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Tripodi MA, Andrioli NB, Suárez OV. Genotoxicity evaluation using micronucleus test in Rattus norvegicus captured in urban ecosystems of Buenos Aires, Argentina. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:27626-27634. [PMID: 32394259 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08897-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The overall goal of the present study was to evaluate and compare the existence of genotoxic damage in Rattus norvegicus captured in sites with different levels of chemical mixtures along the Matanza-Riachuelo river basin (MRRB). For this, thirty-six wild rats (R. norvegicus) were captured from six different sites in the MRRB. Capture sites were characterized with concentrations of 20 parameters in surface water, including concentrations of metals and its soluble state and physicochemical parameters. To evaluate genotoxic damage in the rats, the bone marrow micronucleus test was performed. For this, the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes (MNPCE) was calculated based on the observation of 2000 polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) per animal. Also, to detect possible cytotoxic effects, the PCE/TE (total erythrocytes) ratio in 1000 erythrocytes/animal was calculated. The frequency of MNPCE was positively associated with the highest concentration of chrome, lead, copper, biological oxygen demand, and chemical oxygen demand. Also, the decrease on PCE/TE ratio in bone marrow was related with increase of practically all metals and physicochemical parameters in surface water. The results of this study reveal that rats that live in the MRRB were exposed to concentrations of pollutants that can cause genotoxic damage, even though the concentrations of these pollutants are mostly below the safety standards. Therefore, this work highlights the importance of using methods that allow to integrate all environmental parameters in risk assessment, such as sentinel species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariel Alejandra Tripodi
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Laboratorio de Ecología de Roedores Urbanos, IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA Núñez, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Nancy Beatriz Andrioli
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Grupo de investigación en Biología Evolutiva, IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA Núñez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Olga Virginia Suárez
- Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución, Laboratorio de Ecología de Roedores Urbanos, IEGEBA (CONICET-UBA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Intendente Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA Núñez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Filippi S, Meschini R, Spognardi S, Papetti P, Angeletti D. Genetic effects in Helix aspersa near a coal plant revealed by the micronucleus test. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2018; 27:234-243. [PMID: 29404870 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-018-1906-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Coal plants can be a major source of mutagenic pollutants. In this study we used the common land snail Helix aspersa, to detect the mutagenic effect of pollution from a coal plant in central Italy applying the micronucleus test (MN) on snail's haemocytes and evaluating trace elements concentration (As Cd, Pb, Hg, and Zn) in soil and snails. Snails from a biological farm were exposed for 13 days in five locations at different distances from the plant. Wild snails collected in the same locations were also analysed. MN frequency in exposed snails was significantly higher in four locations within 10 km from to the plant, with respect to the control and the farthest location. Comparing the MN frequency between farmed and wild snails, a significantly higher frequency emerged for the exposed snails in all locations except the farthest, likely indicating adaptation or selection of the wild organisms due to chronic exposure to pollutants. In natural snails significantly higher MN frequencies with near the plant emerged as well. Trace elements analysis showed significant correlations between MN frequencies and both Zn and As concentrations in soil, for both exposed and wild snails, and Zn and Pb concentrations in exposed snails. Our results were consistent with those previously obtained when evaluating primary DNA damage in natural snails from the same area and show that the snails near the plant were affected by a permanent cytogenetic damage. Moreover, they confirm the suitability of snails for biomonitoring the presence of pollutants with mutagenic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Filippi
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Tuscia University, Largo dell'Università snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Roberta Meschini
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Tuscia University, Largo dell'Università snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Sara Spognardi
- Department of Business Studies, University of Roma Tre, Via Ostiense, 159, 00154, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrizia Papetti
- Department of Economics and Law, Territorial and Products Analysis Laboratory (LAMeT), University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Via Sant'Angelo, Località Folcara, 03043, Cassino, Italy
