1
|
Hassan S, Thacharodi A, Priya A, Meenatchi R, Hegde TA, R T, Nguyen HT, Pugazhendhi A. Endocrine disruptors: Unravelling the link between chemical exposure and Women's reproductive health. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 241:117385. [PMID: 37838203 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
An Endocrine Disrupting Chemical (EDC) is any compound that disrupts the function of the endocrine system in humans and is ubiquitous in the environment either as a result of natural events or through anthropogenic activities. Bisphenol A, phthalates, parabens, pesticides, triclosan, polychlorinated biphenyls, and heavy metals, which are frequently found in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and packaging sectors, are some of the major sources of EDC pollutants. EDCs have been identified to have a deteriorating effect on the female reproductive system, as evidenced by the increasing number of reproductive disorders such as endometriosis, uterine fibroids, polycystic ovary syndrome, premature ovarian failure, menstrual irregularity, menarche, and infertility. Studying EDCs in relation to women's health is essential for understanding the complex interactions between environmental factors and health outcomes. It enables the development of strategies to mitigate risks, protect reproductive and overall health, and inform public policy decisions to safeguard women's well-being. Healthcare professionals must know the possible dangers of EDC exposure and ask about environmental exposures while evaluating patients. This may result in more precise diagnosis and personalized treatment regimens. This review summarises the existing understanding of prevalent EDCs that impact women's health and involvement in female reproductive dysfunction and underscores the need for more research. Further insights on potential mechanisms of action of EDCs on female has been emphasized in the article. We also discuss the role of nutritional intervention in reducing the effect of EDCs on women's reproductive health. EDC pollution can be further reduced by adhering to strict regulations prohibiting the release of estrogenic substances into the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saqib Hassan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bio and Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, 600119, India; Future Leaders Mentoring Fellow, American Society for Microbiology, Washington, 20036, USA
| | - Aswin Thacharodi
- Dr. Thacharodi's Laboratories, Department of Research and Development, Puducherry, 605005, India
| | - Anshu Priya
- SRF-ICMR, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (IGIB), South Campus, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - R Meenatchi
- Department of Biotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thanushree A Hegde
- Department of Civil Engineering, NMAM Institute of Technology, Nitte, Karnataka, 574110, India
| | - Thangamani R
- Department of Civil Engineering, NMAM Institute of Technology, Nitte, Karnataka, 574110, India
| | - H T Nguyen
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; School of Engineering & Technology, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
| | - Arivalagan Pugazhendhi
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; School of Engineering & Technology, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jala A, Varghese B, Kaur G, Rajendiran K, Dutta R, Adela R, Borkar RM. Implications of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on polycystic ovarian syndrome: A comprehensive review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:58484-58513. [PMID: 35778660 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21612-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a complex multifactorial disorder of unknown pathogenesis in which genetic and environmental factors contribute synergistically to its phenotypic expressions. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), a group of widespread pollutants freely available in the environment and consumer products, can interfere with normal endocrine signals. Extensive evidence has shown that EDCs, environmental contributors to PCOS, can frequently induce ovarian and metabolic abnormalities at low doses. The current research on environmental EDCs suggests that there may be link between EDC exposure and PCOS, which calls for more human bio-monitoring of EDCs using highly sophisticated analytical techniques for the identification and quantification and to discover the underlying pathophysiology of the disease. This review briefly elaborated on the general etiology of PCOS and listed various epidemiological and experimental data from human and animal studies correlating EDCs and PCOS. This review also provides insights into various analytical tools and sample preparation techniques for biomonitoring studies for PCOS risk assessment. Furthermore, we highlight the role of metabolomics in disease-specific biomarker discovery and its use in clinical practice. It also suggests the way forward to integrate biomonitoring studies and metabolomics to underpin the role of EDCs in PCOS pathophysiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Jala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Changsari, 781101, India
| | - Bincy Varghese
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Changsari, 781101, India
| | - Gurparmeet Kaur
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Changsari, 781101, India
| | | | - Ratul Dutta
- Down Town Hospital, Guwahati, Assam, 781106, India
| | - Ramu Adela
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Changsari, 781101, India
| | - Roshan M Borkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, Changsari, 781101, India.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Montano L, Pironti C, Pinto G, Ricciardi M, Buono A, Brogna C, Venier M, Piscopo M, Amoresano A, Motta O. Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in the Environment: Occupational and Exposure Events, Effects on Human Health and Fertility. TOXICS 2022; 10:365. [PMID: 35878270 PMCID: PMC9323099 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10070365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade or so, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) garnered renewed attention in the scientific community due to new evidence pointing at their continued presence in the environment and workplaces and the potential human risks related to their presence. PCBs move from the environment to humans through different routes; the dominant pathway is the ingestion of contaminated foods (fish, seafood and dairy products), followed by inhalation (both indoor and outdoor air), and, to a lesser extent, dust ingestion and dermal contact. Numerous studies reported the environmental and occupational exposure to these pollutants, deriving from building materials (flame-retardants, plasticizers, paints, caulking compounds, sealants, fluorescent light ballasts, etc.) and electrical equipment. The highest PCBs contaminations were detected in e-waste recycling sites, suggesting the need for the implementation of remediation strategies of such polluted areas to safeguard the health of workers and local populations. Furthermore, a significant correlation between PCB exposure and increased blood PCB concentrations was observed in people working in PCB-contaminated workplaces. Several epidemiological studies suggest that environmental and occupational exposure to high concentrations of PCBs is associated with different health outcomes, such as neuropsychological and neurobehavioral deficits, dementia, immune system dysfunctions, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. In addition, recent studies indicate that PCBs bioaccumulation can reduce fertility, with harmful effects on the reproductive system that can be passed to offspring. In the near future, further studies are needed to assess the real effects of PCBs exposure at low concentrations for prolonged exposure in workplaces and specific indoor environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Montano
- Andrology Unit and Service of Lifestyle Medicine in UroAndrology, Local Health Authority (ASL) Salerno, Coordination Unit of the Network for Environmental and Reproductive Health (Eco-FoodFertility Project), S. Francesco di Assisi Hospital, Oliveto Citra, 84020 Salerno, Italy;
- PhD Program in Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Concetta Pironti
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (C.P.); (M.R.)
