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Escada-Rebelo S, Cristo MI, Ramalho-Santos J, Amaral S. Mitochondria-Targeted Compounds to Assess and Improve Human Sperm Function. Antioxid Redox Signal 2022; 37:451-480. [PMID: 34847742 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Currently 10%-15% of couples in reproductive age face infertility issues. More importantly, male factor contributes to 50% of these cases (either alone or in combination with female causes). Among various reasons, impaired sperm function is the main cause for male infertility. Furthermore, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress due to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, particularly of mitochondrial origin, are believed to be the main contributors. Recent Advances: Mitochondrial dysfunction, particularly due to increased ROS production, has often been linked to impaired sperm function/quality. For decades, different methods and approaches have been developed to assess mitochondrial features that might correlate with sperm functionality. This connection is now completely accepted, with mitochondrial functionality assessment used more commonly as a readout of sperm functionality. More recently, mitochondria-targeted compounds are on the frontline for both assessment and therapeutic approaches. Critical Issues: In this review, we summarize the current methods for assessing key mitochondrial parameters known to reflect sperm quality as well as therapeutic strategies using mitochondria-targeted antioxidants aiming to improve sperm function in various situations, particularly after sperm cryopreservation. Future Directions: Although more systematic research is needed, mitochondria-targeted compounds definitely represent a promising tool to assess as well as to protect and improve sperm function. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 451-480.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Escada-Rebelo
- PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Biology of Reproduction and Stem Cell Group, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,IIIUC - Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Casa Costa Alemão, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Inês Cristo
- Biology of Reproduction and Stem Cell Group, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Ramalho-Santos
- Biology of Reproduction and Stem Cell Group, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sandra Amaral
- Biology of Reproduction and Stem Cell Group, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,IIIUC - Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Casa Costa Alemão, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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2
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Birch MR, Johansen M, Skakkebæk NE, Andersson AM, Rehfeld A. In vitro investigation of endocrine disrupting effects of pesticides on Ca 2+-signaling in human sperm cells through actions on the sperm-specific and steroid-activated CatSper Ca 2+-channel. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 167:107399. [PMID: 35853389 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ca2+-signaling controls sperm cell functions necessary for successful fertilization. Multiple endocrine disrupting chemicals have been found to interfere with normal Ca2+-signaling in human sperm cells through an activation of the sperm-specific CatSper Ca2+-channel, which is vital for normal male fertility. OBJECTIVES We investigated 53 pesticides for their ability to interfere with CatSper mediated Ca2+-signaling and function in human sperm cells. METHODS Effects of the pesticides on Ca2+-signaling in human sperm cells were evaluated using a Ca2+-fluorometric assay. Effects via CatSper were assessed using the specific CatSper inhibitor RU1968. Effects on human sperm function and viability were assessed using an image cytometry-based acrosome reaction assay and the modified Kremer's sperm-mucus penetration assay. RESULTS 28 of 53 pesticides were found to induce Ca2+-signals in human sperm cells at 10 µM. The majority of these 28 active pesticides induced Ca2+-signals through CatSper and interfered with subsequent Ca2+-signals induced by the two endogenous CatSper ligands progesterone and prostaglandin E1. Multiple active pesticides were found to affect Ca2+-mediated sperm functions and viability at 10 µM. Low nM dose mixtures of the active pesticides alone or in combination with other environmental chemicals were found to significantly induce Ca2+-signals and inhibit Ca2+-signals induced subsequently by progesterone and prostaglandin E1. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that pesticides, both alone and in low nM dose mixtures, interfere with normal Ca2+-signaling in human sperm cells in vitro in low nM concentrations. Biomonitoring of the active pesticides in relevant matrices such as blood and reproductive fluids is very limited and the effects of real time human pesticide exposure on human sperm cells and fertility thus remains largely unknown. To which extent human pesticide exposure affects the chances of a successful fertilization in humans in vivo needs further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michala R Birch
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark; International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mathias Johansen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark; International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels E Skakkebæk
