1
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Zhao M, Zhang W, Yang C, Zhang L, Huang H, Zhu Y, Ratnasekera D, Zhang C. Discovery of Kebanmycins with Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Activities from the Mangrove-Derived Streptomyces sp. SCSIO 40068. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024; 87:1591-1600. [PMID: 38862138 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.4c00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Mangrove derived actinomycetes are a rich reservoir of bioactive natural products and play important roles in pharmaceutical chemistry. In a screen of actinomycetes from mangrove rhizosphere sedimental environments, the isolated strain Streptomyces sp. SCSIO 40068 displayed strong antibacterial activity. Further fractionation of the extract yielded four new compounds kebanmycins A-D (1-4) and two known analogues FD-594 (5) and the aglycon (6). The structures of 1-6 were determined based on extensive spectroscopic data and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. 1-3 featured a fused pyranonaphthaxanthene as an integral part of a 6/6/6/6/6/6 polycyclic motif, and showed bioactivity against a series of Gram-positive bacteria and cytotoxicity to several human tumor cells. In addition, the kebanmycins biosynthetic gene cluster (keb) was identified in Streptomyces sp. SCSIO 40068, and KebMT2 was biochemically characterized as a tailoring sugar-O-methyltransferase, leading to a proposed biosynthetic route to 1-6. This study paves the way to further investigate 1 as a potential lead compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengran Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Sanya Institute of Ocean Eco-Environmental Engineering, Sanya 572000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Sanya Institute of Ocean Eco-Environmental Engineering, Sanya 572000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunfang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Sanya Institute of Ocean Eco-Environmental Engineering, Sanya 572000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Sanya Institute of Ocean Eco-Environmental Engineering, Sanya 572000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huarong Huang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yiguang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Sanya Institute of Ocean Eco-Environmental Engineering, Sanya 572000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Disna Ratnasekera
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna, Kamburupitiya 81000, Sri Lanka
| | - Changsheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China
- Sanya Institute of Ocean Eco-Environmental Engineering, Sanya 572000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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2
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Elsayed SS, van der Heul HU, Xiao X, Nuutila A, Baars LR, Wu C, Metsä-Ketelä M, van Wezel GP. Unravelling key enzymatic steps in C-ring cleavage during angucycline biosynthesis. Commun Chem 2023; 6:281. [PMID: 38110491 PMCID: PMC10728087 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-01059-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Angucyclines are type II polyketide natural products, often characterized by unusual structural rearrangements through B- or C-ring cleavage of their tetracyclic backbone. While the enzymes involved in B-ring cleavage have been extensively studied, little is known of the enzymes leading to C-ring cleavage. Here, we unravel the function of the oxygenases involved in the biosynthesis of lugdunomycin, a highly rearranged C-ring cleaved angucycline derivative. Targeted deletion of the oxygenase genes, in combination with molecular networking and structural elucidation, showed that LugOI is essential for C12 oxidation and maintaining a keto group at C6 that is reduced by LugOII, resulting in a key intermediate towards C-ring cleavage. An epoxide group is then inserted by LugOIII, and stabilized by the novel enzyme LugOV for the subsequent cleavage. Thus, for the first time we describe the oxidative enzymatic steps that form the basis for a wide range of rearranged angucycline natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayah S Elsayed
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Helga U van der Heul
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Xiansha Xiao
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
| | - Aleksi Nuutila
- Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6, FIN-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Laura R Baars
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Changsheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, 266237, Qingdao, P.R. China
| | - Mikko Metsä-Ketelä
- Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Tykistökatu 6, FIN-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Gilles P van Wezel
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333BE, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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3
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Feng KN, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Yang YL, Liu JK, Pan L, Zeng Y. A flavin-monooxygenase catalyzing oxepinone formation and the complete biosynthesis of vibralactone. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3436. [PMID: 37301868 PMCID: PMC10257657 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39108-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxepinone rings represent one of structurally unusual motifs of natural products and the biosynthesis of oxepinones is not fully understood. 1,5-Seco-vibralactone (3) features an oxepinone motif and is a stable metabolite isolated from mycelial cultures of the mushroom Boreostereum vibrans. Cyclization of 3 forms vibralactone (1) whose β-lactone-fused bicyclic core originates from 4-hydroxybenzoate, yet it remains elusive how 4-hydroxybenzoate is converted to 3 especially for the oxepinone ring construction in the biosynthesis of 1. In this work, using activity-guided fractionation together with proteomic analyses, we identify an NADPH/FAD-dependent monooxygenase VibO as the key enzyme performing a crucial ring-expansive oxygenation on the phenol ring to generate the oxepin-2-one structure of 3. The crystal structure of VibO reveals that it forms a dimeric phenol hydroxylase-like architecture featured with a unique substrate-binding pocket adjacent to the bound FAD. Computational modeling and solution studies provide insight into the likely VibO active site geometry, and suggest possible involvement of a flavin-C4a-OO(H) intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Na Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Mingfang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Long Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Ji-Kai Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Lifeng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Ying Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
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4
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Multifunctional Enzymes in Microbial Secondary Metabolic Processes. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13030581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms possess a strong capacity for secondary metabolite synthesis, which is represented by tightly controlled networks. The absence of any enzymes leads to a change in the original metabolic pathway, with a decrease in or even elimination of a synthetic product, which is not permissible under conditions of normal life activities of microorganisms. In order to improve the efficiency of secondary metabolism, organisms have evolved multifunctional enzymes (MFEs) that can catalyze two or more kinds of reactions via multiple active sites. However, instead of interfering, the multifunctional catalytic properties of MFEs facilitate the biosynthetic process. Among the numerous MFEs considered of vital importance in the life activities of living organisms are the synthases involved in assembling the backbone of compounds using different substrates and modifying enzymes that confer the final activity of compounds. In this paper, we review MFEs in terms of both synthetic and post-modifying enzymes involved in secondary metabolic biosynthesis, focusing on polyketides, non-ribosomal peptides, terpenoids, and a wide range of cytochrome P450s(CYP450s), and provide an overview and describe the recent progress in the research on MFEs.
