1
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Mouthé Happi G, Teufel R. Steroids from the Meliaceae family and their biological activities. Phytochemistry 2024; 221:114039. [PMID: 38417722 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2024.114039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Steroids are farnesyl diphosphate-derived triterpene derivatives widely distributed in Meliaceae plants that can have several health benefits due to their biological activities. This literature survey on chemical and pharmacological studies of steroids from the Meliaceae plants indicates that 157 distinct steroids classified into six subclasses including (in decreasing number): pregnane-, stigmastane-, ergostane-, cholestane-, androstane- and ecdysterone-type steroids have been reported from a total of 49 plant species. This review aims to provide a reference document compiling information about the occurrence, chemistry and biological activities of meliaceous steroids for the period from 1988 to July 2023. In particular, generalities about the chemistry of steroids with unusual skeletons and underlying biosynthetic pathways are highlighted. In addition, some structural relationships between different compound types and their biological activities are presented. The information used during the writing of this paper was collected from the online libraries PubMed, Google Scholar and Scifinder using the keywords steroids and Meliaceae with no language restriction. This review points out new avenues for further investigations of steroids from plants of the Meliaceae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gervais Mouthé Happi
- Department of Chemistry, Higher Teacher Training College, The University of Bamenda, P.O Box 39 Bambili, Cameroon.
| | - Robin Teufel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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2
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Zhang L, Esquembre LA, Xia SN, Oesterhelt F, Hughes CC, Brötz-Oesterhelt H, Teufel R. Correction to "The Antibacterial Synnepyrroles from Human-associated Nocardiopsis sp. Show Protonophore Activity and Disrupt the Bacterial Cytoplasmic Membrane". ACS Chem Biol 2023; 18:1905. [PMID: 37440371 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.3c00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
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3
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Benka M, Görlitz K, Schöttgen MC, Lagies S, Mohl DA, Kather M, Du Preez-Bruwer I, Mumbengegwi D, Teufel R, Kowarschik S, Huber R, Plattner DA, Kammerer B. Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Cucurbitacins and Dihydrocucurbitacins from the Tuber of Citrullus naudinianus. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1168. [PMID: 37627233 PMCID: PMC10452186 DOI: 10.3390/biom13081168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The vast pool of structurally and functionally distinct secondary metabolites (i.e., natural products (NPs)) is constantly being expanded, a process also driven by the rapid progress in the development of analytical techniques. Such NPs often show potent biological activities and are therefore prime candidates for drug development and medical applications. The ethyl acetate extract of the tuber of Citrullus naudinianus (C. naudinianus), an African melon with edible fruits and seeds, shows in vitro immunomodulatory activity presumably elicited by cucurbitacins that are known major constituents of this plant. Further potentially immunomodulatory cucurbitacins or cucurbitacin derivatives were assumed to be in the tuber. Given the typically high content of cucurbitacins with similar physicochemical features but often distinct bioactivities, an efficient and reliable separation process is a prerequisite for their detailed characterization and assessment in terms of bioactivity. We therefore developed a detection method to screen and differentiate cucurbitacins via high-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-QTOF-MS/MS). In order to confirm the identification, the fragmentation patterns of two cucurbitacins and one 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin were also investigated. Six characteristic fragments were identified and three of them were employed for the identification of cucurbitacins and 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacins in the extract. As a result, in addition to eight previously reported cucurbitacins from this plant four distinct 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacins (B, D, E, and I) were putatively identified and newly found in the ethyl acetate extract of the tuber of C. naudinianus. The established methodology enables rapid and efficient LC-MS-based analysis and identification of cucurbitacins and 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacins in plant extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Benka
- Core Competence Metabolomics, Hilde-Mangold-Haus, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (M.B.)
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Hermann Staudinger Graduate School, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kristof Görlitz
- Core Competence Metabolomics, Hilde-Mangold-Haus, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (M.B.)
| | - Michael C. Schöttgen
- Core Competence Metabolomics, Hilde-Mangold-Haus, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (M.B.)
- Center for Complementary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Simon Lagies
- Core Competence Metabolomics, Hilde-Mangold-Haus, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (M.B.)
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center—University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel A. Mohl
- Core Competence Metabolomics, Hilde-Mangold-Haus, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (M.B.)
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Hermann Staudinger Graduate School, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michel Kather
- Core Competence Metabolomics, Hilde-Mangold-Haus, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (M.B.)
| | - Iwanette Du Preez-Bruwer
- Centre for Research Services, University of Namibia, Private Bag, Mandume, Ndemufayo Avenue, Pioneers Park, Windhoek 13301, Namibia
| | - Davis Mumbengegwi
- Centre for Research Services, University of Namibia, Private Bag, Mandume, Ndemufayo Avenue, Pioneers Park, Windhoek 13301, Namibia
| | - Robin Teufel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Kowarschik
- Center for Complementary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roman Huber
- Center for Complementary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dietmar A. Plattner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Kammerer
- Core Competence Metabolomics, Hilde-Mangold-Haus, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (M.B.)
