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Zhao C, Guan X, Zhang Q, Meng L, Lin W, Yang R, Li Y, Jiang G. Parent and halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure in aluminum smelter workers: Serum levels, accumulation trends, and association with health indicators. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 913:169655. [PMID: 38159767 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their halogenated derivatives (HPAHs) can be unintentionally formed and released during industrial thermal processes. However, information on internal exposure and health risks of PAHs and HPAHs for thermal industry workers is very limited. In this study, serum samples from 220 aluminum smelter workers in East China were analyzed, and the relationship between the levels of these pollutants and various health indicators was also assessed. The workers had markedly higher serum concentrations of PAHs and HPAHs than the controls. The serum concentrations of ∑13PAHs and ∑9HPAHs increased with increasing age and occupational exposure duration in male workers. A positive correlation was observed between the ∑13PAH and ∑9HPAH serum concentrations, and the concentration of ∑13PAHs was approximately 50 times higher than that of ∑9HPAHs. For benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (BaPeq)-based risk assessment, the contribution of PAHs and HPAHs to the risk was 80 % and 20 % in the workers. PAHs and HPAHs showed a positive association with pulmonary hypofunction, hypertension and abnormal electrocardiogram. This study indicates occupational exposure to these toxic pollutants remains a significant issue and provides evidence that elevated serum levels of ∑13PAHs and ∑9HPAHs may be associated with an increased risk of lung and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuxuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoling Guan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, China
| | - Lingling Meng
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Wei Lin
- Department of Public Scientific Research Platform, Institute of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China; Department of Critical-care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China.
| | - Ruiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Mekonen S, Belete B, Melak F, Ambelu A. Determination of pesticide residues in the serum of flower farm workers: A growing occupational hazards in low income countries. Toxicol Rep 2023; 10:293-300. [PMID: 36891507 PMCID: PMC9986620 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethiopia is one the major exporter of cut flowers in East Africa. However, the sector is blamed for the intensive use of pesticides which leads to exposure of workers. This study aims to investigate the level of pesticides in blood serum of flower farm workers as a predictor to occupational exposure. A cross-sectional laboratory based study was conducted in central Ethiopia among 194 flower farm workers. Blood sample were collected from 100 study participants (50 from farm workers and 50 civil servants as control). Blood-serum separation, extraction, and clean-up was performed following standard analytical methods. Ten organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) (o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, endosulfan, dieldrin, methoxychlor, dibutychloridate), and three pyrethroids (cypermethrin, permethrin and deltamethrin) were detected in the serum of the study participants. From the detected pesticides p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE were observed at high mean concentration (81.5 ± 83.5, and 12.5 ± 6.7 ng/mL),(38.0 ± 31.8 and 6.84 ± 7.4 ng/mL) in the flower farm and controls, respectively. From the Mann-Whitney U-test, there is a significant difference for total DDT (P < 0.02), p,p'-DDE (P < 0.001), cypermethrin (P < 0.001), heptachlor (P < 0.04), heptachlor-epoxide (P < 0.001) and dibutyl chlorendate (P < 0.01) among the flower farm workers and controls. Multinomial regression revealed, being flower farm worker is a significant predictor of moderate to high residues of p,p'-DDE, total DDT, heptachlor-epoxide and dibutyl chlorendate. The pesticides under study were detected more frequently in the flower farm workers than controls which is an indicative for occupational exposure to pesticides and strict regulation is important for the safety of workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seblework Mekonen
- Ethiopian Institute of Water Recourses, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Correspondence to: Ethiopian Institute of Water resources, Water and Public Health, Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia.
| | - Biniam Belete
- Department of Public Health, Arsi University, Ethiopia
| | - Fekadu Melak
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Jimma University, Ethiopia
| | - Argaw Ambelu
- Ethiopian Institute of Water Recourses, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Li M, Wang R, Su C, Li J, Wu Z. Temporal Trends of Exposure to Organochlorine Pesticides in the United States: A Population Study from 2005 to 2016. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19073862. [PMID: 35409545 PMCID: PMC8997618 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19073862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The current study aimed to investigate temporal trends of serum organochlorine pesticide (OCP) concentrations in the general United States population, approximately 30 years after the prohibition of OCP usage, by using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. The least square geometric means and percent change in OCP concentrations were calculated by a survey weighted multiple linear regression model. Over 2005–2016, OCP concentrations showed significant downward temporal trends. Females had substantially higher concentrations of β-Hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), p,p′-DDE and p,p′-DDT, but lower concentrations of Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and trans-nonachlor. In addition, females had a more rapid decrease in p,p′-DDT levels over time than males. The overall OCP concentrations increased with age, and the two oldest age groups (aged 40–59 and 60+ years) had substantially lower rates of decrease than the younger age groups (aged 12–39 years). Concentrations and declines in OCPs (except for trans-nonachlor) were higher in Mexican Americans than both non-Hispanic Whites and non-Hispanic Blacks. There is a particular need for the ongoing monitoring of these banned chemicals, and measures should be taken to mitigate the exposure of vulnerable populations, including adults aged over 60, Mexican Americans, females for β-HCH, p,p′-DDE and p,p′-DDT, and males for HCB and trans-nonachlor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Li
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety and Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;
| | - Rui Wang
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (R.W.); (C.S.)
| | - Chang Su
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (R.W.); (C.S.)
| | - Jianwen Li
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zhenyu Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety and Collaborative Innovation Center of Social Risks Governance in Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China;
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (Z.W.)