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark; International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna-Maria Andersson
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark; International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Rehfeld
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark; International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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3
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Carlo G, Valentina M, Daniele C, Simone S, Edlira S, Giancarlo B, Benedetto GA. The environmental and occupational influence of pesticides on male fertility: a systematic review of human studies. Andrology 2022; 10:1250-1271. [PMID: 35793270 PMCID: PMC9541307 DOI: 10.1111/andr.13228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environment plays a key role in male infertility, changing the incidence in various populations, and pesticides are one of the most studied hazards. The use of the latter has never decreased, jeopardizing the safety of workers and the general population. OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to summarize the results of studies discussing the association between pesticides and male fertility. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was performed through MEDLINE via PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Only human studies were considered. Semen parameters, and DNA integrity were considered to evaluate the effect of pesticides on men. RESULTS A total of 64 studies that investigated their impact in terms of semen parameters (51 studies), chromatin and DNA integrity (25 studies), were included. The most frequently affected parameters were total sperm count sperm motility and morphology, although a reduction in ejaculate volume and concentration occur in several cases. A tangible worsening of semen quality was associated with organochlorines and organophosphates. Furthermore, pesticide exposure, especially pyrethroids, was related to a higher DNA fragmentation index and chromosome aneuploidy in most articles. CONCLUSION The epidemiological evidence supports the association between pesticides and male fertility for workers and the exposed population in terms of semen quality, DNA fragmentation and chromosome aneuploidy. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulioni Carlo
- "Polytechnic University of Marche Region", Department of Urology, Ancona, Italy
| | - Maurizi Valentina
- "Polytechnic University of Marche Region, Ospedali Riuniti" University Hospital, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Ancona, Italy
| | - Castellani Daniele
- "Ospedali Riuniti" University Hospital, Department of Urology, Ancona, Italy
| | - Scarcella Simone
- "Polytechnic University of Marche Region", Department of Urology, Ancona, Italy
| | - Skrami Edlira
- "Polytechnic University of Marche Region", Centre of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Ancona, Italy
| | - Balercia Giancarlo
- "Ospedali Riuniti" University Hospital, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Ancona, Italy
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Rato L, Sousa ACA. The Impact of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Male Fertility: Focus on the Action of Obesogens. J Xenobiot 2021; 11:163-196. [PMID: 34940512 PMCID: PMC8709303 DOI: 10.3390/jox11040012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The current scenario of male infertility is not yet fully elucidated; however, there is increasing evidence that it is associated with the widespread exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), and in particular to obesogens. These compounds interfere with hormones involved in the regulation of metabolism and are associated with weight gain, being also able to change the functioning of the male reproductive axis and, consequently, the testicular physiology and metabolism that are pivotal for spermatogenesis. The disruption of these tightly regulated metabolic pathways leads to adverse reproductive outcomes. The permanent exposure to obesogens has raised serious health concerns. Evidence suggests that obesogens are one of the leading causes of the marked decline of male fertility and key players in shaping the future health outcomes not only for those who are directly exposed but also for upcoming generations. In addition to the changes that lead to inefficient functioning of the male gametes, obesogens induce alterations that are “imprinted” on the genes of the male gametes, establishing a link between generations and contributing to the transmission of defects. Unveiling the molecular mechanisms by which obesogens induce toxicity that may end-up in epigenetic modifications is imperative. This review describes and discusses the suggested molecular targets and potential mechanisms for obesogenic–disrupting chemicals and the subsequent effects on male reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Rato
- Health School of the Polytechnic Institute of Guarda, 6300-035 Guarda, Portugal
- Correspondence: (L.R.); (A.C.A.S.)
| | - Ana C. A. Sousa
- Department of Biology, School of Science and Technology, University of Évora, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), University of Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
- Correspondence: (L.R.); (A.C.A.S.)
