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Qin Z, Bian R, Liu LY, Stubbings WA, Zhao X, Li F, Wu F, Wang S. Determination of polyoxymethylene-water partition coefficients for diverse organophosphate esters (OPEs) and prediction of the free-dissolved OPEs in OPE-contaminated soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 875:162528. [PMID: 36894077 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Increasing attention on the estimation of bioavailability of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in soil or sediment has urged the development of techniques to measure soil-/sediment-associated porewater concentrations of OPEs. In this study, we investigated the sorption dynamics of 8 OPEs to polyoxymethylene (POM) spanning one order of magnitude of aqueous OPE concentrations and proposed POM-water partitioning coefficients (Kpom/w) for OPEs. The results showed that the Kpom/w values were mainly affected by the hydrophobicity of OPEs. OPEs with high solubility preferentially partitioned into the aqueous phase indicated by the low log Kpom/w values; while lipophilic OPEs were observed to be taken up by POM. The concentration of lipophilic OPEs in the aqueous phase had a strong impact on their sorption dynamics on POM, with higher aqueous concentrations accelerating the sorption dynamics and shortening the time for equilibration. We proposed that the required time to reach equilibration for targeted OPEs should be 42 d. The proposed equilibration time and Kpom/w values were further validated by applying POM to soil artificially contaminated with OPEs to measure OPEs soil-water partitioning coefficients (Ks). The variations of Ks among soil types implied the need to elucidate the effects of soil properties and chemical properties of OPEs on their distribution between soil and water in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifei Qin
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Renjie Bian
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Liang-Ying Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - William A Stubbings
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Xiaoli Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Fangbai Li
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Shaorui Wang
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
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Esmaeili A, Knox O, Leech C, Hasenohr S, Juhasz A, Wilson SC. Modelling polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon bioavailability in historically contaminated soils with six in-vitro chemical extractions and three earthworm ecotypes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 845:157265. [PMID: 35817096 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Accurate prediction of organic contaminant bioavailability for risk assessment in ecological applications is hindered by limited validation on relevant bioassay species. Here, six in-vitro chemical extraction methods (butanol, non-buffered and buffered hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD, Buf-HPCD), Tenax, potassium persulfate oxidation, polyoxymethylene solid phase extraction (POM)) were tested for PAH bioaccumulation prediction in three earthworm ecotypes with dissimilar exposures, Amynthas sp., Eisenia fetida, and Lumbricus terrestris, in historically contaminated soils from manufactured gas plant (MGP) sites. Extractions were compared directly and modelled in a calculation approach using equilibrium partitioning theory (EqPT) with a novel combination of different organic carbon/octanol-water partitioning parameters (KOC and KOW). In the direct comparison approach Buf-HPCD showed the closest prediction of accumulation for burrowing Amynthas sp. and L. terrestris (within 1.5 and 3.1, respectively), but Tenax and POM showed the closest approximation for E. fetida (within 1.1 and 0.9, respectively). The optimum method for predicting PAH bioaccumulation in the calculation approach depended on earthworm species and the partitioning parameters used in equations of the four models, but overall POM, which was independent of KOC, showed the closest approximation of accumulation, within a factor of 2.5 across all species. This work effectively identifies the optimum in-vitro based approaches for PAH bioavailability prediction in earthworms as a model soil health indicator for ecological risk assessment within regulatory and remediation decision frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Esmaeili
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
| | - Oliver Knox
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Calvin Leech
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Stefan Hasenohr
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Albert Juhasz
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia.
