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Fabric Phase Sorptive Extraction for the Determination of Anthracyclines in Sewage. SEPARATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/separations9030069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthracyclines are a group of antineoplastic compounds used to treat acute leukemia and other cancers, and they are excreted after consumption by patients. These chemicals are often found in sewage at very low concentration levels. For this reason, the development of sensitive analytical methodologies capable of determining them at low concentrations is of prime importance. A simple, fast and sensitive analytical method using fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE) followed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (UHPLC-FD) has been developed and validated for the extraction of anthracyclines from sewage samples. FPSE is a green, cheap, simple, selective and rapid sample preparation technique. The different parameters that affect the performance of the FPSE process, including extraction time, eluting solvent, elution time and pH, were optimized. The developed method showed satisfactory reproducibility, with intraday and interday RSD values lower than 15% for all the compounds and limits of detection between 0.1–0.15 µg·L−1. The unique combination of sample preparation by this micro-extraction technique with fluorescence detector have resulted in the satisfactory extraction of highly polar anthracyclines, without any noticeable matrix effect, a very common shortcoming of exhaustive sample preparation technique such as solid phase extraction (SPE) and mass spectrometry.
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Jureczko M, Przystaś W. Removal of two cytostatic drugs: bleomycin and vincristine by white-rot fungi - a sorption study. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2021; 19:651-662. [PMID: 34150265 PMCID: PMC8172822 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-021-00635-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cytostatic drugs cannot be easily removed by conventional sewage treatment plants, resulting in their ultimate release into aquatic systems where they become a threat. Thus, new technologies which can be used to eliminate these drugs more effectively before they enter the environment are increasingly important. Fungal treatment of wastewaters is a promising and environmentally friendly technology for pharmaceutical remediation. The aim of this work is to examine the biosorption of two cytostatics, bleomycin and vincristine, in the aqueous solution by fungal biomass. METHODS Five white-rot fungi were used in this study: Fomes fomentarius (CB13), Hypholoma fasciculare (CB15), Phyllotopsis nidulans (CB14), Pleurotus ostreatus (BWPH), and Trametes versicolor (CB8). Tests were conducted on different types of biomass (alive and dead - autoclaved) and in various physico-chemical conditions: varied drug concentrations (5, 10 and 15 mg/L), temperatures (from 15.4 to 29.6 °C), and pH (from 3.2 to 8.8). RESULTS The results showed that among alive biomass, T. versicolor (CB8) had the greatest sorption ability for bleomycin and P. nidulans (CB14) worked best for vincristine. The tested sorption process could be described by a pseudo-second order kinetics model. Sorption equilibrium studies demonstrated that for bleomycin Redlich-Peterson, while for vincristine Langmuir model fitted best. The thermodynamic studies showed that the sorption process was endothermic chemisorption for bleomycin, and exothermic physisorption for vincristine. For both drugs the sorption ability increased with an increase of the pH value. CONCLUSION The biosorption on fungal biomass is a favorable alternative to conventional wastewater treatment processes for anticancer drug removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelina Jureczko
- Environmental Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, The Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- The Biotechnology Centre, The Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Wioletta Przystaś
- Environmental Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, The Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- The Biotechnology Centre, The Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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Yadav A, Rene ER, Mandal MK, Dubey KK. Threat and sustainable technological solution for antineoplastic drugs pollution: Review on a persisting global issue. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128285. [PMID: 33297229 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the past 20 years, the discharge of pharmaceuticals and their presence in the aquatic environment have been continuously increasing and this has caused serious public health and environmental concerns. Antineoplastic drugs are used in chemotherapy, in large quantities worldwide, for the treatment of continuously increasing cancer cases. Antineoplastic drugs also contaminate water sources and possess mutagenic, cytostatic and eco-toxicological effects on microorganisms present in the aquatic environment as well as on human health. Due to the recalcitrant nature of antineoplastic drugs, the commonly used wastewater treatment processes are not able to eliminate these drugs. Globally, various anticancer drugs are being consumed during chemotherapy in hospitals and households by out-patients. These anti-cancer agents enter the water bodies in their original form or as metabolites via urine and faeces of the out-patients or the patients admitted in hospitals. Due to its high lipid solubility, the antineoplastic drugs accumulate in the fatty tissues of the organisms. These drugs enter through the food chain and cause adverse health effects on humans due to their cytotoxic and genotoxic properties. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) elucidated new regulations for the management of hazardous pharmaceuticals in the water environment. In this paper, the role of antineoplastic agents as emerging water contaminants, its transfer through the food chain, its eco-toxicological properties and effects, technological solutions and management aspects were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankush Yadav
- Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, 123031, Haryana, India
| | - Eldon R Rene
- Department of Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, 2611AX, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Mrinal Kanti Mandal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, NIT Durgapur, Durgapur, 713209, West Bengal, India
| | - Kashyap Kumar Dubey
- Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, 123031, Haryana, India; Bioprocess Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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A review on various analytical methods for determination of anthracyclines and their metabolites as anti–cancer chemotherapy drugs in different matrices over the last four decades. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Wormington AM, De María M, Kurita HG, Bisesi JH, Denslow ND, Martyniuk CJ. Antineoplastic Agents: Environmental Prevalence and Adverse Outcomes in Aquatic Organisms. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:967-985. [PMID: 32266737 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide, with 9.6 million cancer-related deaths in 2018. Cancer incidence has increased over time, and so has the prescription rate of chemotherapeutic drugs. These pharmaceuticals, known as antineoplastic agents, enter the aquatic environment via human excretion and wastewater. The objectives of the present critical review were to investigate the risk of antineoplastics to aquatic species and to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding their levels in the environment, because many antineoplastics are not adequately removed during wastewater treatment. We conducted 2 separate literature reviews to synthesize data on the global environmental prevalence and toxicity of antineoplastics. The antineoplastics most frequently detected in the environment included cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, tamoxifen, methotrexate, and 5-fluorouracil; all were detectable in multiple water sources, including effluent and surface waters. These antineoplastics span 3 different mechanistic classes, with cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide classified as alkylating agents, tamoxifen as a hormonal agent, and methotrexate and 5-fluorouracil as antimetabolites. Studies that characterize the risk of antineoplastics released into aquatic environments are scarce. We summarize the biological impacts of the most environmentally prevalent antineoplastics on aquatic organisms and propose an adverse outcome pathway for cyclophosphamide and ifosfamide, 2 widely prescribed drugs with a similar immunotoxic mode of action. Acute and chronic ecotoxicity studies using aquatic models are needed for risk characterization of antineoplastics. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:967-985. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis M Wormington
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Maite De María
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Hajime G Kurita
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Joseph H Bisesi
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Environmental and Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Nancy D Denslow
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Gouveia TIA, Alves A, Santos MSF. New insights on cytostatic drug risk assessment in aquatic environments based on measured concentrations in surface waters. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 133:105236. [PMID: 31675568 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Cytostatic drugs are compounds used to treat cancer, one of the deadliest diseases worldwide with a rising yearly incidence. However, the occurrence and concentrations of a large number of cytostatics in waters and wastewaters are unknown. Thus, this study sought to analyze the concentrations of these compounds in different aquatic environments worldwide to assess the risk that these compounds pose to aquatic organisms. The top five most monitored cytostatics in aquatic environments are fluorouracil, methotrexate, tamoxifen, ifosfamide, and cyclophosphamide. Risk quotients (RQs) based on maximum reported measured concentrations revealed that mycophenolic acid and tamoxifen pose a high risk to aquatic organisms (RQmax ≥ 1) at concentrations observed in surface waters. Moreover, methotrexate and tegafur were categorized as moderate risk compounds, and bicalutamide was found to pose a low risk. Importantly, the available analytical methodologies for the quantification of some cytostatics (e.g., cisplatin, fluorouracil, daunorubicin, imatinib, and mycophenolic acid) in water could not rule out potential risk to aquatic biota, since estimated risks for these compounds using the lowest method detection limits reported in the literature (RQ MDL) were all ≥0.01 (i.e., low risk or higher). Moreover, risks based on predicted concentrations (RQ PEC) were consistently lower than those based on measured concentrations, highlighting the importance of risk assessment based on measured values. Thus, accurate and sensitive analytical methods are crucial to identify and quantify cytostatic exposure in aquatic ecosystems in order to preserve biodiversity and ensure a safer environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa I A Gouveia
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process, Environmental, Biotechnology and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Arminda Alves
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process, Environmental, Biotechnology and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mónica S F Santos
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process, Environmental, Biotechnology and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, R. Dr. Roberto Frias, s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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An Nd 3+-Sensitized Upconversion Fluorescent Sensor for Epirubicin Detection. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9121700. [PMID: 31795129 PMCID: PMC6955805 DOI: 10.3390/nano9121700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We describe here an Nd3+-sensitized upconversion fluorescent sensor for epirubicin (EPI) detection in aqueous solutions under 808 nm laser excitation. The upconversion fluorescence of nanoparticles is effectively quenched in the presence of EPI via a fluorescence resonance energy transfer mechanism. The dynamic quenching constant was 2.10 × 104 M−1. Normalized fluorescence intensity increased linearly as the EPI concentration was raised from 0.09 μM to 189.66 μM and the fluorometric detection limit was 0.05 μM. The sensing method was simple, fast, and low-cost and was able to be applied to determine the levels of EPI in urine with spike recoveries from 97.5% to 102.6%. Another important feature of the proposed fluorescent sensor is that it holds a promising potential for in vivo imaging and detection due to its distinctive properties such as weak autofluorescence, low heating effect, and high light penetration depth.