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4
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Burgos-Aceves MA, Migliaccio V, Di Gregorio I, Paolella G, Lepretti M, Faggio C, Lionetti L. 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl)-ethane (DDT) and 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis (p, p'-chlorophenyl) ethylene (DDE) as endocrine disruptors in human and wildlife: A possible implication of mitochondria. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 87:103684. [PMID: 34052433 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl)-ethane (DDT) and its main metabolite 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis (p, p'-chlorophenyl) ethylene (DDE) act as endocrine disruptors in humans and wildlife. Immunomodulatory functions have also been attributed to both xenobiotics. DDT was banned in the 1970s due to its toxicity, but it is still produced and used for indoor residual spraying with disease vector control purposes. Due to their persistence and lipophilic properties, DDT and DDE can bioaccumulate through the food chain, being stored in organisms' adipose depots. Their endocrine disruptor function is mediated by agonist or antagonist interaction with nuclear receptors. Present review aimed to provide an overview of how DDT and DDE exposure impacts reproductive and immune systems with estrogen-disrupting action in humans and wildlife. Studies showing DDT and DDE impact on mitochondrial function and apoptosis pathway will also be reviewed, suggesting the hypothesis of direct action on mitochondrial steroid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Alberto Burgos-Aceves
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Migliaccio
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Ilaria Di Gregorio
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Gaetana Paolella
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Marilena Lepretti
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Lillà Lionetti
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy.
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Jin J, Wang S, Hu J, Wu J, Li M, Wang Y, Jin J. Polychlorinated naphthalenes in human serum samples from an industrial city in Eastern China: Levels, sources, and sex differences. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 177:86-92. [PMID: 30974247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in the environment in China have been studied extensively. However, there have been no reports on PCNs in human serum samples from China. In this context, we collected 480 serum samples from an industrial city in Eastern China. The concentration range for the sum of the mono-to octa-CNs was 14300-50700 pg/g lipid. The most predominant congener was CN-5/7, which accounted for 21.6%-51.1% of the total PCN concentration. Further analysis indicated that residues of PCN industrial technical products in the local environment appear to be the main source of CN-5/7 in the serum samples. On the other hand, the sum of the tetra-to octa-CNs concentration was obviously higher in males (1390 ± 929 pg/g lipid) than in females (267 ± 25 pg/g lipid). Moreover, the concentrations of combustion-related PCNs in the male 20-24, 25-29 and 30-34 years groups were obviously higher than those in the female samples. Therefore, industrial thermal processes are important sources of PCNs in male serum in addition to PCN products. The toxic equivalent (TEQ) concentrations of PCNs in the pooled serum samples ranged from 0.12 to 0.40 pg/g lipid. CN-10 and CN-66/67 were the dominant TEQ congeners in male serum, and CN-10, CN-1, and CN-2 were the main TEQ congeners in female serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxi Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shijie Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jicheng Hu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Jing Wu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Meihong Li
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ying Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jun Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China; Engineering Research Center of Food Environment and Public Health, Beijing, 100081, China
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Kumar B, Mishra M, Verma VK, Rai P, Kumar S. Organochlorines in urban soils from Central India: probabilistic health hazard and risk implications to human population. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2018; 40:2465-2480. [PMID: 29681023 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-018-0112-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study presents distribution of organochlorines (OCs) including HCH, DDT and PCBs in urban soils, and their environmental and human health risk. Forty-eight soil samples were extracted using ultrasonication, cleaned with modified silica gel chromatography and analyzed by GC-ECD. The observed concentrations of ∑HCH, ∑DDT and ∑PCBs in soils ranged between < 0.01-2.54, 1.30-27.41 and < 0.01-62.8 µg kg-1, respectively, which were lower than the recommended soil quality guidelines. Human health risk was estimated following recommended guidelines. Lifetime average daily dose (LADD), non-cancer risk or hazard quotient (HQ) and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) for humans due to individual and total OCs were estimated and presented. Estimated LADD were lower than acceptable daily intake and reference dose. Human health risk estimates were lower than safe limit of non-cancer risk (HQ < 1.0) and the acceptable distribution range of ILCR (10-6-10-4). Therefore, this study concluded that present levels of OCs (HCH, DDT and PCBs) in studied soils were low, and subsequently posed low health risk to human population in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupander Kumar
- Central Pollution Control Board, East Arjun Nagar, New Delhi, 10032, India.