| | - Gabriella Pinto
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy; (G.P.); (A.A.)
- INBB—Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Consorzio Interuniversitario, 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Ricciardi
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (C.P.); (M.R.)
| | - Amalia Buono
- Research Laboratory Gentile, S.a.s., 80054 Gragnano, Italy;
| | - Carlo Brogna
- Craniomed Laboratory Group Srl, Viale degli Astronauti 45, 83038 Montemiletto, Italy;
| | - Marta Venier
- O’Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA;
| | - Marina Piscopo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy;
| | - Angela Amoresano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy; (G.P.); (A.A.)
- INBB—Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Consorzio Interuniversitario, 00136 Rome, Italy
| | - Oriana Motta
- Department of Medicine Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Via S. Allende, 84081 Baronissi, Italy; (C.P.); (M.R.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Storie J, Suškevičs M, Nevzati F, Külvik M, Kuhn T, Burkhard B, Vikström S, Lehtoranta V, Riikonen S, Oinonen S. Evidence on the impact of Baltic Sea ecosystems on human health and well-being: a systematic map. ENVIRONMENTAL EVIDENCE 2021; 10:30. [PMID: 34777788 PMCID: PMC8572082 DOI: 10.1186/s13750-021-00244-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While the unique marine and coastal environment of the Baltic Sea provides numerous ecosystem services, its ecosystems are under pressure due to the intensification and diversification of anthropogenic uses. This present work constitutes a systematic map of the evidence of the impacts of ecosystem services and disservices on human health and well-being. The aim is to create a better understanding of the threats of unsustainable management or the benefits of sustainable management of the Baltic Sea and the impacts these may have on the health and well-being of human populations and present these findings to policy advisors. The mapping process is described, and the characteristics of the evidence base are presented. METHODS The applied method has been previously published in a systematic map protocol. Literature searches were carried out in English considering published peer-reviewed literature from traditional scientific journals and scientific reports from the grey literature, using synthesis software. A total of 17 databases were searched. Articles were screened in stages at title and abstract stage, then full-text stage. Geographic limitations were placed on the searches in accordance with research funders call, however, watersheds that had an impact on the Baltic Sea marine and coastal regions were considered. We used the more open PEO format, where population (P) included the human populations within the marine and coastal environment of the Baltic Sea region, exposure (E) related to the Baltic Sea ecosystems services and disservices, and the outcome (O) included all aspects of human health and well-being. After full-text screening articles selected for inclusion were searched for metadata connected to bibliographic information, ecosystem services, health and well-being outcomes and policy relevance. REVIEW FINDINGS Out of 6456 hits only 460 studies discussed either health or well-being indicators to some extent. Of these, only 67 explicitly mentioned ecosystem services and health and well-being indicators. However, few in this subset engaged with the topic of ecosystem services or disservices and health and well-being in depth. Studies are increasingly relating the two concepts but currently it is mainly studies focussed on cultural ecosystem services that deal with the concept of health and well-being to a greater degree. Studies in the medical literature relating to impacts on health from exposure to the Baltic Sea did not relate their findings to ecosystem services. The database of 67 studies is attached as Additional file 5. CONCLUSIONS Ecosystem services play an important role in human health and well-being; however, we found few studies that explicitly examine these impacts in detail. Further research is needed to link the health and well-being outcomes from the Baltic Sea to the ecosystem services supplied and therefore to demonstrate the benefits and disservices provided by the Baltic Sea ecosystems to human populations. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13750-021-00244-w.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Storie
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Monika Suškevičs
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Fiona Nevzati
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mart Külvik
- Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 1, 51006 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tinka Kuhn
- Institute of Physical Geography and Landscape Ecology, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 50, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Benjamin Burkhard
- Institute of Physical Geography and Landscape Ecology, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover, Schneiderberg 50, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Suvi Vikström
- Finnish Environment Institute, Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Virpi Lehtoranta
- Finnish Environment Institute, Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Simo Riikonen
- Finnish Environment Institute, Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Soile Oinonen