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Jureczko M, Kalka J. Cytostatic pharmaceuticals as water contaminants. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 866:172816. [PMID: 31758938 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Due to the growing problem of cancer diseases, cytostatic drugs have become a great environmental threat. Their main sources are hospital effluents, household discharge and drug manufacturers. As these compounds are not removed during wastewater treatment with sufficient efficiency, they are found in the surface, ground and drinking water in quantities up to 2.12 × 10-4 mg/l. The current knowledge about their harmful influence on humans does not indicate a significant risk to the health of water consumers, although it points to certain groups of risk (children and lactating women) in particular. In aquatic organisms, anticancer drugs in detected concentrations can cause chronic toxicity and have a detrimental impact on their genetic material. The acute toxicity effect is less likely. The HC5 value calculated by us (the concentration at which 5% of the species is potentially affected) equalling 2.1 × 10-4 mg/l shows that anticancer drugs are real hazardous contaminants for the environment. It indicates that effective elimination of cytostatics from water still requires intensive research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelina Jureczko
- Environmental Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, The Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2 Str., 44-100, Gliwice, Poland; The Biotechnology Centre, The Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 8 Str., 44-100, Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Joanna Kalka
- Environmental Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Energy and Environmental Engineering, The Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2 Str., 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
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Simultaneous and systematic analysis of cytostatic drugs in wastewater samples by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1110-1111:124-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Escudero-Oñate C, Ferrando-Climent L, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, Santos LHMLM. Occurrence and Risks of Contrast Agents, Cytostatics, and Antibiotics in Hospital Effluents. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2017_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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11
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Cytostatic drugs in environmental samples: An update on the extraction and determination procedures. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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Manno RA, Grassetti A, Oberto G, Nyska A, Ramot Y. The minipig as a new model for the evaluation of doxorubicin-induced chronic toxicity. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 36:1060-72. [PMID: 26614124 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Doxorubicin can cause life-threatening toxic effects in several organs, with cardiotoxicity being the major concern. Although a large number of animal models have been utilized to study doxorubicin toxicity, several restrictions limit their use. Since the Göttingen minipig is an accepted species for non-clinical safety assessment and translation to man, we aimed at exploring its use as a non-rodent animal model for safety assessment and regulatory toxicity studies using doxorubicin. Three groups of three males and three females adult Göttingen minipigs received 1.5 mg kg(-1) , 3/2.3 mg kg(-1) or vehicle at intervals of 3 weeks for 7 cycles. Doxorubicin treatment resulted in a dose-related decrease in the erythrocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit count, accompanied by leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. Bone marrow smears revealed dose-related hypocellularity. Urea and creatinine levels were elevated in treated animals, associated with proteinuria and hematuria. Histopathological evaluation detected nephropathy and atrophy of hematopoietic tissues/organs, mucosa of the intestinal tract and male genital tract. Cardiac lesions including chronic inflammation, endocardial hyperplasia, hemorrhage and myxomatous changes were evident in hematoxylin and eosin stains, and evaluation of semi-thin sections showed the presence of dose-related vacuolation in the atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes. Cardiac troponin levels were increased in the high-dose group, but there was no direct correlation to the severity of the histopathological lesions. This study confirms that the Göttingen minipig has a comparable toxicity profile to humans and considering its anatomical, physiological, genetic and biochemical resemblance to humans, it should be considered as the non-rodent species of choice for studies on doxorubicin toxicity. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Anna Manno
- Department of Pathology, Research Toxicology Centre, Pomezia, Italy
| | - Andrea Grassetti
- Department of Pathology, Research Toxicology Centre, Pomezia, Italy
| | - Germano Oberto
- Scientific Director, Research Toxicology Centre, Pomezia, Italy
| | - Abraham Nyska
- Department of Pathology, Sackler School of Medicine, University of Tel Aviv, and Consultant in Toxicologic Pathology, Timrat, Israel
| | - Yuval Ramot
- Hadassah - Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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Fabris S, MacLean DA. Skeletal Muscle an Active Compartment in the Sequestering and Metabolism of Doxorubicin Chemotherapy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139070. [PMID: 26401619 PMCID: PMC4581622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin remains one of the most widely used chemotherapeutic agents however its effect on healthy tissue, such as skeletal muscle, remains poorly understood. The purpose of the current study was to examine the accumulation of doxorubicin (DOX) and its metabolite doxorubicinol (DOXol) in skeletal muscle of the rat up to 8 days after the administration of a 1.5 or 4.5 mg kg-1 i.p. dose. Subsequent to either dose, DOX and DOXol were observed in skeletal muscle throughout the length of the experiment. Interestingly an efflux of DOX was examined after 96 hours, followed by an apparent re-uptake of the drug which coincided with a spike and rapid decrease of plasma DOX concentrations. The interstitial space within the muscle did not appear to play a significant rate limiting compartment for the uptake or release of DOX or DOXol from the tissue to the circulation. Furthermore, there was no evidence that DOX preferentially accumulated in a specific muscle group with either dose. It appears that the sequestering of drug in skeletal muscle plays an acute and important role in the systemic availability and metabolism of DOX which may have a greater impact on the clinical outcome than previously considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Fabris
- Biomolecular Sciences, Laurentian University, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - David A. MacLean
- Biomolecular Sciences, Laurentian University, Ontario, Canada
- Divison of Medical Sciences, Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Sudbury & Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada
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Parrella A, Lavorgna M, Criscuolo E, Russo C, Fiumano V, Isidori M. Acute and chronic toxicity of six anticancer drugs on rotifers and crustaceans. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 115:59-66. [PMID: 24512989 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The growing use of cytostatic drugs is gaining relevance as an environmental concern. Environmental and distribution studies are increasing due to the development of accurate analytical methods, whereas ecotoxicological studies are still lacking. The aim of the present study was to investigate the acute and chronic toxicity of six cytostatics (5-fluorouracil, capecitabine, cisplatin, doxorubicin, etoposide, and imatinib) belonging to five classes of Anatomical Therapeutic Classification (ATC) on primary consumers of the aquatic chain (Daphnia magna, Ceriodaphnia dubia, Brachionus calyciflorus, and Thamnocephalus platyurus). Acute ecotoxicological effects occurred at concentrations in the order of mgL(-)(1), higher than those predicted in the environment, and the most acutely toxic drugs among those tested were cisplatin and doxorubicin for most aquatic organisms. For chronic toxicity, cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil showed the highest toxic potential in all test organisms, inducing 50% reproduction inhibition in crustaceans at concentrations on the order of μgL(-)(1). Rotifers were less susceptible to these pharmaceuticals. On the basis of chronic results, the low effective concentrations suggest a potential environmental risk of cytostatics. Thus, this study could be an important starting point for establishing the real environmental impact of these substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Parrella
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Margherita Lavorgna
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Emma Criscuolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Chiara Russo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Vittorio Fiumano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Marina Isidori
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy.
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Negreira N, de Alda ML, Barceló D. Cytostatic drugs and metabolites in municipal and hospital wastewaters in Spain: filtration, occurrence, and environmental risk. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 497-498:68-77. [PMID: 25124055 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.07.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Concerns about cytostatic anticancer drugs in the environment are increasing, mainly due to the lack of knowledge about the fate and impact of these cytotoxic compounds in the water cycle. In this context, the present work investigated the occurrence of 13 cytostatics and 4 metabolites in wastewater samples from various wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and from a large hospital from Spain. The target compounds belong to five different classes according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Classification (ATC), namely, alkylating agents, antimetabolites, plant alkaloids and other natural products, cytotoxic antibiotics and related substances, and other antineoplastic agents. Some of them have been classified as carcinogens in humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). These compounds were determined by an automated on line solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS/MS) method. Results showed the presence of methotrexate (MET), ifosfamide (IF), cyclophosphamide (CP), irinotecan (IRI), doxorubicin (DOX), capecitabine (CAP), tamoxifen (TAM) and the metabolites endoxifen (OH-D-TAM), hydroxytamoxifen (OH-TAM) and hydroxypaclitaxel (OH-PAC) at levels ranging from 2 ng L(-1) (for MET) to 180 ng L(-1) (for TAM). Some of these compounds were found to be efficiently removed after wastewater treatment, e.g. MET, DOX and IRI, whereas other compounds, such as TAM, CP and IF remained largely unaltered. The behaviour of the target compounds during the common filtration step of the water samples was also investigated with the finding that some compounds are strongly adsorbed to nylon filters, while cellulose acetate appears as the best choice for the filter material. The aquatic environmental risk associated to the detected compounds was also assessed. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of the presence of the metabolites OH-D-TAM and OH-TAM in the water cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Negreira
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miren López de Alda
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Damià Barceló
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
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Calza P, Medana C, Sarro M, Rosato V, Aigotti R, Baiocchi C, Minero C. Photocatalytic degradation of selected anticancer drugs and identification of their transformation products in water by liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1362:135-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Rabii FW, Segura PA, Fayad PB, Sauvé S. Determination of six chemotherapeutic agents in municipal wastewater using online solid-phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 487:792-800. [PMID: 24388503 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Due to the increased consumption of chemotherapeutic agents, their high toxicity, carcinogenicity, their occurrence in the aquatic environment must be properly evaluated. An analytical method based on online solid-phase extraction coupled to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was developed and validated. A 1 mL injection volume was used to quantify six of the most widely used cytotoxic drugs (cyclophosphamide, gemcitabine, ifosfamide, methotrexate, irinotecan and epirubicin) in municipal wastewater. The method was validated using standard additions. The validation results in wastewater influent had coefficients of determination (R(2)) between 0.983 and 0.998 and intra-day precision ranging from 7 to 13% (expressed as relative standard deviation %RSD), and from 9 to 23% for inter-day precision. Limits of detection ranged from 4 to 20 ng L(-1) while recovery values were greater than 70% except for gemcitabine, which is the most hydrophilic compound in the selected group and had a recovery of 47%. Matrix effects were interpreted by signal suppression and ranged from 55 to 118% with cyclophosphamide having the highest value. Two of the target anticancer drugs (cyclophosphamide and methotrexate) were detected and quantified in wastewater (effluent and influent) and ranged from 13 to 60 ng L(-1). The proposed method thus allows proper monitoring of potential environmental releases of chemotherapy agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farida W Rabii
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, succ. Centre ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Pedro A Segura
- Département de chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500, boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, QC J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Paul B Fayad
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, succ. Centre ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Département de chimie, Université de Montréal, CP 6128, succ. Centre ville, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada.
