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Lépori CMO, Luna MA, Challier C, Beassoni PR, Correa NM, Falcone RD. Exploring the Properties of Unilamellar Vesicle Bilayers Formed by Ionic Liquid Surfactants for Future Applications in Nanomedicine. J Phys Chem B 2024. [PMID: 38956449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.4c01906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Two ionic liquids (ILs) with amphiphilic properties composed of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dioctylsulfosuccinate (bmim-AOT) and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium dioctylsulfosuccinate (hmim-AOT) form unilamellar vesicles spontaneously simply by dissolving the IL-like surfactant in water. These novel vesicles were characterized using two different and highly sensitive fluorescent probes: 6-propionyl-2-(dimethylaminonaphthalene) (PRODAN) and trans-4-[4-(dimethylamino)-styryl]-1-methylpyridinium iodide (HC). These fluorescent probes provide information about the physicochemical properties of the bilayer, such as micropolarity, microviscosity, and electron-donor capacity. In addition, the biocompatibility of these vesicles with the blood medium was evaluated, and their toxicity was determined using Dictyostelium discoideum amoebas. First, using PRODAN and HC, it was found that the bilayer composition and the chemical structure of the ions at the interface produced differences between both amphiphiles, making the vesicles different. Thus, the bilayer of hmim-AOT vesicles is less polar, more rigid, and has a lower electron-donor capacity than those made by bmim-AOT. Finally, the results obtained from the hemolysis studies and the growth behavior of unicellular amoebas, particularly utilizing the D. discoideum assay, showed that both vesicular systems do not produce toxic effects up to a concentration of 0.02 mg/mL. This elegant assay, devoid of animal usage, highlights the potential of these newly organized systems for the delivery of drugs and bioactive molecules of different polarities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian M O Lépori
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Agencia Postal # 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - M Alejandra Luna
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Agencia Postal # 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Argentina
- Instituto para el Desarrollo Agroindustrial y de la Salud (IDAS), CONICET-UNRC., Agencia Postal # 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Challier
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Agencia Postal # 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Paola R Beassoni
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Agencia Postal # 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Argentina
- Instituto de Biotecnología Ambiental y de la Salud (INBIAS), CONICET-UNRC, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - N Mariano Correa
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Agencia Postal # 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Argentina
- Instituto para el Desarrollo Agroindustrial y de la Salud (IDAS), CONICET-UNRC., Agencia Postal # 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - R Dario Falcone
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto (UNRC), Agencia Postal # 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Argentina
- Instituto para el Desarrollo Agroindustrial y de la Salud (IDAS), CONICET-UNRC., Agencia Postal # 3, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Argentina
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Bertucci JI, Blanco Osorio A, Vidal-Liñán L, Bellas J. Developmental and biochemical markers of the impact of pollutant mixtures under the effect of Global Climate Change. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142162. [PMID: 38697568 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the combined impact of microplastics (MP) and Chlorpyriphos (CPF) on sea urchin larvae (Paracentrotus lividus) under the backdrop of ocean warming and acidification. While the individual toxic effects of these pollutants have been previously reported, their combined effects remain poorly understood. Two experiments were conducted using different concentrations of CPF (EC10 and EC50) based on previous studies from our group. MP were adsorbed in CPF to simulate realistic environmental conditions. Additionally, water acidification and warming protocols were implemented to mimic future ocean conditions. Sea urchin embryo toxicity tests were conducted to assess larval development under various treatment combinations of CPF, MP, ocean acidification (OA), and temperature (OW). Morphometric measurements and biochemical analyses were performed to evaluate the effects comprehensively. Results indicate that combined stressors lead to significant morphological alterations, such as increased larval width and reduced stomach volume. Furthermore, biochemical biomarkers like acetylcholinesterase (AChE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and glutathione reductase (GRx) activities were affected, indicating oxidative stress and impaired detoxification capacity. Interestingly, while temperature increase was expected to enhance larval growth, it instead induced thermal stress, resulting in lower growth rates. This underscores the importance of considering multiple stressors in ecological assessments. Biochemical biomarkers provided early indications of stress responses, complementing traditional growth measurements. The study highlights the necessity of holistic approaches when assessing environmental impacts on marine ecosystems. Understanding interactions between pollutants and environmental stressors is crucial for effective conservation strategies. Future research should delve deeper into the impacts at lower biological levels and explore adaptive mechanisms in marine organisms facing multiple stressors. By doing so, we can better anticipate and mitigate the adverse effects of anthropogenic pollutants on marine biodiversity and ecosystem health.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Bertucci
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía IEO-CSIC, Subida a Radio Faro, 50, Vigo, Pontevedra, Postal Code: 36390, Spain.