- Finnish Environment Institute, Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Klenov V, Flor S, Ganesan S, Adur M, Eti N, Iqbal K, Soares MJ, Ludewig G, Ross JW, Robertson LW, Keating AF. The Aryl hydrocarbon receptor mediates reproductive toxicity of polychlorinated biphenyl congener 126 in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 426:115639. [PMID: 34256052 PMCID: PMC8500329 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are endocrine disrupting chemicals with documented, though mechanistically ill-defined, reproductive toxicity. The toxicity of dioxin-like PCBs, such as PCB126, is mediated via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) in non-ovarian tissues. The goal of this study was to examine the uterine and ovarian effects of PCB126 and test the hypothesis that the AHR is required for PCB126-induced reproductive toxicity. Female Holzman-Sprague Dawley wild type (n = 14; WT) and Ahr knock out (n = 11; AHR-/-) rats received a single intraperitoneal injection of either corn oil vehicle (5 ml/kg: WT_O and AHR-/-_O) or PCB126 (1.63 mg/kg in corn oil: WT_PCB and AHR-/-_PCB) at four weeks of age. The estrous cycle was synchronized and ovary and uterus were collected 28 days after exposure. In WT rats, PCB126 exposure reduced (P < 0.05) body and ovary weight, uterine gland number, uterine area, progesterone, 17β-estradiol and anti-Müllerian hormone level, secondary and antral follicle and corpora lutea number but follicle stimulating hormone level increased (P < 0.05). In AHR-/- rats, PCB126 exposure increased (P ≤ 0.05) circulating luteinizing hormone level. Ovarian or uterine mRNA abundance of biotransformation, and inflammation genes were altered (P < 0.05) in WT rats due to PCB126 exposure. In AHR-/- rats, the transcriptional effects of PCB126 were restricted to reductions (P < 0.05) in three inflammatory genes. These findings support a functional role for AHR in the female reproductive tract, illustrate AHR's requirement in PCB126-induced reprotoxicity, and highlight the potential risk of dioxin-like compounds on female reproduction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Violet Klenov
- Dept of Ob/Gyn, University of Iowa, United States of America
| | - Susanne Flor
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology and Dept of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, United States of America
| | - Shanthi Ganesan
- Dept of Animal Science, Iowa State University, United States of America
| | - Malavika Adur
- Dept of Animal Science, Iowa State University, United States of America
| | - Nazmin Eti
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology and Dept of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, United States of America
| | - Khursheed Iqbal
- Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research and Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States of America
| | - Michael J Soares
- Institute for Reproduction and Perinatal Research and Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States of America; Departments of Pediatrics and Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States of America; Center for Perinatal Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's Mercy, Kansas City, MO, United States of America
| | - Gabriele Ludewig
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology and Dept of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, United States of America
| | - Jason W Ross
- Dept of Animal Science, Iowa State University, United States of America
| | - Larry W Robertson
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Human Toxicology and Dept of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Iowa, United States of America
| | - Aileen F Keating
- Dept of Animal Science, Iowa State University, United States of America.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brominated flame retardants, including polybrominated biphenyls (PBB), are persistent compounds reported to affect sex hormones in animals; less is known about potential effects in humans. An industrial accident in 1973-1974 exposed Michigan residents to PBB through contaminated food. We examined whether this exposure to PBB had long-term effects on menstrual cycle function. METHODS In 2004-2006, we recruited reproductive-aged women in the Michigan PBB Registry who were not pregnant, lactating, or taking hormonal medications. Participants kept daily diaries and provided daily urine samples for up to 6 months. We assayed the urine samples for estrone 3-glucuronide (E13G), pregnanediol 3-glucuronide (Pd3G), and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH). We fit linear mixed models among women aged 35-42 years to describe the relation between serum PBB levels and log-transformed, creatinine-adjusted daily endocrine levels among women who were premenarchal during the exposure incident in 1973-1974 (n = 70). RESULTS We observed that high (>3.0 parts per billion [ppb]) and medium (>1.0-3.0 ppb) PBB exposure were associated with lower E13G levels across the menstrual cycle and lower FSH levels during the follicular phase, compared with low PBB exposure (≤1.0 ppb). High PBB exposure was also associated with lower Pd3G levels across the cycle compared with low PBB exposure, whereas Pd3G levels were similar in women with medium and low PBB exposure. CONCLUSION Our results are consistent with a hypothesized effect of exposure to an exogenous estrogen agonist but the modest sample size of the study requires cautious interpretation.