| | - Susan C Wilson
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
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3
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Titaley IA, Trine LSD, Wang T, Duberg D, Davis EL, Engwall M, Massey Simonich SL, Larsson M. Extensive chemical and bioassay analysis of polycyclic aromatic compounds in a creosote-contaminated superfund soil following steam enhanced extraction. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 312:120014. [PMID: 36007793 PMCID: PMC9869926 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) are organic compounds commonly found in contaminated soil. Previous studies have shown the removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in creosote-contaminated soils during steam enhanced extraction (SEE). However, less is known about the removal of alkyl-PAHs and heterocyclic compounds, such as azaarenes, and oxygen- and sulfur-heterocyclic PACs (OPACs and PASHs, respectively). Further, the impact of SEE on the freely dissolved concentration of PACs in soil as well as the soil bioactivity pre- and post-SEE have yet to be addressed. To fulfil these research gaps, chemical and bioanalytical analysis of a creosote-contaminated soil, collected from a U.S. Superfund site, pre- and post-SEE were performed. The decrease of 64 PACs (5-100%) and increase in the concentrations of nine oxygenated-PAHs (OPAHs) (150%) during SEE, some of which are known to be toxic and can potentially contaminate ground water, were observed. The freely dissolved concentrations of PACs in soil were assessed using polyoxymethylene (POM) strips and the concentrations of 66 PACs decreased post-SEE (1-100%). Three in vitro reporter gene bioassays (DR-CALUX®, ERα-CALUX® and anti-AR CALUX®) were used to measure soil bioactivities pre- and post-SEE and all reporter gene bioassays measured soil bioactivity decreases post-SEE. Mass defect suspect screening tentatively identified 27 unique isomers of azaarenes and OPAC in the soil. As a remediation technique, SEE was found to remove alkyl-PAHs and heterocyclic PACs, reduce the concentrations of freely dissolved PACs, and decrease soil bioactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A Titaley
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro SE-701 82, Sweden.
| | | | - Thanh Wang
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro SE-701 82, Sweden
| | - Daniel Duberg
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro SE-701 82, Sweden
| | - Eva L Davis
- Center for Environmental Solutions & Emergency Response, Groundwater, Watershed and Ecosystems Restoration Division, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Ada, OK, 74820, USA
| | - Magnus Engwall
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro SE-701 82, Sweden
| | - Staci L Massey Simonich
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA; Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Maria Larsson
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Örebro SE-701 82, Sweden
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Egert T, Langowski HC. Linear Solvation Energy Relationships (LSERs) for Robust Prediction of Partition Coefficients between Low Density Polyethylene and Water Part I: Experimental Partition Coefficients and Model Calibration. Eur J Pharm Sci 2022; 172:106137. [PMID: 35150822 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2022.106137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
When equilibrium of leaching is reached within a product's duty cycle, partition coefficients polymer/solution dictate the maximum accumulation of a leachable and thus, patient exposure by leachables. Yet, in the pharmaceutical and food industry, exposure estimates based on predictive modeling typically rely on coarse estimations of the partition coefficient, with accurate and robust models lacking. This first part of the study aimed to explore linear solvation energy relationships (LSERs) as high performing models for the prediction of partition coefficients polymer/water. For this, partition coefficients between low density polyethylene (LDPE) and aqueous buffers for 159 compounds spanning a wide range of chemical diversity, molecular weight, vapor pressure, aqueous solubility and polarity (hydrophobicity) were determined and complimentary data collected from the literature (n=159, MW: 32 to 722, logKi,O/W: -0.72 to 8.61 and logKi,LDPE/W: -3.35 up to 8.36). The chemical space represented by this compounds set is considered indicative for the universe of compounds potentially leaching from plastics. Based on the dataset for the LDPE material purified by solvent extraction, a LSER model for partitioning between LDPE and water was calibrated to give:logKi,LDPE/W=-0.529+1.098Ei-1.557Si-2.991Ai-4.617Bi+3.886Vi. The model was proven accurate and precise (n = 156, R2 = 0.991, RMSE = 0.264). Further, it was demonstrated superior over a log-linear model fitted to the same data. Nonetheless, it could be shown that log-linear correlations against logKi,O/W can be of value for the estimation of partition coefficients for nonpolar compounds exhibiting low hydrogen-bonding donor and/or acceptor propensity. For these nonpolar compounds, the log - linear model was found to be: logKi,LDPE/W=1.18logKi,O/W-1.33 (n = 115, R2=0.985, RMSE = 0.313). In contrast, with mono-/bipolar compounds included into the regression data set, an only weak correlation was observed (n = 156, R2 = 0.930, RMSE = 0.742) rendering the log-linear model of more limited value for polar compounds. Notably, sorption of polar compounds into native (non-purified) LDPE was found to be up to 0.3 log units lower than into purified LDPE. To identify maximum (i. e. worst-case) levels of leaching in support of chemical safety risk assessments on systems attaining equilibrium before end of shelf-life, it appears adequate to utilize LSER - calculated partition coefficients (in combination with solubility data) by ignoring any kinetical information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Egert
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co.KG, Ingelheim/Rhein, Germany; Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Chair of Food Packaging Technology, Weihenstephaner Steig 22, Freising, 85354, Germany.