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5
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Zhang D, Wang J, Qiao Y, Lin B, Deng Z, Kong L, You D. Genome Mining and Metabolic Profiling Reveal Cytotoxic Cyclodipeptides in Streptomyces hygrospinosus var. Beijingensis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:1463. [PMID: 36358118 PMCID: PMC9686873 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Two new cyclodipeptide (CDP) derivatives (1-2) and another seven known cyclodipeptides (3-9) were isolated from Streptomyces 26D9-414 by the genome mining approach combined with genetic dereplication and the "one strain many compounds" (OSMAC) strategy. The structures of the new CDPs were established on the basis of 1D- and 2D-NMR and comparative electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra analysis. The biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) for these CDPs were identified through antiSMASH analysis. The relevance between this cdp cluster and the identified nine CDPs was established by genetic interruption manipulation. The newly discovered natural compound 2 displayed comparable cytotoxicity against MDA-MB-231 and SW480 with that of cisplatin, a widely used chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Lingxin Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Delin You
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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6
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Yang C, Zhang L, Zhang W, Huang C, Zhu Y, Jiang X, Liu W, Zhao M, De BC, Zhang C. Biochemical and structural insights of multifunctional flavin-dependent monooxygenase FlsO1-catalyzed unexpected xanthone formation. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5386. [PMID: 36104338 PMCID: PMC9474520 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33131-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthone-containing natural products display diverse pharmacological properties. The biosynthetic mechanisms of the xanthone formation have not been well documented. Here we show that the flavoprotein monooxygenase FlsO1 in the biosynthesis of fluostatins not only functionally compensates for the monooxygenase FlsO2 in converting prejadomycin to dehydrorabelomycin, but also unexpectedly converts prejadomycin to xanthone-containing products by catalyzing three successive oxidations including hydroxylation, epoxidation and Baeyer-Villiger oxidation. We also provide biochemical evidence to support the physiological role of FlsO1 as the benzo[b]-fluorene C5-hydrolase by using nenestatin C as a substrate mimic. Finally, we resolve the crystal structure of FlsO1 in complex with the cofactor flavin adenine dinucleotide close to the “in” conformation to enable the construction of reactive substrate-docking models to understand the basis of a single enzyme-catalyzed multiple oxidations. This study highlights a mechanistic perspective for the enzymatic xanthone formation in actinomycetes and sets an example for the versatile functions of flavoproteins. The biosynthesis of xanthones has not been well documented. Here, the authors report that monooxygenase FlsO1 catalyzes three successive oxidations – hydroxylation, epoxidation and Baeyer–Villiger oxidation—to form the xanthone scaffold in actinomycetes.
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7
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Kong L, Deng Z, You D. Chemistry and biosynthesis of bacterial polycyclic xanthone natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2022; 39:2057-2095. [PMID: 36083257 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00046f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Covering: up to the end of 2021Bacterial polycyclic xanthone natural products (BPXNPs) are a growing family of natural xanthones featuring a pentangular architecture with various modifications to the tricyclic xanthone chromophore. Their structural diversities and various activities have fueled biosynthetic and chemical synthetic studies. Moreover, their more potent activities than the clinically used drugs make them potential candidates for the treatment of diseases. Future unraveling of structure activity relationships (SARs) will provide new options for the (bio)-synthesis of drug analogues with higher activities. This review summarizes the isolation, structural elucidation and biological activities and more importantly, the recent strategies for the microbial biosynthesis and chemical synthesis of BPXNPs. Regarding their biosynthesis, we discuss the recent progress in enzymes that synthesize tricyclic xanthone, the protein candidates for structural moieties (methylene dioxygen bridge and nitrogen heterocycle), tailoring enzymes for methylation and halogenation. The chemical synthesis part summarizes the recent methodology for the division synthesis and coupling construction of achiral molecular skeletons. Ultimately, perspectives on the biosynthetic study of BPXNPs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxin Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Zixin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Delin You
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
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8
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Genetic and Biochemical Characterization of Halogenation and Drug Transportation Genes Encoded in the Albofungin Biosynthetic Gene Cluster. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0080622. [PMID: 36000868 PMCID: PMC9469721 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00806-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Albofungin, a hexacyclic aromatic natural product, exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. Its biosynthesis, regulation, and resistance remain elusive. Here, we report the albofungin (abf) biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) from its producing strain Streptomyces tumemacerans JCM5050. The nascent abf BGC encodes 70 putative genes, including regulators, transporters, type II polyketide synthases (PKSs), oxidoreductase, and tailoring enzymes. To validate the intactness and functionality of the BGC, we developed an Escherichia coli-Streptomyces shuttle bacterial artificial chromosome system, whereby the abf BGC was integrated into the genome of a nonproducing host via heterologous conjugation, wherefrom albofungin can be produced, confirming that the BGC is in effect. We then delimited the boundaries of the BGC by means of in vitro CRISPR-Cas9 DNA editing, concluding a minimal but essential 60-kb abf BGC ranging from orfL to abf58. The orfA gene encoding a reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2)-dependent halogenase was examined and is capable of transforming albofungin to halogen-substituted congeners in vivo and in vitro. The orfL gene encoding a transporter was examined in vivo. The presence/absence of orfA or orfL demonstrated that the MIC of albofungin is subject to alteration when an extracellular polysaccharide intercellular adhesin was formed. Despite that halogenation of albofungin somewhat increases binding affinity to transglycosylase (TGase), albofungin with/without a halogen substituent manifests similar in vitro antimicrobial activity. Halogenation, however, limits overall dissemination and effectiveness given a high secretion rate, weak membrane permeability, and high hydrophobicity of the resulting products, whereby the functions of orfA and orfL are correlated with drug detoxification/resistance for the first time. IMPORTANCE Albofungin, a natural product produced from Streptomycetes, exhibits bioactivities against bacteria, fungi, and tumor cells. The biosynthetic logic, regulations, and resistance of albofungin remain yet to be addressed. Herein, the minimal albofungin (abf) biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) from the producing strain Streptomyces tumemacerans JCM5050 was precisely delimited using the Escherichia coli-Streptomyces shuttle bacterial artificial chromosome system, of which the gene essentiality was established in vivo and in vitro. Next, we characterized two genes orfA and orfL encoded in the abf BGC, which act as a reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2)-dependent halogenase and an albofungin-congeners transporter, respectively. While each testing microorganism exhibited different sensitivities to albofungins, the MIC values of albofungins against testing strains with/without orfA and/or orfL were subject to considerable changes. Halogen-substituted albofungins mediated by OrfA manifested overall compromised dissemination and effectiveness, revealing for the first time that two functionally distinct proteins OrfA and OrfL are associated together, exerting a novel “belt and braces” mechanism in antimicrobial detoxification/resistance.