| | - Meenu Mishra
- Central Pollution Control Board, East Arjun Nagar, New Delhi, 10032, India
| | - V K Verma
- Central Pollution Control Board, East Arjun Nagar, New Delhi, 10032, India
| | - Premanjali Rai
- Central Pollution Control Board, East Arjun Nagar, New Delhi, 10032, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Central Pollution Control Board, East Arjun Nagar, New Delhi, 10032, India
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7
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Howell GE, McDevitt E, Henein L, Mulligan C, Young D. Alterations in cellular lipid metabolism produce neutral lipid accumulation following exposure to the organochlorine compound trans-nonachlor in rat primary hepatocytes. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2018; 33:962-971. [PMID: 29964320 PMCID: PMC6105551 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent epidemiological studies have revealed significant positive associations between exposure to organochlorine (OC) pesticides and occurrence of the metabolic syndrome and there are a growing number of animal-based studies to support causality. However, the cellular mechanisms linking OC compound exposure and metabolic dysfunction remain elusive. Therefore, the present study was designed to determine if direct exposure to three highly implicated OC compounds promoted hepatic steatosis, the hepatic ramification of the metabolic syndrome. First, the steatotic effect of p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), oxychlordane, and trans-nonachlor was determined in freshly isolated rat primary hepatocytes. Exposure to trans-nonachlor significantly increased neutral lipid accumulation as opposed to DDE and oxychlordane. To determine possible mechanisms governing increased fatty acid availability, the effects of trans-nonachlor exposure on fatty acid uptake, de novo lipogenesis, triglyceride secretion, and fatty acid oxidation were explored. Trans-nonachlor did not significantly alter fatty acid uptake. However, insulin-stimulated de novo lipogenesis as well as basal expression of fatty acid synthase, a major regulator of lipogenesis were significantly increased following trans-nonachlor exposure. Interestingly, there was a significant decrease in fatty acid oxidation following trans-nonachlor exposure. This decrease in fatty acid oxidation was accompanied by a slight, but significant increase in oleic acid-induced cellular triglyceride secretion. Therefore, taken together, the present data indicate direct exposure to trans-nonachlor has a more potent pro-steatotic effect than exposure to DDE or oxychlordane. This pro-steatotic effect of trans-nonachlor appears to be predominately mediated via increased de novo lipogenesis and decreased fatty acid oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Eli Howell
- Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, Mississippi State, MS 39762
- Corresponding author: George Eli Howell III, Ph.D, 240 Wise Center Drive, P.O. Box 6100, Mississippi State, MS 39762, Phone: 601-420-4707, Fax: 662-325-1031,
| | - Erin McDevitt
- Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, Mississippi State, MS 39762
| | - Lucie Henein
- Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, Mississippi State, MS 39762
| | - Charlee Mulligan
- Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, Mississippi State, MS 39762
| | - Darian Young
- Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, Mississippi State, MS 39762
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8
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Haque R, Inaoka T, Fujimura M, Watanabe C, Ahmad AS, Kakimoto R, Ishiyama M, Ueno D. Dietary patterns and serum of DDT concentrations among reproductive-aged group of women in Bangladesh. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:17665-17673. [PMID: 29667061 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1958-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This research was conducted in order to propose ways to reduce human exposure to DDT, especially for women of reproductive age in Bangladesh, and to find a relation between DDT exposure levels in serum and questionnaire information including sociodemographic and food frequency (FFQ). In this study, a significant relationship was found between the education level and BMI, and the serum p,p'-DDE concentration. This result suggests that people with higher education (relating to higher income) and BMI in Bangladesh actively buy expensive foodstuff, like meat and/or fatty fish, which relates to a higher fat intake. Additionally, a weak positive relationship between p,p'-DDE concentration in serum and the frequency of beef consumption was observed among the nullipara women subgroup. In a previous study, beef and fish showed large contributions on DDT intake of Bangladesh population. Those results suggest that the control of fatty food consumption such as meat (beef) and marine fish might help to regulate the levels of DDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehnuma Haque
- The United Graduate School of Agriculture, Kagoshima University allied to Department of Human Ecology, Saga University, Saga, Japan
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tsukasa Inaoka
- Department of Human Ecology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Miho Fujimura
- Department of Human Ecology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Chiho Watanabe
- National Institute for Environmental Studie, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Akhtar Sk Ahmad
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, Bangladesh University of Health Sciences, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Risa Kakimoto
- Department of Environmental Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjo, Saga, 840-8502, Japan
| | - Momoko Ishiyama
- Department of Environmental Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjo, Saga, 840-8502, Japan
| | - Daisuke Ueno
- Department of Environmental Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjo, Saga, 840-8502, Japan.
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Howell GE, McDevitt E, Henein L, Mulligan C, Young D. "Trans-nonachlor increases extracellular free fatty acid accumulation and de novo lipogenesis to produce hepatic steatosis in McArdle-RH7777 cells". Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 50:285-292. [PMID: 29654899 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest there may be an environmental exposure component to the development and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) involving the organochlorine (OC) pesticides or their metabolites. However, the roles of OC compounds in the development of NAFLD has not been fully elucidated. Therefore, the current study was designed to determine if exposure to trans-nonachlor, a prevalent OC compound, could promote hepatocyte lipid accumulation and determine potential pro-steatotic mechanisms. McArdle-RH7777 (McA) hepatoma cells were incubated with trans-nonachlor for 24 h then neutral lipid accumulation was determined by Oil Red O staining. Exposure to trans-nonachlor produced a concentration dependent increase in neutral lipid accumulation. Trans-nonachlor also increased extracellular free fatty acid-induced neutral lipid accumulation which appears to be due at least in part to increased free fatty acid accumulation as evident by increased accumulation of Bodipy labeled dodecanoic acid. Additionally, 14C-acetate incorporation into total cellular lipids was increased by trans-nonachlor implicating increased de novo lipogenesis (DNL) as a potential mediator of trans-nonachlor-induced neutral lipid accumulation. Taken together, the present data indicate exposure to trans-nonachlor has a direct, pro-steatotic effect on hepatocytes to increase lipid accumulation through the combinatorial actions of extracellular free fatty acid accumulation and increased DNL.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Eli Howell
- Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States.