| | - Horst-Christian Langowski
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Chair of Food Packaging Technology, Weihenstephaner Steig 22, Freising, 85354, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Str. 35, Freising, 85354, Germany
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5
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Esmaeili A, Knox O, Juhasz A, Wilson SC. Advancing prediction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon bioaccumulation in plants for historically contaminated soils using Lolium multiflorum and simple chemical in-vitro methodologies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 772:144783. [PMID: 33581513 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study compared chemical extraction methods for the prediction of PAH bioaccumulation in ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) roots in four Manufactured Gas Plant (MGP) historically (>50 years) contaminated soils. The in-vitro methods compared were butanol (BuOH), non-buffered and buffered 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin extractions (HPCD, Buf-HPCD), potassium persulfate oxidation (KPS), solid phase extraction using Tenax resin (Tenax), and polyoxymethylene solid-phase extraction (POM). Extractions were directly compared with bioaccumulation and modelled using equilibrium partitioning theory (EqPT) with a combination of different partitioning parameters (KOC and KOW values) that aimed to improve predictions. The PAH accumulation in plant roots showed good correlation with concentrations in soils, and higher concentrations of the 4-6 ring PAHs compared with 2-3 ring PAHs. Plant accumulation of 16 PAHs in L. multiflorum was estimated within a factor of 5 using direct comparison for all bioaccessibility extraction methods. Accumulation values predicted using the calculation approach depended on the combination of KOC, KOW parameters and root components (total lipid vs total dry weight) used in calculations. Using KOC values derived from historically contaminated soils improved accuracy of predicted total root accumulation although precision was low. The combined contribution of PAH in lipid and carbohydrate root components (total dry weight) overestimated accumulation and a lipid only approach using generic partitioning parameters provided more accurate and precise approximation of bioaccumulation in roots of L. multiflorum in the soils. Overall, Tenax, POM and HPCD-based extractions showed promising results for predicting L. multiflorum root accumulation using the different approaches. This work significantly extends current knowledge for integrating simple chemical extractions into ecological risk assessment frameworks for the prediction of plant PAH bioavailability in historically contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Esmaeili
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
| | - Oliver Knox
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Albert Juhasz
- Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Susan C Wilson
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
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6
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Zhu T, Gu Y, Cheng H, Chen M. Versatile modelling of polyoxymethylene-water partition coefficients for hydrophobic organic contaminants using linear and nonlinear approaches. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 728:138881. [PMID: 32361362 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Environmental fate or transport of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) depends on the partitioning properties of compounds within various environmental phases. Due to the wide application of polyoxymethylene (POM) in the passive sampling technique, several in silico models were developed to predict POM-water partition coefficients (KPOM-w) in accordance with the guidelines of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). It is an attempt to combine conventional linear method (multiple linear regression, MLR) and popular nonlinear algorithm (artificial neural network, ANN) for estimating partition coefficients of HOCs. All models were performed on a dataset of 210 chemicals from 13 different classes. The polyparameter linear free energy relationship (pp-LFER) model included 5 molecular descriptors, namely, E, S, A, B and V, and predicted log KPOM-w with R2adj of 0.825. The values of statistical parameters including R2adj, Q2ext, RMSEtra and RMSEext for quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR)-MLR and QSPR-ANN models with four descriptors (ALOGP, MeanDD, E1m and Mor24s) were: (0.928, 0.877, 0.498 and 0.649) and (0.943, 0.905, 0.443 and 0.571), with high similarity for both models, which confirmed the robustness, significance, and remarkable prediction accuracy of the QSPR models. Moreover, the mechanism interpretation revealed that the molecular volume and hydrophobicity had a major impact on distribution procedure of HOCs. The models developed herein, with the broad applicability domain (AD), provide suitable tools to fill the experimental data gap for untested chemicals and help researchers better understand the mechanistic basis of adsorption behavior of POM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengyi Zhu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Gu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, Jiangsu, China
| | - Haomiao Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ming Chen
- School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK
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Jiang S, Yang J, Fang D. Effects of 9,10-phenanthrenequione on antioxidant indices and metabolite profiles in Takifugu obscurus plasma. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:191356. [PMID: 32874598 PMCID: PMC7428283 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.191356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Derived from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), oxygenated-PAHs (oxy-PAHs) may pose hazards to aquatic organisms, which remain largely unknown. Takifugu obscurus is an important anadromous fish species of high economic and ecological values. In the present study, T. obscurus was acutely exposed to 44.29 µg l-1 9,10-phenanthrenequione (9,10-PQ) for 96 h. Changes of antioxidant indices and metabolite profiles in plasma were compared between 9,10-PQ treatment and the control. The results showed that 9,10-PQ treatment significantly increased malondialdehyde (MDA) content during 6 to 96 h, increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities at 6 h, but decreased them at 96 h. These results indicated that 9,10-PQ induced oxidative stress to fish. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) analysis revealed that four metabolic pathways were influenced in response to treatment with 9,10-PQ, including glycerophospholipid metabolism, phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis, purine metabolism and sulfur metabolism. These pathways are associated with antioxidant mechanisms, biosynthesis of neurotransmitters and innate immune functions. Thus, the as-obtained results confirmed that 9,10-PQ induced oxidative stress and raised concerns of neurotoxicity and immunotoxicity to fish. Overall, the present study posed a high environmental risk of oxy-PAHs to aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulun Jiang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Yang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, People's Republic of China