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Parrella A, Lavorgna M, Criscuolo E, Russo C, Isidori M. Estrogenic activity and cytotoxicity of six anticancer drugs detected in water systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 485-486:216-222. [PMID: 24727039 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the in vitro estrogenic and the cytotoxic activity of six cytostatics (5-fluorouracil, capecitabine, cisplatin, doxorubicin, etoposide, and imatinib) belonging to the five classes of Anatomical Therapeutic Classification (ATC) detected in wastewater systems. The estrogenic activity was assessed by YES-assay on Saccharomyces cerevisiae-RMY326 and E-screen on MCF-7 cells. The cytotoxic activity was assessed by MTT Cell Proliferation Assay on the MCF-7 and the MDA-MB-231 cells. The results of estrogenic activity, detected by E-screen and expressed as EC50, showed a high potential of imatinib (10(-7) μM) followed by cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil. Capecitabine was poorly estrogenic while etoposide and doxorubicin EC50 values were not possible to determine. Cytotoxicity was found at concentrations far from those detected in effluents. The potential endocrine activity of the most active drugs could be associated with human and wildlife risk when considering their occurrence in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Parrella
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Margherita Lavorgna
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Emma Criscuolo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Chiara Russo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Marina Isidori
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Ambientali, Biologiche e Farmaceutiche, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta, Italy.
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19
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Occurrence of cytostatic compounds in hospital effluents and wastewaters, determined by liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:3801-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-7805-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Booker V, Halsall C, Llewellyn N, Johnson A, Williams R. Prioritising anticancer drugs for environmental monitoring and risk assessment purposes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 473-474:159-70. [PMID: 24369294 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Anticancer drugs routinely used in chemotherapy enter wastewater through the excretion of the non-metabolised drug following administration to patients. This study considers the consumption and subsequent behaviour and occurrence of these chemicals in aquatic systems, with the aim of prioritising a selection of these drugs which are likely to persist in the environment and hence be considered for environmental screening programmes. Accurate consumption data were compiled from a hospital survey in NW England and combined with urinary excretion rates derived from clinical studies. Physical-chemical property data were compiled along with likely chemical fate and persistence during and after wastewater treatment. A shortlist of 15 chemicals (from 65) was prioritised based on their consumption, persistency and likelihood of occurrence in surface waters and supported by observational studies where possible. The ecological impact of these 'prioritised' chemicals is uncertain as the measured concentrations in surface waters generally fall below standard toxicity thresholds. Nonetheless, this prioritised sub-list should prove useful for developing environmental screening programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Booker
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Crispin Halsall
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.
| | - Neville Llewellyn
- Centre of Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Andrew Johnson
- Centre of Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8B, UK
| | - Richard Williams
- Centre of Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8B, UK
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21
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Zhou H, Zhang Q, Wang X, Zhang Q, Ma L, Zhan Y. Systematic screening of common wastewater-marking pharmaceuticals in urban aquatic environments: implications for environmental risk control. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:7113-7129. [PMID: 24557805 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-2622-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this report, we refer to pharmaceuticals that are widespread in the urban aquatic environment and that mainly originate from wastewater treatment plants or non-point source sewage as "wastewater-marking pharmaceuticals" (WWMPs). To some extent, they reflect the condition or trend of water contamination and also contribute to aquatic environmental risk assessment. The method reported here for screening typical WWMPs was proposed based on academic concerns about them and their concentrations present in the urban aquatic environment, as well as their properties of accumulation, persistence, eco-toxicity and related environmental risks caused by them. The screening system consisted of an initial screening system and a further screening system. In the former, pharmaceuticals were categorised into different evaluation levels, and in the latter, each pharmaceutical was given a normalised final evaluation score, which was the sum of every score for its properties of accumulation, persistence, eco-toxicity and environmental risk in the aquatic environment. The system was applied to 126 pharmaceuticals frequently detected in the aquatic environment. In the initial screening procedure, five pharmaceuticals were classified into the "high" category, 16 pharmaceuticals into the "medium" category, 15 pharmaceuticals into the "low" category and 90 pharmaceuticals into the "very low" category. Subsequently, further screening were conducted on 36 pharmaceuticals considered as being of "high", "medium" and "low" categories in the former system. We identified 7 pharmaceuticals with final evaluation scores of 1-10, 10 pharmaceuticals with scores of 11-15, 15 pharmaceuticals with scores from 16 to 20 and 4 pharmaceuticals with scores above 21. The results showed that this screening system could contribute to the effective selection of target WWMPs, which would be important for spatial-temporal dynamics, transference and pollution control of pharmaceuticals in the urban aquatic environment. However, there remains a number of pharmaceutical parameters with measured data gaps, such as organic carbon adsorption coefficients and bioconcentration factors, which, if filled, would improve the accuracy of the screening system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Zhou
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, No. 516, Jungong Road, Shanghai, 200093, China,