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Burgos-Aceves MA, Migliaccio V, Di Gregorio I, Paolella G, Lepretti M, Faggio C, Lionetti L. 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl)-ethane (DDT) and 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis (p, p'-chlorophenyl) ethylene (DDE) as endocrine disruptors in human and wildlife: A possible implication of mitochondria. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 87:103684. [PMID: 34052433 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl)-ethane (DDT) and its main metabolite 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis (p, p'-chlorophenyl) ethylene (DDE) act as endocrine disruptors in humans and wildlife. Immunomodulatory functions have also been attributed to both xenobiotics. DDT was banned in the 1970s due to its toxicity, but it is still produced and used for indoor residual spraying with disease vector control purposes. Due to their persistence and lipophilic properties, DDT and DDE can bioaccumulate through the food chain, being stored in organisms' adipose depots. Their endocrine disruptor function is mediated by agonist or antagonist interaction with nuclear receptors. Present review aimed to provide an overview of how DDT and DDE exposure impacts reproductive and immune systems with estrogen-disrupting action in humans and wildlife. Studies showing DDT and DDE impact on mitochondrial function and apoptosis pathway will also be reviewed, suggesting the hypothesis of direct action on mitochondrial steroid receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Alberto Burgos-Aceves
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Migliaccio
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Ilaria Di Gregorio
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Gaetana Paolella
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Marilena Lepretti
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Lillà Lionetti
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy.
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Abstract
A positive relationship between mitochondrial functionality and gamete quality, ultimately contributing to fertilization success and normal embryo development has been established for some years now. Both mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production are major indicators of mitochondrial function, and the need for accurate biomarkers mirroring gamete quality highlights the importance of a precise assessment of mitochondrial quality and function. In this chapter, we discuss the use of some mitochondrial fluorescent probes coupled to flow cytometry and/or fluorescence microscopy to specifically assess mitochondrial ROS production and MMP in both sperm and oocytes. Furthermore, as the distribution/aggregation of mitochondria in the oocyte is of interest to determine its quality, a detailed protocol is also given. These methodologies are easy, accurate and can be safely applied in research- and/or clinical-based contexts.
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7
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Munier M, Ayoub M, Suteau V, Gourdin L, Henrion D, Reiter E, Rodien P. In vitro effects of the endocrine disruptor p,p'DDT on human choriogonadotropin/luteinizing hormone receptor signalling. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:1671-1681. [PMID: 33638691 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p'DDT) is an endocrine-disrupting chemical (EDC). Several studies showed an association between p,p'DDT exposure and reprotoxic effects. We showed that p,p'DDT was a positive allosteric modulator of human follitropin receptor (FSHR). In contrast, we demonstrated that p,p'DDT decreased the cyclic AMP (cAMP) production induced by human choriogonadotropin (hCG). This study evaluated further the effects of p,p'DDT on Gs-, β-arrestin 2- and steroidogenesis pathways induced by hCG or luteinizing hormone (LH). We used Chinese hamster ovary cells line stably expressing hCG/LHR. The effects of 10-100 µM p,p'DDT on cAMP production and on β-arrestin 2 recruitment were measured using bioluminescence and time-resolved resonance energy transfer technology. The impact of 100 µM of p,p'DDT on steroid secretion was analysed in murine Leydig tumor cell line (mLTC-1). In cAMP assays, 100 µM p,p'DDT increased the EC50 by more than 300% and reduced the maximum response of the hCG/LHR to hCG and hLH by 30%. This inhibitory effect was also found in human granulosa cells line and in mLTC-1 cells. Likewise, 100 µM p,p'DDT decreased the hCG- and hLH-promoted β-arrestin 2 recruitment down to 14.2 and 26.6%, respectively. Moreover, 100 µM p,p'DDT decreased by 30 and 47% the progesterone secretion induced by hCG or hLH, respectively, without affecting testosterone secretion. This negative effect of p,p'DDT was independent of cytotoxicity. p,p'DDT acted as a negative allosteric modulator of the hCG/LHR signalling. This emphasizes the importance of analyzing all receptor-downstream pathways to fully understand the deleterious effects of EDC on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Munier
- UMR CNRS 6015, INSERM 1083, 3 Rue Roger Amsler - Angers University, 49000, Angers, France. .,Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital, 4 Rue Larrey, 49933, Angers, France. .,Reference Center for Rare Diseases of Thyroid and Hormone Receptors, University Hospital, 4 Rue Larrey, 49933, Angers, France.
