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Villarreal-Reyes C, Díaz de León-Martínez L, Flores-Ramírez R, González-Lara F, Villarreal-Lucio S, Vargas-Berrones KX. Ecotoxicological impacts caused by high demand surfactants in Latin America and a technological and innovative perspective for their substitution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 816:151661. [PMID: 34780823 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, water pollution represents a great concern due to population growth, industrialization, and urbanization. Every day hazardous chemical products for humans and aquatic organisms are disposed of arbitrarily from homes and industries. Even though detergents are considered an essential market, there is evidence of environmental impacts caused by surfactants like nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPE) and linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS). Regulations about maximum allowable concentrations in sewage, surface water, and drinking water are scarce or null, mostly in developing countries like Latin American countries. Therefore, this review explores these two common toxic surfactants (NPE and LAS) and proposes a technological, innovative, and ecological perspective on detergents. Also, it establishes a starting point for industries to minimize adverse effects on humans and environmental health caused by these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Villarreal-Reyes
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. Av. Manuel Nava No. 6, C.P. 78260, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Lorena Díaz de León-Martínez
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, CP 78210, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Flores-Ramírez
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, CP 78210, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Fabiola González-Lara
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. Av. Manuel Nava No. 6, C.P. 78260, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Samantha Villarreal-Lucio
- Centro de Investigación Aplicada en Ambiente y Salud (CIAAS), Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, CP 78210, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Karla Ximena Vargas-Berrones
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí. Av. Manuel Nava No. 6, C.P. 78260, San Luis Potosí, Mexico.
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2
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Li WL, Zhang ZF, Li YF, Hung H, Yuan YX. Assessing the distributions and fate of household and personal care chemicals (HPCCs) in the Songhua Catchment, Northeast China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 786:147484. [PMID: 33984702 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Many household and personal care chemicals (HPCCs) are of environmental concern due to their potential toxicity to humans and wildlife. However, few studies investigate the spatiotemporal variations and fate of HPCCs in large-scale river systems. Here, river water and sediment samples from the Songhua River in Northeast China were analyzed for seven classes of HPCCs. Correlation analysis suggested similar sources and environmental behavior for compounds from the same HPCC classes. In the river water, the concentrations of most HPCCs in the cold season were significantly higher than that of the warm season (p < 0.01). Significantly higher levels of target compounds were found in the downstream water samples of a city, suggesting the influence of human activities on the distributions of HPCCs. The concentrations and distributions of most HPCCs were controlled by primary emission sources. The derived dissolved concentrations of HPCCs suggested that small amounts of caffeine and parabens were partitioned onto particles, while large amounts of many other HPCCs were bound to the particle phase. Water-sediment distribution coefficients (log Kd) ranged from 1.59 for caffeine to 3.95 for benzalkonium chloride-C14. This work presents new insights into the environmental behavior of HPCCs and the factors affecting their fate in river systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Long Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto M2N 6X9, Canada
| | - Hayley Hung
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Yi-Xing Yuan
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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3
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Darabi J, Ghiasvand A, Haddad PR. Biomass-derived carbon nanospheres decorated by manganese oxide nanosheets, intercalated into polypyrrole, as an inside-needle capillary adsorption trap sorbent for the analysis of linear alkylbenzenes. Talanta 2021; 233:122583. [PMID: 34215075 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanospheres (CNSs) were derived hydrothermally from biomass (orange peels) and decorated by manganese dioxide (MnO2) nanosheets. The MnO2/CNSs nanocomposite was intercalated into polypyrrole (PPy) during flow-through in-situ electropolymerization of pyrrole on the surface of the inner wall of a stainless-steel needle to prepare an inside-needle capillary adsorption trap (INCAT) device. The surface morphology, thermogravimetric behavior, sorption characteristics, and structure of the MnO2/CNSs@PPy nanocomposite were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), nitrogen physisorption by the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method, dynamic light scattering (DLS) size distribution, and Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR). The INCAT device was coupled with GC-FID and applied for dynamic headspace analysis of linear alkyl benzenes (LABs) in wastewater samples. The effective experimental variables on the extraction efficiency was optimized using a central composite design (CCD) based on response surface methodology (RSM). Under the optimal conditions, the limits of detection (LODs) were in the range of 0.5-1.0 ng mL-1. The calibration plots were linear over the range of 0.01-10 μg mL-1. The relative standard deviations (RSDs%) for intra-day, inter-day, and inter-INCAT precision were calculated 5.3-8.3%, 9.4-13.5%, and 13.6-16.9%, respectively. The developed technique was employed successfully for the analysis of LABs in water and wastewater samples with average recovery values ranging from 92 to 109%. A single INCAT device was used more than 90 times without significant change in its extraction capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jila Darabi
- Department of Chemistry, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran; Standard Research Institute of Iran, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Alireza Ghiasvand
- Department of Chemistry, Lorestan University, Khoramabad, Iran; Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia.