Collapse
|
7
|
Gallo MV, Ravenscroft J, Carpenter DO, Frye C, Akwesasne Task Force On The Environment, Cook B, Schell LM. Endocrine disrupting chemicals and ovulation: Is there a relationship? ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 151:410-418. [PMID: 27543788 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Although the potential for endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) to disrupt female fecundity is great, few studies have assessed the threat to human reproduction. This study investigates levels of organochlorines in relation to their impact on women's menstrual cycles and ovulatory status. To address concerns of the Akwesasne Mohawk community in upstate New York regarding well-established exposure to EDCs, women's fertility and reproductive health endpoints, we recruited 215 women between the ages of 21 and 38 years to measure menstrual cycle characteristics and levels of local pollutants. Of these, 155 women collected saliva over the course of their menstrual cycle allowing for analysis of estradiol and progesterone levels and the determination of ovulatory status in relationship to their serum pollutant levels. A subset of participants (15) who did not commence cycling within a month of their enrollment were not included in the analysis, hence reducing the sample size to 140 participants. Additionally, a lipid panel, estradiol and progesterone were assessed in serum on Day 3 of the menstrual cycle. Median cycle length for women in the sample was 29 days. After aligning the cycles, 110 women were considered ovulatory and 45 (29%) anovulatory. Concentrations of groups of more persistent PCBs congeners, HCB, and p,p'-DDE did not differ significantly with ovulatory status. However, a sub-group of low-chlorinated PCB congeners, considered to be estrogenic were significantly higher among anovulatory women. These findings suggest that certain EDC's, ubiquitous in our environment, may adversely affect menstrual cycles and thus have the capacity to impair reproductive function, including likelihood of conception.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mia V Gallo
- University at Albany, Department of Anthropology, A&S 237, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, United States; Center for the Elimination of Minority Health Disparities, University at Albany-SUNY, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, United States.
| | - Julia Ravenscroft
- University at Albany, Department of Anthropology, A&S 237, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, United States
| | - David O Carpenter
- Center for the Elimination of Minority Health Disparities, University at Albany-SUNY, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, United States; Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, 5 University Place, Rensselaer, NY, United States
| | - Cheryl Frye
- University at Albany, Department of Psychology, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, United States
| | | | - Beverly Cook
- St. Regis Mohawk Tribal Council, Akwesasne, NY, United States
| | - Lawrence M Schell
- University at Albany, Department of Anthropology, A&S 237, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, United States; Center for the Elimination of Minority Health Disparities, University at Albany-SUNY, 1400 Washington Avenue, Albany, NY, United States; Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, 5 University Place, Rensselaer, NY, United States; University at Albany, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, One University Place, Room 131, Rensselaer, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Evaluation of the reproductive toxicity of fungicide propiconazole in male rats. Toxicology 2015; 335:55-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
9
|
Costa EMF, Spritzer PM, Hohl A, Bachega TASS. Effects of endocrine disruptors in the development of the female reproductive tract. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 58:153-61. [PMID: 24830592 DOI: 10.1590/0004-2730000003031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Environmental agencies have identified a growing number of environmental contaminants that have endocrine disrupting activity, and these can become a major public health problem. It is suggested that endocrine disruptors could account for the higher-than-expected increase in the prevalence of some non-communicable diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, thyroid diseases, and some cancers. Several endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs), such as pesticides, bisphenol A, phthalates, dioxins, and phytoestrogens, can interact with the female reproductive system and lead to endocrine disruption. Initially, it was assumed that EDCs exert their effects by binding to hormone receptors and transcription factors, but it is currently known that they may also alter the expression of enzymes involved in the synthesis or catabolism of steroids. Biomonitoring studies have identified these compounds in adults, children, pregnant women, and fetuses. Among the diseases of the female reproductive tract associated with EDCs exposure are the following: precocious puberty, polycystic ovary syndrome, and premature ovarian failure. The different populations of the world are exposed to a great number of chemicals through different routes of infection; despite the various available studies, there is still much doubt regarding the additive effect of a mixture of EDCs with similar mechanisms of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Maria Frade Costa
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM42, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Poli Mara Spritzer
- Divisão de Endocrinologia, Unidade de Ginecologia Endócrina, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre
| | - Alexandre Hohl
- Serviço de Endocrinologia e Metabologia do Hospital Universitário, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Buck Louis GM, Rios LI, McLain A, Cooney MA, Kostyniak PJ, Sundaram R. Persistent organochlorine pollutants and menstrual cycle characteristics. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 85:1742-8. [PMID: 22018858 PMCID: PMC4143889 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
An evolving body of evidence suggests an adverse relation between persistent organochlorine pollutants (POPs) and menstruation, though prospective longitudinal measurement of menses is limited and served as the impetus for study. We prospectively assessed the relation between a mixture of persistent organochlorine compounds and menstrual cycle length and duration of bleeding in a cohort of women attempting to become pregnant. Eighty-three (83%) women contributing 447 cycles for analysis provided a blood specimen for the quantification of 76 polychlorinated biphenyls and seven organochlorine pesticides, and completed daily diaries on menstruation until a human chorionic gonadotropin confirmed pregnancy or 12 menstrual cycles without conception. Gas chromatography with electron capture detection was used to quantify concentrations (ng g(-1)serum); enzymatic methods were used to quantify serum lipids (mg dL(-1)). A linear regression model with a mixture distribution was used to identify chemicals grouped by purported biologic activity that significantly affected menstrual cycle length and duration of bleeding adjusting for age at menarche and enrollment, body mass index, and cigarette smoking. A significant 3-d increase in cycle length was observed for women in the highest tertile of estrogenic PCB congeners relative to the lowest tertile (β=3.20; 95% CI 0.36, 6.04). A significant reduction in bleeding (<1 d) was observed among women in the highest versus lowest tertile of aromatic fungicide exposure (γ=-0.15; 95% CI -0.29, -0.00). Select POPs were associated with changes in menstruation underscoring the importance of assessing chemical mixtures for female fecundity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Germaine M Buck Louis