| | - A Blanco Osorio
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía IEO-CSIC, Subida a Radio Faro, 50, Vigo, Pontevedra, Postal Code: 36390, Spain
| | - L Vidal-Liñán
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía IEO-CSIC, Subida a Radio Faro, 50, Vigo, Pontevedra, Postal Code: 36390, Spain
| | - J Bellas
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía IEO-CSIC, Subida a Radio Faro, 50, Vigo, Pontevedra, Postal Code: 36390, Spain
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Gharred C, Jenzri M, Bouraoui Z, Guerbej H, Jebali J, Gharred T. Application of the Paracentrotus lividus sea-urchin embryo-larval bioassay to the marine pollution biomonitoring program in the Tunisian coast. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:5787-5797. [PMID: 34427883 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16101-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The pollution of the marine environment by treated and untreated effluents has increased due to human activities. Monitoring the marine ecosystem is nowadays a global concern. In this work, we evaluated the effect of contaminated and uncontaminated seawater, from different Tunisian coastal areas, on the fertilization, gastrulation, and embryo-larval development events of sea urchins (Paracentrotus lividus). The station of Salakta (SA) is considered as a control station, while the stations of Hamdoun Wadi (HW), Port of Monastir (PM), Karaia Monastir (KM), Teboulba (TE), and Khniss Lagoon (KL) are considered to be contaminated stations. The analysis of seawater physicochemical characteristics showed that levels of the total suspended matter (TSM), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total organic carbon (TOC), and nitrate (NO3-) were lower in the seawater of the reference site Salakta (SA) when compared to those of the contaminated seawater sites. In addition, a very strong variation in the levels of trace metals in seawaters sampled in the studied sites was noted. In fact, the highest concentrations of Pb and Cu were observed in Hamdoun Wadi (HW), port of Monastir (PM), and Karaia Monastir (KM), while the highest concentration of Zn was noted in the Teboulba lagoon (TE) and Khniss (LK). Alterations in physicochemical characteristics as well as elevated trace metal levels in the studied seawater samples were correlated with reduced fertility rate, gastrulation rate, and the frequency of normal sea urchin larvae. The total absence of normal sea urchin pluteus larvae in the sea waters of heavily polluted sites proves the great sensitivity of the larval frequency to mixed pollution. This work recommends the utility of urchin fertilization and gastrulation rates and normal pluteus larval frequencies as useful bioassays to monitor the exposure of marine ecosystems to mixed pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayma Gharred
- Research Laboratory of Bioresources: Integrative Biology & Valorization (LR 14ES06), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, Avenue Tahar HAdded, 74,5000, Monastir, PB, Tunisia.