| | - Paul R Haddad
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science (ACROSS), School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
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Zhu FJ, Ma WL, Xu TF, Ding Y, Zhao X, Li WL, Liu LY, Song WW, Li YF, Zhang ZF. Removal characteristic of surfactants in typical industrial and domestic wastewater treatment plants in Northeast China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 153:84-90. [PMID: 29407743 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Surfactants are widely used in household and industrial products for cleaning and/or solubilization in our daily life. Therefore, they are finally discharged into wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), which may be the major point pollution source for environment if they were not completely removed during wastewater treatment. In this study, two typical industrial and domestic WWTPs with different wastewater treatment technologies were considered for the topic. Totally, two types of surfactants were analyzed in 24 h influent and each processing unit effluent. Four linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LASs) with the alkyl chain from C10 to C13, and two benzalkonium chlorides (BACs) with the alkyl chain of C12 and C14 were selected as target compounds. The total concentrations of LASs in influent varied from 19.2 to 1889 μg/L and LAS-C11 and LAS-C12 were the predominant compounds with the concentration from 6.01 to 641 μg/L and 8.02-674 μg/L, respectively. The total concentrations of BACs were much lower than those of LASs, with the concentration ranging from 0.00935 to 1.85 μg/L. Significant positive correlations were observed between concentrations of LASs and BACs in influent, indicating their same and/or similar sources. Compared with the concentration of influent, the concentration of effluent was much lower, indicating the high removal efficiency by the two wastewater treatment processes. Biological treatment unit and cyclic activated sludge system were the main treatment units for the removing of surfactants, which suggested that these two types of surfactants can be easily degraded under aerobic condition. Seasonal variation indicated that the removal efficiencies of surfactants in autumn were a little higher than those in winter. The results of this study provided new insights into the environmental fate of surfactants in wastewater treatment system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Jie Zhu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Tie-Fu Xu
- Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Yi Ding
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wen-Long Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wei-Wei Song
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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5
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Chavez-Sumarriva I, Van Steenberge PHM, D’hooge DR. New Insights in the Treatment of Waste Water with Graphene: Dual-Site Adsorption by Sodium Dodecylbenzenesulfonate. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b02302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Israel Chavez-Sumarriva
- Laboratory
for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National University of San Marcos, Lima 1, Lima, Peru
| | - Paul H. M. Van Steenberge
- Laboratory
for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Dagmar R. D’hooge
- Laboratory
for Chemical Technology (LCT), Ghent University, Technologiepark 914, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department
of Textiles, Ghent University, Technologiepark 907, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Gent, Belgium
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6
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Cowan-Ellsberry C, Belanger S, Dorn P, Dyer S, McAvoy D, Sanderson H, Versteeg D, Ferrer D, Stanton K. Environmental Safety of the Use of Major Surfactant Classes in North America. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2014; 44:1893-1993. [PMID: 25170243 PMCID: PMC4130171 DOI: 10.1080/10739149.2013.803777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This paper brings together over 250 published and unpublished studies on the environmental properties, fate, and toxicity of the four major, high-volume surfactant classes and relevant feedstocks. The surfactants and feedstocks covered include alcohol sulfate or alcohol sulfate (AS), alcohol ethoxysulfate (AES), linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS), alcohol ethoxylate (AE), and long-chain alcohol (LCOH). These chemicals are used in a wide range of personal care and cleaning products. To date, this is the most comprehensive report on these substance's chemical structures, use, and volume information, physical/chemical properties, environmental fate properties such as biodegradation and sorption, monitoring studies through sewers, wastewater treatment plants and eventual release to the environment, aquatic and sediment toxicity, and bioaccumulation information. These data are used to illustrate the process for conducting both prospective and retrospective risk assessments for large-volume chemicals and categories of chemicals with wide dispersive use. Prospective risk assessments of AS, AES, AE, LAS, and LCOH demonstrate that these substances, although used in very high volume and widely released to the aquatic environment, have no adverse impact on the aquatic or sediment environments at current levels of use. The retrospective risk assessments of these same substances have clearly demonstrated that the conclusions of the prospective risk assessments are valid and confirm that these substances do not pose a risk to the aquatic or sediment environments. This paper also highlights the many years of research that the surfactant and cleaning products industry has supported, as part of their environmental sustainability commitment, to improve environmental tools, approaches, and develop innovative methods appropriate to address environmental properties of personal care and cleaning product chemicals, many of which have become approved international standard methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Scott Dyer