| | - Erin McDevitt
- Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States
| | - Lucie Henein
- Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States
| | - Charlee Mulligan
- Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States
| | - Darian Young
- Mississippi State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Basic Sciences, Mississippi State, MS 39762, United States
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10
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Saeed MF, Shaheen M, Ahmad I, Zakir A, Nadeem M, Chishti AA, Shahid M, Bakhsh K, Damalas CA. Pesticide exposure in the local community of Vehari District in Pakistan: An assessment of knowledge and residues in human blood. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 587-588:137-144. [PMID: 28237471 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study is based on cross-sectional data collected from rural and market areas of Vehari District in Pakistan to assess public awareness of pesticide risks and determine the levels of exposure to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the local community. Blood samples were collected from 56 volunteer donors (VDs) including children, female workers, farm workers involved in pesticide business, farm workers involved in pesticide spraying activities, and people who were living away from agricultural fields. Blood analysis showed that VDs who were involved in spraying activities had significantly higher levels of OCP residues in their blood samples than VDs from the other groups, with mean concentrations of 1.13, 0.92, 0.68 and 1.96ngmL-1 for pp-DDT, aldrin, dieldrin, and endosulfan, respectively. However, VDs who were living away from agricultural fields had significantly lower levels of pesticide residues in their blood samples, with mean concentrations of 0.30, 0.19, 0.14 and 0.41ngmL-1 for pp-DDT, aldrin, dieldrin, and endosulfan, respectively. A survey of 179 volunteer respondents (VRs) showed that a significant proportion of the VRs had little knowledge of using the recommended amounts of pesticides (65.9%). Furthermore, the majority of the VRs was found using limited protective measures during pesticide use (62.6%) and was practising unsafe storage of pesticides (87.7%). In addition, most farm workers (88.8%) reported an increasing trend in pesticide use in their farms each year. Knowledge of pesticide risks on human health increased with formal education and training. Poor knowledge regarding pesticide risks and handling among inhabitants of Vehari District contribute to high exposure levels to OCPs, particularly among farm workers. Findings are useful for policy formulation aimed at reduction of pesticide exposure in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Farhan Saeed
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Vehari, Pakistan.
| | - Mussarat Shaheen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Vehari, Pakistan
| | - Iftikhar Ahmad
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Vehari, Pakistan
| | - Ali Zakir
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Vehari, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nadeem
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Vehari, Pakistan
| | - Arif Ali Chishti
- Dr. A. Q. Khan Institute of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, University of Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Vehari, Pakistan
| | - Khuda Bakhsh
- Department of Management Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Vehari, Pakistan
| | - Christos A Damalas
- Department of Agricultural Development, Democritus University of Thrace, GR-68200 Orestiada, Greece.
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11
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Liu Q, Wang Q, Xu C, Shao W, Zhang C, Liu H, Jiang Z, Gu A. Organochloride pesticides impaired mitochondrial function in hepatocytes and aggravated disorders of fatty acid metabolism. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46339. [PMID: 28397872 PMCID: PMC5387717 DOI: 10.1038/srep46339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p, p'-DDE) and β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH) were two predominant organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) metabolites in human body associated with disorders of fatty acid metabolism. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been fully clarified. In this study, adult male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to low dose of p, p'-DDE and β-HCH for 8 wk. OCPs accumulation in organs, hepatic fatty acid composition, tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) metabolites and other metabolite profiles were analyzed. Expression levels of genes involved in hepatic lipogenesis and β-oxidation were measured. Mitochondrial function was evaluated in HepG2 cells exposed to OCPs. High accumulation of p, p'-DDE and β-HCH was found in liver and damaged mitochondria was observed under electron microscopy. Expression of genes in fatty acid synthesis increased and that in mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation decreased in OCPs treatment groups. OCPs changed metabolite profiles in liver tissues, varied hepatic fatty acid compositions and levels of several TCA cycle metabolites. Furthermore, MitoTracker Green fluorescence, ATP levels, mitochondrial membrane potential and OCR decreased in HepG2 cells exposed to OCPs. In conclusion, chronic exposure to OCPs at doses equivalent to internal exposures in humans impaired mitochondrial function, decreased fatty acid β-oxidation and aggravated disorders of fatty acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Institute of Gallstone Disease, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201200, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qihan Wang
- Department of Surgery, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Cheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wentao Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunlan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhaoyan Jiang
- Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Institute of Gallstone Disease, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201200, China
| | - Aihua Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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12