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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4
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Zhang L, Toplak M, Saleem-Batcha R, Höing L, Jakob R, Jehmlich N, von Bergen M, Maier T, Teufel R. Bacterial Dehydrogenases Facilitate Oxidative Inactivation and Bioremediation of Chloramphenicol. Chembiochem 2023; 24:e202200632. [PMID: 36353978 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance represents a major threat to human health and knowledge of the underlying mechanisms is therefore vital. Here, we report the discovery and characterization of oxidoreductases that inactivate the broad-spectrum antibiotic chloramphenicol via dual oxidation of the C3-hydroxyl group. Accordingly, chloramphenicol oxidation either depends on standalone glucose-methanol-choline (GMC)-type flavoenzymes, or on additional aldehyde dehydrogenases that boost overall turnover. These enzymes also enable the inactivation of the chloramphenicol analogues thiamphenicol and azidamfenicol, but not of the C3-fluorinated florfenicol. Notably, distinct isofunctional enzymes can be found in Gram-positive (e. g., Streptomyces sp.) and Gram-negative (e. g., Sphingobium sp.) bacteria, which presumably evolved their selectivity for chloramphenicol independently based on phylogenetic analyses. Mechanistic and structural studies provide further insights into the catalytic mechanisms of these biotechnologically interesting enzymes, which, in sum, are both a curse and a blessing by contributing to the spread of antibiotic resistance as well as to the bioremediation of chloramphenicol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marina Toplak
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Raspudin Saleem-Batcha
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstrasse 25, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lars Höing
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roman Jakob
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nico Jehmlich
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research UFZ GmbH, Leipzig, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,University of Leipzig, Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, Brüderstraße 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research UFZ GmbH, Leipzig, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.,University of Leipzig, Faculty of Life Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry, Brüderstraße 34, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Timm Maier
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 41, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Robin Teufel
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, 4056, Basel, Switzerland
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Zhang L, Esquembre LA, Xia SN, Oesterhelt F, Hughes CC, Brötz-Oesterhelt H, Teufel R. Antibacterial Synnepyrroles from Human-Associated Nocardiopsis sp. Show Protonophore Activity and Disrupt the Bacterial Cytoplasmic Membrane. ACS Chem Biol 2022; 17:2836-2848. [PMID: 36179367 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.2c00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Actinobacteria have traditionally been an important source of bioactive natural products, although many genera remain poorly explored. Here, we report a group of distinctive pyrrole-containing natural products, named synnepyrroles, from Nocardiopsis synnemataformans. Detailed structural characterization by mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy combined with isotope-labeling experiments revealed their molecular structures and biosynthetic precursors acetate, propionate, aspartate, and (for branched analogues) valine. The biosynthetic data points toward an unusual pathway for pyrrole formation via condensation of aspartate with diverse fatty acids that give rise to a unique pyrrole-3,4-dicarboxylate core and variable linear or terminally branched alkyl side chains. In addition, the bioactivity and mode of action of synnepyrrole A were characterized in Bacillus subtilis. Orienting assessment of the phenotype of synnepyrrole A-treated bacteria by high-resolution microscopy suggested the cytoplasmic membrane as the target structure. Further characterization of the membrane effects demonstrated dissipation of the membrane potential and intracellular acidification indicative of protonophore activity. At slightly higher concentrations, synnepyrrole A compromised the barrier function of the cytoplasmic membrane, allowing the passage of otherwise membrane-impermeable dye molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lidia Alejo Esquembre
- Department of Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Shu-Ning Xia
- Department of Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Filipp Oesterhelt
- Department of Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Chambers C Hughes
- Department of Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124: Controlling Microbes to Fight Infection, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Heike Brötz-Oesterhelt
- Department of Microbial Bioactive Compounds, Interfaculty Institute for Microbiology and Infection Medicine, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence EXC 2124: Controlling Microbes to Fight Infection, University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Robin Teufel
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Klingelbergstrasse 50, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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6
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Toplak M, Nagel A, Frensch B, Lechtenberg T, Teufel R. An acetyltransferase controls the metabolic flux in rubromycin polyketide biosynthesis by direct modulation of redox tailoring enzymes. Chem Sci 2022; 13:7157-7164. [PMID: 35799824 PMCID: PMC9215129 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01952c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The often complex control of bacterial natural product biosynthesis typically involves global and pathway-specific transcriptional regulators of gene expression, which often limits the yield of bioactive compounds under laboratory conditions. However, little is known about regulation mechanisms on the enzymatic level. Here, we report a novel regulatory principle for natural products involving a dedicated acetyltransferase, which modifies a redox-tailoring enzyme and thereby enables pathway furcation and alternating pharmacophore assembly in rubromycin polyketide biosynthesis. The rubromycins such as griseorhodin (grh) A are complex bioactive aromatic polyketides from Actinobacteria with a hallmark bisbenzannulated [5,6]-spiroketal pharmacophore that is mainly installed by two flavoprotein monooxygenases. First, GrhO5 converts the advanced precursor collinone into the [6,6]-spiroketal containing dihydrolenticulone, before GrhO6 effectuates a ring contraction to afford the [5,6]-spiroketal. Our results show that pharmacophore assembly in addition involves the acetyl-CoA-dependent acetyltransferase GrhJ that activates GrhO6 to allow the rapid generation and release of its labile product, which is subsequently sequestered by ketoreductase GrhO10 and converted into a stable intermediate. Consequently, the biosynthesis is directed to the generation of canonical rubromycins, while the alternative spontaneous [5,6]-spiroketal hydrolysis to a ring-opened pathway product is thwarted. Presumably, this allows the bacteria to rapidly adjust the biosynthesis of functionally distinct secondary metabolites depending on nutrient and precursor (i.e. acetyl-CoA) availability. Our study thus illustrates how natural product biosynthesis can be enzymatically regulated and provides new perspectives for the improvement of in vitro enzyme activities and natural product titers via biotechnological approaches. Characterization of the acetyltransferase GrhJ reveals the surprising acetylation of flavoenzyme GrhO6 in rubromycin polyketide biosynthesis, showcasing a novel principle for the enzymatic regulation of secondary metabolic pathways.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Toplak
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg Schänzlestrasse 1 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Adelheid Nagel
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg Schänzlestrasse 1 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Britta Frensch
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg Schänzlestrasse 1 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Thorsten Lechtenberg
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg Schänzlestrasse 1 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Robin Teufel
- Pharmaceutical Biology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 50 4056 Basel Switzerland
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7
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Abstract
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The structural diversification
of natural products is instrumental
to their versatile bioactivities. In this context, redox tailoring
enzymes are commonly involved in the modification and functionalization
of advanced pathway intermediates en route to the mature natural products.