| | - Mohammed Ayoub
- Department of Biology, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Reproductive and Behavioural Physiology, INRAE, CNRS, IFCE, Tours University, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Valentine Suteau
- UMR CNRS 6015, INSERM 1083, 3 Rue Roger Amsler - Angers University, 49000, Angers, France.,Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital, 4 Rue Larrey, 49933, Angers, France
| | - Louis Gourdin
- UMR CNRS 6015, INSERM 1083, 3 Rue Roger Amsler - Angers University, 49000, Angers, France.,Reference Center for Rare Diseases of Thyroid and Hormone Receptors, University Hospital, 4 Rue Larrey, 49933, Angers, France
| | - Daniel Henrion
- UMR CNRS 6015, INSERM 1083, 3 Rue Roger Amsler - Angers University, 49000, Angers, France
| | - Eric Reiter
- Reproductive and Behavioural Physiology, INRAE, CNRS, IFCE, Tours University, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Patrice Rodien
- UMR CNRS 6015, INSERM 1083, 3 Rue Roger Amsler - Angers University, 49000, Angers, France.,Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital, 4 Rue Larrey, 49933, Angers, France.,Reference Center for Rare Diseases of Thyroid and Hormone Receptors, University Hospital, 4 Rue Larrey, 49933, Angers, France
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8
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Warner GR, Mourikes VE, Neff AM, Brehm E, Flaws JA. Mechanisms of action of agrochemicals acting as endocrine disrupting chemicals. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 502:110680. [PMID: 31838026 PMCID: PMC6942667 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Agrochemicals represent a significant class of endocrine disrupting chemicals that humans and animals around the world are exposed to constantly. Agrochemicals can act as endocrine disrupting chemicals through a variety of mechanisms. Recent studies have shown that several mechanisms of action involve the ability of agrochemicals to mimic the interaction of endogenous hormones with nuclear receptors such as estrogen receptors, androgen receptors, peroxisome proliferator activated receptors, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, and thyroid hormone receptors. Further, studies indicate that agrochemicals can exert toxicity through non-nuclear receptor-mediated mechanisms of action. Such non-genomic mechanisms of action include interference with peptide, steroid, or amino acid hormone response, synthesis and degradation as well as epigenetic changes (DNA methylation and histone modifications). This review summarizes the major mechanisms of action by which agrochemicals target the endocrine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genoa R Warner
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, 61802, IL, United States
| | - Vasiliki E Mourikes
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, 61802, IL, United States
| | - Alison M Neff
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, 61802, IL, United States
| | - Emily Brehm
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, 61802, IL, United States
| | - Jodi A Flaws
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, 61802, IL, United States.
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Addition of Carbonaceous Material to Aquatic Sediments for Sorption of Lindane and p,p’-Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9091722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Isomers of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and metabolites of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) are still frequently detected worldwide in considerable amounts, even decades after their prohibition. Carbonaceous materials (CMs) have been shown to significantly reduce risks of propagation to humans by binding the hydrophobic organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) present in aquatic sediments. In the present study, black carbons extracted from natural sediments, and artificially produced black carbons, including black carbons by burning rice straw at 450 and 850 °C, and a commercial activated carbon were compared to investigate the factors affecting the sorption of γ-HCH (lindane) and p,p’-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p’-DDE) on CMs. The results indicated that when the proportion of CMs to total organic carbon (ƒCM/ƒOC) was greater than 0.35, CMs played a leading role in the sorption of lindane and p,p’-DDE by the sediments. The sorption contribution rate of CMs could reach up to 64.7%. When the ratio of ƒCM/ƒOC was less than 0.10, CMs played a minor role in the sorption. In addition, the nonlinearity of the sorption isotherms was strengthened with the increasing the proportion of CMs to total organic carbon. Our findings show that ƒCM/ƒOC value is a principal parameter for assessing the sorption capacity of sediments added by CMs for OCPs.