| | - Dian Fang
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, People's Republic of China
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8
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Jiang S, Yang J, Fang DA. Histological, oxidative and immune changes in response to 9,10-phenanthrenequione, retene and phenanthrene in Takifugu obscurus liver. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2020; 55:827-836. [PMID: 32308113 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2020.1744998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are typical pollutants and may be alkylated and oxygenated to form alkyl-PAHs and oxygenated-PAHs (oxy-PAHs), respectively. Takifugu obscurus is an important anadromous fish species and displays a high risk of being exposed to PAHs-contaminated areas. In the present study, the effects of acute exposure to 44.29 µg L-1 9,10-phenanthrenequione (9,10-PQ), retene and phenanthrene (Phe) on T. obscurus liver histology, antioxidant enzymes and immune indices were compared. After exposure to these three compounds, histological sections showed damages of hepatocyte, and the activities of alanine and aspartate aminotransferase increased in plasma, indicating direct hepatic toxicity. Hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) content increased, but superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities decreased in response to treatments with Phe, retene and 9,10-PQ. These results revealed peroxidative effects on T. obscurus hepatocytes. In addition, total immunoglobulin content and lysozyme activity in plasma increased in treatments with Phe, retene and 9,10-PQ, which might be resulted from the damaged liver cells and the subsequently hepatic inflammation. Besides, the changes were more severe in treatment with 9,10-PQ than those with Phe and retene, demonstrating higher toxicity of 9,10-PQ than the other two compounds. Overall, the present study posed a high environmental risk of PAH derivatives to aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulun Jiang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, China
| | - Di-An Fang
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Centre, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, China
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9
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Volchko Y, Berggren Kleja D, Back PE, Tiberg C, Enell A, Larsson M, Jones CM, Taylor A, Viketoft M, Åberg A, Dahlberg AK, Weiss J, Wiberg K, Rosén L. Assessing costs and benefits of improved soil quality management in remediation projects: A study of an urban site contaminated with PAH and metals. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 707:135582. [PMID: 31776003 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Contaminants in the soil may threaten soil functions (SFs) and, in turn, hinder the delivery of ecosystem services (ES). A framework for ecological risk assessments (ERAs) within the APPLICERA - APPLICable site-specific Environmental Risk Assessment research project promotes assessments that consider other soil quality parameters than only contaminant concentrations. The developed framework is: (i) able to differentiate the effects of contamination on SFs from the effects of other soil qualities essential for soil biota; and (ii) provides a robust basis for improved soil quality management in remediation projects. This study evaluates the socio-economic consequences of remediation alternatives stemming from a Tier 1 ERA that focusses on total contaminant concentrations and soil quality standards and a detailed, site-specific Tier 3 Triad approach that is based on the APPLICERA framework. The present study demonstrates how Tier 1 and Tier 3 ERAs differ in terms of the socio-economic consequences of their remediation actions, as well as presents a novel method for the semi-quantitative assessment of on-site ES. Although the presented Tier 3 ERA is more expensive and time-consuming than the more traditional Tier 1 ERA approach, it has the potential to lower the costs of remediation actions, decrease greenhouse gas emissions, reduce other environmental impacts, and minimise socio-economic losses. Furthermore, the remediation actions stemming from the Tier 3 ERA were predicted to exert far less negative ES effects than the actions proposed based on the results of the Tier 1 ERA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevheniya Volchko
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Sven Hultins gata 6, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Dan Berggren Kleja
- Swedish Geotechnical Institute, SE-581 93 Linköping, Sweden; Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pär-Erik Back
- Swedish Geotechnical Institute, SE-581 93 Linköping, Sweden
| | | | - Anja Enell
- Swedish Geotechnical Institute, SE-581 93 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Maria Larsson
- School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Christopher M Jones
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Astrid Taylor
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Viketoft
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Annika Åberg
- Sweco Environment AB, S:t Larsgatan 16, SE-582 24 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anna-Karin Dahlberg
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7926, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jana Weiss
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7926, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Wiberg
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7926, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lars Rosén
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Sven Hultins gata 6, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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10
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Taylor AC, Fones GR, Vrana B, Mills GA. Applications for Passive Sampling of Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants in Water—A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 51:20-54. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2019.1675043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam C. Taylor