| | - Dario Angeletti
- Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, Tuscia University, Largo dell'Università snc, 01100, Viterbo, Italy
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Ceretti E, Moretti M, Zerbini I, Villarini M, Zani C, Monarca S, Feretti D. Occurrence and Control of Genotoxins in Drinking Water: A Monitoring Proposal. J Public Health Res 2016; 5:769. [PMID: 28083525 PMCID: PMC5206778 DOI: 10.4081/jphr.2016.769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have shown the presence of numerous organic genotoxins and carcinogens in drinking water. These toxic substances derive not only from pollution, but also from the disinfection treatments, particularly when water is obtained from surface sources and then chlorinated. Most of the chlorinated compounds in drinking water are nonvolatile and are difficult to characterize. Thus, it has been proposed to study such complex mixtures using short-term genotoxicity tests predictive of carcinogenic activity. Mutagenicity of water before and after disinfection has mainly been studied by the Salmonella/microsome (Ames test); in vitro genotoxicity tests have also been performed in yeasts and mammalian cells; in situ monitoring of genotoxins has also been performed using complete organisms such as aquatic animals or plants (in vivo). The combination of bioassay data together with results of chemical analyses would give us a more firm basis for the assessment of human health risks related to the consumption of drinking water. Tests with different genetic end-points complement each other with regard to sensitivity toward environmental genotoxins and are useful in detecting low genotoxicity levels which are expected in drinking water samples. Significance for public health The provision of a safe drinking water is an important public health problem. Many studies have shown the presence of numerous genotoxins and carcinogens in drinking water. These toxic substances derive not only from pollution, but also from the disinfection treatments, particularly when water is obtained from surface sources and then chlorinated. The potential health risks of disinfection by-products (DBPs) from drinking water include cancer and adverse reproductive outcomes. People are exposed to disinfected drinking/shower/bathing water as a mixture of at least 600 identified DBPs and other toxic compounds via dermal, inhalation, and ingestion routes. Many of these substances are present in trace concentration, hardly detectable by chemical standard analysis. The monitoring of environmental genotoxins by short-term bioassays could allow a better evaluation of the global human exposure to water genotoxins and could help health officers and drinking water managers to reduce genotoxic hazards and distribute high quality drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Ceretti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia
| | - Massimo Moretti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Unit of Public Health), University of Perugia , Italy
| | - Ilaria Zerbini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia
| | - Milena Villarini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Unit of Public Health), University of Perugia , Italy
| | - Claudia Zani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia
| | - Silvano Monarca
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Unit of Public Health), University of Perugia , Italy
| | - Donatella Feretti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia
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da Silva J. DNA damage induced by occupational and environmental exposure to miscellaneous chemicals. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2016; 770:170-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Obinaju BE, Alaoma A, Martin FL. Novel sensor technologies towards environmental health monitoring in urban environments: a case study in the Niger Delta (Nigeria). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 192:222-31. [PMID: 24602761 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The Niger Delta (Nigeria) is an exemplar of a legacy of environmental pollution. Limited knowledge on spatial and temporal pollutant distributions in the region highlights the need for biomonitoring approaches to study impacts on sentinel organisms. This study evaluated whether infrared (IR) spectroscopy and multivariate analysis could detect alterations in biomolecules in samples in differing exposure scenarios, i.e., spatial and temporal using African catfish (Heterobranchus bidorsalis) or water spinach (Ipomea aquatica). Significant spectral differences between tissues isolated from African catfish based on site or season were observed; in a region where fish appeared not to be present, water spinach was used as a surrogate sentinel organism. Using one-way ANOVA, the spectral categories were significant (P < 0.0001). The applicability of IR spectroscopy to detect subtle changes in target biological molecules within sentinel organisms along with its low-cost yet high-throughput potential suggests that biospectroscopy permits real-time evaluation of environmental exposure effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blessing E Obinaju
- Centre for Biophotonics, LEC, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Alozie Alaoma
- Centre for Biophotonics, LEC, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Francis L Martin
- Centre for Biophotonics, LEC, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.
