SE, Chegeni R, Safa M. Involvement of classic and alternative non-homologous end joining pathways in hematologic malignancies: targeting strategies for treatment. Exp Hematol Oncol 2021; 10:51. [PMID: 34732266 PMCID: PMC8564991 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-021-00242-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal translocations are the main etiological factor of hematologic malignancies. These translocations are generally the consequence of aberrant DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. DSBs arise either exogenously or endogenously in cells and are repaired by major pathways, including non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ), homologous recombination (HR), and other minor pathways such as alternative end-joining (A-EJ). Therefore, defective NHEJ, HR, or A-EJ pathways force hematopoietic cells toward tumorigenesis. As some components of these repair pathways are overactivated in various tumor entities, targeting these pathways in cancer cells can sensitize them, especially resistant clones, to radiation or chemotherapy agents. However, targeted therapy-based studies are currently underway in this area, and furtherly there are some biological pitfalls, clinical issues, and limitations related to these targeted therapies, which need to be considered. This review aimed to investigate the alteration of DNA repair elements of C-NHEJ and A-EJ in hematologic malignancies and evaluate the potential targeted therapies against these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Valikhani
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Rahimian
- Department of Medical Translational Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Seyed Esmaeil Ahmadi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rouzbeh Chegeni
- Medical Laboratory Sciences, Program, College of Health and Human Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, USA
| | - Majid Safa
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, Faculty of Allied Medicine, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Ryu AJ, Jeong BR, Kang NK, Jeon S, Sohn MG, Yun HJ, Lim JM, Jeong SW, Park YI, Jeong WJ, Park S, Chang YK, Jeong KJ. Safe-Harboring based novel genetic toolkit for Nannochloropsis salina CCMP1776: Efficient overexpression of transgene via CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Knock-in at the transcriptional hotspot. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 340:125676. [PMID: 34365302 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.125676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Transgene expression in microalgae can be hampered by transgene silencing and unstable expression due to position effects. To overcome this, "safe harboring" transgene expression system was established for Nannochloropsis. Initially, transformants were obtained expressing a sfGFP reporter, followed by screening for high expression of sfGFP with fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS). 'T1' transcriptional hotspot was identified from a mutant showing best expression of sfGFP, but did not affect growth or lipid contents. By using a Cas9 editor strain, FAD12 gene, encoding Δ12-fatty acid desaturase (FAD12), was successfully knocked-in at the T1 locus, resulting in significantly higher expression of FAD12 than those of random integration. Importantly, the "safe harbored" FAD12 transformants showed four-fold higher production of linoleic acid (LA), the product of FAD12, leading to 1.5-fold increase in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). This safe harboring principle provide excellent proof of the concept for successful genetic/metabolic engineering of microalgae and other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ae Jin Ryu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Advanced Biomass R&D Center (ABC), KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Ryool Jeong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea; Single-Cell Center, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Qingdao, Shandong 266101, China
| | - Nam Kyu Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Advanced Biomass R&D Center (ABC), KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Carl. R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Seungjib Jeon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Advanced Biomass R&D Center (ABC), KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Gi Sohn
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Yun
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Min Lim
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Won Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Il Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Joong Jeong
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghoon Park
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Keun Chang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Advanced Biomass R&D Center (ABC), KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Jun Jeong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Institute for the BioCentury, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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Ghaderi-Zefrehi H, Rezaei M, Sadeghi F, Heiat M. Genetic polymorphisms in DNA repair genes and hepatocellular carcinoma risk. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 107:103196. [PMID: 34416543 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most frequent types of tumors worldwide. Its occurrence and development have been related to various risk factors, such as chronic infection with hepatitis B or C viruses and alcohol addiction. DNA repair systems play a critical role in maintaining the integrity of the genome. Defects in these systems have been related to increased susceptibility to various types of cancer. Multiple genetic polymorphisms in genes of DNA repair systems have been reported that may affect DNA repair capacity (DRC) and modulate risk to cancer. Several studies have been conducted to assess the role of polymorphisms of DNA repair genes on the HCC risk. Identifying these polymorphisms and their association with HCC risk may help to improve prevention and treatment strategies. In this study, we review investigations that evaluated the association between genetic polymorphisms of DNA repair genes and risk of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Ghaderi-Zefrehi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Rezaei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Farzin Sadeghi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mohammad Heiat
- Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Yosaatmadja Y, Baddock H, Newman J, Bielinski M, Gavard A, Mukhopadhyay SMM, Dannerfjord A, Schofield C, McHugh P, Gileadi O. Structural and mechanistic insights into the Artemis endonuclease and strategies for its inhibition. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:9310-9326. [PMID: 34387696 PMCID: PMC8450076 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Artemis (SNM1C/DCLRE1C) is an endonuclease that plays a key role in development of B- and T-lymphocytes and in dsDNA break repair by non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ). Artemis is phosphorylated by DNA-PKcs and acts to open DNA hairpin intermediates generated during V(D)J and class-switch recombination. Artemis deficiency leads to congenital radiosensitive severe acquired immune deficiency (RS-SCID). Artemis belongs to a superfamily of nucleases containing metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) and β-CASP (CPSF-Artemis-SNM1-Pso2) domains. We present crystal structures of the catalytic domain of wildtype and variant forms of Artemis, including one causing RS-SCID Omenn syndrome. The catalytic domain of the Artemis has similar endonuclease activity to the phosphorylated full-length protein. Our structures help explain the predominantly endonucleolytic activity of Artemis, which contrasts with the predominantly exonuclease activity of the closely related SNM1A and SNM1B MBL fold nucleases. The structures reveal a second metal binding site in its β-CASP domain unique to Artemis, which is amenable to inhibition by compounds including ebselen. By combining our structural data with that from a recently reported Artemis structure, we were able model the interaction of Artemis with DNA substrates. The structures, including one of Artemis with the cephalosporin ceftriaxone, will help enable the rational development of selective SNM1 nuclease inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliana Yosaatmadja
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, ORCRB, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Hannah T Baddock
- Department of Oncology, MRC-Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Joseph A Newman
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, ORCRB, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Marcin Bielinski
- The Department of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Angeline E Gavard
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, ORCRB, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | - Adam A Dannerfjord
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, ORCRB, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Christopher J Schofield
- The Department of Chemistry and the Ineos Oxford Institute for Antimicrobial Research, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Peter J McHugh
- Department of Oncology, MRC-Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - Opher Gileadi
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, ORCRB, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
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Dysfunctional activity of classical DNA end-joining renders acquired resistance to carboplatin in human ovarian cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2021; 520:267-280. [PMID: 34375710 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the deadliest gynecological malignancy worldwide. Although chemotherapy is required as the most standard treatment strategy for ovarian cancer, the survival rates are very low, largely because of high incidence of recurrence due to resistance to conventional surgery and genotoxic chemotherapies. Carboplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells were generated by continuous treatment over six months. Carboplatin-resistance induced morphological alterations and promoted the rates of proliferation and migration of SKOV3 compared to the parental cells. Interestingly, carboplatin-resistant SKOV3 showed the high levels of γH2AX foci formed at the basal level, and the levels of γH2AX foci remained even after the recovery time, suggesting that the DNA damage response and repair machinery were severely attenuated by carboplatin-resistance. Surprisingly, the expression levels of XRCC4, a critical factor in non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) DNA repair, were significantly decreased in carboplatin-resistant SKOV3 compared with those in non-resistant controls. Furthermore, restoration of NHEJ in carboplatin-resistant SKOV3 by suppression of ABCB1 and/or AR re-sensitized carboplatin-resistant cells to genotoxic stress and reduced their proliferation ability. Our findings suggest that attenuation of the NHEJ DNA repair machinery mediated by resistance to genotoxic stress might be a critical cause of chemoresistance in patients with ovarian cancer.