- Division of Epidemiology, Statistics and Prevention Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yang CY, Huang TS, Lin KC, Kuo P, Tsai PC, Guo YL. Menstrual effects among women exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls and dibenzofurans. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2011; 111:288-294. [PMID: 21186023 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2010.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2010] [Revised: 11/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and dibenzo-dioxins (PCDDs) may affect the female reproductive system in humans. A mass poisoning occurred in Taiwan due to PCBs/PCDFs-contaminated cooking oil, and was called the Yucheng (oil-disease in Chinese). We aimed to determine whether Yucheng women were affected in their menstruation. METHODS After the event, we followed the exposed individuals and an age-matched neighborhood reference group. Menstrual cycle characteristics and age at menarche were obtained by a telephone interview. We used multiple linear and logistic regression to examine the association between PCBs/PCDFs and menstrual cycle characteristics, after adjusting for confounding factors. RESULTS Totally 445 women responded satisfactorily and were included in the analyses of menstrual characteristics. Menstrual cycle irregularity and dysmenorrheal did not differ between Yucheng and referents. Yucheng women's menstrual cycles were 0.5 (95% CI: 0.0-0.5; p=0.03) days shorter than those of the referents. The Yucheng women with skin lesions caused by PCBs/PCDFs were more prominently affected, with the cycles 1.2 days shorter than the referents. Yucheng women exposed to PCBs/PCDFs at the premenacheal period had reduced cycle length (-0.7 day, 95% CI: -1.4 to 0.0; p=0.04) and longer days of menstrual flow (0.5 day, 95% CI: 0.0-1.0; p=0.04). Among those women who were exposed at an age of 5-9 years, menarche started slightly earlier with borderline significance. CONCLUSIONS Shorter menstrual cycle length and a longer duration of bleeding in each cycle were found among women previously exposed to PCBs/PCDFs. These effects were more obviously observed among those exposed at premenarcheal ages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Yueh Yang
- Department of Health Business Administration, Hung-Kuang University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bloom MS, Buck-Louis GM, Schisterman EF, Kostyniak PJ, Vena JE. Changes in maternal serum chlorinated pesticide concentrations across critical windows of human reproduction and development. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2009; 109:93-100. [PMID: 18973878 PMCID: PMC2606911 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2008.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Revised: 07/17/2008] [Accepted: 08/29/2008] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Investigators often employ a single cross-sectional measure of in utero exposure when evaluating associations between organochlorine (OCs) pesticides/metabolites and adverse reproductive outcomes. Few data are available on the stability of exposures to OCs over critical windows of human reproduction and development inclusive of the periconception window. Our objective was to measures changes in OC concentrations prior to conception and throughout pregnancy or after 12 unsuccessful months attempting pregnancy. Seventy-nine women planning pregnancy were prospectively enrolled and followed for up to 12 menstrual cycles. Blood specimens were obtained for toxicologic analysis of seven OCs from participating women at baseline (preconception, n=79), at the first prenatal visit following a positive pregnancy test leading to a live birth (n=54) or after pregnancy loss (n=10), at approximately 6 weeks post-partum (n=53), and after 12 unsuccessful cycles (n=9). Overall and daily rate of change in OCs concentration (ng/gserum) were estimated adjusting for serum lipids and baseline concentration. Significant (P<0.05) decreases in the overall and daily rate of change in OCs concentrations (ng/mLserum) were observed from baseline to pregnancy for HCB (-0.032, -0.001, respectively) and trans-nonachlor (-0.050, -0.002, respectively) while oxychlordane demonstrated an increase during this critical window (0.029, 0.001, respectively). Significant decreases in aldrin (-0.002, -1.47x10(-4), respectively), HCB (-0.069, -0.003, respectively), and trans-nonachlor (-0.045, -0.002, respectively), and an overall increase for oxychlordane (0.015) were seen for women with pregnancy losses. Significant decreases also were observed among infertile women for aldrin (-0.003, -3.52x10(-6), respectively), DDE (-0.210, -4.29x10(-4), respectively), and HCB (-0.096, -2.03x10(-4), respectively), along with an increase for trans-nonachlor (0.034, 7.59x10(-5), respectively). These data, though limited by sample size and the possibility of laboratory measurement error, suggest that OC concentrations may change over critical windows. This underscores the importance of timing biospecimen collection to critical windows for development in the assessment of reproductive and/or developmental effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Bloom
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University at Albany, State University of New York, One University Place, Rm. #153, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Crain DA, Janssen SJ, Edwards TM, Heindel J, Ho SM, Hunt P, Iguchi T, Juul A, McLachlan JA, Schwartz J, Skakkebaek N, Soto AM, Swan S, Walker C, Woodruff TK, Woodruff TJ, Giudice LC, Guillette LJ. Female reproductive disorders: the roles of endocrine-disrupting compounds and developmental timing. Fertil Steril 2008; 90:911-40. [PMID: 18929049 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2008] [Accepted: 08/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the possible role of endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) on female reproductive disorders emphasizing developmental plasticity and the complexity of endocrine-dependent ontogeny of reproductive organs. Declining conception rates and the high incidence of female reproductive disruptions warrant evaluation of the impact of EDCs on female reproductive health. DESIGN Publications related to the contribution of EDCs to disorders of the ovary (aneuploidy, polycystic ovary syndrome, and altered cyclicity), uterus (endometriosis, uterine fibroids, fetal growth restriction, and pregnancy loss), breast (breast cancer, reduced duration of lactation), and pubertal timing were identified, reviewed, and summarized at a workshop. CONCLUSION(S) The data reviewed illustrate that EDCs contribute to numerous human female reproductive disorders and emphasize the sensitivity of early life-stage exposures. Many research gaps are identified that limit full understanding of the contribution of EDCs to female reproductive problems. Moreover, there is an urgent need to reduce the incidence of these reproductive disorders, which can be addressed by correlative studies on early life exposure and adult reproductive dysfunction together with tools to assess the specific exposures and methods to block their effects. This review of the EDC literature as it relates to female health provides an important platform on which women's health can be improved.