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, OH, USA
| | - Drew McAvoy
- University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Darci Ferrer
- American Cleaning Institute, Washington, DC, USA
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7
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Bradai M, Han J, El Omri A, Funamizu N, Sayadi S, Isoda H. Cytotoxic effect of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate on human intestinal Caco-2 cells: associated biomarkers for risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:10840-10851. [PMID: 24878558 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) is a synthetic anionic surfactant widely present in the environment due to its intensive production and use in the detergency field. Admitting that current procedure of risk assessment has limits in providing realistic risk assessment data and predicting the cumulative effect of the toxicant mixtures, the incorporation of information regarding the mode of action and cell response mechanism seems to be a potential solution to overcome these limits. In this regard, we investigated in this study the LAS cytotoxicity on human intestinal Caco-2 cells, trying to unveil the protein actors implicated in the cell response using proteomics approach in order to give a better understanding of the toxicological effect and allow the identification of appropriate biomarkers reflecting the mode of action associated with LAS. As results, we demonstrated that LAS induces a time- and dose-dependent cytotoxicity in Caco-2 cells accompanied by an induction of oxidative stress followed by an excessive increase of intracellular calcium level. Proteomics approach helped in discovering three informative biomarkers of effect associated with LAS cytotoxic effect, reported for the first time: calreticulin, thioredoxin, and heat shock cognate 71 (HSP7C), confirmed by real-time PCR and western blot analysis. These biomarkers could serve for more reliable future risk assessment studies that consider the toxicants mode of action in order to help in the prediction of potential cumulative effects of environmentally coexisting contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Bradai
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
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8
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Removal of the surfactant sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate from water by processes based on adsorption/bioadsorption and biodegradation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 418:113-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Baena-Nogueras RM, González-Mazo E, Lara-Martín PA. Determination and occurrence of secondary alkane sulfonates (SAS) in aquatic environments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 176:151-157. [PMID: 23421983 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A new methodology has been developed for the determination of secondary alkane sulfonates (SAS), an anionic surfactant, in environmental matrices. Sediment and sludge samples were extracted using pressurized liquid extraction and sonication, whereas wastewater and surface water samples were processed using solid-phase extraction. Extraction recoveries were acceptable for both aqueous (78-120%) and solid samples (83-100%). Determination of SAS was carried out by high or ultra performance liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry using ion trap and time-of-flight detectors. The methodology was applied to samples from Guadalete River (SW Spain), where SAS concentrations below 1 μg L(-1) were measured in surface water, and from 72 to 9737 μg kg(-1) in sediments. Differential partitioning was observed for SAS homologues as those having a longer hydrocarbon chain which preferentially sorbed onto particulate matter. A preliminary environmental risk assessment also showed that SAS measured levels were not harmful to the aquatic community in the sampling area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa María Baena-Nogueras
- Departamento de Química-Física, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar, Campus de Río San Pedro s/n, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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10