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Sharma A, Gill JPS, Bedi JS. Monitoring of pesticide residues in human blood from Punjab, India. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 94:640-646. [PMID: 25773703 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-015-1522-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the current levels of pesticide residues were studied in the human populace of Punjab state. A total of 111 human blood samples were analyzed by gas chromatography and pesticide residues were detected in 35 % of the blood sample(s). Residues of alpha-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH), beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (p,p' DDD), p,p' dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p' DDE), p,p' dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (p,p' DDT), β-endosulfan, monocrotophos, profenophos and phosalone were found in human blood samples with mean levels of 1.11, 5.89, 0.51, 3.88, 0.39, 34.90, 0.79, 0.39 and 6.76 ng ml(-1), respectively, with β-endosulfan as a leading pesticide residue. A paradigm shift in the pattern of the pesticide usage was observed with a shift from organochlorine pesticides to organophosphates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Sharma
- School of Public Health and Zoonoses, GADVASU, Ludhiana, 141004, India,
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13
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Bedi JS, Gill JPS, Kaur P, Sharma A, Aulakh RS. Evaluation of pesticide residues in human blood samples from Punjab (India). Vet World 2015; 8:66-71. [PMID: 27046999 PMCID: PMC4777814 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.66-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The present study was undertaken to estimate the current status of residues of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), organophosphates (OPs) and synthetic pyrethroids (SPs) pesticides in human blood. Materials and Methods: Human blood samples were analyzed by gas chromatography and confirmed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in selective ion monitoring mode. Results: The gas chromatographic analysis of human blood samples collected from Punjab revealed the presence of p,p’-dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene (DDE), p,p’ dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethane (DDD), o,p’ DDE and β-endosulfan at mean levels of 15.26, 2.71, 5.62 and 4.02 ng/ml, respectively. p,p’ DDE residue was observed in 18.0% blood samples, and it contributes 55% of the total pesticide burden in human blood. The difference of total dichlorordiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) between different age groups of humans was found to be statistically significant (p<0.05). The difference of DDT and endosulfan between dietary habits, gender and spraying of pesticides was found statistically non-significant, however endosulfan residues were observed only in pesticide sprayer’s population. Conclusion: Occurrence of p,p’ DDE, p,p’ DDD, o,p’ DDE in human blood indicated restricted use of DDT. However, presence of endosulfan residues in occupationally exposed population is a matter of public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasbir Singh Bedi
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - J P S Gill
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - P Kaur
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - A Sharma
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - R S Aulakh
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Zoonoses, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
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14
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Singh A, Nag SK, Singh S. Persistent organochlorine pesticide residue in tissues and blood of goat. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2014.978776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Ruiz-Suárez LE, Castro-Chan RA, Rivero-Pérez NE, Trejo-Acevedo A, Guillén-Navarro GK, Geissen V, Bello-Mendoza R. Levels of organochlorine pesticides in blood plasma from residents of malaria-endemic communities in Chiapas, Mexico. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:10444-60. [PMID: 25310541 PMCID: PMC4210989 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph111010444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Organochlorine (OC) pesticides have been extensively used for pest control in agriculture and against malaria vectors in the region of Soconusco, Chiapas, in southern Mexico. Our study aimed to identify whether the inhabitants of four Soconusco communities at different locations (i.e., altitudes) and with different history of use of OC pesticides, have been similarly exposed to residues of these pesticides. In particular, we analyzed the potential relationship between levels of OC pesticides in plasma and the age, gender, and residence of the study population (n = 60). We detected seven pesticides in total (γ-HCH, β-HCH, heptachlor, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, β-endosulfan, endrin aldehyde). Of these, p,p'-DDE and β-endosulfan were the most frequently found (in 98% and 38% of the samples, respectively). The low-altitude (<20 m above sea level; masl) and mid-altitude (520 masl) locations had the highest levels of p,p'-DDE, with geometric means of 50.6 µg/L and 44.46 µg/L, respectively. The oldest subjects (>60 years) had the highest p,p'-DDE level (56.94 ± 57.81 µg/L) of all age groups, while men had higher p,p'-DDE (34.00 ± 46.76 µg/L) than women. Our results demonstrate that residents of the Soconusco region are exposed to p,p'-DDE because of high exposure to DDT in the past and current environmental exposure to this DDT-breakdown product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz E. Ruiz-Suárez
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto Km. 2.5, C.P. 30700 Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico; E-Mails: (L.E.R.-S.); (R.A.C.-C.); (G.K.G.-N.)
| | - Ricardo A. Castro-Chan
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto Km. 2.5, C.P. 30700 Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico; E-Mails: (L.E.R.-S.); (R.A.C.-C.); (G.K.G.-N.)
| | - Norma E. Rivero-Pérez
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, 19 Poniente y 4ª Norte S/N, C.P. 30700 Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico; E-Mails: (N.E.R.-P); (A.T.-A.)
| | - Antonio Trejo-Acevedo
- Centro Regional de Investigación en Salud Pública, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, 19 Poniente y 4ª Norte S/N, C.P. 30700 Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico; E-Mails: (N.E.R.-P); (A.T.-A.)
| | - Griselda K. Guillén-Navarro
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto Km. 2.5, C.P. 30700 Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico; E-Mails: (L.E.R.-S.); (R.A.C.-C.); (G.K.G.-N.)
| | - Violette Geissen
- Alterra, Wageningen University and Research Center, P.O. Box 47, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; E-Mail:
| | - Ricardo Bello-Mendoza
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Carretera Antiguo Aeropuerto Km. 2.5, C.P. 30700 Tapachula, Chiapas, Mexico; E-Mails: (L.E.R.-S.); (R.A.C.-C.); (G.K.G.-N.)
