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Yang H, Gu X, Chen H, Zeng Q, Mao Z, Ge Y, Yao Y. Harmful planktonic Microcystis and benthic Oscillatoria-induced toxicological effects on the Asian clam (Corbicula fluminea): A survey on histopathology, behavior, oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammation. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 283:109961. [PMID: 38889875 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2024.109961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms are worldwide distributed and threaten aquatic ecosystems and public health. The current studies mainly focus on the adverse impacts of planktonic cyanobacteria or pure cyanotoxins, while the benthic cyanobacteria-induced ecotoxic effects are relatively lacking. The cyanobacterial cell-induced toxic effects on aquatic organisms might be more serious and complex than the pure cyanotoxins and crude extracts of cyanobacteria. This study explored the chronic effects of toxin-producing planktonic Microcystis aeruginosa (producing microcystin) and benthic Oscillatoria sp. (producing cylindrospermopsin) on the behaviors, tissue structures, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation of the Asian clams (Corbicula fluminea) under 28-d exposure. The data showed that both M. aeruginosa and Oscillatoria sp. can decrease the behaviors associated with the feeding activity and induce tissue damage (i.e. gill and digestive gland) in clams. Furthermore, two kinds of cyanobacteria can alter the antioxidant enzyme activities and increase antioxidant, lipid oxidation product, and neurotransmitter degrading enzyme levels in clams. Moreover, two kinds of cyanobacteria can activate apoptosis-related enzyme activities and enhance the proinflammatory cytokine levels of clams. In addition, two kinds of cyanobacteria can disturb the transcript levels of genes linked with oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation. These results suggested harmful cyanobacteria can threaten the survival and health of clams, while the benthic cyanobacteria-induced adverse effects deserve more attention. Our finding also indicated that it is necessary to focus on the entire algal cell-induced ecotoxicity when concerning the ecological impacts of cyanobacterial blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaohong Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China.
| | - Huihui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Qingfei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Zhigang Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - You Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yujia Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Guo X, Li Z, Jiang Q, Cheng C, Feng Y, He Y, Zuo L, Rao L, Ding W, Feng L. Structural insight into the substrate-binding mode and catalytic mechanism for MlrC enzyme of Sphingomonas sp. ACM-3962 in linearized microcystin biodegradation. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1057264. [PMID: 36876080 PMCID: PMC9982164 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1057264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Removing microcystins (MCs) safely and effectively has become an urgent global problem because of their extremely hazardous to the environment and public health. Microcystinases derived from indigenous microorganisms have received widespread attention due to their specific MC biodegradation function. However, linearized MCs are also very toxic and need to be removed from the water environment. How MlrC binds to linearized MCs and how it catalyzes the degradation process based on the actual three-dimensional structure have not been determined. In this study, the binding mode of MlrC with linearized MCs was explored using a combination of molecular docking and site-directed mutagenesis methods. A series of key substrate binding residues, including E70, W59, F67, F96, S392 and so on, were identified. Sodium dodecane sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was used to analyze samples of these variants. The activity of MlrC variants were measured using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). We used fluorescence spectroscopy experiments to research the relationship between MlrC enzyme (E), zinc ion (M), and substrate (S). The results showed that MlrC enzyme, zinc ion and substrate formed E-M-S intermediates during the catalytic process. The substrate-binding cavity was made up of N and C-terminal domains and the substrate-binding site mainly included N41, E70, D341, S392, Q468, S485, R492, W59, F67, and F96. The E70 residue involved in both substrate catalysis and substrate binding. In conclusion, a possible catalytic mechanism of the MlrC enzyme was further proposed based on the experimental results and a literature survey. These findings provided new insights into the molecular mechanisms of the MlrC enzyme to degrade linearized MCs, and laid a theoretical foundation for further biodegradation studies of MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zengru Li
- The Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qinqin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Cai Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Feng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanlin He
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lingzi Zuo
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Rao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Ding
- The Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Feng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
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Jia R, Hou Y, Feng W, Li B, Zhu J. Alterations at biochemical, proteomic and transcriptomic levels in liver of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) under chronic exposure to environmentally relevant level of glyphosate. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 294:133818. [PMID: 35114268 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of glyphosate (Gly) on aquatic animals has received attention from many researchers. However, the chronic toxicity mechanism of Gly on fish has not yet been clarified entirely. Thus, this study aimed to explore the potential toxicity mechanism of Gly at 2 mg/L, a possibly existing concentration in the aquatic environment, via biochemical, transcriptomic and proteomic analyses in the liver of tilapia. Long-term Gly exposure increased lipid content, and altered redox status in liver. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that Gly exposure changed dramatically the expression of 225 genes in liver, including 94 up-regulated genes and 131 down-regulated genes. GO (Gene Ontology) and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) enrichment analyses showed that these genes were predominantly enriched in ion transport, lipid metabolism and PPAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor) signaling pathway. Meanwhile, at proteomic level, long-term Gly exposure resulted in alteration of 21 proteins, which were principally related to hepatic metabolism function. In conclusion, our data displayed a potential toxicity, mainly manifested as redox imbalance and dysregulation of metabolism function, in the liver of tilapia after long-term Gly exposure at 2 mg/L. This study provided novel insight into underlying toxicity mechanism of long-term Gly exposure at an environmentally relevant concentration in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Jia
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Fish Immunopharmacology, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Yiran Hou
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Wenrong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Bing Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China.