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Mauffret A, Gillan DC, Eriksson KM, Rottiers A, Blasco J, Temara A. LAS degradability by marine biofilms derived from seawater in Spain and Sweden. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2011; 74:1250-1256. [PMID: 21420169 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/19/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Marine biofilms were established on glass beads with or without deliberate pre-exposure to LAS (20 μg/L) in Spain (Cadiz) and Sweden (Kristineberg). The ability of each community to mineralize LAS (100 μg/L) was then assessed in biometers at four experimental temperatures (between 6 and 21°C). Genetic diversity and biomass of the biofilms were assessed by genetic fingerprinting (DGGE) and direct bacterial counts. With biofilms from Sweden, where LAS was not detected in seawater (n = 3), deliberate pre-exposure to LAS resulted in lower genetic diversity and higher mineralization rate constant; however, with biofilms from Spain, where 6.4 ± 3.9 μgLAS/L (n = 3) was measured during the colonization, pre-exposure did not affect the bacterial community. Bacterial acclimation therefore appeared to have been induced at environmental concentrations < 6 μgLAS/L. Environmental pre-exposure was not a pre-requisite for featuring the full consortia of LAS degraders in the biometers. The mineralization rate was described using an Arrhenius equation at experimental temperatures within the typical annual range; however, they departed from this model below this range.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mauffret
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Brussels, Belgium; CSIC, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía, Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain.
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11
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Cantarero S, Zafra-Gómez A, Ballesteros O, Navalón A, Vílchez JL, Verge C, De Ferrer JA. Matrix effect study in the determination of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates in sewage sludge samples. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2011; 30:813-8. [PMID: 21184532 DOI: 10.1002/etc.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 09/21/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We propose a study of the matrix effect in the determination of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) in sewage sludge samples. First, a rapid, selective and sensitive method is proposed. The method involves two stages: the extraction of the compound from the samples and analysis by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (LC-FLD). Three different techniques of extraction (microwave-assisted extraction, Soxhlet, and ultrasounds) were compared, and microwave-assisted extraction was selected as the best suited for our purpose. Microwave-assisted extraction allows reducing the extraction time (25 min compared with 12 h for conventional Soxhlet extraction) and solvent waste (25 ml of methanol compared with 200 ml for Soxhlet or more than 50 ml for the ultrasonic procedure). Absence of matrix effect was evaluated with two standards (2ØC(8:0) and 2ØC(16:0) ) that are not commercial; therefore, neither of them was detected in sewage sludge samples and they showed similar environmental behavior (adsorption and precipitation) to LAS (C(11:0) -C(13.0) ), which allow us to evaluate the matrix effect. Validation was carried out by a recovery assay, and the method was applied to samples from different sources; therefore, they had different compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Cantarero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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12
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Moldovan Z, Avram V, Marincas O, Petrov P, Ternes T. The determination of the linear alkylbenzene sulfonate isomers in water samples by gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1218:343-9. [PMID: 21159344 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 10/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A number of 20 compounds of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LASs) family were identified by electron impact mass spectrometry (EI-MS) in water samples collected from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). This paper presents the mass spectra of 20 compounds, the proposed mechanism of formation of the diagnostic ions obtained by EI-MS and the distribution of individual isomers in water samples collected from compartments of WWTP. The individual isomers from four homolog series C(10)-, C(11)-, C(12)- and C(13)-LAS were analyzed as methyl derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaharie Moldovan
- National Institute of Research and Development for Isotopic and Molecular Technology (INCDTIM), Donath Street 65-103, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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13
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Rico-Rico A, Temara A, Hermens JLM. Equilibrium partitioning theory to predict the sediment toxicity of the anionic surfactant C(12)-2-LAS to Corophium volutator. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2009; 157:575-581. [PMID: 18947912 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2008] [Revised: 08/18/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The study of the effect of the sorption of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) on the bioavailability to marine benthic organisms is essential to refine the environmental risk assessment of these compounds. According to the equilibrium partitioning theory (EqP), the effect concentration in water-only exposure will be similar to the effect concentration in the sediment pore water. In this work, sorption and desorption experiments with two marine sediments were carried out using the compound C(12)-2-LAS. The effect of the sediment sorption on the toxicity of benthic organisms was studied in water-only and in sediment bioassays with the marine mud shrimp Corophium volutator. In addition, three common spiking methods were tested for its application in the toxicity tests, as well as the stability of the surfactant during the water-only and sediment-water test duration. LC50 values obtained from water-only exposure showed a good correspondence with the pore water concentrations calculated from the sorption and desorption isotherms in the spiked sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeles Rico-Rico