In recent years, flavoprotein monooxygenases have been shown to mediate
numerous redox tailoring reactions that include not only (aromatic)
hydroxylation, Baeyer–Villiger oxidation, or epoxidation reactions
but also oxygenations that are coupled to extensive remodeling of
the carbon backbone, which are often central to the installment of
the respective pharmacophores. In this Perspective, we will highlight
recent developments and discoveries in the field of flavoenzyme catalysis
in bacterial natural product biosynthesis and illustrate how the flavin
cofactor can be fine-tuned to enable chemo-, regio-, and stereospecific
oxygenations via distinct flavin-C4a-peroxide and flavin-N5-(per)oxide
species. Open questions remain, e.g., regarding the breadth of chemical
reactions enabled particularly by the newly discovered flavin-N5-oxygen
adducts and the role of the protein environment in steering such cascade-like
reactions. Outstanding cases involving different flavin oxygenating
species will be exemplified by the tailoring of bacterial aromatic
polyketides, including enterocin, rubromycins, rishirilides, mithramycin,
anthracyclins, chartreusin, jadomycin, and xantholipin. In addition,
the biosynthesis of tropone natural products, including tropolone
and tropodithietic acid, will be presented, which features a recently
described prototypical flavoprotein dioxygenase that may combine flavin-N5-peroxide
and flavin-N5-oxide chemistry. Finally, structural and mechanistic
features of selected enzymes will be discussed as well as hurdles
for their application in the formation of natural product derivatives
via bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Toplak
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robin Teufel
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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8
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Toplak M, Saleem-Batcha R, Piel J, Teufel R. Catalytic Control of Spiroketal Formation in Rubromycin Polyketide Biosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:26960-26970. [PMID: 34652045 PMCID: PMC9299503 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The medically important bacterial aromatic polyketide natural products typically feature a planar, polycyclic core structure. An exception is found for the rubromycins, whose backbones are disrupted by a bisbenzannulated [5,6]‐spiroketal pharmacophore that was recently shown to be assembled by flavin‐dependent enzymes. In particular, a flavoprotein monooxygenase proved critical for the drastic oxidative rearrangement of a pentangular precursor and the installment of an intermediate [6,6]‐spiroketal moiety. Here we provide structural and mechanistic insights into the control of catalysis by this spiroketal synthase, which fulfills several important functions as reductase, monooxygenase, and presumably oxidase. The enzyme hereby tightly controls the redox state of the substrate to counteract shunt product formation, while also steering the cleavage of three carbon‐carbon bonds. Our work illustrates an exceptional strategy for the biosynthesis of stable chroman spiroketals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Toplak
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Raspudin Saleem-Batcha
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 25, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jörn Piel
- Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Robin Teufel
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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9
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Toplak M, Saleem‐Batcha R, Piel J, Teufel R. Catalytic Control of Spiroketal Formation in Rubromycin Polyketide Biosynthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Toplak
- Faculty of Biology University of Freiburg Schänzlestrasse 1 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Raspudin Saleem‐Batcha
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences University of Freiburg Albertstr. 25 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Jörn Piel
- Institute of Microbiology Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Robin Teufel
- Faculty of Biology University of Freiburg Schänzlestrasse 1 79104 Freiburg Germany
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10
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Matthews A, Schönfelder J, Lagies S, Schleicher E, Kammerer B, Ellis HR, Stull F, Teufel R. Bacterial flavoprotein monooxygenase YxeK salvages toxic S-(2-succino)-adducts via oxygenolytic C-S bond cleavage. FEBS J 2021; 289:787-807. [PMID: 34510734 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Thiol-containing nucleophiles such as cysteine react spontaneously with the citric acid cycle intermediate fumarate to form S-(2-succino)-adducts. In Bacillus subtilis, a salvaging pathway encoded by the yxe operon has recently been identified for the detoxification and exploitation of these compounds as sulfur sources. This route involves acetylation of S-(2-succino)cysteine to N-acetyl-2-succinocysteine, which is presumably converted to oxaloacetate and N-acetylcysteine, before a final deacetylation step affords cysteine. The critical oxidative cleavage of the C-S bond of N-acetyl-S-(2-succino)cysteine was proposed to depend on the predicted flavoprotein monooxygenase YxeK. Here, we characterize YxeK and verify its role in S-(2-succino)-adduct detoxification and sulfur metabolism. Detailed biochemical and mechanistic investigation of YxeK including 18 O-isotope-labeling experiments, homology modeling, substrate specificity tests, site-directed mutagenesis, and (pre-)steady-state kinetics provides insight into the enzyme's mechanism of action, which may involve a noncanonical flavin-N5-peroxide species for C-S bond oxygenolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Simon Lagies
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Erik Schleicher
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Kammerer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Germany.,BIOSS Center for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Holly R Ellis
- Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Frederick Stull
- Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Robin Teufel
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Germany
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11