| | - Maroua Jenzri
- Research Laboratory of Bioresources: Integrative Biology & Valorization (LR 14ES06), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, Avenue Tahar HAdded, 74,5000, Monastir, PB, Tunisia
| | - Zied Bouraoui
- Laboratory of Blue Biotechnology and Aquatic Bioproducts (B3Aqua), National Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology, 59, 5000, Monastir, BP, Tunisia
| | - Hamadi Guerbej
- Laboratory of Blue Biotechnology and Aquatic Bioproducts (B3Aqua), National Institute of Marine Sciences and Technology, 59, 5000, Monastir, BP, Tunisia
| | - Jamel Jebali
- Research Laboratory of Genetics, Biodiversity and Valorization of Bioresources (LR11ES41), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, Avenue Tahar HAdded, 74, 5000, Monastir, PB, Tunisia
| | - Tahar Gharred
- Research Laboratory of Bioresources: Integrative Biology & Valorization (LR 14ES06), Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Monastir, Avenue Tahar HAdded, 74,5000, Monastir, PB, Tunisia
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Deidda I, Russo R, Bonaventura R, Costa C, Zito F, Lampiasi N. Neurotoxicity in Marine Invertebrates: An Update. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10020161. [PMID: 33670451 PMCID: PMC7922589 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Invertebrates represent about 95% of existing species, and most of them belong to aquatic ecosystems. Marine invertebrates are found at intermediate levels of the food chain and, therefore, they play a central role in the biodiversity of ecosystems. Furthermore, these organisms have a short life cycle, easy laboratory manipulation, and high sensitivity to marine pollution and, therefore, they are considered to be optimal bioindicators for assessing detrimental chemical agents that are related to the marine environment and with potential toxicity to human health, including neurotoxicity. In general, albeit simple, the nervous system of marine invertebrates is composed of neuronal and glial cells, and it exhibits biochemical and functional similarities with the vertebrate nervous system, including humans. In recent decades, new genetic and transcriptomic technologies have made the identification of many neural genes and transcription factors homologous to those in humans possible. Neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and altered levels of neurotransmitters are some of the aspects of neurotoxic effects that can also occur in marine invertebrate organisms. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of major marine pollutants, such as heavy metals, pesticides, and micro and nano-plastics, with a focus on their neurotoxic effects in marine invertebrate organisms. This review could be a stimulus to bio-research towards the use of invertebrate model systems other than traditional, ethically questionable, time-consuming, and highly expensive mammalian models.
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Fu DJ, Li P, Song J, Zhang SY, Xie HZ. Mechanisms of synergistic neurotoxicity induced by two high risk pesticide residues - Chlorpyrifos and Carbofuran via oxidative stress. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 54:338-344. [PMID: 30385350 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Multi-component pesticide residues, especially pesticide residues with synergistic toxicity, are a serious threat to food safety. With risk assessment, we found that Chlorpyrifos (CPF) and Carbofuran (CBF) are 2 pesticide residues with highest risk for Actinidia chinensis planch. The results showed CPF and CBF have a synergistic neurotoxicity on neural cell SK-N-SH. The toxicity was partly depending on oxidative stress (OS) and had effects on cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, the toxicity remained on long-term low-dose condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Jun Fu
- New Drug Research & Development Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation, Zhengzhou University, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ping Li
- New Drug Research & Development Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation, Zhengzhou University, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jian Song
- New Drug Research & Development Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation, Zhengzhou University, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Sai-Yang Zhang
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute China Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; New Drug Research & Development Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Technology of Drug Preparation, Zhengzhou University, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Key Laboratory of Henan Province for Drug Quality and Evaluation, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Institutes of Advanced Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou 450009, China.
| | - Han-Zhong Xie
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute China Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450009, China; Henan Key Laboratory of Fruit and Cucurbit Biology, Zhengzhou 450009, China.