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9
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Yu HQ, Li G, Lou HX. Isolation, Biosynthesis, and Biological Activity of Polycyclic Xanthones From Actinomycetes. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:922089. [PMID: 35910634 PMCID: PMC9327801 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.922089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products from actinomycetes serve as a crucial source of clinical pharmaceuticals, especially antibiotics and anticancer agents. Among them, polycyclic xanthones belong to a growing group of highly oxygenated aromatic polyketides with a xanthone-containing angular hexacyclic framework. These biosynthetically unique small molecules are of great interest due to their wide spectrum of biological activities, especially the remarkable antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria and the significant antineoplastic effects toward various cancer cells at nanomolar concentrations. Their complex structures and significant bioactivities have aroused considerable attention in the chemical and biological communities in recent decades. This review covers the isolation, the biosynthesis, and the biological studies toward these structurally complex and biologically active molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Qing Yu
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Gang Li,
| | - Hong-Xiang Lou
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Hong-Xiang Lou,
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10
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Liu XF, Wang JX, Chen XA, Liu Y, Li YQ. Activation and Characterization of Lanthomicins A-C by Promoter Engineering in Streptomyces chattanoogensis L10. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:902990. [PMID: 35620094 PMCID: PMC9127795 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.902990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of drug resistance highlights the importance of new drug discovery. Microbial secondary metabolites encoded in biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) are a prolific source of drugs, whereas most of these BGCs are cryptic. Thus, taking strategies to activate these cryptic BGCs is of great importance for potential drug discovery. In this work, three novel pentangular polyphenols lanthomicin A-C were identified by activating a cryptic aromatic polyketide BGC through promoter engineering combined with optimization of fermentation conditions. We further confirmed the involvement of lanthomicin (ltm) BGC in biosynthesis by CRISPR-Cpf1-assisted gene editing. Based on functional analysis of homologous genes, a putative biosynthetic pathway was proposed for the three lanthomicins. Particularly, lanthomicin A showed antiproliferative activity with IC50 0.17 μM for lung cancer cell line A-549. The discovery of lanthomicins brings new members to the pentangular polyphenol subclade of aromatic polyketide and demonstrates the potential of Streptomyces as a source for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fang Liu
- First Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbiol Biochemistry and Metabolic Engineering, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun-Xiao Wang
- First Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Ai Chen
- First Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbiol Biochemistry and Metabolic Engineering, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Quan Li
- First Affiliated Hospital and Institute of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Microbiol Biochemistry and Metabolic Engineering, Hangzhou, China
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11
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Leetanasaksakul K, Koomsiri W, Suga T, Matsuo H, Hokari R, Wattana-Amorn P, Takahashi YK, Shiomi K, Nakashima T, Inahashi Y, Thamchaipenet A. Sattahipmycin, a Hexacyclic Xanthone Produced by a Marine-Derived Streptomyces. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2022; 85:1211-1217. [PMID: 35512262 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.1c00870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sattahipmycin was isolated from the mycelium of marine-derived Streptomyces sp. GKU 257-1 by following the antibiofilm activity against E. coli NBRC 3972 throughout the purification steps. The structure of sattahipmycin was determined to be a new polycyclic xanthone related to xantholipin but lacking a dioxymethylene and a chlorinated carbon. This compound showed activity toward Gram-positive bacteria and Plasmodium falciparum, antibiofilm formation of Escherichia coli, and cytotoxicity to human cancer cell lines. Using genome sequence data, a biosynthetic pathway leading to sattahipmycin has been proposed involving an uncharacterized type II polyketide synthase biosynthetic gene cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kantinan Leetanasaksakul
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Wilaiwan Koomsiri
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Takuya Suga
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences (Present: O̅mura Satoshi Memorial Institute), Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Matsuo
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences (Present: O̅mura Satoshi Memorial Institute), Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Rei Hokari
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences (Present: O̅mura Satoshi Memorial Institute), Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Pakorn Wattana-Amorn
- Department of Chemistry, Special Research Unit for Advanced Magnetic Resonance and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Yo Ko Takahashi
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences (Present: O̅mura Satoshi Memorial Institute), Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Kazuro Shiomi
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences (Present: O̅mura Satoshi Memorial Institute), Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Takuji Nakashima
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences (Present: O̅mura Satoshi Memorial Institute), Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
- Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Yuki Inahashi
- Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences (Present: O̅mura Satoshi Memorial Institute), Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - Arinthip Thamchaipenet
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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12
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Toplak M, Teufel R. Three Rings to Rule Them All: How Versatile Flavoenzymes Orchestrate the Structural Diversification of Natural Products. Biochemistry 2021; 61:47-56. [PMID: 34962769 PMCID: PMC8772269 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.1c00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The structural diversification
of natural products is instrumental
to their versatile bioactivities. In this context, redox tailoring
enzymes are commonly involved in the modification and functionalization
of advanced pathway intermediates en route to the mature natural products.