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Duan Y, Toplak M, Hou A, Brock NL, Dickschat JS, Teufel R. A Flavoprotein Dioxygenase Steers Bacterial Tropone Biosynthesis via Coenzyme A-Ester Oxygenolysis and Ring Epoxidation. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:10413-10421. [PMID: 34196542 PMCID: PMC8283759 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
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Bacterial tropone
natural products such as tropolone, tropodithietic
acid, or the roseobacticides play crucial roles in various terrestrial
and marine symbiotic interactions as virulence factors, antibiotics,
algaecides, or quorum sensing signals. We now show that their poorly
understood biosynthesis depends on a shunt product from aerobic CoA-dependent
phenylacetic acid catabolism that is salvaged by the dedicated acyl-CoA
dehydrogenase-like flavoenzyme TdaE. Further characterization of TdaE
revealed an unanticipated complex catalysis, comprising substrate
dehydrogenation, noncanonical CoA-ester oxygenolysis, and final ring
epoxidation. The enzyme thereby functions as an archetypal flavoprotein
dioxygenase that incorporates both oxygen atoms from O2 into the substrate, most likely involving flavin-N5-peroxide and
flavin-N5-oxide species for consecutive CoA-ester cleavage and epoxidation,
respectively. The subsequent spontaneous decarboxylation of the reactive
enzyme product yields tropolone, which serves as a key virulence factor
in rice panicle blight caused by pathogenic edaphic Burkholderia
plantarii. Alternatively, the TdaE product is most likely
converted to more complex sulfur-containing secondary metabolites
such as tropodithietic acid from predominant marine Rhodobacteraceae (e.g., Phaeobacter inhibens).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Duan
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marina Toplak
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anwei Hou
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Nelson L Brock
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jeroen S Dickschat
- Kekulé-Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Strasse 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.,Institute of Organic Chemistry, TU Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Robin Teufel
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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12
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Frensch B, Lechtenberg T, Kather M, Yunt Z, Betschart M, Kammerer B, Lüdeke S, Müller M, Piel J, Teufel R. Enzymatic spiroketal formation via oxidative rearrangement of pentangular polyketides. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1431. [PMID: 33664266 PMCID: PMC7933358 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21432-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural complexity and bioactivity of natural products often depend on enzymatic redox tailoring steps. This is exemplified by the generation of the bisbenzannulated [5,6]-spiroketal pharmacophore in the bacterial rubromycin family of aromatic polyketides, which exhibit a wide array of bioactivities such as the inhibition of HIV reverse transcriptase or DNA helicase. Here we elucidate the complex flavoenzyme-driven formation of the rubromycin pharmacophore that is markedly distinct from conventional (bio)synthetic strategies for spiroketal formation. Accordingly, a polycyclic aromatic precursor undergoes extensive enzymatic oxidative rearrangement catalyzed by two flavoprotein monooxygenases and a flavoprotein oxidase that ultimately results in a drastic distortion of the carbon skeleton. The one-pot in vitro reconstitution of the key enzymatic steps as well as the comprehensive characterization of reactive intermediates allow to unravel the intricate underlying reactions, during which four carbon-carbon bonds are broken and two CO2 become eliminated. This work provides detailed insight into perplexing redox tailoring enzymology that sets the stage for the (chemo)enzymatic production and bioengineering of bioactive spiroketal-containing polyketides. Rubromycin family of natural products belongs to aromatic polyketides with diverse bioactivities, but details of their biosynthesis are limited. Here, the authors report the complete in vitro reconstitution of enzymatic formation of the spiroketal moiety of rubromycin polyketides, driven by flavin-dependent enzymes, and characterize reaction intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta Frensch
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Lechtenberg
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michel Kather
- BIOSS Center for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Zeynep Yunt
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul, 34450, Turkey
| | - Martin Betschart
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Kammerer
- BIOSS Center for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,Hermann Staudinger Graduate School, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Lüdeke
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Müller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jörn Piel
- Institute of Microbiology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Robin Teufel
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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13
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Toplak M, Matthews A, Teufel R. The devil is in the details: The chemical basis and mechanistic versatility of flavoprotein monooxygenases. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 698:108732. [PMID: 33358998 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquitous flavoenzymes commonly catalyze redox chemistry such as the monooxygenation of organic substrates and are both widely utilized in nature (e.g., in primary and secondary metabolism) and of significant industrial interest. In this work, we highlight the structural and mechanistic characteristics of the distinct types of flavoprotein monooxygenases (FPMOs). We thereby illustrate the chemical basis of FPMO catalysis, which enables reactions such as (aromatic) hydroxylation, epoxidation, (de)halogenation, heteroatom oxygenation, Baeyer-Villiger oxidation, α-hydroxylation of ketones, or non-oxidative carbon-hetero bond cleavage. This seemingly unmatched versatility in oxygenation chemistry results from extensive fine-tuning and regiospecific functionalization of the flavin cofactor that is tightly controlled by the surrounding protein matrix. Accordingly, FPMOs steer the formation of covalent flavin-oxygen adducts for oxygen transfer in the form of the classical flavin-C4a-(hydro)peroxide or the recently discovered N5-functionalized flavins (i.e. the flavin-N5-oxide and the flavin-N5-peroxide), while in rare cases covalent oxygen adduct formation may be foregone entirely. Finally, we speculate about hitherto undiscovered flavin-mediated oxygenation reactions and compare FPMOs to cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, before addressing open questions and challenges for the future investigation of FPMOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Toplak