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Combination of rapamycin and SAHA enhanced radiosensitization by inducing autophagy and acetylation in NSCLC. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:18223-18237. [PMID: 34321364 PMCID: PMC8351722 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy plays an essential role in the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, cancer cells' resistance to ionizing radiation (IR) is the primary reason for radiotherapy failure leading to tumor relapse and metastasis. DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) repair after IR is the primary mechanism of radiotherapy resistance. In this study, we investigated the effects of autophagy-inducing agent, Rapamycin (RAPA), combined with the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid (SAHA), on the radiosensitivity of A549 and SK-MES-1 cells, and examined the combination effects on DNA damage repair, and determined the level of autophagy and acetylation in A549 cells. We also investigated the combination treatment effect on the growth of A549 xenografts after radiotherapy, and the level of DNA damage, autophagy, and acetylation. Our results showed that RAPA combined with SAHA significantly increased the inhibitory effect of radiotherapy compared with the single treatment group. The combined treatment increased the expression of DNA damage protein γ-H2AX and decreased DNA damage repair protein expression. RAPA combined with SAHA was induced mainly by regulating acetylation levels and autophagy. The effect of combined treatment to increase radiotherapy sensitivity will be weakened by inhibiting the level of autophagy. Besides, the combined treatment also showed a significantly inhibited tumor growth in the A549 xenograft model. In conclusion, these results identify a potential therapeutic strategy of RAPA combined with SAHA as a radiosensitizer to decreased DSB repair and enhanced DNA damage by inducing acetylation levels and autophagy for NSCLC.
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38
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Ray U, Raghavan SC. Understanding the DNA double-strand break repair and its therapeutic implications. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 106:103177. [PMID: 34325086 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and its regulation are tightly integrated inside cells. Homologous recombination, nonhomologous end joining and microhomology mediated end joining are three major DSB repair pathways in mammalian cells. Targeting proteins associated with these repair pathways using small molecule inhibitors can prove effective in tumors, especially those with deregulated repair. Sensitization of cancer to current age therapy including radio and chemotherapy, using small molecule inhibitors is promising and warrant further development. Although several are under clinical trial, till date no repair inhibitor is approved for commercial use in cancer patients, with the exception of PARP inhibitors targeting single-strand break repair. Based on molecular profiling of repair proteins, better prognostic and therapeutic output can be achieved in patients. In the present review, we highlight the different mechanisms of DSB repair, chromatin dynamics to provide repair accessibility and modulation of inhibitors in association with molecular profiling and current gold standard treatment modalities for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ujjayinee Ray
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Sathees C Raghavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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39
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Tatin X, Muggiolu G, Sauvaigo S, Breton J. Evaluation of DNA double-strand break repair capacity in human cells: Critical overview of current functional methods. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2021; 788:108388. [PMID: 34893153 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2021.108388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are highly deleterious lesions, responsible for mutagenesis, chromosomal translocation or cell death. DSB repair (DSBR) is therefore a critical part of the DNA damage response (DDR) to restore molecular and genomic integrity. In humans, this process is achieved through different pathways with various outcomes. The balance between DSB repair activities varies depending on cell types, tissues or individuals. Over the years, several methods have been developed to study variations in DSBR capacity. Here, we mainly focus on functional techniques, which provide dynamic information regarding global DSB repair proficiency or the activity of specific pathways. These methods rely on two kinds of approaches. Indirect techniques, such as pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), the comet assay and immunofluorescence (IF), measure DSB repair capacity by quantifying the time-dependent decrease in DSB levels after exposure to a DNA-damaging agent. On the other hand, cell-free assays and reporter-based methods directly track the repair of an artificial DNA substrate. Each approach has intrinsic advantages and limitations and despite considerable efforts, there is currently no ideal method to quantify DSBR capacity. All techniques provide different information and can be regarded as complementary, but some studies report conflicting results. Parameters such as the type of biological material, the required equipment or the cost of analysis may also limit available options. Improving currently available methods measuring DSBR capacity would be a major step forward and we present direct applications in mechanistic studies, drug development, human biomonitoring and personalized medicine, where DSBR analysis may improve the identification of patients eligible for chemo- and radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Tatin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France; LXRepair, 5 Avenue du Grand Sablon, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | | | - Sylvie Sauvaigo
- LXRepair, 5 Avenue du Grand Sablon, 38700 La Tronche, France
| | - Jean Breton
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG, SyMMES, 38000 Grenoble, France.