In recent years, flavoprotein monooxygenases have been shown to mediate
numerous redox tailoring reactions that include not only (aromatic)
hydroxylation, Baeyer–Villiger oxidation, or epoxidation reactions
but also oxygenations that are coupled to extensive remodeling of
the carbon backbone, which are often central to the installment of
the respective pharmacophores. In this Perspective, we will highlight
recent developments and discoveries in the field of flavoenzyme catalysis
in bacterial natural product biosynthesis and illustrate how the flavin
cofactor can be fine-tuned to enable chemo-, regio-, and stereospecific
oxygenations via distinct flavin-C4a-peroxide and flavin-N5-(per)oxide
species. Open questions remain, e.g., regarding the breadth of chemical
reactions enabled particularly by the newly discovered flavin-N5-oxygen
adducts and the role of the protein environment in steering such cascade-like
reactions. Outstanding cases involving different flavin oxygenating
species will be exemplified by the tailoring of bacterial aromatic
polyketides, including enterocin, rubromycins, rishirilides, mithramycin,
anthracyclins, chartreusin, jadomycin, and xantholipin. In addition,
the biosynthesis of tropone natural products, including tropolone
and tropodithietic acid, will be presented, which features a recently
described prototypical flavoprotein dioxygenase that may combine flavin-N5-peroxide
and flavin-N5-oxide chemistry. Finally, structural and mechanistic
features of selected enzymes will be discussed as well as hurdles
for their application in the formation of natural product derivatives
via bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Toplak
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robin Teufel
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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13
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Shu X, Wei G, Qiao Y, Zhang K, Zhang J, Ai G, Tang MC, Zhang Y, Gao SS. TerC Is a Multifunctional and Promiscuous Flavoprotein Monooxygenase That Catalyzes Bimodal Oxidative Transformations. Org Lett 2021; 23:8947-8951. [PMID: 34743520 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c03432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The flavoprotein monooxygenase (FPMO) TerC is encoded by all known cyclopentene biosynthetic gene clusters. It can catalyze oxidative dearomatization toward a series of 6-HM analogues and further induces different skeletal distortions to form either benzoquinone or pyrone by bimodal reaction cascades, which is only governed by the C7 substitutions. Beyond our study demonstrated bimodal reaction cascades and advanced the biosynthetic knowledge of fungal cyclopentenes, this work also sets the stage for the bioengineering of 6-HM polyketides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Guangzheng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Yuben Qiao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Kexin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Guomin Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Man-Cheng Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Shu-Shan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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14
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Acyltransferase AniI, a Tailoring Enzyme with Broad Substrate Tolerance for High-Level Production of Anisomycin. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0017221. [PMID: 33931417 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00172-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anisomycin (compound 1), a pyrrolidine antibiotic, exhibits diverse biological and pharmacologic activities. The biosynthetic gene cluster of compound 1 has been identified previously, and the multistep assembly of the core benzylpyrrolidine scaffold was characterized. However, enzymatic modifications, such as acylation, involved in compound 1 biosynthesis are unknown. In this study, the genetic manipulation of aniI proved that it encoded an indispensable acetyltransferase for compound 1 biosynthesis. Bioinformatics analysis suggested AniI as a member of maltose (MAT) and galactoside O-acetyltransferases (GAT) with C-terminal left-handed parallel beta-helix (LbH) subdomain, which were referred to as LbH-MAT-GAT sugar O-acetyltransferases. However, the biochemical assay identified that its target site was the hydroxyl group of the pyrrolidine ring. AniI was found to be tolerant of acyl donors with different chain lengths for the biosynthesis of compound 1 and derivatives 12 and 13 with butyryl and isovaleryl groups, respectively. Meanwhile, it showed comparable activity toward biosynthetic intermediates and synthesized analogues, suggesting promiscuity to the pyrrolidine ring structure of compound 1. These data may inspire new viable synthetic routes for the construction of more complex pyrrolidine ring scaffolds in compound 1. Finally, the overexpression of aniI under the control of strong promoters contributed to the higher productivities of compound 1 and its analogues. These findings reported here not only improve the understanding of anisomycin biosynthesis but also expand the substrate scope of O-acetyltransferase working on the pyrrolidine ring and pave the way for future metabolic engineering construction of high-yield strains. IMPORTANCE Acylation is an important tailoring reaction during natural product biosynthesis. Acylation could increase the structural diversity and affect the chemical stability, volatility, biological activity, and even the cellular localization of specialized compounds. Many acetyltransferases have been reported in natural product biosynthesis. The typical example of the LbH-MAT-GAT sugar O-acetyltransferase subfamily was reported to catalyze the coenzyme A (CoA)-dependent acetylation of the 6-hydroxyl group of sugars. However, no protein of this family has been characterized to acetylate a nonsugar secondary metabolic product. Here, AniI was found to catalyze the acylation of the hydroxyl group of the pyrrolidine ring and be tolerant of diverse acyl donors and acceptors, which made the biosynthesis more efficient and exclusive for biosynthesis of compound 1 and its derivatives. Moreover, the overexpression of aniI serves as a successful example of genetic manipulation of a modification gene for the high production of final products and might set the stage for future metabolic engineering.