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10
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Laleethambika N, Anila V, Manojkumar C, Muruganandam I, Giridharan B, Ravimanickam T, Balachandar V. Diabetes and Sperm DNA Damage: Efficacy of Antioxidants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s42399-018-0012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Bornman M, Delport R, Farías P, Aneck-Hahn N, Patrick S, Millar RP, de Jager C. Alterations in male reproductive hormones in relation to environmental DDT exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 113:281-289. [PMID: 29373146 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
DDT [1, 1, 1-trichloro-2,2-bis (p-chlorophenyl)-ethane] compounds are used for indoor residual spraying (IRS) to control malaria mosquitoes. DDT is an endocrine disruptor chemical in experimental conditions, but little is known of adverse effects related to living conditions with continual uptake across a time span by all possible means of exposure. Based on estrogenic and/or anti-androgenic effects found in animal studies, we hypothesized that chronic DDT/DDE exposures in men may be associated with changes in male reproductive hormones. We tested this hypothesis by compared the magnitude and direction of associations between DDT and DDE (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethylene) concentrations and male reproductive hormones in samples collected from IRS and non-IRS areas. We sampled a cross-section of 535 men (aged 18-40 years). Men living in IRS villages had significantly higher DDT and DDE concentrations compared with men from non-IRS villages. Men with DDT or DDE uptake (as reflected in detectable plasma concentrations) had significantly higher total-, free and bio-available testosterone (T), and lower follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) concentrations; lower luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations were only evident with DDT uptake. To establish a dose-dependent effect, four sub-categories were defined. Men with the highest DDT (74-519 μg/g) and DDE (173-997 μg/g) concentrations had significantly higher total-, free and bio-available T, and lower FSH concentrations compared with subjects with non-detectable isomer concentrations. Estradiol concentrations were significantly higher in men with DDT and DDE concentrations in both the third (DDE: 27-172 μg/g; DDT: 5-73 μg/g) and fourth (DDE: 173-997 μg/g; DDT: 74-519 μg/g) categories. Men from IRS villages were significantly more likely to have higher total and bioavailable T as well as higher estradiol concentrations OR = 2.5 (95% CI 1.2, 3.2); OR 2.5 (95% CI 1.6, 4.0) and OR = 2.3 (95% CI 1.3, 4.1) compared to men from non-IRS villages, after controlling for age, BMI, personal use of pesticides, and smoking. Men living in IRS villages with life-long exposure (17.6 (±6) years) at the current residence with multiple exposure modalities incurred the highest degree of physiological imbalance over and above circulating isomer concentrations. Further studies are needed to elucidate the health implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Bornman
- School of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH), University of Pretoria, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control (UP ISMC) and MRC Collaborating Centre for Malaria Research, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Hormone Dependent Cancer Consortium, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Rhena Delport
- Department of Chemical Pathology and UP ISMC, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Natalie Aneck-Hahn
- Department of Urology, SHSPH and UP ISMC, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sean Patrick
- School of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH), University of Pretoria, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control (UP ISMC) and MRC Collaborating Centre for Malaria Research, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Robert P Millar
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa; Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom; Hormone Dependent Cancer Consortium, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Christiaan de Jager
- School of Health Systems and Public Health (SHSPH), University of Pretoria, Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control (UP ISMC) and MRC Collaborating Centre for Malaria Research, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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12
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The In Vitro Impact of the Herbicide Roundup on Human Sperm Motility and Sperm Mitochondria. TOXICS 2017; 6:toxics6010002. [PMID: 29267194 PMCID: PMC5874775 DOI: 10.3390/toxics6010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Toxicants, such as herbicides, have been hypothesized to affect sperm parameters. The most common method of exposure to herbicides is through spraying or diet. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of direct exposure of sperm to 1 mg/L of the herbicide Roundup on sperm motility and mitochondrial integrity. Sperm samples from 66 healthy men who were seeking semen analysis were investigated after written informed consent was taken. Semen analysis was performed according to the World Health Organization guidelines (WHO, 2010). Mitochondrial integrity was assessed through mitochondrial staining using a mitochondria-specific dye, which is exclusively incorporated into functionally active mitochondria. A quantity of 1 mg/L of Roundup was found to exert a deleterious effect on sperm’s progressive motility, after 1 h of incubation (mean difference between treated and control samples = 11.2%) in comparison with the effect after three hours of incubation (mean difference = 6.33%, p < 0.05), while the relative incorporation of the mitochondrial dye in mitochondria of the mid-piece region of Roundup-treated spermatozoa was significantly reduced compared to relative controls at the first hour of incubation, indicating mitochondrial dysfunction by Roundup. Our results indicate that the direct exposure of semen samples to the active constituent of the herbicide Roundup at the relatively low concentration of 1 mg/L has adverse effects on sperm motility, and this may be related to the observed reduction in mitochondrial staining.