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40
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Gopalakrishnan V, Sharma S, Ray U, Manjunath M, Lakshmanan D, Vartak SV, Gopinatha VK, Srivastava M, Kempegowda M, Choudhary B, Raghavan SC. SCR7, an inhibitor of NHEJ can sensitize tumor cells to ionization radiation. Mol Carcinog 2021; 60:627-643. [PMID: 34192388 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ), one of the major DNA double-strand break repair pathways, plays a significant role in cancer cell proliferation and resistance to radio and chemotherapeutic agents. Previously, we had described a small molecule inhibitor, SCR7, which inhibited NHEJ in a DNA Ligase IV dependent manner. Here, we report that SCR7 potentiates the effect of γ-radiation (IR) that induces DNA breaks as intermediates to eradicate cancer cells. Dose fractionation studies revealed that coadministration of SCR7 and IR (0.5 Gy) in mice Dalton's lymphoma (DLA) model led to a significant reduction in mice tumor cell proliferation, which was equivalent to that observed for 2 Gy dose when both solid and liquid tumor models were used. Besides, co-treatment with SCR7 and 1 Gy of IR further improved the efficacy. Notably, there was no significant change in blood parameters, kidney and liver functions upon combinatorial treatment of SCR7 and IR. Further, the co-treatment of SCR7 and IR resulted in a significant increase in unrepaired DSBs within cancer cells compared to either of the agent alone. Anatomy, histology, and other studies in tumor models confirmed the cumulative effects of both agents in activating apoptotic pathways to induce cytotoxicity by modulating DNA damage response and repair pathways. Thus, we report that SCR7 has the potential to reduce the side effects of radiotherapy by lowering its effective dose ex vivo and in mice tumor models, with implications in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.,Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Electronics City, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.,Department of Zoology, St. Joseph's College (Autonomous), Irinjalakuda, Kerala, India
| | - Shivangi Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.,Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Electronics City, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Ujjayinee Ray
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Meghana Manjunath
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Electronics City, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Divya Lakshmanan
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Supriya V Vartak
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Vindya K Gopinatha
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Mrinal Srivastava
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India.,Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | | | - Bibha Choudhary
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Electronics City, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Sathees C Raghavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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41
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Faulhaber EM, Jost T, Symank J, Scheper J, Bürkel F, Fietkau R, Hecht M, Distel LV. Kinase Inhibitors of DNA-PK, ATM and ATR in Combination with Ionizing Radiation Can Increase Tumor Cell Death in HNSCC Cells While Sparing Normal Tissue Cells. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:925. [PMID: 34204447 PMCID: PMC8235750 DOI: 10.3390/genes12060925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Kinase inhibitors (KI) targeting components of the DNA damage repair pathway are a promising new type of drug. Combining them with ionizing radiation therapy (IR), which is commonly used for treatment of head and neck tumors, could improve tumor control, but could also increase negative side effects on surrounding normal tissue. (2) The effect of KI of the DDR (ATMi: AZD0156; ATRi: VE-822, dual DNA-PKi/mTORi: CC-115) in combination with IR on HPV-positive and HPV-negative HNSCC and healthy skin cells was analyzed. Cell death and cell cycle arrest were determined using flow cytometry. Additionally, clonogenic survival and migration were analyzed. (3) Studied HNSCC cell lines reacted differently to DDRi. An increase in cell death for all of the malignant cells could be observed when combining IR and KI. Healthy fibroblasts were not affected by simultaneous treatment. Migration was partially impaired. Influence on the cell cycle varied between the cell lines and inhibitors; (4) In conclusion, a combination of DDRi with IR could be feasible for patients with HNSCC. Side effects on healthy cells are expected to be limited to normal radiation-induced response. Formation of metastases could be decreased because cell migration is impaired partially. The treatment outcome for HPV-negative tumors tends to be improved by combined treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Faulhaber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (E.-M.F.); (T.J.); (J.S.); (J.S.); (F.B.); (R.F.); (M.H.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tina Jost
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (E.-M.F.); (T.J.); (J.S.); (J.S.); (F.B.); (R.F.); (M.H.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julia Symank
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (E.-M.F.); (T.J.); (J.S.); (J.S.); (F.B.); (R.F.); (M.H.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julian Scheper
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (E.-M.F.); (T.J.); (J.S.); (J.S.); (F.B.); (R.F.); (M.H.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Felix Bürkel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (E.-M.F.); (T.J.); (J.S.); (J.S.); (F.B.); (R.F.); (M.H.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rainer Fietkau
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (E.-M.F.); (T.J.); (J.S.); (J.S.); (F.B.); (R.F.); (M.H.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus Hecht
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (E.-M.F.); (T.J.); (J.S.); (J.S.); (F.B.); (R.F.); (M.H.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Luitpold V. Distel
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany; (E.-M.F.); (T.J.); (J.S.); (J.S.); (F.B.); (R.F.); (M.H.)
- Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-EMN (CCC ER-EMN), 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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42
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PB01 suppresses radio-resistance by regulating ATR signaling in human non-small-cell lung cancer cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12093. [PMID: 34103635 PMCID: PMC8187425 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91716-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the common usage of radiotherapy for the treatment of human non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), cancer therapeutic efficacy and outcome with ionizing radiation remains a challenge. Here, we report the antitumor effects and mechanism of a novel benzothiazole derivative PB01 (4-methoxy-cyclohexane carboxylic acid [2-(3,5-dimethyl-isoxazole-4-yl) sulpanil-benzothiazole-6-yl]-amide) in radiation-resistant human NSCLC cells. PB01 treatment is cytotoxic because it induces reactive oxygen species, ER stress, Bax, cytochrome c expression, the ATR-p53-GADD45ɑ axis, and cleavage of caspase-3 and -9. Additionally, we found that radio-resistant A549 and H460 subclones, named A549R and H460R, respectively, show enhanced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), whereas PB01 treatment inhibits EMT and mediates cell death through ER stress and the ATR axis under radiation exposure in radio-resistant A549R and H460R cells. Together, these results suggest that PB01 treatment can overcome radio-resistance during radiotherapy of NSCLC.
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43
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Druggable binding sites in the multicomponent assemblies that characterise DNA double-strand-break repair through non-homologous end joining. Essays Biochem 2021; 64:791-806. [PMID: 32579168 PMCID: PMC7588668 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) is one of the two principal damage repair pathways for DNA double-strand breaks in cells. In this review, we give a brief overview of the system including a discussion of the effects of deregulation of NHEJ components in carcinogenesis and resistance to cancer therapy. We then discuss the relevance of targeting NHEJ components pharmacologically as a potential cancer therapy and review previous approaches to orthosteric regulation of NHEJ factors. Given the limited success of previous investigations to develop inhibitors against individual components, we give a brief discussion of the recent advances in computational and structural biology that allow us to explore different targets, with a particular focus on modulating protein-protein interaction interfaces. We illustrate this discussion with three examples showcasing some current approaches to developing protein-protein interaction inhibitors to modulate the assembly of NHEJ multiprotein complexes in space and time.