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Gary R. Fones
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Branislav Vrana
- Faculty of Science, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Graham A. Mills
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
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11
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Clergé A, Le Goff J, Lopez C, Ledauphin J, Delépée R. Oxy-PAHs: occurrence in the environment and potential genotoxic/mutagenic risk assessment for human health. Crit Rev Toxicol 2019; 49:302-328. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2019.1605333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Clergé
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, ABTE, Caen Cedex, France
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, UNICANCER, Caen Cedex, France
| | | | - Claire Lopez
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, ABTE, Caen Cedex, France
| | | | - Raphaël Delépée
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, UNIROUEN, ABTE, Caen Cedex, France
- Comprehensive Cancer Center François Baclesse, UNICANCER, Caen Cedex, France
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, PRISMM core facility, SF4206 ICORE, CCC F. Baclesse, Caen, France
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12
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Guo M, Gong Z, Li X, Allinson G, Rookes J, Cahill D. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons bioavailability in industrial and agricultural soils: Linking SPME and Tenax extraction with bioassays. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 140:191-197. [PMID: 28260684 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to evaluate the bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in industrial and agricultural soils using chemical methods and a bioassay, and to study the relationships between the methods. This was conducted by comparing the quantities of PAHs extracted from two manufactured gas plant (MGP) soils and an agricultural soil with low level contamination by solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) and Tenax-TA extraction with the quantities taken up by the earthworm (Eisenia fetida). In addition, a biodegradation experiment was conducted on one MGP soil (MGP-A) to clarify the relationship between PAH removal by biodegradation and the variation in PAH concentrations in soil pore water. Results demonstrated that the earthworm bioassay could not be used to examine PAH bioavailability in the tested MGP soils; which was the case even in the diluted MGP-A soils after biodegradation. However, the bioassay was successfully applied to the agricultural soil. These results suggest that earthworms can only be used for bioassays in soils with low toxicity. In general, rapidly desorbing concentrations extracted by Tenax-TA could predict PAH concentrations accumulated in earthworms (R2=0.66), while SPME underestimated earthworm concentrations by a factor of 2.5. Both SPME and Tenax extraction can provide a useful tool to predict PAH bioavailability for earthworms, but Tenax-TA extraction was proven to be a more sensitive and precise method than SPME for the prediction of earthworm exposure in the agricultural soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixia Guo
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Zongqiang Gong
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
| | - Xiaojun Li
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China.
| | - Graeme Allinson
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia; Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation (EnSuRE), RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - James Rookes
- Deakin University, Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Geelong campus at Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - David Cahill
- Deakin University, Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Geelong campus at Waurn Ponds, Victoria 3216, Australia
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13
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Double-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles for preconcentration and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ancr.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Zhang Y, Pignatello JJ, Tao S. Bioaccessibility of nitro- and oxy-PAHs in fuel soot assessed by an in vitro digestive model with absorptive sink. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:901-908. [PMID: 27531622 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ingestion of soot present in soil or other environmental particles is expected to be an important route of exposure to nitro and oxygenated derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). We measured the apparent bioaccessibility (Bapp) of native concentrations of 1-nitropyrene (1N-PYR), 9-fluorenone (9FLO), anthracene-9,10-dione (ATQ), benzo[a]anthracene-7,12-dione (BaAQ), and benzanthrone (BZO) in a composite fuel soot sample using a previously-developed in vitro human gastrointestinal model that includes silicone sheet as a third-phase absorptive sink. Along with Bapp, we determined the 24-h sheet-digestive fluid partition coefficient (Ks,24h), the soot residue-fluid distribution ratio of the labile sorbed fraction after digestion (Kr,lab), and the maximum possible (limiting) bioaccessibility, Blim. The Bapp of PAH derivatives was positively affected by the presence of the sheet due to mass-action removal of the sorbed compounds. In all cases Bapp increased with imposition of fed conditions. The enhancement of Bapp under fed conditions is due to increasingly favorable mass transfer of target compounds from soot to fluid (increasing bile acid concentration, or adding food lipids) or transfer from fluid to sheet (by raising small intestinal pH). Food lipids may also enhance Bapp by mobilizing contaminants from nonlabile to labile states of the soot. Compared to the parent PAH, the derivatives had larger Kr,lab, despite having lower partition coefficients to various hydrophobic reference phases including silicone sheet. The Blim of the derivatives under the default conditions of the model ranged from 65.5% to 34.4%, in the order, 1N-PYR > ATQ > 9FLO > BZO > BaAQ, with no significant correlation with hydrophobic parameters, nor consistent relationship with Blim of the parent PAH. Consistent with earlier experiments on a wider range of PAHs, the results suggest that a major determinant of bioaccessibility is the distribution of chemical between nonlabile and labile states in the original solid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Joseph J Pignatello
- Department of Environmental Sciences, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, 06504-1106, United States.