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Jiang LG, Cheng LY, Kong SH, Yang Y, Shen YJ, Chen C, Deng XH, Liu SZ, Chao L. Toxic effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (Aroclor 1254) on human sperm motility. Asian J Androl 2017; 19:561-566. [PMID: 27624986 PMCID: PMC5566850 DOI: 10.4103/1008-682x.186876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are common environmental contaminants that represent a considerable risk to reproductive toxicity in exposed human populations. Although some experimental studies have suggested an association between the levels of PCBs and semen quality, the direct effects of PCBs on human sperm parameters remain largely unexplored. To this aim, a short-term in vitro incubation experiment that better imitated the putative exposure of sperm to Aroclor 1254 (a commercial PCB mixture) in male reproduction tissue was conducted. Human sperm were incubated with various concentrations (0, 1, 5, or 25 mg l-1) of Aroclor 1254 for different amounts of time (3 and 6 h) in vitro. Sperm motility parameters were analyzed with computer-assisted sperm analysis (CASA). The proportion of sperm with high mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected to explore the probable cause of sperm impairment. Human sperm exposed to continuous Aroclor 1254 exhibited: (i) reduced sperm motility and kinematic parameters, (ii) a proportion of sperm with high ΔΨm that decreased in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05), and (iii) increased levels of ROS compared with controls (P < 0.05). In conclusion, Aroclor 1254 can decrease sperm motility, which may culminate in increased ROS and general mitochondrial dysfunction, thus affecting the fertilization potential of sperm. Our findings suggest a broader understanding of the effect of Aroclor 1254 on human sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Gang Jiang
- Infertility Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Lai-Yang Cheng
- Infertility Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Shu-Hui Kong
- College of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Infertility Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Yan-Jun Shen
- Infertility Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Infertility Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Deng
- Infertility Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Shu-Zhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Research, College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Lan Chao
- Infertility Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
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Tavares RS, Escada-Rebelo S, Correia M, Mota PC, Ramalho-Santos J. The non-genomic effects of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on mammalian sperm. Reproduction 2016; 151:R1-R13. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-15-0355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to toxicants present in the environment, especially the so-called endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), has been associated with decreased sperm quality and increased anomalies in male reproductive organs over the past decades. Both human and animal populations are continuously exposed to ubiquitous synthetic and natural-occurring EDCs through diet, dermal contact and/or inhalation, therefore potentially compromising male reproductive health. Although the effects of EDC are likely induced via multiple genomic-based pathways, their non-genomic effects may also be relevant. Furthermore, spermatozoa are transcriptionally inactive cells that can come in direct contact with EDCs in reproductive fluids and secretions and are therefore a good model to address non-genomic effects. This review thus focuses on the non-genomic effects of several important EDCs relevant to mammalian exposure. Notably, EDCs were found to interfere with pre-existing pathways inducing a panoply of deleterious effects to sperm function that included altered intracellular Ca2+oscillations, induction of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, increased DNA damage and decreased sperm motility and viability, among others, potentially jeopardizing male fertility. Although many studies have used non-environmentally relevant concentrations of only one compound for mechanistic studies, it is important to remember that mammals are not exposed to one, but rather to a multitude of environmental EDCs, and synergistic effects may occur. Furthermore, some effects have been detected with single compounds at environmentally relevant concentrations.
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