| | - Jian Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China.
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Lin W, Hung TC, Kurobe T, Wang Y, Yang P. Microcystin-Induced Immunotoxicity in Fishes: A Scoping Review. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:765. [PMID: 34822549 PMCID: PMC8623247 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) have been present on Earth for over 2 billion years, and can produce a variety of bioactive molecules, such as cyanotoxins. Microcystins (MCs), the most frequently detected cyanotoxins, pose a threat to the aquatic environment and to human health. The classic toxic mechanism of MCs is the inhibition of the protein phosphatases 1 and 2A (PP1 and PP2A). Immunity is known as one of the most important physiological functions in the neuroendocrine-immune network to prevent infections and maintain internal homoeostasis in fish. The present review aimed to summarize existing papers, elaborate on the MC-induced immunotoxicity in fish, and put forward some suggestions for future research. The immunomodulatory effects of MCs in fish depend on the exposure concentrations, doses, time, and routes of exposure. Previous field and laboratory studies provided strong evidence of the associations between MC-induced immunotoxicity and fish death. In our review, we summarized that the immunotoxicity of MCs is primarily characterized by the inhibition of PP1 and PP2A, oxidative stress, immune cell damage, and inflammation, as well as apoptosis. The advances in fish immunoreaction upon encountering MCs will benefit the monitoring and prediction of fish health, helping to achieve an ecotoxicological goal and to ensure the sustainability of species. Future studies concerning MC-induced immunotoxicity should focus on adaptive immunity, the hormesis phenomenon and the synergistic effects of aquatic microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Lin
- Hunan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Health Production of Fisheries, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Health Aquaculture and Product Processing in Dongting Lake Area, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular Immunity Technology of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Organism Resources and Environmental Ecology, Zoology Key Laboratory of Hunan Higher Education, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, China;
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (T.-C.H.); (Y.W.)
- Department of Fisheries Resources and Environment, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tien-Chieh Hung
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (T.-C.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Tomofumi Kurobe
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (T.-C.H.); (Y.W.)
| | - Pinhong Yang
- Hunan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Health Production of Fisheries, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Health Aquaculture and Product Processing in Dongting Lake Area, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Molecular Immunity Technology of Aquatic Animal Diseases, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Organism Resources and Environmental Ecology, Zoology Key Laboratory of Hunan Higher Education, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde 415000, China;
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5
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Niu X, Xu S, Yang Q, Xu X, Zheng M, Li X, Guan W. Toxic effects of the dinoflagellate Karenia mikimotoi on zebrafish (Danio rerio) larval behavior. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 103:101996. [PMID: 33980436 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.101996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Karenia mikimotoi is a toxic dinoflagellate that forms harmful blooms in coastal waters, threatening aquaculture worldwide. However, we do not know whether K. mikimotoi has a neurotoxic effect on aquatic animal behavior. Thus, this study investigated potential K. mikimotoi neurotoxicity in zebrafish larvae. Cells of K. mikimotoi were collected at the mid-exponential phase from a batch culture to prepare ruptured cell solutions (RCS). At 6 h post-fertilization (hpf), zebrafish embryos were exposed to different RCS concentrations (0, 102, 103, 104, and 2.5 × 104 cells mL-1). After 120 hpf, treated larvae were collected to analyze locomotor behavior; activities of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT); and expression of genes related to neurodevelopment. We found that RCS did not affect survival rate, but significantly decreased larval locomotion, as well as their AChE, SOD, and CAT activity. Additionally, the examination of the day-night behavioral experiment revealed RCS decreased locomotion only at night. Zebrafish larvae were also significantly hypoactive in response to light and sound stimulations. Of the neurodevelopment genes, three (th, neurog1, and neurod1) were downregulated, while two (bdnf and manf) were upregulated. Our study suggests that K. mikimotoi neurotoxicity occurs through causing oxidative damage, as well as disorders in the cholinergic system and nervous system development. The results provide new insight that K. mikimotoi in low abundance did not cause significant lethal effect but still exhibited significant neurotoxicity on aquatic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Niu
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035
| | - Shengnan Xu
- The Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiongying Yang
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035
| | - Xuelian Xu
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035
| | - Miaomiao Zheng
- The Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xi Li
- The Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Wanchun Guan
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Sanitary Microbiology, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, Ministry of Education, China, School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China 325035.