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22
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Negreira N, Mastroianni N, López de Alda M, Barceló D. Multianalyte determination of 24 cytostatics and metabolites by liquid chromatography–electrospray–tandem mass spectrometry and study of their stability and optimum storage conditions in aqueous solution. Talanta 2013; 116:290-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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23
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On-line solid phase extraction–liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of 17 cytostatics and metabolites in waste, surface and ground water samples. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1280:64-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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24
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Liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry and high resolution mass spectrometry as analytical tools to characterize multi-class cytostatic compounds. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1276:78-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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25
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Gómez-Canela C, Cortés-Francisco N, Oliva X, Pujol C, Ventura F, Lacorte S, Caixach J. Occurrence of cyclophosphamide and epirubicin in wastewaters by direct injection analysis-liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 19:3210-3218. [PMID: 22382696 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-0826-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND, AIM, AND SCOPE According to the high incidence of cancer worldwide, the amount of cytostatic drugs administered to patients has increased. These compounds are excreted to wastewaters, and therefore become potential water contaminants. At this stage, very little is known on the presence and elimination of cytostatic compounds in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). The aim of this study was to develop a liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-Orbitrap-MS) method for the determination of cyclophosphamide and epirubicin in wastewaters. These compounds represent two outmost used cytostatic agents. MATERIALS AND METHODS Extraction and analytical conditions were optimized for cyclophosphamide and epirubicin in wastewater. Both solid-phase extraction using Oasis 200 mg hydrophilic-lipophilic balanced (HLB) cartridges and direct injection analysis were evaluated. Mass spectral characterization and fragmentation conditions were optimized at 50,000 resolving power (full width at half maximum, m/z 200) to obtain maximum sensitivity and identification performance. Quality parameters (recoveries, limits of detection, and repetitivity) of the methods developed were determined, and best performance was obtained with direct water analysis of the centrifuged wastewater. Finally, this method was applied to determine the presence of cyclophosphamide and epirubicin in wastewaters from a hospital effluent, an urban effluent, and influents and effluents from three WWTP. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Cyclophosphamide and epirubicin were recovered after 50 mL preconcentration on solid-phase extraction 200 mg Oasis HLB cartridges (87% and 37%, respectively), and no breakthrough was observed by extracting 500 mL of water. Limits of detection were of 0.35 and 2.77 ng/L for cyclophosphamide and epirubicin, respectively. On the other hand, direct injection of water spiked at 1 μg/L provided recoveries of 107% for cyclophosphamide and 44% for epirubicin and limits of detection from 3.1 to 85 ng L(-1), respectively. The analysis of wastewaters using direct injection analysis revealed the presence of cyclophosphamide and epirubicin in WWTP influents and hospital and urban effluents at levels ranging from 5.73 to 24.8 μg L(-1). CONCLUSIONS The results obtained in this study demonstrate the capability of LC-Orbitrap-MS for accurate trace analysis of these very polar contaminants. This method permitted to identify cyclophosphamide and epirubicin in wastewaters and influents of WWTP, but no traces were detected in WWTP effluents. The methodology herein developed is sensitive and robust and applicable for screening of a large number of samples since no preconcentration is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Gómez-Canela
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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26
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Strother RM, Rao KV, Gregory KM, Jakait B, Busakhala N, Schellhase E, Pastakia S, Krzyzanowska M, Loehrer PJ. The oncology pharmacy in cancer care delivery in a resource-constrained setting in western Kenya. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2012; 18:406-16. [DOI: 10.1177/1078155211434852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The movement to deliver cancer care in resource-limited settings is gaining momentum, with particular emphasis on the creation of cost-effective, rational algorithms utilizing affordable chemotherapeutics to treat curable disease. The delivery of cancer care in resource-replete settings is a concerted effort by a team of multidisciplinary care providers. The oncology pharmacy, which is now considered integral to cancer care in resourced medical practice, developed over the last several decades in an effort to limit healthcare provider exposure to workplace hazards and to limit risk to patients. In developing cancer care services in resource-constrained settings, creation of oncology pharmacies can help to both mitigate the risks to practitioners and patients, and also limit the costs of cancer care and the environmental impact of chemotherapeutics. This article describes the experience and lessons learned in establishing a chemotherapy pharmacy in western Kenya.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Matthew Strother
- Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
- Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Kamakshi V Rao
- University of North Carolina, USA
- Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Kelly M Gregory
- Virginia Commonwealth Medical Center, USA
- Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Beatrice Jakait
- Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Kenya
- Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Naftali Busakhala
- Moi University School of Medicine, Kenya
- Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Ellen Schellhase
- Purdue University School of Pharmacy, USA
- Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Sonak Pastakia
- Purdue University School of Pharmacy, USA
- Indiana University School of Medicine, USA
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27