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44
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Miriklis EL, Rozario AM, Rothenberg E, Bell TDM, Whelan DR. Understanding DNA organization, damage, and repair with super-resolution fluorescence microscopy. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2021; 9. [PMID: 33765677 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/abf239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Super-resolution microscopy (SRM) comprises a suite of techniques well-suited to probing the nanoscale landscape of genomic function and dysfunction. Offering the specificity and sensitivity that has made conventional fluorescence microscopy a cornerstone technique of biological research, SRM allows for spatial resolutions as good as 10 nanometers. Moreover, single molecule localization microscopies (SMLMs) enable examination of individual molecular targets and nanofoci allowing for the characterization of subpopulations within a single cell. This review describes how key advances in both SRM techniques and sample preparation have enabled unprecedented insights into DNA structure and function, and highlights many of these new discoveries. Ongoing development and application of these novel, highly interdisciplinary SRM assays will continue to expand the toolbox available for research into the nanoscale genomic landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eli Rothenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Toby D M Bell
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Donna R Whelan
- Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
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45
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Zhang X, Bobeica M, Unger M, Bednarz A, Gerold B, Patties I, Melzer A, Landgraf L. Focused ultrasound radiosensitizes human cancer cells by enhancement of DNA damage. Strahlenther Onkol 2021; 197:730-743. [PMID: 33885910 PMCID: PMC8292237 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-021-01774-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU/FUS) has expanded as a noninvasive quantifiable option for hyperthermia (HT). HT in a temperature range of 40–47 °C (thermal dose CEM43 ≥ 25) could work as a sensitizer to radiation therapy (RT). Here, we attempted to understand the tumor radiosensitization effect at the cellular level after a combination treatment of FUS+RT. Methods An in vitro FUS system was developed to induce HT at frequencies of 1.147 and 1.467 MHz. Human head and neck cancer (FaDU), glioblastoma (T98G), and prostate cancer (PC-3) cells were exposed to FUS in ultrasound-penetrable 96-well plates followed by single-dose X‑ray irradiation (10 Gy). Radiosensitizing effects of FUS were investigated by cell metabolic activity (WST‑1 assay), apoptosis (annexin V assay, sub-G1 assay), cell cycle phases (propidium iodide staining), and DNA double-strand breaks (γH2A.X assay). Results The FUS intensities of 213 (1.147 MHz) and 225 W/cm2 (1.467 MHz) induced HT for 30 min at mean temperatures of 45.20 ± 2.29 °C (CEM43 = 436 ± 88) and 45.59 ± 1.65 °C (CEM43 = 447 ± 79), respectively. FUS improves the effect of RT significantly by reducing metabolic activity in T98G cells 48 h (RT: 96.47 ± 8.29%; FUS+RT: 79.38 ± 14.93%; p = 0.012) and in PC-3 cells 72 h (54.20 ± 10.85%; 41.01 ± 11.17%; p = 0.016) after therapy, but not in FaDu cells. Mechanistically, FUS+RT leads to increased apoptosis and enhancement of DNA double-strand breaks compared to RT alone in T98G and PC-3 cells. Conclusion Our in vitro findings demonstrate that FUS has good potential to sensitize glioblastoma and prostate cancer cells to RT by mainly enhancing DNA damage. Supplementary Information The online version of this article (10.1007/s00066-021-01774-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Zhang
- Innovation Center Computer Assisted Surgery (ICCAS), University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 14, Haus 14, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.
| | - Mariana Bobeica
- Institute for Medical Science and Technology (IMSaT), University of Dundee, Wilson House, 1 Wurzburg Loan, Dundee MediPark, Dundee, DD2 1FD, UK.,Extreme Light Infrastructure - Nuclear Physics ELI-NP, "Horia Hulubei" National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering, 30 Reactorului Street, Bucharest-Magurele, 077125, Romania
| | - Michael Unger
- Innovation Center Computer Assisted Surgery (ICCAS), University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 14, Haus 14, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Anastasia Bednarz
- Innovation Center Computer Assisted Surgery (ICCAS), University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 14, Haus 14, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Bjoern Gerold
- Institute for Medical Science and Technology (IMSaT), University of Dundee, Wilson House, 1 Wurzburg Loan, Dundee MediPark, Dundee, DD2 1FD, UK.,Theraclion, 102 Rue Etienne Dolet, Malakoff, 92240, France
| | - Ina Patties
- Innovation Center Computer Assisted Surgery (ICCAS), University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 14, Haus 14, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Leipzig, Stephanstr. 9a, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Andreas Melzer
- Innovation Center Computer Assisted Surgery (ICCAS), University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 14, Haus 14, Leipzig, 04103, Germany. .,Institute for Medical Science and Technology (IMSaT), University of Dundee, Wilson House, 1 Wurzburg Loan, Dundee MediPark, Dundee, DD2 1FD, UK.