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Olsen AJ, Halvorsen LA, Yang CY, Barak Ventura R, Yin L, Renfrew PD, Bonneau R, Montclare JK. Impact of phenylalanines outside the dimer interface on phosphotriesterase stability and function. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2018; 13:2092-2106. [PMID: 28817149 DOI: 10.1039/c7mb00196g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We explore the significance of phenylalanine outside of the phosphotriesterase (PTE) dimer interface through mutagenesis studies and computational modeling. Previous studies have demonstrated that the residue-specific incorporation of para-fluorophenylalanine (pFF) into PTE improves stability, suggesting the importance of phenylalanines in stabilization of the dimer. However, this comes at a cost of decreased solubility due to pFF incorporation into other parts of the protein. Motivated by this, eight single solvent-exposed phenylalanine mutants are evaluated viarosetta and good correspondence between experiments and these predictions is observed. Three residues, F304, F327, and F335, appear to be important for PTE activity and stability, even though they do not reside in the dimer interface region or active site. While the remaining mutants do not significantly affect structure or activity, one variant, F306L, reveals improved activity at ambient and elevated temperatures. These studies provide further insight into role of these residues on PTE function and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Olsen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University, Tandon School of Engineering, New York 11201, USA
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Amaroli A, Gallus L, Ferrando S. Permethrin drastically affects the developmental cycle of the non-target slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 193:1-7. [PMID: 29121537 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of pyrethroids has increased throughout the world over the past few decades, as organophosphate, carbamate and organochlorine insecticides are being phased out. Permethrin is widely used in the USA for crops treatment, at concentrations around 750 × 103 μg/L. In our study 3.6 μg/L permethrin decreases the fission-rate and the fruiting bodies formation of slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum. Whereas 3.6 × 104 μg/L kills the 100% of amoebae, showing a 24 h-LC50 = 96.6 μg/L. This concentration induces an increase in the pseudocholinesterase activity as well as in both butyrylcholinesterase and heat-shock-protein 70 presence. Our results highlight the high sensitivity of Dictyostelium to permethrin, at concentration of about 105 lesser than what used for agricultural pest control. If we match our results on 6 days of exposure, with the permethrin relatively slow permanence (30 days) in the aerobic soil, as well as the higher effect of permethrin than organophosphate, carbamate and organochlorine pesticides on D. discoideum, the damage on the dictyostelids community, by use of permethrin, is clear. Our data suggest that, if the sustainable agriculture implementation is a topic of the modern "industrial" farming, the permethrin cannot represent a reliable alternative to organochlorine, organophosphate or carbamate pesticides, in implementing Integrated Pest Management programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Amaroli
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostic, University of Genoa, Largo R. Benzi 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy; Laboratory of Protistology, Department of Earth Science, Environment and Life, University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Gallus
- Laboratory of New Model Organism (NeMo LAB), Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sara Ferrando
- Laboratory of New Model Organism (NeMo LAB), Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Genoa, Italy
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Amaroli A, Gambardella C, Ferrando S, Hanna R, Benedicenti A, Gallus L, Faimali M, Benedicenti S. The Effect of Photobiomodulation on the Sea Urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata) Using Higher-Fluence on Fertilization, Embryogenesis, and Larval Development: An In Vitro Study. Photomed Laser Surg 2016; 35:127-135. [PMID: 28056208 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2016.4136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the photobiomodulation (PBM) effect of the 808 nm diode laser irradiation on spermatozoa, eggs, fertilized eggs, embryos, and larvae of Paracentrotus lividus, using two different power settings. BACKGROUND DATA Studies have shown the possible use of PBM in artificial insemination. These have shown the potential effect of low-power laser irradiation on spermatozoa, while there are few studies on the effect of laser photonic energy on oocytes and almost no reports on the influence of lasers in embryogenesis. METHODS P. lividus gametes, zygotes, embryos, and larvae were irradiated using the 808 nm diode laser (fluence 64 J/cm2 using 1 W or 192 J/cm2 with 3 W) with a flat-top hand-piece delivery, compared to a control without laser irradiation (0 J/cm2-0 W). The