Collapse
|
14
|
Dórea JG. Persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic substances in fish: human health considerations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2008; 400:93-114. [PMID: 18653214 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2008] [Revised: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Fish are important dietary items that provide essential nutrients. Fish however, bioaccumulate monomethyl mercury (MMHg) and organo-halogenated pollutants (OHP) that are persistent bioaccumulative and toxic substances (PBTS). Unlike man-made OHP, MMHg is mainly of natural origin but background concentrations of aquatic systems are determined by the environmental Hg-methylating potential. Industrial activities can modulate environmental discharges and fish bioaccumulation of PBTS. Fish and seafood consumption are associated with human body load of PBTS, but farming practices that utilize fishmeal increase the terrestrial food chain resulting in farm-animal accumulation of PBTS. These substances are neurotoxic and endocrine active that can impact humans and wild life, but chemical characteristics of MMHg and OHP modulate interactions with animal tissues. MMHg is protein reactive with a faster metabolism (months) than OHP that are stored and slowly (years) metabolized in fat tissues. Except for brain-Hg, neither Hg nor OHP in tissues are markers of toxic effects; however, deficits in neurobehavioral test-scores of children have been shown in some fish-eating populations. These deficits are transient and within normal range, and are not prodromes of neurological diseases. Although population studies show that consumption of fish at current levels of contamination do not explain neurological disorders, endocrine activity remains controversial. Understanding risk of hazard caused by fish-PBTS consumption requires a wide range of expertise. We discuss chemical, toxic, metabolic, and ecological characteristics associated with PBTS in fish. There are proven health outcome derived from fish consumption, while risk of exposure to avoidable PBTS is a chance that can be minimized by societal actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José G Dórea
- Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Axmon A, Rylander L, Rignell-Hydbom A. Reproductive toxicity of seafood contaminants: prospective comparisons of Swedish east and west coast fishermen's families. Environ Health 2008; 7:20. [PMID: 18507855 PMCID: PMC2438351 DOI: 10.1186/1476-069x-7-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2007] [Accepted: 05/28/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Cohorts comprising fishermen's families on the east coast of Sweden have been found to have a high consumption of contaminated fish as well as high body burdens of persistent organochlorine pollutants (POPs). Their west coast correspondents are socio-economically similar, but with considerably lower POP exposure since the fish caught on the west coast is far less contaminated. The rationale for this was that the cohorts residing on the east coast of Sweden have been found to have a high consumption of contaminated fish as well as high body burdens of POPs, whereas their west coast correspondents are socio-economically similar, but with considerably lower POP exposure since the fish caught on the west coast is far less contaminated. Among the reproductive outcomes investigated are included both male and female parameters, as well as couple fertility and effects on the fetus. A range of exposure measures, including both questionnaire assessments of fish consumption and biomarkers, have been used. The most consistent findings of the studies are those related to the fetus, where a decreased birth weight was found across all measures of exposure, which is in agreement with studies from other populations. Some markers for male reproduction function, i.e. sperm motility, sperm chromatin integrity, and Y:X chromosome ratio, were associated with POP exposure, whereas others, such as sperm concentration and semen volume, were not. With respect to couple fertility and female reproductive parameters, no support was given for associations with POP exposure. Although some associations may have been affected by beneficial effects of essential nutrients in seafood, the overall findings are meaningful in the context of reproductive toxicity and support the usefulness of the epidemiological design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Axmon
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars Rylander
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Anna Rignell-Hydbom
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Giordano F, Carbone P, Nori F, Mantovani A, Taruscio D, Figà-Talamanca I. Maternal diet and the risk of hypospadias and cryptorchidism in the offspring. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2008; 22:249-60. [PMID: 18426520 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3016.2007.00918.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Male genital tract birth defects have been associated in previous studies with several prenatal exposures to environmental and dietary risk factors. The purpose of this study was to explore the association between hypospadias and cryptorchidism, and the dietary habits of an agricultural population in Italy. A population-based case-control study was conducted in the Sicilian Province of Ragusa. Cases (n = 90) and controls (n = 202) included births for the period 1998-2002. Data on dietary habits of the mothers, as well as health-related social, occupational and environmental exposures prior to and during the index birth, were collected through interviews. Adjusted odds ratios (OR) were calculated by logistic regression after adjustment for confounding variables. Increased ORs were observed for mothers of children with hypospadias who, during pregnancy, frequently consumed fish (OR = 2.33 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03, 5.31]) and market-purchased fruit (OR = 5.10 [95% CI 1.31, 19.82]). For cryptorchidism, increased risk was observed in mothers consuming liver (OR = 5.21 [95% CI 1.26, 21.50]), and smoked products (OR = 2.46 [95% CI 1.15, 5.29]). For the two malformations pooled together, increased risk was associated with maternal consumption of liver (OR = 4.38 [95% CI 1.34, 14.26]) and with frequent consumption of wine (OR = 1.98 [95% CI 1.01, 3.86]). This study suggests that some maternal dietary factors may play a role in the development of congenital defects of the male reproductive tract. In particular, our data indicate that further research may be warranted on the endocrine-disrupting effects resulting from the bioaccumulation of contaminants (fish, liver), pesticides (marketed fruit, wine) and/or potentially toxic food components (smoked products, wine, liver).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Felice Giordano