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Arne Matthews
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robin Teufel
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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14
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Duan Y, Petzold M, Saleem‐Batcha R, Teufel R. Bacterial Tropone Natural Products and Derivatives: Overview of their Biosynthesis, Bioactivities, Ecological Role and Biotechnological Potential. Chembiochem 2020; 21:2384-2407. [PMID: 32239689 PMCID: PMC7497051 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Tropone natural products are non-benzene aromatic compounds of significant ecological and pharmaceutical interest. Herein, we highlight current knowledge on bacterial tropones and their derivatives such as tropolones, tropodithietic acid, and roseobacticides. Their unusual biosynthesis depends on a universal CoA-bound precursor featuring a seven-membered carbon ring as backbone, which is generated by a side reaction of the phenylacetic acid catabolic pathway. Enzymes encoded by separate gene clusters then further modify this key intermediate by oxidation, CoA-release, or incorporation of sulfur among other reactions. Tropones play important roles in the terrestrial and marine environment where they act as antibiotics, algaecides, or quorum sensing signals, while their bacterial producers are often involved in symbiotic interactions with plants and marine invertebrates (e. g., algae, corals, sponges, or mollusks). Because of their potent bioactivities and of slowly developing bacterial resistance, tropones and their derivatives hold great promise for biomedical or biotechnological applications, for instance as antibiotics in (shell)fish aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Duan
- Faculty of BiologyUniversity of Freiburg79104FreiburgGermany
| | - Melanie Petzold
- Faculty of BiologyUniversity of Freiburg79104FreiburgGermany
| | | | - Robin Teufel
- Faculty of BiologyUniversity of Freiburg79104FreiburgGermany
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15
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Tsypik O, Makitrynskyy R, Frensch B, Zechel DL, Paululat T, Teufel R, Bechthold A. Oxidative Carbon Backbone Rearrangement in Rishirilide Biosynthesis. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:5913-5917. [PMID: 32182053 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The structural diversity of type II polyketides is largely generated by tailoring enzymes. In rishirilide biosynthesis by Streptomyces bottropensis, 13C-labeling studies previously implied extraordinary carbon backbone and side-chain rearrangements. In this work, we employ gene deletion experiments and in vitro enzyme studies to identify key biosynthetic intermediates and expose intricate redox tailoring steps for the formation of rishirilides A, B, and D and lupinacidin A. First, the flavin-dependent RslO5 reductively ring-opens the epoxide moiety of an advanced polycyclic intermediate to form an alcohol. Flavin monooxygenase RslO9 then oxidatively rearranges the carbon backbone, presumably via lactone-forming Baeyer-Villiger oxidation and subsequent intramolecular aldol condensation. While RslO9 can further convert the rearranged intermediate to rishirilide D and lupinacidin A, an additional ketoreductase RslO8 is required for formation of the main products rishirilide A and rishirilide B. This work provides insight into the structural diversification of aromatic polyketide natural products via unusual redox tailoring reactions that appear to defy biosynthetic logic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Tsypik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Roman Makitrynskyy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Britta Frensch
- Faculty of Biology, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - David L Zechel
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, 90 Bader Lane, Kingston K7L 3N6, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Paululat
- Organic Chemistry, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Straße 2, 57068 Siegen, Germany
| | - Robin Teufel
- Faculty of Biology, Schänzlestraße 1, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Bechthold
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Straße 19, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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16
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Spieker M, Saleem-Batcha R, Teufel R. Structural and Mechanistic Basis of an Oxepin-CoA Forming Isomerase in Bacterial Primary and Secondary Metabolism. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:2876-2886. [PMID: 31689071 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Numerous aromatic compounds are aerobically degraded in bacteria via the central intermediate phenylacetic acid (paa). In one of the key steps of this widespread catabolic pathway, 1,2-epoxyphenylacetyl-CoA is converted by PaaG into the heterocyclic oxepin-CoA. PaaG thereby elegantly generates an α,β-unsaturated CoA ester that is predisposed to undergo β-oxidation subsequent to hydrolytic ring-cleavage. Moreover, oxepin-CoA serves as a precursor for secondary metabolites (e.g., tropodithietic acid) that act as antibiotics and quorum-sensing signals. Here we verify that PaaG adopts a second role in aromatic catabolism by converting cis-3,4-didehydroadipoyl-CoA into trans-2,3-didehydroadipoyl-CoA and corroborate a Δ3,Δ2-enoyl-CoA isomerase-like proton shuttling mechanism for both distinct substrates. Biochemical and structural investigations of PaaG reveal active site adaptations to the structurally different substrates and provide detailed insight into catalysis and control of stereospecificity. This work elucidates the mechanism of action of unusual isomerase PaaG and sheds new light on the ubiquitous enoyl-CoA isomerases of the crotonase superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Spieker
- ZBSA, Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Raspudin Saleem-Batcha
- ZBSA, Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Robin Teufel