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Buschini A, Villarini M, Feretti D, Mussi F, Dominici L, Zerbini I, Moretti M, Ceretti E, Bonfiglioli R, Carrieri M, Gelatti U, Rossi C, Monarca S, Poli P. Multicentre study for the evaluation of mutagenic/carcinogenic risk in nurses exposed to antineoplastic drugs: assessment of DNA damage. Occup Environ Med 2013; 70:789-94. [PMID: 24143019 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2013-101475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES People who handle antineoplastic drugs, many of which classified as human carcinogens by International Agency for Research on Cancer, are exposed to low doses in comparison with patients; however, the long duration of exposure could lead to health effects. The aim of this work was to evaluate DNA damage in white blood cells from 63 nurses who handle antineoplastic drugs in five Italian hospitals and 74 control participants, using different versions of the Comet assay. METHODS Primary DNA damage was assessed by using the alkaline version of the assay on leucocytes, whereas to detect DNA oxidative damage and cryptic lesions specifically, the Comet/ENDO III assay and the Comet/araC assay were performed on leucocytes and lymphocytes, respectively. RESULTS In the present study, no significant DNA damage was correlated with the work shift. The exposed population did not differ significantly from the reference group with respect to DNA primary and oxidative damage in leucocytes. Strikingly, in isolated lymphocytes treated with araC, lower data dispersion as well as a significantly lower mean value for the percentage of DNA in the comet tail was observed in exposed participants as compared with the control group (p<0.05), suggesting a potential chronic exposure to crosslinking antineoplastic drugs. CONCLUSIONS Although stringent rules were adopted at national and international levels to prevent occupational exposure to antineoplastic drugs, data reported in this study support the idea that a more efficient survey on long-lasting exposures at very low concentrations is needed.
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Martin FL. Epigenetic influences in the aetiology of cancers arising from breast and prostate: a hypothesised transgenerational evolution in chromatin accessibility. ISRN ONCOLOGY 2013; 2013:624794. [PMID: 23431470 PMCID: PMC3574745 DOI: 10.1155/2013/624794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have consistently supported the notion that environmental and/or dietary factors play a central role in the aetiology of cancers of the breast and prostate. However, for more than five decades investigators have failed to identify a single cause-and-effect factor, which could be implicated; identification of a causative entity would allow the implementation of an intervention strategy in at-risk populations. This suggests a more complex pathoaetiology for these cancer sites, compared to others. When one examines the increases or decreases in incidence of specific cancers amongst migrant populations, it is notable that disease arising in colon or stomach requires one or at most two generations to exhibit a change in incidence to match that of high-incidence regions, whereas for breast or prostate cancer, at least three generations are required. This generational threshold could suggest a requirement for nonmutation-driven epigenetic alterations in the F0/F1 generations (parental/offspring adopting a more westernized lifestyle), which then predisposes the inherited genome of subsequent generations to mutagenic/genotoxic alterations leading to the development of sporadic cancer in these target sites. As such, individual susceptibility to carcinogen insult would not be based per se on polymorphisms in activating/detoxifying/repair enzymes, but on elevated accessibility of crucial target genes (e.g., oncogenes, tumour suppressor genes) or hotspots therein to mutation events. This could be termed a genomic susceptibility organizational structure (SOS). Several exposures including alcohol and heavy metals are epigens (i.e., modifiers of the epigenome), whereas others are mutagenic/genotoxic, for example, heterocyclic aromatic amines; humans are continuously and variously exposed to mixtures of these agents. Within such a transgenerational multistage model of cancer development, determining the interaction between epigenetic modification to generate a genomic SOS and genotoxic insult will facilitate a new level of understanding in the aetiology of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis L. Martin
- Centre for Biophotonics, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