fertilization rate and the early developmental stages were investigated. RESULTS The fertilization ability was not affected by the sperm/egg irradiation. At the gastrula stage, no significant differences were observed compared with the control samples. In the late pluteus stage, there were no differences in the developmental percentage observed between the control and the treated samples (1 W), with the exception of larvae from gastrulae and larvae, which were irradiated at 3 W. CONCLUSIONS This study has demonstrated that both the 64 J/cm2-1 W and the 192 J/cm2-3 W do not induce morphological damage on the irradiated P. lividus gametes whose zygotes generate normal embryos and larvae. Our data therefore support the assumption to use higher fluence in preliminary studies on in vitro fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Amaroli
- 1 Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa , Genoa, Italy .,2 Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostic (DISC), University of Genoa , Genoa, Italy
| | - Chiara Gambardella
- 3 Institute of Marine Sciences , National Research Council (ISMAR-CNR), Genoa, Italy
| | - Sara Ferrando
- 1 Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa , Genoa, Italy
| | - Reem Hanna
- 2 Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostic (DISC), University of Genoa , Genoa, Italy .,4 Department of Oral Surgery, Dental Institute , King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alberico Benedicenti
- 2 Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostic (DISC), University of Genoa , Genoa, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Gallus
- 1 Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa , Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Faimali
- 3 Institute of Marine Sciences , National Research Council (ISMAR-CNR), Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefano Benedicenti
- 2 Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostic (DISC), University of Genoa , Genoa, Italy
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Sogorb MA, Pamies D, Estevan C, Estévez J, Vilanova E. Roles of NTE protein and encoding gene in development and neurodevelopmental toxicity. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 259:352-357. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Amaroli A, Ravera S, Parker S, Panfoli I, Benedicenti A, Benedicenti S. 808-nm laser therapy with a flat-top handpiece photobiomodulates mitochondria activities of Paramecium primaurelia (Protozoa). Lasers Med Sci 2016; 31:741-7. [PMID: 26984347 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-016-1901-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Photobiomodulation is proposed as a non-linear process, and only low-level laser therapy (LLLT) is assumed to stimulate exposed cells, whereas high powered laser and fluences can cause negative effects, exhausting the cell's energy reserve as a consequence of excessive photon-based stimulation. In our work, we investigated and compared the effects of 808-nm diode laser (CW) with a new flat-top handpiece. To this purpose, we tested the photobiomodulation effects of 1 and 3 J/cm(2) fluence, both generated by 100 mW or 1 W of laser power and of 64 J/cm(2) of fluence generated by 100 mW, 1 W, 1.5 W or 2 W, as expressed through oxygen consumption and ATP synthesis of Paramecium. Data collected indicates the incremental consumption of oxygen through irradiation with 3 J/cm(2)-100 mW or 64 J/cm(2)-1 W correlates with an increase in Paramecium ATP synthesis. The Paramecium respiration was inhibited by fluences 64 J/cm(2)-100 mW or 64 J/cm(2)-2 W and was followed by a decrease in the endogenous ATP concentration. The 1 J/cm(2)-100 mW or 1 W and 3 J/cm(2)-1 W did not affect mitochondrial activity. The results show that the fluence of 64 J/cm(2)-1 W more than the 3 J/cm(2)-100 mW causes greater efficiency in Paramecium mitochondria respiratory chain activity. Our results suggest that thanks to flat-top handpiece we used, high fluences by high-powered laser have to be reconsidered as an effective and non-invasive therapy. Possible associated benefits of deeper tissue penetration would increase treatment effectiveness and reduced irradiation time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Amaroli
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, Protistology Laboratory, University of Genoa, Corso Europa, 26, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Ravera
- Department of Pharmacy, Biochemistry Laboratory, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Steven Parker
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostic, University of Genoa, Largo R. Benzi, 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Isabella Panfoli
- Department of Pharmacy, Biochemistry Laboratory, University of Genoa, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alberico Benedicenti
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostic, University of Genoa, Largo R. Benzi, 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefano Benedicenti
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostic, University of Genoa, Largo R. Benzi, 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy.