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Martín J, Camacho-Muñoz D, Santos JL, Aparicio I, Alonso E. Simultaneous determination of a selected group of cytostatic drugs in water using high-performance liquid chromatography-triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:3166-77. [PMID: 22012931 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, an increasing concern has risen about the presence of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment. Despite their toxicity, increasing consumption and release into the municipal sewage, only a few studies have been focused on cytostatic drugs, mainly due to the lack of methods for their simultaneous analysis. In this work, a method, based on solid-phase extraction prior to high-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry determination, was optimized and validated for the simultaneous determination of some (14) of the most widely used cytostatic drugs in river water, influent and effluent wastewater. Process efficiency was in the range between 41 and 99% in real samples, except for cytarabine (24%), docetaxel (17%) and methotrexate (30%), due to suppression effects; precision values were <11%, except for gemcitabine (up to 19%); and detection limits were in the range between 0.1 and 38 ng/L. Cytarabine, doxorubicin, etoposide, gemcitabine, iphosphamide and vinorelbine were found at concentration levels up to 14 ng/L in influent and effluent wastewater, showing an insignificant decrease during sewage treatment; cytarabine and gemcitabine were found in effluent wastewater and were also detected in river water associated with effluent discharges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Martín
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, High Polytechnic School, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
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28
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Analysis of anticancer drugs: a review. Talanta 2011; 85:2265-89. [PMID: 21962644 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, the number of patients receiving chemotherapy has considerably increased. Given the toxicity of cytotoxic agents to humans (not only for patients but also for healthcare professionals), the development of reliable analytical methods to analyse these compounds became necessary. From the discovery of new substances to patient administration, all pharmaceutical fields are concerned with the analysis of cytotoxic drugs. In this review, the use of methods to analyse cytotoxic agents in various matrices, such as pharmaceutical formulations and biological and environmental samples, is discussed. Thus, an overview of reported analytical methods for the determination of the most commonly used anticancer drugs is given.
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29
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Chandra P, Zaidi SA, Noh HB, Shim YB. Separation and simultaneous detection of anticancer drugs in a microfluidic device with an amperometric biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2011; 28:326-32. [PMID: 21820886 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2011.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 07/16/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A simple and highly sensitive method for simultaneous detection of anticancer drugs is developed by integrating the preconcentration and separation steps in a microfluidic device with an amperometric biosensor. An amperometric detection with dsDNA and cardiolipin modified screen printed electrodes are used for the detection of anticancer drugs at the end of separation channel. The preconcentration capacity is enhanced thoroughly using field amplified sample stacking and field amplified sample injection techniques. The experimental parameters affecting the analytical performances, such as pH, temperature, buffer concentration, water plug length, and detection potential are optimized. A reproducible response is observed during multiple injections of samples with a RSD <5%. The calibration plots are linear with the correlation coefficient between 0.9913 and 0.9982 over the range of 2-60 pM. The detection limits of four drugs are determined to be between 1.2 (± 0.05) and 5.5 (± 0.3) fM. The applicability of the device to the direct analysis of anticancer drugs is successfully demonstrated in a real spiked urine sample. Device was also examined for interference effect of common chemicals present in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranjal Chandra
- Department of Chemistry and Institute of BioPhysico Sensor Technology, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, South Korea
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30
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31
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Livneh J, Waddington K, Bar J. Addressing Safety Issues of Health Care Personnel, Family Members, and the Environment. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28:e209; author reply e210. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.26.9704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Livneh
- The Sheba Medical Center Institute of Oncology, Tel-Hashemer, Israel
| | - Kent Waddington
- Canadian Coalition for Green Health Care, Combermere, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jair Bar
- The Ottawa Hospital Cancer Center, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Bermingham S, O'Connor R, Regan F, McMahon GP. Simultaneous determination of anthracyclines and taxanes in human serum using online sample extraction coupled to high performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:1571-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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33
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Ferk F, Mišík M, Grummt T, Majer B, Fuerhacker M, Buchmann C, Vital M, Uhl M, Lenz K, Grillitsch B, Parzefall W, Nersesyan A, Knasmüller S. Genotoxic effects of wastewater from an oncological ward. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2009; 672:69-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2008.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2008] [Revised: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 08/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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34