- Department of Civil and Natural Resources Engineering, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
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16
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Sharma BM, Bharat GK, Tayal S, Nizzetto L, Larssen T. The legal framework to manage chemical pollution in India and the lesson from the Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 490:733-47. [PMID: 24907609 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
India's rapid agro-economic growth has resulted into many environmental issues, especially related to chemical pollution. Environmental management and control of toxic chemicals have gained significant attention from policy makers, researchers, and enterprises in India. The present study reviews the policy and legal and non-regulatory schemes set in place in this country during the last decades to manage chemical risk and compares them with those in developed nations. India has a large and fragmented body of regulation to control and manage chemical pollution which appears to be ineffective in protecting environment and human health. The example of POPs contamination in India is proposed to support such a theory. Overlapping of jurisdictions and retrospectively approached environmental policy and risk management currently adopted in India are out of date and excluding Indian economy from the process of building and participating into new, environmentally-sustainable market spaces for chemical products. To address these issues, the introduction of a new integrated and scientifically-informed regulation and management scheme is recommended. Such scheme should acknowledge the principle of risk management rather than the current one based on risk acceptance. To this end, India should take advantage of the experience of recently introduced chemical management regulation in some developed nations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brij Mohan Sharma
- TERI University, 10 Institutional Area, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi 110070, India.
| | - Girija K Bharat
- The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), Darbari Seth Block, India Habitat Center, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110003, India
| | - Shresth Tayal
- TERI University, 10 Institutional Area, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi 110070, India; The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), Darbari Seth Block, India Habitat Center, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110003, India
| | - Luca Nizzetto
- Norwegian Institute for water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalleen 21, Oslo 0349, Norway; Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Thorjørn Larssen
- Norwegian Institute for water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalleen 21, Oslo 0349, Norway
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17
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Wang Y, Xu M, Jin J, He S, Li M, Sun Y. Concentrations and relationships between classes of persistent halogenated organic compounds in pooled human serum samples and air from Laizhou Bay, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 482-483:276-282. [PMID: 24657373 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Persistent halogenated organic compounds, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), dechlorane plus (DP), pentabromobenzene (PBBz), and pentabromotoluene (PBT), were analyzed in pooled human serum samples from different age groups and air samples from the south coast of Laizhou Bay, Shandong Province, China. The ∑25OCP and ∑8PBDE congeners were found at higher concentrations than the other compounds, with mean concentrations of 1500 and 240ng/g lipid in serum and 330 and 140,000pg/m(3) in the air, respectively. PBBz and PBT were detected in every serum and air sample, with mean concentrations of 4.9 and 1.4ng/g lipid in serum and 100 and 250pg/m(3) in air, respectively. In serum, the mean concentrations of ∑14PCBs and ∑DP were 7.1 and 3.6ng/g lipid, respectively, and in air, the mean concentrations of ∑12dioxin-like (DL-) PCBs and ∑DP were 1.7 and 1.4pg/m(3), respectively. Different relationships were observed between the concentrations of different compounds in serum and the volunteers' ages, and the concentration distributions with age were closely related to the historic production and usage volumes of each chemical in China. The ubiquity of PCBs, OCPs, PBDEs, DP, PBBz, and PBT in serum and air is potentially concerning, and effective measures should be taken to control the concentrations of these chemicals in the environment and humans. Significant correlations were found between the chemical concentrations in serum and air, suggesting that inhalation may be an important exposure route for the residents of Laizhou Bay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Meng Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Jun Jin
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, PR China.
| | - Songjie He
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Mingyuan Li
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Yiming Sun
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, PR China
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18
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Sharma BM, Bharat GK, Tayal S, Nizzetto L, Cupr P, Larssen T. Environment and human exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in India: a systematic review of recent and historical data. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 66:48-64. [PMID: 24525153 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been used in a wide range of agricultural and industrial commodities, resulting in vigorous deterioration of environment and human health. A number of studies on the occurrence of POPs confirm their presence in various environmental compartments and human body. In order to deal with this global concern, India has recently prepared the National Implementation Plan (NIP) of the Stockholm Convention. Common beliefs point at India as a hot spot of POP contamination and human exposure; however no systematic analysis was ever performed so far considering all available past data on POP occurrence. This review aims to examine the distribution pattern of POPs in multicompartment environment and human samples, meta-analysis of time trends in exposure levels to environment and humans, and cross country comparison of POP contamination with China. Based on this review, it can be concluded that the Indian environment and human population are highly contaminated by DDTs and HCHs; however scarcity of data on other POPs makes it challenging to assess their nationwide human and environmental exposure. No evidence of a general decline in DDT and HCH residues in the environment and human body come out from the meta-analysis of time trend. While comparing contamination levels between India and China, tendency towards decline in POP contamination is visible in China, unlike India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brij Mohan Sharma
- TERI University, 10 Institutional Area, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi 110070, Delhi, India.