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Sun KF, Xu XR, Duan SS, Wang YS, Cheng H, Zhang ZW, Zhou GJ, Hong YG. Ecotoxicity of two organophosphate pesticides chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos on non-targeting cyanobacteria Microcystis wesenbergii. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2015; 24:1498-1507. [PMID: 25854898 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-015-1458-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate pesticides (OPs), as a replacement for the organochlorine pesticides, are generally considered non-toxic to plants and algae. Chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos are two OPs used for pest control all over the world. In this study, the dose-response of cyanobacteria Microcystis wesenbergii on OPs exposure and the stimulating effect of OPs with and without phosphorus source were investigated. The results showed that high concentrations of chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos caused significant decrease of chlorophyll a content. The median inhibitory concentrations (EC50) of chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos at 96 h were 15.40 and 261.16 μmol L(-1), respectively. Growth of M. wesenbergii under low concentration of OPs (ranged from 1/10,000 to 1/20 EC50), was increased by 35.85 % (chlorpyrifos) and 41.83 % (dichlorvos) at 120 h, respectively. Correspondingly, the highest enhancement on the maximum quantum yield (F v/F m) was 4.20 % (24 h) and 9.70 % (48 h), respectively. Chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics, known as O-J-I-P transients, showed significant enhancements in the O-J, J-I, and I-P transients under low concentrations of dichlorvos at 144 h, while enhancements of chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics induced by low concentrations of chlorpyrifos were only observed in the J-I transient at 144 h. Significant decreases of chlorophyll content, F v/F m and O-J-I-P transients with OPs as sole phosphorus source were found when they were compared with inorganic phosphate treatments. The results demonstrated an evidently hormetic dose-response of M. wesenbergii to both chlorpyrifos and dichlorvos, where high dose (far beyond environmental concentrations) exposure caused growth inhibition and low dose exposure induced enhancement on physiological processes. The stimulating effect of two OPs on growth of M. wesenbergii was negligible under phosphate limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Feng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Xiang-Rong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China.
| | - Shun-Shan Duan
- Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - You-Shao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Zai-Wang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Guang-Jie Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
| | - Yi-Guo Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510301, China
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12
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Amaroli A, Ravera S, Parker S, Panfoli I, Benedicenti A, Benedicenti S. Effect of 808 nm Diode Laser on Swimming Behavior, Food Vacuole Formation and Endogenous ATP Production of Paramecium primaurelia (Protozoa). Photochem Photobiol 2015; 91:1150-5. [PMID: 26118482 DOI: 10.1111/php.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Photobiomodulation (PBM) has been used in clinical practice for more than 40 years. To clarify the mechanisms of action of PBM at cellular and organism levels, we investigated its effect on Paramecium primaurelia (Protozoa) irradiated by an 808 nm infrared diode laser with a flat-top handpiece (1 W in CW). Our results led to the conclusion that: (1) the 808 nm laser stimulates the P. primaurelia without a thermal effect, (2) the laser effect is demonstrated by an increase in swimming speed and in food vacuole formation, (3) the laser treatment affects endogenous adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production in a positive way, (4) the effects of irradiation dose suggest an optimum exposure time of 50 s (64 J cm(-2) of fluence) to stimulate the Paramecium cells; irradiation of 25 s shows no effect or only mild effects and irradiation up to 100 s does not increase the effect observed with 50 s of treatment, (5) the increment of endogenous ATP concentration highlights the positive photobiomodulating effect of the 808 nm laser and the optimal irradiation conditions by the flat-top handpiece.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Amaroli
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, Protistology Laboratory, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Ravera
- Department of Pharmacy, Biochemistry Laboratory, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Steven Parker
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostic, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Isabella Panfoli
- Department of Pharmacy, Biochemistry Laboratory, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alberico Benedicenti
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostic, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefano Benedicenti