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6
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Hinojosa MG, Gutiérrez-Praena D, Prieto AI, Guzmán-Guillén R, Jos A, Cameán AM. Neurotoxicity induced by microcystins and cylindrospermopsin: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 668:547-565. [PMID: 30856566 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) and cylindrospermopsin (CYN) are among the most frequent toxins produced by cyanobacteria. These toxic secondary metabolites are classified as hepatotoxins and cytotoxin, respectively. Furthermore, both may present the ability to induce damage to the nervous system. In this sense, there are many studies manifesting the potential of MCs to cause neurotoxicity both in vitro and in vivo, due to their probable capacity to cross the blood-brain-barrier through organic anion transporting polypeptides. Moreover, the presence of MCs has been detected in brain of several experimental models. Among the neurological effects, histopathological brain changes, deregulation of biochemical parameters in brain (production of oxidative stress and inhibition of protein phosphatases) and behavioral alterations have been described. It is noteworthy that minority variants such as MC-LF and -LW have demonstrated to exert higher neurotoxic effects compared to the most studied congener, MC-LR. By contrast, the available studies concerning CYN-neurotoxic effects are very scarce, mostly showing inflammation and apoptosis in neural murine cell lines, oxidative stress, and alteration of the acetylcholinesterase activity in vivo. However, more studies are required in order to clarify the neurotoxic potential of both toxins, as well as their possible contribution to neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Hinojosa
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - D Gutiérrez-Praena
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - A I Prieto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - R Guzmán-Guillén
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - A Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - A M Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Seville, Spain
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7
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Okogwu OI, Nwonumara GN, Okoh FA. Evaluating Heavy Metals Pollution and Exposure Risk Through the Consumption of Four Commercially Important Fish Species and Water from Cross River Ecosystem, Nigeria. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 102:867-872. [PMID: 30989284 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-019-02610-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In order to evaluate heavy metals exposure risk in the mid-Cross River, the concentrations of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and chromium (Cr) in water and four commercially important fishes (Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus, Clarias anguillaris, Tilapia zillii and Mormyrus rume) were studied between February 2015 and August 2016. Iron (2.71 ± 0.5 mg/L), Mn (0.49 ± 0.06 mg/L), Pb (0.05 ± 0.04 mg/L) and Cr (0.06 ± 0.03 mg/L) in water were above permissible limits. The pattern of heavy metals concentration in fish was T. zillii > M. rume > C. anguillaris > C. nigrodigitatus except for Pb. The estimated daily intake of most heavy metals was below the tolerable daily intake values except Pb. Although the hazard quotient was below one, the total hazard quotient and the carcinogenic risk value for Cr were above acceptable ranges for all fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Okechukwu Idumah Okogwu
- Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Science, Ebonyi State University, PMB 53, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria.