| | - Lisa Landgraf
- Innovation Center Computer Assisted Surgery (ICCAS), University of Leipzig, Semmelweisstr. 14, Haus 14, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
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46
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Wang HC, Chiang CJ, Liu TC, Wu CC, Chen YT, Chang JG, Shieh GS. Immunohistochemical Expression of Five Protein Combinations Revealed as Prognostic Markers in Asian Oral Cancer. Front Genet 2021; 12:643461. [PMID: 33936170 PMCID: PMC8083901 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.643461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has a high mortality rate (∼50%), and the 5-year overall survival rate is not optimal. Cyto- and histopathological examination of cancer tissues is the main strategy for diagnosis and treatment. In the present study, we aimed to uncover immunohistochemical (IHC) markers for prognosis in Asian OSCC. From the collected 742 synthetic lethal gene pairs (of various cancer types), we first filtered genes relevant to OSCC, performed 29 IHC stains at different cellular portions and combined these IHC stains into 398 distinct pairs. Next, we identified novel IHC prognostic markers in OSCC among Taiwanese population, from the single and paired IHC staining by univariate Cox regression analysis. Increased nuclear expression of RB1 [RB1(N)↑], CDH3(C)↑-STK17A(N)↑ and FLNA(C)↑-KRAS(C)↑were associated with survival, but not independent of tumor stage, where C and N denote cytoplasm and nucleus, respectively. Furthermore, multivariate Cox regression analyses revealed that CSNK1E(C)↓-SHC1(N)↓ (P = 5.9 × 10–5; recommended for clinical use), BRCA1(N)↓-SHC1(N)↓ (P = 0.030), CSNK1E(C)↓-RB1(N)↑ (P = 0.045), [CSNK1E(C)-SHC1(N), FLNA(C)-KRAS(C)] (P = 0.000, rounded to three decimal places) and [BRCA1(N)-SHC1(N), FLNA(C)-KRAS(C)] (P = 0.020) were significant factors of poor prognosis, independent of lymph node metastasis, stage and alcohol consumption. An external dataset from The Cancer Genome Atlas HNSCC cohort confirmed that CDH3↑-STK17A↑ was a significant predictor of poor survival. Our approach identified prognostic markers with components involved in different pathways and revealed IHC marker pairs while neither single IHC was a marker, thus it improved the current state-of-the-art for identification of IHC markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ching Wang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | | | - Ta-Chih Liu
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Chieh Wu
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Chen
- Department of Pathology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jan-Gowth Chang
- Epigenome Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Center for Precision Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Grace S Shieh
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Bioinformatics Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, Academia Sinica and National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Data Science Degree Program, Academia Sinica and National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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47
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Ghosh D, Raghavan SC. Nonhomologous end joining: new accessory factors fine tune the machinery. Trends Genet 2021; 37:582-599. [PMID: 33785198 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Nonhomologous DNA end joining (NHEJ) is one of the major DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair pathways in eukaryotes. The well-known critical proteins involved in NHEJ include Ku70/80, DNA-PKcs, Artemis, DNA pol λ/μ, DNA ligase IV-XRCC4, and XLF. Recent studies have added a number of new proteins to the NHEJ repertoire namely paralog of XRCC4 and XLF (PAXX), modulator of retroviral infection (MRI)/ cell cycle regulator of NHEJ (CYREN), transactivation response DNA-binding protein (TARDBP) of 43 kDa (TDP-43), intermediate filament family orphan (IFFO1), ERCC excision repair 6 like 2 (ERCC6L2), and RNase H2. PAXX acts as a stabilizing factor for the main NHEJ components. MRI/CYREN seems to play a dual role stimulating NHEJ in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, while inhibiting the pathway in the S and G2 phases. TDP-43 can recruit the ligase IV-XRCC4 complex to the DSB sites and stimulate ligation in neuronal cells. RNase H2 excises out the ribonucleotides inserted during repair by DNA polymerase μ/TdT. This review provides a brief glimpse into how these new partners were discovered and their contribution to the mechanism and regulation of NHEJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipayan Ghosh
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Sathees C Raghavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India.