- Department of Animal and Human Biology, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Small CM, Manatunga AK, Marcus M. Validity of Self-Reported Menstrual Cycle Length. Ann Epidemiol 2007; 17:163-70. [PMID: 16882471 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2006.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2006] [Revised: 05/09/2006] [Accepted: 05/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Self-reported menstrual cycle length has been associated with host and environmental factors and chronic disease risk. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the validity of self-reported cycle length. METHODS The authors assessed the agreement between a woman's self-reported "usual" cycle length at study onset with the mean of her observed cycle lengths from prospective daily diaries for 398 women aged 19 to 41 years in the Mount Sinai Study of Women Office Workers (1990 to 1994). RESULTS Forty-three percent of women self-reported usual cycle lengths more than 2 days different from their mean length. When self-reported cycle length was categorized (<26, 26 to 35, and >35 days) and compared with mean cycle length, 21% of women were misclassified. Women who were older, married, and with higher income were more likely to have accurately reported their menstrual cycle length. Women who had short or long mean cycle lengths (lowest and highest quintile of length) were less likely to self-report accurately, and accuracy decreased monotonically with increasing cycle variability. CONCLUSIONS These findings show considerable measurement error in self-reported cycle length, as well as describe population subgroups that report menstrual cycle length with the greatest accuracy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chanley M Small
- Department of Epidemiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Axmon A. Menarche in women with high exposure to persistent organochlorine pollutants in utero and during childhood. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2006; 102:77-82. [PMID: 16458286 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2005.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2005] [Revised: 12/09/2005] [Accepted: 12/15/2005] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In animal studies, exposure to persistent organochlorine pollutants (POPs) in utero and through mother's milk has been suggested to affect the onset of puberty. However, human studies are scarce and ambiguous. In the present study, information on age at menarche was collected from 545 women who had been brought up in a fishing village/family on the Swedish east coast, off the Baltic Sea, and therefore were assumed to have been exposed to POPs in utero, through breast feeding, and/or through dietary habits during their childhood. The average age at menarche for these women was compared to that of three referent groups: (a) 1252 women who also had been brought up in a fishing village/family, but on the Swedish west coast, where the fish had been considerably less contaminated; (b) 634 women from the east coast, but who had not grown up in a fishing village/family; and (c) 869 women from the west coast who had not grown up in a fishing village/family. Based on previous studies, all groups were regarded as having similar socioeconomic circumstances. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA). In an attempt to account for variations in environmental concentrations of POPs over time, all analyses were adjusted for year of birth. Exposed women were found to be slightly older at menarche than referent women from the same coastal area (mean age 13.0 vs 12.8 yr). No differences were found between the exposed women and the two other referent groups (mean age 13.0 yr in all groups).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Axmon
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine and Psychiatric Epidemiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Axmon A, Rignell-Hydbom A. Estimations of past male and female serum concentrations of biomarkers of persistent organochlorine pollutants and their impact on fecundability estimates. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2006; 101:387-94. [PMID: 16352301 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2005.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2005] [Revised: 09/27/2005] [Accepted: 10/07/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organochlorine pollutants (POPs) have been suggested to have negative effects on a number of hormonal systems. Several studies performed retrospectively have reported a possible association between POP exposure and fertility, measured as time to pregnancy (TTP). However, these studies lack biomarkers of exposure at the time when the women tried to conceive. It has previously been found that past female serum concentrations of 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (CB-153) can be estimated using a complex decay model, assuming that the biological half-life is 5 years, the yearly environmental reduction of the compound has been 3% since 1976, and the reduction of body burden due to lactation is 20% for periods up to 6 months and 30% for periods exceeding 6 months. In the present study, it is established that the model is valid also for estimations of past male serum concentrations of CB-153. Furthermore, the complex decay model was found to be useful also for estimating past serum concentrations of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl)-ethylene (p,p'-DDE), assuming that the biological half-life of the compound is 8 years, the yearly reduction between 1971 and 1981 was 20% and after that 9%, and the reduction of body burden due to lactation is the same as that for CB-153. However, even though the estimated past serum concentrations of CB-153 and p,p'-DDE were found to be better proxy measures of actual past concentrations than current serum concentrations, there was little change in the rank order of the population investigated. Thus, the effect estimate for TTP was similar for both proxy measures when using categorized measures of exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Axmon
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine and Psychiatric Epidemiology, Lund University Hospital, Lund 221 85, Sweden.