- ZBSA, Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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17
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Saleem Batcha R, Teufel R. Enzymatic control of O 2 reactivity and functionalization of the flavin cofactor. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2019. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053273319094294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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18
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Saleem-Batcha R, Teufel R. Structural methods for probing the interaction of flavoenzymes with dioxygen and its surrogates. Methods Enzymol 2019; 620:349-363. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
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19
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Batcha RS, Teufel R. Probing the structural requisites for enzymatic flavin-N5-oxide formation. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053273316096133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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20
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Teufel R, Agarwal V, Moore BS. Unusual flavoenzyme catalysis in marine bacteria. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2016; 31:31-9. [PMID: 26803009 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ever since the discovery of the flavin cofactor more than 80 years ago, flavin-dependent enzymes have emerged as ubiquitous and versatile redox catalysts in primary metabolism. Yet, the recent advances in the discovery and characterization of secondary metabolic pathways exposed new roles for flavin-mediated catalysis in the generation of structurally complex natural products. Here, we review a selection of key biosynthetic flavoenzymes from marine bacterial secondary metabolism and illustrate how their functional and mechanistic investigation expanded our view of the cofactor's chemical repertoire and led to the discovery of a previously unknown flavin redox state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Teufel
- ZBSA, Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Vinayak Agarwal
- Center for Oceans and Human Health, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Bradley S Moore
- Center for Oceans and Human Health, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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21
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Teufel R, Stull F, Meehan MJ, Michaudel Q, Dorrestein PC, Palfey B, Moore BS. Biochemical Establishment and Characterization of EncM's Flavin-N5-oxide Cofactor. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:8078-85. [PMID: 26067765 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b03983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitous flavin-dependent monooxygenases commonly catalyze oxygenation reactions by means of a transient C4a-peroxyflavin. A recent study, however, suggested an unprecedented flavin-oxygenating species, proposed as the flavin-N5-oxide (Fl(N5[O])), as key to an oxidative Favorskii-type rearrangement in the biosynthesis of the bacterial polyketide antibiotic enterocin. This stable superoxidized flavin is covalently tethered to the enzyme EncM and converted into FADH2 (Fl(red)) during substrate turnover. Subsequent reaction of Fl(red) with molecular oxygen restores the postulated Fl(N5[O]) via an unknown pathway. Here, we provide direct evidence for the Fl(N5[O]) species via isotope labeling, proteolytic digestion, and high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry of EncM. We propose that formation of this species occurs by hydrogen-transfer from Fl(red) to molecular oxygen, allowing radical coupling of the formed protonated superoxide and anionic flavin semiquinone at N5, before elimination of water affords the Fl(N5[O]) cofactor. Further biochemical and spectroscopic investigations reveal important features of the Fl(N5[O]) species and the EncM catalytic mechanism. We speculate that flavin-N5-oxides may be intermediates or catalytically active species in other flavoproteins that form the anionic semiquinone and promote access of oxygen to N5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Teufel
- †Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Frederick Stull
- ‡Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Michael J Meehan
- §Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Quentin Michaudel
- ⊥Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Pieter C Dorrestein
- †Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States.,§Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Bruce Palfey
- ‡Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,∥Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Bradley S Moore
- †Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States.,§Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California 92093, United States
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22
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Bonet B, Teufel R, Crüsemann M, Ziemert N, Moore BS. Direct capture and heterologous expression of Salinispora natural product genes for the biosynthesis of enterocin. J Nat Prod 2015; 78:539-42. [PMID: 25382643 PMCID: PMC4380194 DOI: 10.1021/np500664q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Heterologous expression of secondary metabolic pathways is a promising approach for the discovery and characterization of bioactive natural products. Herein we report the first heterologous expression of a natural product from the model marine actinomycete genus Salinispora. Using the recently developed method of yeast-mediated transformation-associated recombination for natural product gene clusters, we captured a type II polyketide synthase pathway from Salinispora pacifica with high homology to the enterocin pathway from Streptomyces maritimus and successfully produced enterocin in two different Streptomyces host strains. This result paves the way for the systematic interrogation of Salinispora's promising secondary metabolome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey Bonet
- Center
for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Robin Teufel
- Center
for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Max Crüsemann
- Center
for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Nadine Ziemert
- Center
for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- E-mail:
| | - Bradley S. Moore
- Center
for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Skaggs
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- E-mail:
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23
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Diethelm S, Teufel R, Kaysser L, Moore BS. A multitasking vanadium-dependent chloroperoxidase as an inspiration for the chemical synthesis of the merochlorins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:11023-6. [PMID: 25147132 PMCID: PMC4226426 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201405696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The vanadium-dependent chloroperoxidase Mcl24 was discovered to mediate a complex series of unprecedented transformations in the biosynthesis of the merochlorin meroterpenoid antibiotics. In particular, a site-selective naphthol chlorination is followed by an oxidative dearomatization/terpene cyclization sequence to build up the stereochemically complex carbon framework of the merochlorins in one step. Inspired by the enzyme reactivity, a chemical chlorination protocol paralleling the biocatalytic process was developed. These chemical studies led to the identification of previously overlooked merochlorin natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Diethelm
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Robin Teufel
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Leonard Kaysser
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Bradley S. Moore
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, Homepage: http://scrippsscholars.ucsd.edu/bsmoore. Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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24
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Diethelm S, Teufel R, Kaysser L, Moore BS. A Multitasking Vanadium-Dependent Chloroperoxidase as an Inspiration for the Chemical Synthesis of the Merochlorins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201405696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Teufel R, Kaysser L, Villaume MT, Diethelm S, Carbullido MK, Baran PS, Moore BS. One-Pot Enzymatic Synthesis of Merochlorin A and B. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201405694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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26
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Teufel R, Kaysser L, Villaume MT, Diethelm S, Carbullido MK, Baran PS, Moore BS. One-pot enzymatic synthesis of merochlorin A and B. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:11019-22. [PMID: 25115835 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201405694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The polycycles merochlorin A and B are complex halogenated meroterpenoid natural products with significant antibacterial activities and are produced by the marine bacterium Streptomyces sp. strain CNH-189. Heterologously produced enzymes and chemical synthesis are employed herein to fully reconstitute the merochlorin biosynthesis in vitro. The interplay of a dedicated type III polyketide synthase, a prenyl diphosphate synthase, and an aromatic prenyltransferase allow formation of a highly unusual aromatic polyketide-terpene hybrid intermediate which features an unprecedented branched sesquiterpene moiety from isosesquilavandulyl diphosphate. As supported by in vivo experiments, this precursor is furthermore chlorinated and cyclized to merochlorin A and isomeric merochlorin B by a single vanadium-dependent haloperoxidase, thus completing the remarkably efficient pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Teufel
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037 (USA) http://scrippsscholars.ucsd.edu/bsmoore
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27
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Teufel R, Miyanaga A, Michaudel Q, Stull F, Louie G, Noel JP, Baran PS, Palfey B, Moore BS. Flavin-mediated dual oxidation controls an enzymatic Favorskii-type rearrangement. Nature 2013; 503:552-556. [PMID: 24162851 PMCID: PMC3844076 DOI: 10.1038/nature12643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Flavoproteins catalyze a diversity of fundamental redox reactions and are one of the most studied enzyme families1,2. As monooxygenases, they are universally thought to control oxygenation by means of a peroxyflavin species that transfers a single atom of molecular oxygen to an organic substrate1,3,4. Here we report that the bacterial flavoenzyme EncM5,6 catalyzes the peroxyflavin-independent oxygenation-dehydrogenation dual oxidation of a highly reactive poly(β-carbonyl). The crystal structure of EncM with bound substrate mimics coupled with isotope labeling studies reveal previously unknown flavin redox biochemistry. We show that EncM maintains an unanticipated stable flavin oxygenating species, proposed to be a flavin-N5-oxide, to promote substrate oxidation and trigger a rare Favorskii-type rearrangement that is central to the biosynthesis of the antibiotic enterocin. This work provides new insight into the fine-tuning of the flavin cofactor in offsetting the innate reactivity of a polyketide substrate to direct its efficient electrocyclization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Teufel
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Akimasa Miyanaga
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Quentin Michaudel
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Frederick Stull
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Gordon Louie
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Joseph P Noel
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Jack H. Skirball Center for Chemical Biology and Proteomics, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Phil S Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Bruce Palfey
- Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Bradley S Moore