| | - Shu Tao
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China.
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15
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Enell A, Lundstedt S, Arp HPH, Josefsson S, Cornelissen G, Wik O, Berggren Kleja D. Combining Leaching and Passive Sampling To Measure the Mobility and Distribution between Porewater, DOC, and Colloids of Native Oxy-PAHs, N-PACs, and PAHs in Historically Contaminated Soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:11797-11805. [PMID: 27696834 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Different methods to quantify soil porewater concentrations of contaminants will provide different types of information. Passive sampling measurements give freely dissolved porewater concentrations (Cpw,free), while leaching tests provide information on the mobile concentration (Cpw,leach), including contaminants associated with dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and particles/colloids in the porewater. This study presents a novel combination of these two measurements, to study the sorption and mobility of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) to DOC and particulate organic carbon (POC) in 10 historically contaminated soils. The PACs investigated were polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), oxygenated-PAHs, and nitrogen containing heterocyclic PACs. Observed Cpw,leach was up to 5 orders of magnitude higher than Cpw,free; implying large biases when Cpw,leach is used to assess bioavailability or soil partitioning. Sorption of PACs to DOC and POC was important for the mobility of compounds with log KOW > 4. Average DOC/water-partitioning coefficients (KDOC) correlated well with KOW (log KDOC = 0.89 × log KOW +1.03 (r2 = 0.89)). This relationship is likely more accurate for historically contaminated soils than previously published data, which suffer from artifacts caused by problems in measuring Cpw,free correctly or not using historically contaminated soils. POC/water-partitioning coefficients (KPOC) were orders of magnitude larger than corresponding KDOC, suggesting sorption to mobile particles/colloids is the dominant mechanism for PAC mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Enell
- Swedish Geotechnical Institute (SGI), SE-581 93 Linköping, Sweden
| | | | - Hans Peter H Arp
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sarah Josefsson
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
- Geological Survey of Sweden (SGU), Box 670, SE-751 28 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gerard Cornelissen
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Sciences (ACES), Stockholm University , SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (IMV), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU) , P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Ola Wik
- Swedish Geotechnical Institute (SGI), SE-581 93 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Dan Berggren Kleja
- Swedish Geotechnical Institute (SGI), SE-581 93 Linköping, Sweden
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences , Box 7014, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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16
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Belles A, Alary C, Mamindy-Pajany Y. Thickness and material selection of polymeric passive samplers for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water: Which more strongly affects sampler properties? ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:1708-1717. [PMID: 26647116 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Three configurations of single-phase polymer passive samplers made of polyoxymethylene (POM), silicone rubber, and polyethylene (PE) were simultaneously calibrated in laboratory experiments by determining their partitioning coefficients and the POM diffusion coefficients and by validating a kinetic accumulation model. In addition, the performance of each device was evaluated under field conditions. With the support of the developed model, the device properties are discussed with regard to material selection and polymer thickness. The results show that a sampler's properties, such as its concentration-averaging period and ability to sample a large amount of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, are widely affected by material selection. Sampler thickness also allows modulation of the properties of the device but with a much lower magnitude. Selection of the appropriate polymer and/or thickness allows samplers to be adapted either for quick equilibration or for the kinetic accumulation regime and promotes either membrane or water boundary layer control of the kinetic accumulation. In addition, membrane-controlled or equilibrated compounds are quantified with greater accuracy because they are not corrected by the performance reference compounds approach. However, the averaged concentrations cannot be assessed when compounds reach equilibrium in the sampler, whereas membrane-controlled devices remaining in the kinetic accumulation regime provide averaged concentrations without requiring performance reference compound correction; detection limits are then increased because of the higher mass transfer resistance of the membrane. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1708-1717. © 2015 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Belles
- Mines Douai, LGCGE-GCE, Douai, France
- Lille University of Science and Technology, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Claire Alary
- Mines Douai, LGCGE-GCE, Douai, France
- Lille University of Science and Technology, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Yannick Mamindy-Pajany
- Mines Douai, LGCGE-GCE, Douai, France
- Lille University of Science and Technology, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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17
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Wincent E, Le Bihanic F, Dreij K. Induction and inhibition of human cytochrome P4501 by oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2016; 5:788-799. [PMID: 30090389 PMCID: PMC6062249 DOI: 10.1039/c6tx00004e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Our data represent the first demonstration that oxy-PAHs can be potent inhibitors of CYP1 expression and function.
Oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (oxy-PAHs) are found in the environment together with PAHs. However, less is known concerning their biological activity including their impact on aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) signalling and the subsequent modulation of the cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP). In this study, the effects of 15 environmentally relevant oxy-PAHs on the induction and activity of the CYP1 enzymes were determined in vitro by measuring gene expression levels and enzyme activity. We found that nine of the tested oxy-PAHs significantly induced CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 gene expression in human keratinocytes (HaCaT cells) while only five of these also were potent inducers of CYP1-dependent ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity suggesting that some of the oxy-PAHs are both activators of AHR signalling and inhibitors of CYP1 function. Using a recombinant human CYP1A1 enzyme we showed that eleven of the oxy-PAHs potently inhibited enzyme activity with benz[a]anthracene-7,12-quinone (7,12-BAQ) and benzo[a]fluorenone (BFLO) being the most potent inhibitors (IC50 = 0.037 and 0.061 μM, respectively). We further exposed HaCaT cells to binary mixtures of oxy-PAHs and the model AHR agonist 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) to investigate potential interaction effects. The results showed that oxy-PAHs can interfere with the TCDD-mediated effects leading to reduced CYP1A1 and 1B1 expression and EROD activity. These data represent the first demonstration that oxy-PAHs can be potent inhibitors of CYP1 expression and function and make important contributions towards understanding the mechanisms through which oxy-PAHs can contribute to the overall risk of polycyclic aromatic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Wincent
- Institute of Environmental Medicine , Karolinska Institutet , 171 77 Stockholm , Sweden . .,Swedish Toxicology Sciences Research Center (Swetox) , 151 36 Södertälje , Sweden
| | - Florane Le Bihanic
- Institute of Environmental Medicine , Karolinska Institutet , 171 77 Stockholm , Sweden .
| | - Kristian Dreij
- Institute of Environmental Medicine , Karolinska Institutet , 171 77 Stockholm , Sweden .
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18
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Arp HPH, Hale SE, Elmquist Kruså M, Cornelissen G, Grabanski CB, Miller DJ, Hawthorne SB. Review of polyoxymethylene passive sampling methods for quantifying freely dissolved porewater concentrations of hydrophobic organic contaminants. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:710-720. [PMID: 25702935 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Meth ods involving polyoxymethylene (POM) as a passive sampler are increasing in popularity to assess contaminant freely dissolved porewater concentrations in soils and sediments. These methods require contaminant-specific POM-water partition coefficients, KPOM . Certain methods for determining KPOM perform reproducibly (within 0.2 log units). However, other methods can give highly varying KPOM values (up to 2 log units), especially for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). To account for this variation, the authors tested the influence of key methodological components in KPOM determinations, including POM thickness, extraction procedures, and environmental temperature and salinity, as well as uptake kinetics in mixed and static systems. All inconsistencies in the peer-reviewed literature can be accounted for by the likelihood that thick POM materials (500 μm or thicker) do not achieve equilibrium (causing negative biases up to 1 log unit), or that certain POM extraction procedures do not ensure quantitative extraction (causing negative biases up to 2 log units). Temperature can also influence KPOM , although all previous literature studies were carried out at room temperature. The present study found that KPOM values at room temperature are independent (within 0.2 log units) of POM manufacture method, of thickness between 17 μm and 80 μm, and of salinity between 0% and 10%. Regarding kinetics, monochloro- to hexachloro-polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were within 0.2 log units of equilibrium after 28 d in the mixed system, but only dichloro-PCBs achieved near equilibrium after 126 d in the static system. Based on these insights, recommended methods and KPOM values to facilitate interlaboratory reproducibility are presented.