| | - Godwin Nkwuda Nwonumara
- Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Science, Ebonyi State University, PMB 53, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Florence Amarachineke Okoh
- Department of Applied Biology, Faculty of Science, Ebonyi State University, PMB 53, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
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8
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Díez-Quijada L, Puerto M, Gutiérrez-Praena D, Llana-Ruiz-Cabello M, Jos A, Cameán AM. Microcystin-RR: Occurrence, content in water and food and toxicological studies. A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 168:467-489. [PMID: 30399604 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are hepatotoxins, produced by various species of cyanobacteria, whose occurrence is increasing worldwide owing to climate change and anthropogenic activities. More than 100 variants have been reported, and among them MC-LR is the most extensively studied, but there are other MC congeners that deserve to be investigated. The need for data to characterize the toxicological profile of MC variants other than MC-LR has been identified in order to improve risk assessment in humans and wildlife. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to evaluate the information available in the scientific literature dealing with MC-RR, as this congener is the second most common cyanotoxin in the environment. The review focuses on aspects such as occurrence in water and food, and toxicity studies both in vitro and in vivo. It reveals that, although MC-RR is a real hazard with a high exposure potential in some countries, little is known yet about its specific toxicological properties that differ from those of MC-LR, and important aspects such as genotoxicity and chronic effects have not yet been sufficiently addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Díez-Quijada
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Puerto
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Daniel Gutiérrez-Praena
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Llana-Ruiz-Cabello
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Angeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana M Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
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9
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Lundqvist J, Pekar H, Oskarsson A. Microcystins activate nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in human liver cells in vitro – Implications for an oxidative stress induction by microcystins. Toxicon 2017; 126:47-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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10
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Hansen MN, Lundberg JO, Filice M, Fago A, Christensen NMG, Jensen FB. The roles of tissue nitrate reductase activity and myoglobin in securing nitric oxide availability in deeply hypoxic crucian carp. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 219:3875-3883. [PMID: 27742892 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.149195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, treatment with low doses of nitrite has a cytoprotective effect in ischemia/reperfusion events, as a result of nitric oxide formation and S-nitrosation of proteins. Interestingly, anoxia-tolerant lower vertebrates possess an intrinsic ability to increase intracellular nitrite concentration during anoxia in tissues with high myoglobin and mitochondria content, such as the heart. Here, we tested the hypothesis that red and white skeletal muscles develop different nitrite levels in crucian carp exposed to deep hypoxia and assessed whether this correlates with myoglobin concentration. We also tested whether liver, muscle and heart tissue possess nitrate reductase activity that supplies nitrite to the tissues during severe hypoxia. Crucian carp exposed to deep hypoxia (1<PO2 <3 mmHg) for 1 day increased nitrite in red musculature to more than double the value in normoxic fish, while nitrite was unchanged in white musculature. There was a highly significant positive correlation between tissue concentrations of nitrite and nitros(yl)ated compounds. Myoglobin levels were 7 times higher in red than in white musculature, but there was no clear correlation between nitrite and myoglobin levels. Finally, we found a low but significant nitrate reductase activity in liver and white muscle, but not in cardiomyocytes. Nitrate reduction was inhibited by allopurinol, showing that it was partly catalyzed by xanthine oxidoreductase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie N Hansen
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M DK-5230, Denmark
| | - Jon O Lundberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm SE-17177, Sweden
| | - Mariacristina Filice
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende (CS), Italy.,Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | - Angela Fago
- Zoophysiology, Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus C DK-8000, Denmark
| | | | - Frank B Jensen
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M DK-5230, Denmark
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11
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Hu Y, Chen J, Fan H, Xie P, He J. A review of neurotoxicity of microcystins. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:7211-7219. [PMID: 26857003 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6073-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms-produced microcystins are secondary metabolites which can accumulate in the food chain and contaminate water, thus posing a potential threat to the health of aquatic animals and even humans. Microcystin toxicity affects not only the liver but also the other organs, i.e., the brain. The serious neurotoxicity effects caused by microcystins then lead to various symptoms. This review focuses on the neurotoxicity of microcystins. Microcystins can cross blood-brain barrier with the transport of Oatps/OATPs, causing neurostructural, functional, and behavioral changes. In this review, potential uptake mechanisms and neurotoxicity mechanisms are summarized, including neurotransmissions, neurochannels, signal transduction, oxidative stress, and cytoskeleton disruption. However, further researches are needed for detailed studies on signaling pathways and the downstream pathways of neurotoxicity of microcystins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Hu
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan, 430072, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Huihui Fan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ping Xie
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan, 430072, China.
| | - Jun He
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan, 430072, China
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Chen L, Chen J, Zhang X, Xie P. A review of reproductive toxicity of microcystins. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 301:381-99. [PMID: 26521084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Animal studies provide strong evidence of positive associations between microcystins (MCs) exposure and reproductive toxicity, representing a threat to human reproductive health and the biodiversity of wild life. This paper reviews current knowledge of the reproductive toxicity of MCs, with regard to mammals, fishes, amphibians, and birds, mostly in males. Toxicity of MCs is primarily governed by the inhibition of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A (PP1 and PP2A) and disturbance of cellular phosphorylation balance. MCs exposure is related to excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress, leading to cytoskeleton disruption, mitochondria dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and DNA damage. MCs induce cell apoptosis mediated by the mitochondrial and ROS and ER pathways. Through PP1/2A inhibition and oxidative stress, MCs lead to differential expression/activity of transcriptional factors and proteins involved in the pathways of cellular differentiation, proliferation, and tumor promotion. MC-induced DNA damage is also involved in carcinogenicity. Apart from a direct effect on testes and ovaries, MCs indirectly affect sex hormones by damaging the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis and liver. Parental exposure to MCs may result in hepatotoxicity and neurotoxicity of offspring. We also summarize the current research gaps which should be addressed by further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jun Chen
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Xuezhen Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Ping Xie
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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