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Heppenstall LD, Strong RJ, Trevisan J, Martin FL. Incorporation of deuterium oxide in MCF-7 cells to shed further mechanistic insights into benzo[a]pyrene-induced low-dose effects discriminated by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Analyst 2013; 138:2583-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an36721e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pang W, Li J, Ahmadzai AA, Heppenstall LD, Llabjani V, Trevisan J, Qiu X, Martin FL. Identification of benzo[a]pyrene-induced cell cycle-associated alterations in MCF-7 cells using infrared spectroscopy with computational analysis. Toxicology 2012; 298:24-9. [PMID: 22561278 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemical contaminants, such as benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), may modulate transcriptional responses in cells via the activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) or through responses to DNA damage following adduct formation. Attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy can be employed in a non-destructive fashion to interrogate the biochemical signature of cells via generation of infrared (IR) spectra. By applying to generated spectral datasets subsequent computational approaches such as principal component analysis plus linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA), derived data reduction is achieved to facilitate the visualization of wavenumber-related alterations in target cells. Discriminating spectral variables might be associated with lipid or glycogen content, conformational protein changes and phosphorylation, and structural alterations in DNA/RNA. Using this approach, we investigated the dose-related effects of B[a]P in MCF-7 cells concentrated in S- or G₀/G₁-phase. Our findings identified that in PCA-LDA scores plots a clear segregation of IR spectra was evident, with the major spectral alterations associated with DNA/RNA, secondary protein structure and lipid. Dose-related effects were observed and even with exposures as low as 10⁻⁹ M B[a]P, significant (P ≤ 0.001) separation of B[a]P-treated vs. vehicle control cells was noted. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy with computational analysis is a novel approach to identify the effects of environmental contaminants in target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Pang
- The School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, PR China
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Llabjani V, Crosse JD, Ahmadzai AA, Patel II, Pang W, Trevisan J, Jones KC, Shore RF, Martin FL. Differential effects in mammalian cells induced by chemical mixtures in environmental biota as profiled using infrared spectroscopy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:10706-10712. [PMID: 22039864 DOI: 10.1021/es202574b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Environmental contaminants accumulate in many organisms and induce a number of adverse effects. As contaminants mostly occur in the environment as mixtures, it remains to be fully understood which chemical interactions induce the most important toxic responses. In this study, we set out to determine the effects of chemical contaminants extracted from Northern Gannet (Morus bassanus) eggs (collected from the UK coast from three sampling years (1987, 1990, and 1992) on cell cultures using infrared (IR) spectroscopy with computational data handling approaches. Gannet extracts were chemically analyzed for different contaminants, and MCF-7 cell lines were treated for 24 h in a dose-related manner with individual-year extracts varying in their polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) to polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) ratios. Treated cellular material was then fixed and interrogated using attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform IR (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy; resultant IR spectra were computationally analyzed to derive dose-response relationships and to identify biomarkers associated with each contaminant mixture treatment. The results show distinct biomarkers of effect are related to each contamination scenario, with an inverse relationship with dose observed. This study suggests that specific contaminant mixtures induce cellular alterations in the DNA/RNA spectral region that are most pronounced at low doses. It also suggests alterations in the "biochemical-cell fingerprint" of IR spectra can be indicative of mixture exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valon Llabjani
- Centre for Biophotonics, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, U.K
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Llabjani V, Trevisan J, Jones KC, Shore RF, Martin FL. Derivation by infrared spectroscopy with multivariate analysis of bimodal contaminant-induced dose-response effects in MCF-7 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:6129-6135. [PMID: 21699185 DOI: 10.1021/es200383a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Toxic responses to contaminants following exposure concentrations typically used in laboratory tests may not reflect how biological systems respond to lower environmental levels from which hormetic effect mechanisms have been suggested. We investigated the pattern of dose-response in mammalian cells to various environmental contaminants using a range of concentrations that span those that are environmentally relevant (10(-12)M to 10(-3)M). MCF-7 cell cultures were treated for 24 h with benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), lindane (γ-hexachlorocyclohexane), or polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) congeners (47, 153, 183, and 209), then fixed in ethanol and interrogated using attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. Mode of action was further studied by examining if test agents stimulated cell growth or altered CYP1A1 expression. Bimodal dose response curves were observed when MCF-7 cells were treated with PBDEs or lindane. The first peak distribution was associated with lower doses (10(-12)M to 10(-9)M), while the second occurred only after MCF-7 cells were exposed to concentrations >10(-9)M. Cellular alterations associated with low-dose PBDEs were mainly due to lipid and secondary protein structural changes, whereas lindane induced DNA/RNA effects as well. In contrast, DNA-reactive B[a]P gave rise to a monotonic linear dose-response relationship and induced mainly DNA/RNA cellular changes. This study shows that environmentally realistic exposures to chemical contaminants can induce nonmonotonic dose-responses in cellular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valon Llabjani
- Centre for Biophotonics, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
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Kelly JG, Najand GM, Martin FL. Characterisation of DNA methylation status using spectroscopy (mid-IR versus Raman) with multivariate analysis. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2011; 4:345-54. [PMID: 21520428 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201000085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Methylation status plays important roles in the regulation of gene expression and significantly influences the dynamics, bending and flexibility of DNA. The aim of this study was to determine whether attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) or Raman spectroscopy with subsequent multivariate analysis could determine methylation patterning in oligonucleotides variously containing 5-methylcytosine, cytosine and guanine bases. Applied to Low-E reflective glass slides, 10 independent spectral acquisitions were acquired per oligonucleotide sample. Resultant spectra were baseline-corrected and vector normalised over the 1750 cm(-1) -760 cm(-1) (for ATR-FTIR spectroscopy) or the 1750 cm(-1) -600 cm(-1) (for Raman spectroscopy) regions. Data were then analysed using principal component analysis (PCA) coupled with linear discriminant analysis (LDA). Exploiting this approach, biomolecular signatures enabling sensitive and specific discrimination of methylation patterning were derived. For DNA sequence and methylation analysis, this approach has the potential to be an important tool, especially when material is scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemma G Kelly
- Centre for Biophotonics, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
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Ukpebor J, Llabjani V, Martin FL, Halsall CJ. Sublethal genotoxicity and cell alterations by organophosphorus pesticides in MCF-7 cells: implications for environmentally relevant concentrations. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2011; 30:632-639. [PMID: 21298709 DOI: 10.1002/etc.417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2010] [Revised: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus pesticide (OPP) toxicity is believed to be mediated through inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Given their widespread distribution in aquatic systems and their ability to undergo chemical transformation, their environmental impacts at sublethal concentrations in nontarget organisms have become an important question. We conducted a number of mammalian-cell genotoxic and gene expression assays and examined cellular biochemical changes that followed low-dose exposure of MCF-7 cells to fenitrothion, diazinon, and the aqueous degradate of diazinon, 2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol (IMP). After exposure to the OPPs at low concentrations (10(-12) M to 10(-8) M), greater than twofold elevations in micronucleus formation were noted in MCF-7 cell cultures that went on to exhibit greater than 75% clonogenic survival; these levels of chromosomal damage were comparable to those induced by 10(-6) M benzo[a]pyrene, a known genotoxic agent. At this low concentration range, a fenitrothion-induced twofold elevation in B-cell leukemia/lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) and cytochrome P450 isoenzyme (CYP1A1) gene expressions was observed. Principal component analysis-linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA) of derived infrared (IR) spectra of vehicle control (nonexposed) and OPP-exposed cells highlighted that both fenitrothion and diazinon induced marked biochemical alterations in the lipid, protein, and DNA/RNA absorbance regions. Our findings demonstrate that the two OPP parent chemicals and IMP degradate can mediate a number of toxic effects or cellular alterations at very low concentrations. These are independent of just selective inhibition of AChE, with potential consequences for nontarget organisms exposed at environmentally relevant concentrations. Further assays on relevant aquatic organism cell lines are now recommended to understand the mechanistic low-dose toxicity of these chemicals present in aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justina Ukpebor