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19
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Wincent E, Jönsson ME, Bottai M, Lundstedt S, Dreij K. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation and developmental toxicity in zebrafish in response to soil extracts containing unsubstituted and oxygenated PAHs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:3869-3877. [PMID: 25715055 DOI: 10.1021/es505588s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Many industrial sites are polluted by complex mixtures of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs). Besides polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), these mixtures often contain significant amounts of more polar PACs including oxygenated PAHs (oxy-PAHs). The effects of oxy-PAHs are, however, poorly known. Here we used zebrafish embryos to examine toxicities and transcriptional changes induced by PAC containing soil extracts from three different industrial sites: a gasworks (GAS), a former wood preservation site (WOOD), and a coke oven (COKE), and to PAH and oxy-PAH containing fractions of these. All extracts induced aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr)-regulated mRNAs, malformations, and mortality. The WOOD extract was most toxic and the GAS extract least toxic. The extracts induced glutathione transferases and heat shock protein 70, suggesting that the toxicity also involved oxidative stress. With all extracts, Ahr2-knock-down reduced the toxicity, indicating a significant Ahr2-dependence on the effects. Ahr2-knock-down was most effective with the PAH fraction of the WOOD extract and with the oxy-PAH fraction of the COKE extract. Our results indicate that oxy-PAH containing mixtures can be as potent Ahr activators and developmental toxicants as PAHs. In addition to Ahr activating potency, the profile of cytochrome P4501 inhibitors may also determine the toxic potency of the extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Wincent
- †Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- ‡Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria E Jönsson
- †Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- ‡Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, 751 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Matteo Bottai
- †Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Kristian Dreij
- †Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Arp HPH, Lundstedt S, Josefsson S, Cornelissen G, Enell A, Allard AS, Kleja DB. Native oxy-PAHs, N-PACs, and PAHs in historically contaminated soils from Sweden, Belgium, and France: their soil-porewater partitioning behavior, bioaccumulation in Enchytraeus crypticus, and bioavailability. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:11187-95. [PMID: 25216345 DOI: 10.1021/es5034469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Soil quality standards are based on partitioning and toxicity data for laboratory-spiked reference soils, instead of real world, historically contaminated soils, which would be more representative. Here 21 diverse historically contaminated soils from Sweden, Belgium, and France were obtained, and the soil-porewater partitioning along with the bioaccumulation in exposed worms (Enchytraeus crypticus) of native polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) were quantified. The native PACs investigated were polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and, for the first time to be included in such a study, oxygenated-PAHs (oxy-PAHs) and nitrogen containing heterocyclic PACs (N-PACs). The passive sampler polyoxymethylene (POM) was used to measure the equilibrium freely dissolved porewater concentration, Cpw, of all PACs. The obtained organic carbon normalized partitioning coefficients, KTOC, show that sorption of these native PACs is much stronger than observed in laboratory-spiked soils (typically by factors 10 to 100), which has been reported previously for PAHs but here for the first time for oxy-PAHs and N-PACs. A recently developed KTOC model for historically contaminated sediments predicted the 597 unique, native KTOC values in this study within a factor 30 for 100% of the data and a factor 3 for 58% of the data, without calibration. This model assumes that TOC in pyrogenic-impacted areas sorbs similarly to coal tar, rather than octanol as typically assumed. Black carbon (BC) inclusive partitioning models exhibited substantially poorer performance. Regarding bioaccumulation, Cpw combined with liposome-water partition coefficients corresponded better with measured worm lipid concentrations, Clipid (within a factor 10 for 85% of all PACs and soils), than Cpw combined with octanol-water partition coefficients (within a factor 10 for 76% of all PACs and soils). E. crypticus mortality and reproducibility were also quantified. No enhanced mortality was observed in the 21 historically contaminated soils despite expectations from PAH spiked reference soils. Worm reproducibility weakly correlated to Clipid of PACs, though the contributing influence of metal concentrations and soil texture could not be taken into account. The good agreement of POM-derived Cpw with independent soil and lipid partitioning models further supports that soil risk assessments would improve by accounting for bioavailability. Strategies for including bioavailability in soil risk assessment are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Peter H Arp
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway
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