| | - Girija K Bharat
- The Energy and Resources Institute, Darbari Seth Block, India Habitat Center, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110003, Delhi, India
| | - Shresth Tayal
- TERI University, 10 Institutional Area, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi 110070, Delhi, India; The Energy and Resources Institute, Darbari Seth Block, India Habitat Center, Lodhi Road, New Delhi 110003, Delhi, India
| | - Luca Nizzetto
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalleen 21, Oslo 0349, Norway; Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Cupr
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Masaryk University, Brno 62500, Czech Republic
| | - Thorjørn Larssen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalleen 21, Oslo 0349, Norway
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Mrema EJ, Rubino FM, Mandic-Rajcevic S, Sturchio E, Turci R, Osculati A, Brambilla G, Minoia C, Colosio C. Exposure to priority organochlorine contaminants in the Italian general population. Part 1. Eight priority organochlorinated pesticides in blood serum. Hum Exp Toxicol 2013; 32:1323-39. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327113485255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite extensive use of organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs) such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) in Italy in the 1940s to 1970s, especially for public health control of malaria mosquitoes, information on their exposure levels among the general population is limited. These OCPs can be a source of health risk to human. A total of 137 blood samples were collected from residents of the general population of three Italian towns, Novafeltria, Pavia and Milan, to determine the levels of eight OCPs in blood serum. The concentrations of beta-hexachlorocyclohexane, hexachlorobenzene (HCB), 1,1-dichloro-2-( o-chlorophenyl)-2-( p-chlorophenyl)ethylene, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis( p-chlorophenyl)-ethylene ( p, p' -DDE), 1,1-dichloro-2-( o-chlorophenyl)-2-( p-chlorophenyl)ethane, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis (4-chlorophenyl)ethane, 1,1,1-trichloro-2-( o-chlorophenyl)-2-( p-chlorophenyl)-ethane and 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis( p-chlorophenyl) ethane were measured by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Variations in serum concentrations of OCPs with respect to place of residence, gender, age and body mass index (BMI) were evaluated by non-parametric tests. p, p' -DDE and HCB were the most abundant and major contributors of total OCP concentration. Their levels differed significantly between the three towns with a trend Milan > Novafeltria > Pavia ( p < 0.0001). Females had significantly higher concentrations of HCB and p, p'-DDE than males in the overall population sample. HCB concentrations were significantly higher in females than in males of Milan ( p = 0.029). We observed positive correlations of p, p'-DDE and HCB with age in Novafeltria subjects ( r = 0.468, p = 0.004). Total OCP concentrations differed significantly across BMI categories ( p = 0.018) in overall population. We have demonstrated a clear pattern of the main OCPs in a fairly large population. Generally, our study provides information on OCPs exposure among the Italian general population and provides indications for further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- EJ Mrema
- Department of Health Sciences of the University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - FM Rubino
- Department of Health Sciences of the University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- LaTMA Laboratory for Analytical Toxicology and Metabolomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dental Sciences of the University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - S Mandic-Rajcevic
- Department of Health Sciences of the University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - E Sturchio
- Italian Workers’ Compensation Authority, Department of Production Plants and Anthropic Settlements, Via Urbana, Rome, Italy
| | - R Turci
- Laboratory for Environmental and Toxicological Testing, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - A Osculati
- Istituto di Medicina Legale e delle Assicurazioni, Dipartimento di Medicina e Sanità Pubblica, Università dell’Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - G Brambilla
- Department of Health Sciences of the University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - C Minoia
- Laboratory for Environmental and Toxicological Testing, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - C Colosio
- Department of Health Sciences of the University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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20
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Kim M, Song NR, Hong J, Lee J, Pyo H. Quantitative analysis of organochlorine pesticides in human serum using headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 92:279-285. [PMID: 23522033 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Revised: 02/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Persistent organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are well known to accumulate in environment and to instigate disruptions in endocrine system. In the present study, 18 kinds of OCPs were bio-monitored from 1904 adult serums. Analysis was performed with headspace gas chromatography (HS-GC) which has the advantage to require small volume of serum (1mL) without complex pretreatment and (13)C isotope labeled internal standard mix was used for quantitation. As a result, eleven out of 18 OCPs, including hexachlorobenzene (HCB) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane metabolites (DDTs) were detected. HCB was the most frequently detected OCP (8.0%) with an average concentration of 1.74ngg(-1) lipid (2.10ngg(-1) lipid-99.80ngg(-1) lipid). p,p'-Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) had the highest average concentration of 21.65ngg(-1) lipid (12.80ngg(-1) lipid-2270ngg(-1) lipid) and was detected from 7.5% of serum samples. The average concentration of ∑DDT metabolites was 32.04ngg(-1) lipid (6.61ngg(-1) lipid-2800ngg(-1) lipid) with detection frequency of 9.0%. Results interpreted with respect to age groups showed increase in ∑OCPs and ∑DDTs concentrations as age increases, except for the 20. Results interpreted with respect to gender, in general, illustrated higher detected concentration of OCPs in male serums than in female serums; however, the result trend was reversed in age group of the sixties. The above results will be applicable to health impact assessment of Koreans in relation to environmental contaminations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miok Kim
- Molecular Recognition Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