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
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Tarantini A, Maitre A, Lefebvre E, Marques M, Marie C, Ravanat JL, Douki T. Relative contribution of DNA strand breaks and DNA adducts to the genotoxicity of benzo[a]pyrene as a pure compound and in complex mixtures. Mutat Res 2009; 671:67-75. [PMID: 19733579 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2009.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Revised: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) produced upon incomplete combustion of organic matter are suspected to be carcinogenic to humans. In the present work, we especially studied the genotoxicity of benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), pure or in mixtures, with emphasis placed on the contribution of oxidative stress and alkylation. A comparison was made between the extent of DNA strand breaks as determined by the Comet assay and the number of DNA adducts to the diol epoxide metabolite of B[a]P measured by HPLC-mass spectrometry. HepG2 cultured human hepatocytes were treated with either pure B[a]P or particulate matter extracted from air samples collected in an urban peri-industrial site or in a metallurgic plant. Treatment with pure B[a]P did not induce increase in Comet measurements below a concentration of 1 microM whereas adducts were observed for concentrations as low as 0.025 microM. Very different results were obtained with environmental samples. Increase in the Comet score was observed with both urban and industrial mixtures containing 0.16 microM of B[a]P, especially for samples of urban origin. Comparison with the effect of the reconstituted PAH fraction of the mixtures allowed us to conclude that the induction of strand breaks results from the action of other components of the samples. In addition, a 30% potentialization and a 90% inhibition in the level of DNA adducts with respect to exposure to 0.16 microM pure B[a]P were observed for cells exposed to industrial and urban mixtures, respectively. These results contrast with the 6-fold enhancement in the yield of BPDE adducts in cells exposed to the reconstituted PAH fraction with respect to pure BaP. Altogether, our data emphasize that (i) a combination of analytical approaches is required to assess the genotoxicity of complex mixtures and (ii) risk assessment based on additivity consideration such as toxic equivalent factors may be misleading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Tarantini
- Laboratoire Lésions des Acides Nucléiques, Service de Chimie Inorganique et Biologique UMR-E 3 CEA-UJF, CNRS FRE 3200, CEA/DSM/INAC, CEA-Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble, Cedex 9, France
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Quantified gene expression levels for phase I/II metabolizing enzyme and estrogen receptor levels in benign prostate from cohorts designated as high-risk (UK) versus low-risk (India) for adenocarcinoma at this organ site: a preliminary study. Asian J Androl 2009; 12:203-14. [PMID: 19935673 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2009.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Risk of clinically significant prostate adenocarcinoma (CaP) varies worldwide, although there is a uniform prevalence of latent disease. A hormone-responsive tissue, the prostate possesses the metabolizing capacity to biotransform a variety of environmental procarcinogens or endogenous hormones. Whether such metabolizing capacity or estrogen receptor (ER) status underlies these demographic differences in susceptibility to CaP remains unclear. With appropriate ethical permission, verified-benign tissues were obtained following transurethral resection of the prostate from a high-risk region (n = 12 UK-resident Caucasians) and a typically low-risk region (n = 14 India-resident Asians). Quantitative gene expression analysis was employed for cytochrome P450 (CYP)1B1, N-acetyltransferase (NAT)1, NAT2, catechol-O-methyl transferase (COMT), sulfotransferase (SULT)1A1, ERalpha, ERbeta and aromatase (CYP19A1). To quantify the presence or absence of CYP1B1, ERalpha or ERbeta, and to identify their in situ localization, immunohistochemistry was carried out. The two cohorts had reasonably well-matched serum levels of prostate-specific antigen or hormones. Expression levels for the candidate genes investigated were similar. However, clear differences in protein levels for CYP1B1 and ERbeta were noted. Staining for CYP1B1 tended to be nuclear-associated in the basal glandular epithelial cells, and in UK-resident Caucasian tissues was present at a higher (P = 0.006) level compared with that from India-resident Asians. In contrast, a higher level of positive ERbeta staining was noted in prostates from India-resident Asians. These study findings point to differences in metabolizing capacity and ER status in benign prostate tissues that might modulate susceptibility to the emergence of clinically significant CaP in demographically distinct populations.