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Whitaker G, Lillquist A, Pasas SA, O'Connor R, Regan F, Lunte CE, Smyth MR. CE-LIF method for the separation of anthracyclines: application to protein binding analysis in plasma using ultrafiltration. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:1828-33. [PMID: 18461567 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Anthracyclines are chemotherapeutic drugs that are widely used in the treatment of cancers such as lung and ovarian cancers. The simultaneous determination of the anthracyclines, daunorubicin, doxorubicin and epirubicin, was achieved using CE coupled to LIF, with an excitation and emission wavelength of 488 and 560 nm, respectively. Using a borate buffer (105 mM, pH 9.0) and 30% MeOH, a stable and reproducible separation of the three anthracyclines was obtained. The method developed was shown to be capable of monitoring the therapeutic concentrations (50-50 000 ng/mL) of anthracyclines. LODs of 10 ng/mL, calculated at an S/N = 3, were achieved. Using the CE method developed, the in vitro protein binding to plasma was measured by ultrafiltration, and from this investigation the estimated protein binding was determined to be in the range of 77-94%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Whitaker
- R. N. Adams Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, KS, USA
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35
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Duong HA, Pham NH, Nguyen HT, Hoang TT, Pham HV, Pham VC, Berg M, Giger W, Alder AC. Occurrence, fate and antibiotic resistance of fluoroquinolone antibacterials in hospital wastewaters in Hanoi, Vietnam. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 72:968-973. [PMID: 18485444 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2007] [Revised: 02/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Occurrence and behavior of fluoroquinolone antibacterial agents (FQs) were investigated in hospital wastewaters in Hanoi, Vietnam. Hospital wastewater in Hanoi is usually not treated and this untreated wastewater is directly discharged into one of the wastewater channels of the city and eventually reaches the ambient aquatic environment. The concentrations of the FQs, ciprofloxacin (CIP) and norfloxacin (NOR) in six hospital wastewaters ranged from 1.1 to 44 and from 0.9 to 17 micrgl(-1), respectively. Total FQ loads to the city sewage system varied from 0.3 to 14 g d(-1). Additionally, the mass flows of CIP and NOR were investigated in the aqueous compartment in a small wastewater treatment facility of one hospital. The results showed that the FQ removal from the wastewater stream was between 80 and 85%, probably due to sorption on sewage sludge. Simultaneously, the numbers of Escherichia coli (E. coli) were measured and their resistance against CIP and NOR was evaluated by determining the minimum inhibitory concentration. Biological treatment lead to a 100-fold reduction in the number of E. coli but still more than a thousand E. coli colonies per 100ml of wastewater effluent reached the receiving water. The highest resistance was found in E. coli strains of raw wastewater and the lowest in isolates of treated wastewater effluent. Thus, wastewater treatment is an efficient barrier to decrease the residual FQ levels and the number of resistant bacteria entering ambient waters. Due to the lack of municipal wastewater treatment plants, the onsite treatment of hospital wastewater before discharging into municipal sewers should be considered as a viable option and consequently implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Anh Duong
- Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Nguyen Trai Road, Hanoi, Viet Nam
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36
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Ecopharmacology: Deliberated or casual dispersion of pharmaceutical principles, phytosanitary, personal health care and veterinary products in environment needs a multivariate analysis or expert systems for the control, the measure and the remediation. Microchem J 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2007.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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37
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Maudens KE, Stove CP, Lambert WE. Optimization of a liquid chromatographic separation for the simultaneous determination of four anthracyclines and their respective 13-S
-dihydro metabolites. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:1042-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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38
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Buchberger WW. Novel analytical procedures for screening of drug residues in water, waste water, sediment and sludge. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 593:129-39. [PMID: 17543599 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2007] [Revised: 04/30/2007] [Accepted: 05/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Traces of pharmaceuticals are continuously introduced into the aquatic environment mainly by sewage treatment plant effluents. Final data about their impact on the ecosystem are still partly missing. Progress in instrumental analytical chemistry has resulted in the availability of methods that allow a monitoring of these pollutants at ng L(-1) levels. In this review the state-of-the-art of residue analysis of pharmaceuticals by chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques is summarized. Improvements in detection limits over the past years have mainly been due to sophisticated mass spectrometric detection techniques. Furthermore, robust sample preparation and preconcentration protocols based on solid-phase extraction and related procedures have contributed significantly to the achievements observed so far. This review also covers several immunochemical approaches which may serve as an inexpensive alternative for quick screening of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang W Buchberger
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes-Kepler-University, Altenbergerstrasse 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria.
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Nomikou N, McHale AP. Electro-biosorptive accumulation for use in enhanced detection of fluorogenic tracers and the removal of toxic entities from dilute solutions. Biotechnol Lett 2007; 29:561-7. [PMID: 17242852 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-006-9286-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2006] [Revised: 12/04/2006] [Accepted: 12/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An accumulating process based on electric field-assisted biosorption is described to facilitate the accumulation and enhanced detection of organic fluorogenic marker species in aqueous solution. Fluorescein was detected at concentrations as low as 0.6 microg l(-1). Using a mammalian cell-based bioassay, we demonstrate the use of the system to remove the toxic effects of species such as ethidium bromide and doxorubicin from complex solutions such as tissue culture medium. The use of such a system for the detection and removal of trace contaminants is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolitsa Nomikou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Cromore Rd., Coleraine, Co Derry, Northern Ireland, UK
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