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Król S, Zabiegała B, Namieśnik J. Human hair as a biomarker of human exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Trends Analyt Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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Wang HS, Chen ZJ, Wei W, Man YB, Giesy JP, Du J, Zhang G, Wong CKC, Wong MH. Concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in human blood plasma from Hong Kong: markers of exposure and sources from fish. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 54:18-25. [PMID: 23376599 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies revealed that food, particularly fish products, is the major source for human exposure to organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). Our previous studies revealed that contamination of Hong Kong market fish with DDT was 0.74-131 with a mean of 12.2 ng g(-1), ww, a result suggested that local people might be exposed to hazardous concentrations of OCPs. Therefore, the present systematic study was conducted to determine concentrations of OCPs in blood plasma of Hong Kong residents, develop marker substances and evaluate sources of 19 individual OCPs from fish. Concentrations of ∑OCPs, ∑DDTs and ∑HCHs ranged from 294 to 9732, 172 to 8842, and 115 to 1616 ng g(-1) lipid weight (lw), respectively. These concentrations were greater than those in blood of people from most developed countries but lower than those from most developing countries. The upper age group (>50 years) had significant (p<0.05) greater concentrations of OCPs than other groups. Furthermore, concentrations of OCPs in males were significantly (p<0.05) greater than those in females. p, p'-DDE was the predominant congener and marker substance of DDTs, while β-HCH was the predominant congener and marker substance of HCHs. p, p'-DDE was more correlated with ∑OCPs (r(2)=0.830, p<0.05) than other individual OCPs, which suggested that p, p'-DDE is a good marker for accumulation of OCPs in blood plasma. Concentrations of individual OCPs were significantly correlated with not only their corresponding total concentrations in fishes from Hong Kong markets (r(2)=0.391, p=0.024), but also their bioaccessible fractions, which were estimated by an in vitro digestion method (r(2)=0.784, p=0.000). These results suggested that the in vitro gastrointestinal model is a more accurate method to evaluate accumulation of and health risks caused by dietary intake of OCPs. This study, which was the first systematic study to investigate concentrations of OCPs in blood of Hong Kong people, provides a baseline to which future measurements can be compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Sheng Wang
- Department of Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Zhou J, Zeng X, Zheng K, Zhu X, Ma L, Xu Q, Zhang X, Yu Y, Sheng G, Fu J. Musks and organochlorine pesticides in breast milk from Shanghai, China: levels, temporal trends and exposure assessment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2012; 84:325-333. [PMID: 22921253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2012.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of musks (polycyclic musks and nitro musks) and traditional organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), including dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDT, DDE, DDD, and total DDTs), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) in breast milk collected in Shanghai, China during the period 2006-2010, were determined. The total concentrations ranged from 4.7 to 276.2 (median: 58.4) ng/glipid weight (lw) for musks and from 88.3 to 2532.9 (median: 1003.8) ng/glw for OCPs. 4,4'-DDE (median: 655.4 ng/glw) was the predominant OCP, followed by β-HCH (median: 172.5 ng/g lw), and HHCB (1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta[γ]-2-benzopyran) (median: 17.7 ng/g lw) was the dominant musk. There was no statistical correlation between total musk concentrations, and HCB, HCHs, DDTs or total OCP concentrations, indicating their different exposure routes and metabolism in humans (p=0.182-0.325). Clear reductions in temporal trends in the levels of DDTs and HCB, especially HCHs (p<0.01) were observed during the sampling period, and the high DDE/DDT ratios in the samples indicated past exposure to DDTs. The relatively high median concentrations of HHCB and HHCB-lactone in 2010 suggested a probably increasing tendency. There were statistically significant influences regarding maternal age and parity on OCP accumulation (p=0.001-0.002), but no significant effect on musks was found (p=0.542-0.919). Musk exposure in neonates via breast milk was 2-3 orders of magnitude lower than suggested provisional tolerable daily intakes (PTDI). The estimated daily intakes for HCB and DDTs were below the PTDI in Canada, however, 56% of those for HCHs exceeded the Canadian PTDI. OCP contamination of breast milk requires further attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
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Gerić M, Ceraj-Cerić N, Gajski G, Vasilić Ž, Capuder Ž, Garaj-Vrhovac V. Cytogenetic status of human lymphocytes after exposure to low concentrations of p,p'-DDT, and its metabolites (p,p'-DDE, and p,p'-DDD) in vitro. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 87:1288-1294. [PMID: 22354074 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Despite that the use of DDT has been restricted for more than 40 years to malaria affected areas, low doses of this pesticide and its metabolites DDE and DDD can be found in the environment around the world. Although it has been shown that these pollutants induce cell and DNA damage, the mechanisms of their cytogenotoxic activity remains largely unknown. This study looks into their possible genotoxic effects, at doses that can be found in body fluids, on human lymphocytes using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay and the comet assay. After exposure for 1, 6, and 24 h compounds p,p'-DDT (0.1 μg mL(-1)), p,p'-DDE (4.1 μg mL(-1)), and p,p'-DDD (3.9 μg mL(-1)) showed increase in DNA damage. The most significant results were observed at exposure period of 24 h where number of micronucleated cells increased from control 2.5±0.71 to 23.5±3.54, 13.5±0.71, and 16.5±6.36 for DDT, DDE, and DDD, respectively. Similar effect was observed using comet test where the percentage of DNA in comets tail increased from control 1.81±0.16 to 17.24±0.55, 11.21±0.56 and 9.28±0.50 for each compound, respectively. At the same time Fpg-comet assay failed to report induction of oxidative DNA damage of these pollutants. Additionally, the type of cell death was determined using diffusion assay and necrosis dominated. Our findings suggest that even at low concentrations, these pesticides could induce cytogenetic damage to human peripheral blood lymphocytes and in that manner have the impact on human health as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Gerić
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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