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093, USA.,Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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Teufel R, Gantert C, Voss M, Eisenreich W, Haehnel W, Fuchs G. Studies on the mechanism of ring hydrolysis in phenylacetate degradation: a metabolic branching point. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:11021-34. [PMID: 21296885 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.196667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread, long sought-after bacterial aerobic phenylalanine/phenylacetate catabolic pathway has recently been elucidated. It proceeds via coenzyme A (CoA) thioesters and involves the epoxidation of the aromatic ring of phenylacetyl-CoA, subsequent isomerization to an uncommon seven-membered C-O-heterocycle (oxepin-CoA), and non-oxygenolytic ring cleavage. Here we characterize the hydrolytic oxepin-CoA ring cleavage catalyzed by the bifunctional fusion protein PaaZ. The enzyme consists of a C-terminal (R)-specific enoyl-CoA hydratase domain (formerly MaoC) that cleaves the ring and produces a highly reactive aldehyde and an N-terminal NADP(+)-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase domain that oxidizes the aldehyde to 3-oxo-5,6-dehydrosuberyl-CoA. In many phenylacetate-utilizing bacteria, the genes for the pathway exist in a cluster that contains an NAD(+)-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenase in place of PaaZ, whereas the aldehyde-producing hydratase is encoded outside of the cluster. If not oxidized immediately, the reactive aldehyde condenses intramolecularly to a stable cyclic derivative that is largely prevented by PaaZ fusion in vivo. Interestingly, the derivative likely serves as the starting material for the synthesis of antibiotics (e.g. tropodithietic acid) and other tropone/tropolone related compounds as well as for ω-cycloheptyl fatty acids. Apparently, bacteria made a virtue out of the necessity of disposing the dead-end product with ring hydrolysis as a metabolic branching point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Teufel
- Lehrstuhl Mikrobiologie, Fakultät Biologie, Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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Teufel R, Carralot JP, Scheel B, Probst J, Walter S, Jung G, Hoerr I, Rammensee HG, Pascolo S. Human peripheral blood monuclear cells transfected with messenger RNA stimulate antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes in vitro. Cell Mol Life Sci 2005; 62:1755-62. [PMID: 16003494 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-005-5067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency of test vaccines needs to be evaluated by quantification of the triggered cellular immune response. Usually, for these assays, autologous target cells expressing the vaccine antigen are required. In the context of messenger RNA (mRNA)-based vaccinations, the target cells used for the read-out are mRNA-transfected monocyte-derived dendritic cells (Mo-DCs). Their production typically requires samples of 100 ml blood from the patients, and limits the number of assays that can be performed. We show here that fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) can be transfected with mRNA by electroporation. Such cells are as efficient as mRNA-transfected Mo-DCs for their ability to activate memory T cells in vitro. Thus, mRNA-transfected PBMCs are a convenient replacement of mRNA-transfected Mo-DCs for the in vitro monitoring of natural or vaccine-induced immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Teufel
- CureVac GmbH, Paul-Ehrlich-Str. 15, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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Carralot JP, Probst J, Hoerr I, Scheel B, Teufel R, Jung G, Rammensee HG, Pascolo S. Polarization of immunity induced by direct injection of naked sequence-stabilized mRNA vaccines. Cell Mol Life Sci 2004; 61:2418-24. [PMID: 15378210 PMCID: PMC7079797 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-004-4255-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the context of developing a safe genetic vaccination strategy we tested and studied globin-stabilized mRNA-based
vaccination in mice. This vaccination strategy has the advantages of genetic vaccination (easy production, adaptability to
any disease and inexpensive storage when lyophilized), but not the drawbacks of DNA vaccination (long-term uncontrolled
expression of a transgene, possibility of integration into the host genome and possible induction of anti-DNA antibodies).
We report here that injection of naked β-globin untranslated region (UTR)-stabilized mRNA coding for
β-galactosidase is followed by detectable translation in vivo. In addition, we show that such a vaccination strategy
primes a T helper 2 (Th2) type of response which can be enhanced and shifted to a Th1-type immune response by application
of recombinant granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor 1 day after mRNA injection. Our data demonstrate that the
administration of globin UTR-stabilized mRNA is a versatile vaccination strategy that can be manipulated to fit the
requirement of antiviral, antibacterial or antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.-P. Carralot
- CureVac GmbH, Paul Ehrlich Strasse 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - J. Probst
- CureVac GmbH, Paul Ehrlich Strasse 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - I. Hoerr
- CureVac GmbH, Paul Ehrlich Strasse 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - B. Scheel
- CureVac GmbH, Paul Ehrlich Strasse 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - R. Teufel
- CureVac GmbH, Paul Ehrlich Strasse 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - G. Jung
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - H.-G. Rammensee
- Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - S. Pascolo
- CureVac GmbH, Paul Ehrlich Strasse 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Cell Biology, Department of Immunology, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Teufel R, Carralot J, Scheel B, Hörr I, Pascolo S. Cancer Cell Int 2004; 4:S46. [DOI: 10.1186/1475-2867-4-s1-s46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Green MH, Lowe JE, Teufel R, Petit-Frère C. Reducing the concentration of selected marker improves efficiency of cotransfer of unselected DNA into SV40-transformed human fibroblasts. Exp Cell Res 1991; 192:298-301. [PMID: 1845797 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(91)90189-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A substantial increase in transfer of unselected DNA to two human SV40-transformed fibroblast cell lines was obtained by reducing the concentration of the cotransferred selected marker DNA. The average amount of unselected DNA transferred, even under favorable conditions, was still low compared to that reported for some rodent cell lines. Our results suggest that in human fibroblasts there is strong competition between exogenous DNA molecules for integration and maintenance, and that more unselected DNA is retained in the presence of only one copy of the selected marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Green
- MRC Cell Mutation Unit, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, United Kingdom
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