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostic, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Amaroli A, Ravera S, Parker S, Panfoli I, Benedicenti A, Benedicenti S. The protozoan, Paramecium primaurelia, as a non-sentient model to test laser light irradiation: The effects of an 808nm infrared laser diode on cellular respiration. Altern Lab Anim 2015; 43:155-62. [PMID: 26256394 DOI: 10.1177/026119291504300305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Photobiomodulation (PBM) has been used in clinical practice for more than 40 years. Unfortunately, conflicting literature has led to the labelling of PBM as a complementary or alternative medicine approach. However, past and ongoing clinical and research studies by reputable investigators have re-established the merits of PBM as a genuine medical therapy, and the technique has, in the last decade, seen an exponential increase in the numbers of clinical instruments available, and their applications. This resurgence has led to a clear need for appropriate experimental models to test the burgeoning laser technology being developed for medical applications. In this context, an ethical model that employs the protozoan, Paramecium primaurelia, is proposed. We studied the possibility of using the measure of oxygen consumption to test PBM by irradiation with an infrared or near-infrared laser. The results show that an 808nm infrared laser diode (1W; 64J/cm²) affects cellular respiration in P. primaurelia, inducing, in the irradiated cells, a significantly (p < 0.05) increased oxygen consumption of about 40%. Our findings indicate that Paramecium can be an excellent tool in biological assays involving infrared and near-infrared PBM, as it combines the advantages of in vivo results with the practicality of in vitro testing. This test represents a fast, inexpensive and straightforward assay, which offers an alternative to both traditional in vivo testing and more expensive mammalian cellular cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Amaroli
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Life Sciences, Protistology Laboratory, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Silvia Ravera
- Department of Pharmacy, Biochemistry Laboratory, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Steven Parker
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Isabella Panfoli
- Department of Pharmacy, Biochemistry Laboratory, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alberico Benedicenti
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefano Benedicenti
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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Amaroli A. The Effects of Temperature Variation on the Sensitivity to Pesticides: a Study on the Slime Mould Dictyostelium discoideum (Protozoa). MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2015; 70:244-254. [PMID: 25515424 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-014-0541-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Slime moulds live in agricultural ecosystems, where they play an important role in the soil fertilization and in the battle against crop pathogens. In an agricultural soil, the amoebae are exposed to different stress factors such as pesticides and weather conditions. The use of pesticides increased up from 0.49 kg per hectare in 1961 to 2 kg in 2004, and the global greenhouse gas emission has grown 70% between 1970 and 2004 leading to a global fluctuation of average surface temperature. Therefore, the European Directive 2009/128/EC has led to a new approach to agriculture, with the transition from an old concept based on high use of pesticides and fossil fuels to an agriculture aware of biodiversity and health issues. We studied the effects of temperature variations and pesticides on Dictyostelium discoideum. We measured the fission rate, the ability to differentiate and the markers of stress such as the activity and presence of pseudocholinesterase and the presence of heat shock protein 70. Our results highlight how the sensitivity to zinc, aluminium, silver, copper, cadmium, mercury, diazinon and dicofol changes for a 2 °C variation from nothing/low to critical. Our work suggests considering, in future regulations, about the use of pesticides as their toxic effect on non-target organisms is strongly influenced by climate temperatures. In addition, there is a need for a new consideration of the protozoa, which takes into account recent researches about the presence in this microorganism of classical neurotransmitters that, similar to those in animals, make protozoa an innocent target of neurotoxic pesticides in the battle against the pest crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Amaroli
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra dell'Ambiente e della Vita (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Corso Europa 26, 16132, Genoa, Italy,
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Amaroli A, Parker S, Dorigo G, Benedicenti A, Benedicenti S. Paramecium: A Promising Non-Animal Bioassay to Study the Effect of 808 nm Infrared Diode Laser Photobiomodulation. Photomed Laser Surg 2015; 33:35-40. [DOI: 10.1089/pho.2014.3829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Amaroli
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Steven Parker
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Gianluca Dorigo
- Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences (DISTAV), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alberico Benedicenti
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefano Benedicenti
- Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
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