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15
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Zhou Q, Peng SY, Zhang K, Luo GC, Han L, He QL, Tang GL. A Flavin-Dependent Monooxygenase Mediates Divergent Oxidation of Rifamycin. Org Lett 2021; 23:2342-2346. [PMID: 33683897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Rifamycins have been clinically utilized against mycobacterial infections for more than 50 years; however, their biosynthesis has not been fully elucidated. Here, on the basis of in vivo gene deletions, in vitro enzyme assays, isotope labeling, and site-directed mutations, we found that a flavin-dependent monooxygenase encoded by a rifamycin biosynthetic gene cluster, Rif-Orf17, not only converted the naphthoquinone chromophore of rifamycin S into benzo-γ-pyrone but also linearized rifamycin SV through phenolic hydroxylation. Both oxidation routes lead to inactivation of rifamycins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhou
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shu-Ya Peng
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Guang-Cai Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Li Han
- Institute of Microbial Pharmaceuticals, College of Life and Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qing-Li He
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gong-Li Tang
- The Research Center of Chiral Drugs, Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China.,School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou 310024, China
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16
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Frensch B, Lechtenberg T, Kather M, Yunt Z, Betschart M, Kammerer B, Lüdeke S, Müller M, Piel J, Teufel R. Enzymatic spiroketal formation via oxidative rearrangement of pentangular polyketides. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1431. [PMID: 33664266 PMCID: PMC7933358 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21432-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural complexity and bioactivity of natural products often depend on enzymatic redox tailoring steps. This is exemplified by the generation of the bisbenzannulated [5,6]-spiroketal pharmacophore in the bacterial rubromycin family of aromatic polyketides, which exhibit a wide array of bioactivities such as the inhibition of HIV reverse transcriptase or DNA helicase. Here we elucidate the complex flavoenzyme-driven formation of the rubromycin pharmacophore that is markedly distinct from conventional (bio)synthetic strategies for spiroketal formation. Accordingly, a polycyclic aromatic precursor undergoes extensive enzymatic oxidative rearrangement catalyzed by two flavoprotein monooxygenases and a flavoprotein oxidase that ultimately results in a drastic distortion of the carbon skeleton. The one-pot in vitro reconstitution of the key enzymatic steps as well as the comprehensive characterization of reactive intermediates allow to unravel the intricate underlying reactions, during which four carbon-carbon bonds are broken and two CO2 become eliminated. This work provides detailed insight into perplexing redox tailoring enzymology that sets the stage for the (chemo)enzymatic production and bioengineering of bioactive spiroketal-containing polyketides. Rubromycin family of natural products belongs to aromatic polyketides with diverse bioactivities, but details of their biosynthesis are limited. Here, the authors report the complete in vitro reconstitution of enzymatic formation of the spiroketal moiety of rubromycin polyketides, driven by flavin-dependent enzymes, and characterize reaction intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Frensch
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Lechtenberg
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michel Kather
- BIOSS Center for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Zeynep Yunt
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey
| | - Martin Betschart
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Kammerer
- BIOSS Center for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,Hermann Staudinger Graduate School, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Lüdeke
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Müller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jörn Piel
- Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Robin Teufel
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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17
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Toplak M, Matthews A, Teufel R. The devil is in the details: The chemical basis and mechanistic versatility of flavoprotein monooxygenases. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 698:108732. [PMID: 33358998 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous flavoenzymes commonly catalyze redox chemistry such as the monooxygenation of organic substrates and are both widely utilized in nature (e.g., in primary and secondary metabolism) and of significant industrial interest. In this work, we highlight the structural and mechanistic characteristics of the distinct types of flavoprotein monooxygenases (FPMOs). We thereby illustrate the chemical basis of FPMO catalysis, which enables reactions such as (aromatic) hydroxylation, epoxidation, (de)halogenation, heteroatom oxygenation, Baeyer-Villiger oxidation, α-hydroxylation of ketones, or non-oxidative carbon-hetero bond cleavage. This seemingly unmatched versatility in oxygenation chemistry results from extensive fine-tuning and regiospecific functionalization of the flavin cofactor that is tightly controlled by the surrounding protein matrix. Accordingly, FPMOs steer the formation of covalent flavin-oxygen adducts for oxygen transfer in the form of the classical flavin-C4a-(hydro)peroxide or the recently discovered N5-functionalized flavins (i.e. the flavin-N5-oxide and the flavin-N5-peroxide), while in rare cases covalent oxygen adduct formation may be foregone entirely. Finally, we speculate about hitherto undiscovered flavin-mediated oxygenation reactions and compare FPMOs to cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, before addressing open questions and challenges for the future investigation of FPMOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Toplak
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Arne Matthews
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robin Teufel
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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18
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Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide-Dependent Halogenase XanH and Engineering of Multifunctional Fusion Halogenases. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.01225-20. [PMID: 32651204 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01225-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Xantholipin (compound 1), a polycyclic xanthone antibiotic, exhibited strong antibacterial activities and showed potent cytotoxicity. The biosynthetic gene cluster of compound 1 has been identified in our previous work, and the construction of xanthone nucleus has been well demonstrated. However, limited information of the halogenation involved in compound 1 biosynthesis is available. In this study, based on the genetic manipulation and biochemical assay, we characterized XanH as an indispensable flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent halogenase (FDH) for the biosynthesis of compound 1. XanH was found to be a bifunctional protein capable of flavin reduction and chlorination and exclusively used the NADH. However, the reduced flavin could not be fully and effectively utilized, and the presence of an extra flavin reductase (FDR) and chemical-reducing agent could promote the halogenation. XanH accepted its natural free-standing substrate with angular fused polycyclic aromatic systems. Meanwhile, it exhibited moderate halogenation activity and possessed high substrate specificity. The requirement of extra FDR for higher halogenation activity is tedious for future engineering. To facilitate efforts in engineering XanH derivative proteins, we constructed the