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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14
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Guan Z, Huang Y, Wang W. Carboxyl modified multi-walled carbon nanotubes as solid-phase extraction adsorbents combined with high-performance liquid chromatography for analysis of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 627:225-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2008] [Revised: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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A new method for the routine analysis of LAS and PAH in sewage sludge by simultaneous sonication-assisted extraction prior to liquid chromatographic determination. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 605:102-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2007] [Revised: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Villar M, Callejón M, Jiménez JC, Alonso E, Guiráum A. Optimization and validation of a new method for analysis of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates in sewage sludge by liquid chromatography after microwave-assisted extraction. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 599:92-7. [PMID: 17765068 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2007] [Revised: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 07/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A new approach has been developed for the monitoring of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) (C10-C13) in sewage sludge. It is based on microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) prior to high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array (HPLC-DAD) and fluorescence (HPLC-FL) detectors. Column Zorbax XDB-C8, 150 mm x 4.6 mm i.d., 5 microm particle size was used as well as acetonitrile-water containing 0.1 M NaClO4 (65:35) and isocratic elution. Compounds were isocratically eluted over 6 min runtime at a flow rate of 1 mL min(-1). Since polar interferences are eluted between 0 and 2 min, they do not interfere in the analysis. The column was thermostated at a temperature of 25 degrees C. For the determination of LAS, DAD-UV (lambda(ex) = 225 nm) and fluorescence (lambda(ex) = 225 nm, lambda(em) = 295 nm) detectors were employed. The main factors affecting the extraction efficiency (extractant volume, microwave power and irradiation time) were optimized using a compost sludge. The detection limit for total LAS in the sludge was < 5 mg kg(-1). The extraction of C10-C13 homologues is carried out by using an extraction time of 10 min and 5 mL of methanol; whereas Soxhlet needs a 12 h extraction. The method did not require clean-up or preconcentration steps. Concentration levels of LAS were between 13,037 mg kg(-1) for digested sludge and 2492 mg kg(-1) for compost sludge.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Villar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Seville, c/Profesor García González s/n, 41012 Seville, Spain
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Sakalis A, Vanĕrková D, Holcapek M, Jandera P, Voulgaropoulos A. Electrochemical treatment of a simple azodye and analysis of the degradation products using high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection-tandem mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 67:1940-8. [PMID: 17250869 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2006] [Revised: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The simple, low molecular weight, azodye acid yellow 9 (AY9) is electrochemically treated in a suitable electrolytic cell using NaCl as a supporting electrolyte, carbon fleece as cathode and platinated titanium as anode. Samples from certain time periods of treatment are analysed. HPLC-UV chromatograms demonstrate the degradation of the initial azodye, while diode array detector (DAD) spectra give evidence concerning the aromaticity of the degradation products and tandem mass spectrometry (MS(2)) offer structural information on some final products. In order to distinguish cathodic and anodic processes, separated cells connected with electrolytic junction are used, clarifying the oxidative and reductive decomposition pathways of the studied azodye. Several intermediate products are identified in very low concentrations such as hydrazo-derivatives, chlorinated aromatic and aliphatic compounds as well as amino- and hydroxyl-products. Experiments in separated electrolytic cells show that azodye degradation proceeds mainly oxidatively, since cathodic action is extremely limited, while treatment in common cells results in complete decoloration and presence of degradation products in very low concentration. Finally, simple degradation mechanisms are suggested based on tandem mass spectrometric identification of several degradation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sakalis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University, University Campus, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
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