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ouyang F, Perry MJ, Venners SA, Chen C, Wang B, Yang F, Fang Z, Zang T, Wang L, Xu X, Wang X. Serum DDT, age at menarche, and abnormal menstrual cycle length. Occup Environ Med 2006; 62:878-84. [PMID: 16299097 PMCID: PMC1740929 DOI: 10.1136/oem.2005.020248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) exposure is known to affect human endocrine function, few previous studies have investigated the effects of DDT exposure on age at menarche or menstrual cycle length. METHODS A cross sectional study was conducted to study the effects of DDT exposure on age at menarche and menstrual cycle length among 466 newly married, nulliparous female Chinese textile workers aged 20-34 years enrolled between 1996 and 1998. Serum was analysed for DDT and its major metabolites. Multivariate linear regression was used to estimate DDT exposure effects on age at menarche and multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate DDT exposure effects on odds of experiencing short or long cycles. RESULTS Relative to those in the lowest DDT quartile, the adjusted mean age at menarche was younger in those in the fourth quartile (-1.11 years). Modeled as a continuous variable, a 10 ng/g increase in serum DDT concentration was associated with an adjusted reduction in age at menarche of 0.20 years. Relative to those in the lowest DDT quartile, odds of any short cycle (<21 days) in the previous year were higher for those in the fourth quartile (odds ratio = 2.78; 95% CI 1.07 to 7.14). There were no associations between serum DDT concentrations and odds of experiencing a long cycle (>40 days). CONCLUSION Results suggest that DDT exposure was associated with earlier age at menarche and increased risk of experiencing a shortened menstrual cycle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Ouyang
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Axmon A, Hagmar L. Time to pregnancy and pregnancy outcome. Fertil Steril 2006; 84:966-74. [PMID: 16213851 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2004] [Revised: 04/18/2005] [Accepted: 04/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether the outcome of a pregnancy is related to the time required to achieve that pregnancy (TTP). DESIGN The distribution of the TTP for pregnancies ending in multiple birth, early (before week 12) and late (weeks 12-28) miscarriage, stillbirth, and extrauterine pregnancy was compared to that of pregnancies ending in singleton birth. Furthermore, the distribution of the TTP for preterm singleton births was compared to that of full-term singleton births. SETTING Sweden. PATIENT(S) Information from three previous studies on reproduction was used: Women chosen for exposure to persistent organochlorine pollutants, or exposure as a hairdresser, and their respective controls. INTERVENTION(S) None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Self-reported pregnancy outcome. RESULT(S) An increased TTP (i.e., decreased fecundability) was associated with pregnancies ending in miscarriage (early as well as late) and extrauterine pregnancies. Pregnancies ending in multiple live birth tended to have shorter TTPs than those ending in single live birth. No association between TTP and stillbirths was found. Among women whose pregnancies ended in singleton birth, a prolonged TTP was associated with preterm delivery. CONCLUSION(S) The TTP of a pregnancy seemed to be associated with the outcome of that pregnancy. The mechanisms behind this phenomenon are, however, unclear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Axmon
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine and Psychiatric Epidemiology, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Axmon A, Thulstrup AM, Rignell-Hydbom A, Pedersen HS, Zvyezday V, Ludwicki JK, Jönsson BAG, Toft G, Bonde JP, Hagmar L. Time to pregnancy as a function of male and female serum concentrations of 2,2'4,4'5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (CB-153) and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl)-ethylene (p,p'-DDE). Hum Reprod 2005; 21:657-65. [PMID: 16361295 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dei397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent organochlorine pollutants (POP) may affect both the female and male reproductive system in animals as well as in humans. METHODS Blood samples were collected from pregnant women and their partners from Greenland, Warsaw and Kharkiv, and from a cohort of Swedish fishermen's wives. Blood samples were analysed for 2,2',4,4',5,5'-hexachlorobiphenyl (CB-153) and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl)-ethylene (p,p'-DDE). Information on the participants' fertility, measured as time to pregnancy (TTP), was collected. In total, 778 men and 1505 women were included in the analyses. RESULTS The data from Warsaw, Kharkiv and the Swedish fishermen's wives indicated no effect of either male or female exposure to POP on TTP. However, among men and women from Greenland, there seemed to be an association between serum concentrations of CB-153 and p,p'-DDE and prolonged TTP. Due to the strong intra-individual correlation between CB-153 and p,p'-DDE in the Greenlandic population, it was not possible to determine whether the risk was associated with CB-153 or p, p'-DDE or was an interaction between the two compounds. CONCLUSIONS The overall results of the present study create a somewhat ambiguous pattern, but give some support to the idea that dietary POP exposure might be harmful for couple fertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Axmon
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine and Psychiatric Epidemiology, Lund University Hospital, SE-221 85 Lund, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|