self-sufficient FDR-XanH fusion proteins. The fusion protein E1 with comparable activities to that of XanH could be used as a good alternative for future protein engineering. Taken together, these findings reported here not only improve the understanding of polycyclic xanthones biosynthesis but also expand the substrate scope of FDH and pave the way for future engineering of biocatalysts for new active substance synthesis.IMPORTANCE Halogenation is important in medicinal chemistry and plays an essential role in the biosynthesis of active secondary metabolites. Halogenases have evolved to catalyze reactions with high efficiency and selectivity, and engineering efforts have been made to engage the selective reactivity in natural product biosynthesis. The enzymatic halogenations are an environmentally friendly approach with high regio- and stereoselectivity, which make it a potential complement to organic synthesis. FDHs constitute one of the most extensively elucidated class of halogenases; however, the inventory awaits to be expanded for biotechnology applications and for the generation of halogenated natural product analogues. In this study, XanH was found to reduce flavin and halogenated the freely diffusing natural substrate with an angular fused hexacyclic scaffold, findings which were different from those for the exclusively studied FDHs. Moreover, the FDR-XanH fusion protein E1 with comparable reactivity to that of XanH serves as a successful example of genetic fusions and sets an important stage for future protein engineering.
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19
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Kong L, Wang Q, Yang W, Shen J, Li Y, Zheng X, Wang L, Chu Y, Deng Z, Chooi YH, You D. Three Recently Diverging Duplicated Methyltransferases Exhibit Substrate-Dependent Regioselectivity Essential for Xantholipin Biosynthesis. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:2107-2115. [PMID: 32649177 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.0c00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic xanthones are characterized by highly oxygenated, angular hexacyclic frameworks and exhibit diverse biological activities. Although many of them have been isolated and chemically synthesized, the detailed biosynthetic machinery awaits discovery. Recently, xanthone construction in the xantholipin (1) pathway was shown to involve cryptic demethoxylation. This suggested a rationale for the existence of three O-methyltransferase (OMT) genes in the gene cluster, although there are only two O-methyl groups in the structure of 1. Here, in vivo and in vitro analysis have been used to show that the three paralogous OMTs, XanM1-M3, introduce individual methyl groups at specific points in the biosynthetic pathway. Each OMT can to some extent take over the role of the other OMTs, although they exhibit highly substrate-dependent regiospecificity. In addition, phylogenetic analysis suggests their evolution from a common ancestor. Four putative ancestral proteins were constructed, and one of them performed all the functions of XanM1-M3, while the others possessed more limited catalytic functions. The results suggest that a promiscuous common ancestor may have been able to catalyze all three reactions prior to gene duplication and functional divergence. The characterization of XanM1-M3 expands the enzyme inventory for polycyclic xanthone biosynthesis and suggests novel directed evolution approaches to diversifying natural product pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxin Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Weinan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Jufang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Yiwen Chu
- Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610052, China
| | - Zixin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yit-Heng Chooi
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Delin You
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
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20
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Yang W, Kong L, Wang Q, Deng Z, You D. Metabolic engineering of a methyltransferase for production of drug precursors demecycline and demeclocycline in Streptomyces aureofaciens. Synth Syst Biotechnol 2020; 5:121-130. [PMID: 32637665 PMCID: PMC7320239 DOI: 10.1016/j.synbio.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Demecycline (DMTC) and demeclocycline (DMCTC) are C6-demethylated derivatives of tetracycline (TC) and chlortetracycline (CTC), respectively. They are precursors of minocycline and tigecycline, which showed remarkable bioactivity against TC-resistant bacteria and have been used clinically for decades. In order to biosynthesize drug precursors DMTC and DMCTC, the function of a possible C-methyltransferase encoding gene ctcK was studied systematically in the CTC high-yielding industrial strain Streptomyces aureofaciens F3. The ΔctcK mutant accumulated two new products, which were turned out to be DMTC and DMCTC. Meanwhile, time-course analysis of the fermentation products detected the epimers of DMTC and DMCTC transformed spontaneously. Finally, an engineering strain with higher productivity of DMCTC was constructed by deleting ctcK and overexpressing ctcP of three extra copies simultaneously. Construction of these two engineering strains not only served as a successful example of synthesizing required products through metabolic engineering, but also provided original strains for following elaborate engineering to synthesize more effective tetracycline derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weinan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Lingxin Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Zixin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Delin You
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
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21
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Hu X, Sun W, Li S, Li L, Yu L, Liu H, You X, Jiang B, Wu L. Cervinomycins C 1-4 with cytotoxic and antibacterial activity from Streptomyces sp. CPCC 204980. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2020; 73:812-817. [PMID: 32616897 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-020-0342-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic xanthones are secondary metabolites from actinomycetes and cervinomycin A and B are bioactive 26-membered polycyclic xanthones from Streptomyces sp. CPCC 204980. Herein, we report cervinomycins C1-4 (1-4) from the same strain. The structures of 1-4 were determined by 1D- and 2D-NMR, or single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compounds 1-4 feature the open or loss of A (oxazolidine) ring in their angular polycyclic framework compared with cervinomycin B. Compounds 1-4 showed potent cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines HCT116 and BxPC-3, with IC50 at 0.9-801.0 nM and strong anti-Gram-positive bacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Hu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology for Drug Innovation, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Wei Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology for Drug Innovation, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Shufen Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology for Drug Innovation, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - LinLi Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology for Drug Innovation, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Liyan Yu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology for Drug Innovation, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology for Drug Innovation, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xuefu You
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology for Drug Innovation, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Bingya Jiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology for Drug Innovation, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Linzhuan Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology for Drug Innovation, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China.