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Llabjani V, Jones KC, Thomas GO, Walker LA, Shore RF, Martin FL. Polybrominated diphenyl ether-associated alterations in cell biochemistry as determined by attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy: a comparison with DNA-reactive and/or endocrine-disrupting agents. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2009; 43:3356-3364. [PMID: 19534158 DOI: 10.1021/es8036127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Whether polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) induce effects in target cells is increasingly important given that their environmental burdens are rising. Attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy can be used to biochemically signature cells based on the notion that a detailed "biochemical-cell fingerprint" in the form of an infrared (IR) spectrum is derived. By employing subsequent computational approaches such as principal component analysis (PCA) and/or linear discriminant analysis (LDA), data reduction is achieved to allow for the identification of wavenumber-related biomarkers of effect Clustering of similar spectra (or scores) away from dissimilar ones highlights the variance responsible for discriminating classes. Discriminating biomarkers might include protein conformational changes, structural alterations to DNA/RNA, glycogen content, or protein phosphorylation. Employing this approach, we investigated in MCF-7 cells the dose-related effects of PBDEs (congeners 47, 153, 183, and 209), benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PHIP), 17beta-Oestradiol (E2), or lindane (gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane). Cultures concentrated in G0/G1- or S-phases were treated for 24 h. Following treatment MCF-7 cells were fixed and applied to IR reflective Low-E windows for interrogation using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. At concentrations as low as 10(-12) M in culture, significant separation (P < or = 0.05) of PBDE-treated and vehicle control cell populations was noted. In some cases this was associated with alterations in lipid or the secondary structure of proteins; with DNA-reactive compounds (e.g., B[a]P), variance was primarily noted in the DNA/RNA region. This study points to a novel nondestructive approach capable of identifying contaminant effects at environmental concentrations in target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valon Llabjani
- Centre for Biophotonics, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
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Lachenmeier DW. Safety evaluation of topical applications of ethanol on the skin and inside the oral cavity. J Occup Med Toxicol 2008; 3:26. [PMID: 19014531 PMCID: PMC2596158 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6673-3-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethanol is widely used in all kinds of products with direct exposure to the human skin (e.g. medicinal products like hand disinfectants in occupational settings, cosmetics like hairsprays or mouthwashes, pharmaceutical preparations, and many household products). Contradictory evidence about the safety of such topical applications of the alcohol can be found in the scientific literature, yet an up-to-date risk assessment of ethanol application on the skin and inside the oral cavity is currently lacking.The first and foremost concerns of topical ethanol applications for public health are its carcinogenic effects, as there is unambiguous evidence for the carcinogenicity of ethanol orally consumed in the form of alcoholic beverages. So far there is a lack of evidence to associate topical ethanol use with an increased risk of skin cancer. Limited and conflicting epidemiological evidence is available on the link between the use of ethanol in the oral cavity in the form of mouthwashes or mouthrinses and oral cancer. Some studies pointed to an increased risk of oral cancer due to locally produced acetaldehyde, operating via a similar mechanism to that found after alcoholic beverage ingestion.In addition, topically applied ethanol acts as a skin penetration enhancer and may facilitate the transdermal absorption of xenobiotics (e.g. carcinogenic contaminants in cosmetic formulations). Ethanol use is associated with skin irritation or contact dermatitis, especially in humans with an aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) deficiency.After regular application of ethanol on the skin (e.g. in the form of hand disinfectants) relatively low but measurable blood concentrations of ethanol and its metabolite acetaldehyde may occur, which are, however, below acute toxic levels. Only in children, especially through lacerated skin, can percutaneous toxicity occur.As there might be industry bias in many studies about the safety of topical ethanol applications, as well as a general lack of scientific research on the long-term effects, there is a requirement for independent studies on this topic. The research focus should be set on the chronic toxic effects of ethanol and acetaldehyde at the point of impact, with special regard to children and individuals with genetic deficiencies in ethanol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk W Lachenmeier
- Chemisches und Veterinäruntersuchungsamt (CVUA) Karlsruhe, Weissenburger Strasse 3, D-76187 Karlsruhe, Germany.
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Singh MN, Stringfellow HF, Walsh MJ, Ashton KM, Paraskevaidis E, Abdo KR, Martin-Hirsch PL, Phillips DH, Martin FL. Quantifiable mRNA transcripts for tamoxifen-metabolising enzymes in human endometrium. Toxicology 2008; 249:85-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 04/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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