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48
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Mitochondrial genome stability in human: understanding the role of DNA repair pathways. Biochem J 2021; 478:1179-1197. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are semiautonomous organelles in eukaryotic cells and possess their own genome that replicates independently. Mitochondria play a major role in oxidative phosphorylation due to which its genome is frequently exposed to oxidative stress. Factors including ionizing radiation, radiomimetic drugs and replication fork stalling can also result in different types of mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) leading to genome fragility. Mitochondria from myopathies, dystonia, cancer patient samples show frequent mtDNA mutations such as point mutations, insertions and large-scale deletions that could account for mitochondria-associated disease pathogenesis. The mechanism by which such mutations arise following exposure to various DNA-damaging agents is not well understood. One of the well-studied repair pathways in mitochondria is base excision repair. Other repair pathways such as mismatch repair, homologous recombination and microhomology-mediated end joining have also been reported. Interestingly, nucleotide excision repair and classical nonhomologous DNA end joining are not detected in mitochondria. In this review, we summarize the potential causes of mitochondrial genome fragility, their implications as well as various DNA repair pathways that operate in mitochondria.
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49
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Maddi ER, Raghavan SC, Natesh R. Hypomorphic mutations in human DNA ligase IV lead to compromised DNA binding efficiency, hydrophobicity and thermal stability. Protein Eng Des Sel 2021; 34:6135054. [PMID: 33586762 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzab001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that Lig4 syndrome mutations in DNA ligase IV (LigIV) are compromised in its function with residual level of double strand break ligation activity in vivo. It was speculated that Lig4 syndrome mutations adversely affect protein folding and stability. Though there are crystal structures of LigIV, there are no reports of crystal structures of Lig4 syndrome mutants and their biophysical characterization to date. Here, we have examined the conformational states, thermal stability, hydrophobicity and DNA binding efficiency of human DNA LigIV wild type and its hypomorphic mutants by far-UV circular dichroism, tyrosine and tryptophan fluorescence, and 1-anilino-8-naphthalene-sulfonate binding, dynamic light scattering, size exclusion chromatography, multi-angle light scattering and electrophoretic mobility shift assay. We show here that LigIV hypomorphic mutants have reduced DNA-binding efficiency, a shift in secondary structure content from the helical to random coil, marginal reduction in their thermal stability and increased hydrophobicity as compared to the wild-type LigIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eswar Reddy Maddi
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India
| | - Sathees C Raghavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Ramanathan Natesh
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Thiruvananthapuram, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695551, India
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50
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Han T, Jing X, Bao J, Zhao L, Zhang A, Miao R, Guo H, Zhou B, Zhang S, Sun J, Shi J. H. pylori infection alters repair of DNA double-strand breaks via SNHG17. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:3901-3918. [PMID: 32538894 DOI: 10.1172/jci125581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic infections can lead to carcinogenesis through inflammation-related mechanisms. Chronic infection of the human gastric mucosa with Helicobacter pylori is a well-known risk factor for gastric cancer. However, the mechanisms underlying H. pylori-induced gastric carcinogenesis are incompletely defined. We aimed to screen and clarify the functions of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) that are differentially expressed in H. pylori-related gastric cancer. We found that lncRNA SNHG17 was upregulated by H. pylori infection and markedly increased the levels of double-strand breaks (DSBs). SNHG17 overexpression correlated with poor overall survival in patients with gastric cancer. The recruitment of NONO by overabundant nuclear SNHG17, along with the role of cytoplasmic SNHG17 as a decoy for miR-3909, which regulates Rad51 expression, shifted the DSB repair balance from homologous recombination toward nonhomologous end joining. Notably, during chronic H. pylori infection, SNHG17 knockdown inhibited chromosomal aberrations. Our findings suggest that spatially independent deregulation of the SNHG17/NONO and SNHG17/miR-3909/RING1/Rad51 pathways upon H. pylori infection promotes tumorigenesis in gastric cancer by altering the DNA repair system, which is critical for the maintenance of genomic stability. Upregulation of SNHG17 by H. pylori infection might be an undefined link between cancer and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Han
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Jing
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayu Bao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lianmei Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Research Center, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Aidong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Renling Miao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Baoguo Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shang Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiazeng Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Juan Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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