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22
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Hu X, Hu X, Hu X, Li S, Li L, Yu L, Liu H, You X, Wang Z, Li L, Yang B, Jiang B, Wu L. Cytotoxic and Antibacterial Cervinomycins B 1-4 from a Streptomyces Species. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2019; 82:2337-2342. [PMID: 31381332 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
AntiSMASH analysis of genome DNA of Streptomyces CPCC 204980, a soil isolate with potent antibacterial activity, revealed a gene cluster for polycyclic xanthones. A subsequent chemical study confirmed that the microorganism produced polycyclic xanthone cervinomycin A2 (1) and the new congeners cervinomycins B1-4 (2-5). The structures of 1-5 were determined by comprehensive analyses of MS and NMR data, which indicated that 2-5 featured a common dihydro-D ring in the polycyclic xanthone core moiety of their molecules. 2-5 are toxic to human cancer cells and active against Gram-positive bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Hu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology for Drug Innovation , Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Hu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology for Drug Innovation , Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomin Hu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology for Drug Innovation , Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , People's Republic of China
| | - Shufen Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology for Drug Innovation , Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , People's Republic of China
| | - LinLi Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology for Drug Innovation , Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , People's Republic of China
| | - Liyan Yu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology for Drug Innovation , Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyu Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology for Drug Innovation , Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefu You
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology for Drug Innovation , Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology for Drug Innovation , Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , People's Republic of China
| | - Li Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology for Drug Innovation , Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , People's Republic of China
| | - Beibei Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Druggability Evaluation , Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , People's Republic of China
| | - Bingya Jiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology for Drug Innovation , Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , People's Republic of China
| | - Linzhuan Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Antibiotics, CAMS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology for Drug Innovation , Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , People's Republic of China
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23
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Tolmie C, Smit MS, Opperman DJ. Native roles of Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenases in the microbial metabolism of natural compounds. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 36:326-353. [DOI: 10.1039/c8np00054a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Baeyer–Villiger monooxygenases function in the primary metabolism of atypical carbon sources, as well as the synthesis of complex microbial metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmien Tolmie
- Department of Biotechnology
- University of the Free State
- Bloemfontein
- South Africa
| | - Martha S. Smit
- Department of Biotechnology
- University of the Free State
- Bloemfontein
- South Africa
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24
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Hou XF, Song YJ, Zhang M, Lan W, Meng S, Wang C, Pan HX, Cao C, Tang GL. Enzymology of Anthraquinone-γ-Pyrone Ring Formation in Complex Aromatic Polyketide Biosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:13475-13479. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201806729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Feng Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Yu-Jiao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Mei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Wenxian Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Song Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Chunxi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Hai-Xue Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Chunyang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Gong-Li Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
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25
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Hou XF, Song YJ, Zhang M, Lan W, Meng S, Wang C, Pan HX, Cao C, Tang GL. Enzymology of Anthraquinone-γ-Pyrone Ring Formation in Complex Aromatic Polyketide Biosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201806729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Feng Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Yu-Jiao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Mei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Wenxian Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Song Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Chunxi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Hai-Xue Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Chunyang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Gong-Li Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis; Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 345 Lingling Road Shanghai 200032 China
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26
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Wang YS, Zhang B, Zhu J, Yang CL, Guo Y, Liu CL, Liu F, Huang H, Zhao S, Liang Y, Jiao RH, Tan RX, Ge HM. Molecular Basis for the Final Oxidative Rearrangement Steps in Chartreusin Biosynthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:10909-10914. [PMID: 30067334 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b06623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative rearrangements play key roles in introducing structural complexity and biological activities of natural products biosynthesized by type II polyketide synthases (PKSs). Chartreusin (1) is a potent antitumor polyketide that contains a unique rearranged pentacyclic aromatic bilactone aglycone derived from a type II PKS. Herein, we report an unprecedented dioxygenase, ChaP, that catalyzes the final α-pyrone ring formation in 1 biosynthesis using flavin-activated oxygen as an oxidant. The X-ray crystal structures of ChaP and two homologues, docking studies, and site-directed mutagenesis provided insights into the molecular basis of the oxidative rearrangement that involves two successive C-C bond cleavage steps followed by lactonization. ChaP is the first example of a dioxygenase that requires a flavin-activated oxygen as a substrate despite lacking flavin binding sites, and represents a new class in the vicinal oxygen chelate enzyme superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Shuang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Jiapeng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Medicine and Life Sciences , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Cheng Long Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Yu Guo
- iHuman Institute , Shanghai Tech University , Shanghai 201210 , China
| | - Cheng Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Huiqin Huang
- Institute of Tropical Biosciences and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Tropical Crops of Ministry of Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences , Haikou 571101 , China
| | - Suwen Zhao
- iHuman Institute , Shanghai Tech University , Shanghai 201210 , China
| | - Yong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Rui Hua Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Ren Xiang Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China.,State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for TCM Quality and Efficacy, School of Medicine and Life Sciences , Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Hui Ming Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute of Functional Biomolecules, School of Life Sciences , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
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Lysoquinone-TH1, a New Polyphenolic Tridecaketide Produced by Expressing the Lysolipin Minimal PKS II in Streptomyces albus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2018; 7:antibiotics7030053. [PMID: 29958422 PMCID: PMC6164072 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics7030053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural repertoire of bioactive naphthacene quinones is expanded by engineering Streptomyces albus to express the lysolipin minimal polyketide synthase II (PKS II) genes from Streptomyces tendae Tü 4042 (llpD-F) with the corresponding cyclase genes llpCI-CIII. Fermentation of the recombinant strain revealed the two new polyaromatic tridecaketides lysoquinone-TH1 (7, identified) and TH2 (8, postulated structure) as engineered congeners of the dodecaketide lysolipin (1). The chemical structure of 7, a benzo[a]naphthacene-8,13-dione, was elucidated by NMR and HR-MS and confirmed by feeding experiments with [1,2-13C₂]-labeled acetate. Lysoquinone-TH1 (7) is a pentangular polyphenol and one example of such rare extended polyaromatic systems of the benz[a]napthacene quinone type produced by the expression of a minimal PKS II in combination with cyclases in an artificial system. While the natural product lysolipin (1) has antimicrobial activity in nM-range, lysoquinone-TH1 (7) showed only minor potency as inhibitor of Gram-positive microorganisms. The bioactivity profiling of lysoquinone-TH1 (7) revealed inhibitory activity towards phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE4), an important target for the treatment in human health like asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). These results underline the availability of pentangular polyphenolic structural skeletons from biosynthetic engineering in the search of new chemical entities in drug discovery.
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Abstract
Oxidative cyclizations are important transformations that occur widely during natural product biosynthesis. The transformations from acyclic precursors to cyclized products can afford morphed scaffolds, structural rigidity, and biological activities. Some of the most dramatic structural alterations in natural product biosynthesis occur through oxidative cyclization. In this Review, we examine the different strategies used by nature to create new intra(inter)molecular bonds via redox chemistry. This Review will cover both oxidation- and reduction-enabled cyclization mechanisms, with an emphasis on the former. Radical cyclizations catalyzed by P450, nonheme iron, α-KG-dependent oxygenases, and radical SAM enzymes are discussed to illustrate the use of molecular oxygen and S-adenosylmethionine to forge new bonds at unactivated sites via one-electron manifolds. Nonradical cyclizations catalyzed by flavin-dependent monooxygenases and NAD(P)H-dependent reductases are covered to show the use of two-electron manifolds in initiating cyclization reactions. The oxidative installations of epoxides and halogens into acyclic scaffolds to drive subsequent cyclizations are separately discussed as examples of "disappearing" reactive handles. Last, oxidative rearrangement of rings systems, including contractions and expansions, will be covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Cheng Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yi Zou
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Christopher T. Walsh
- Stanford University Chemistry, Engineering, and Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Yi Tang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Biosynthesis of the pyrrolidine protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin involves novel gene ensemble and cryptic biosynthetic steps. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:4135-4140. [PMID: 28373542 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1701361114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin features a unique benzylpyrrolidine system and exhibits diverse biological and pharmacologic activities. Its biosynthetic origin has remained obscure for more than 60 y, however. Here we report the identification of the biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) of anisomycin in Streptomyces hygrospinosus var. beijingensis by a bioactivity-guided high-throughput screening method. Using a combination of bioinformatic analysis, reverse genetics, chemical analysis, and in vitro biochemical assays, we have identified a core four-gene ensemble responsible for the synthesis of the pyrrolidine system in anisomycin: aniQ, encoding a aminotransferase that catalyzes an initial deamination and a later reamination steps; aniP, encoding a transketolase implicated to bring together an glycolysis intermediate with 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid to form the anisomycin molecular backbone; aniO, encoding a glycosyltransferase that catalyzes a cryptic glycosylation crucial for downstream enzyme processing; and aniN, encoding a bifunctional dehydrogenase that mediates multistep pyrrolidine formation. The results reveal a BGC for pyrrolidine alkaloid biosynthesis that is distinct from known bacterial alkaloid pathways, and provide the signature sequences that will facilitate the discovery of BGCs encoding novel pyrrolidine alkaloids in bacterial genomes. The biosynthetic insights from this study further set the foundation for biosynthetic engineering of pyrrolidine antibiotics.
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30
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Abstract
Bacterial aromatic polyketides, exemplified by anthracyclines, angucyclines, tetracyclines, and pentangular polyphenols, are a large family of natural products with diverse structures and biological activities and are usually biosynthesized by type II polyketide synthases (PKSs). Since the starting point of biosynthesis and combinatorial biosynthesis in 1984–1985, there has been a continuous effort to investigate the biosynthetic logic of aromatic polyketides owing to the urgent need of developing promising therapeutic candidates from these compounds. Recently, significant advances in the structural and mechanistic identification of enzymes involved in aromatic polyketide biosynthesis have been made on the basis of novel genetic, biochemical, and chemical technologies. This review highlights the progress in bacterial type II PKSs in the past three years (2013–2016). Moreover, novel compounds discovered or created by genome mining and biosynthetic engineering are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Xue Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Gong-Li Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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31
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Leys D, Scrutton NS. Sweating the assets of flavin cofactors: new insight of chemical versatility from knowledge of structure and mechanism. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2016; 41:19-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2016.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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