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Wei X, Huang Z, Jiang L, Li Y, Zhang X, Leng Y, Jiang C. Charting the landscape of the environmental exposome. IMETA 2022; 1:e50. [PMID: 38867899 PMCID: PMC10989948 DOI: 10.1002/imt2.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
The exposome depicts the total exposures in the lifetime of an organism. Human exposome comprises exposures from environmental and humanistic sources. Biological, chemical, and physical environmental exposures pose potential health threats, especially to susceptible populations. Although still in its nascent stage, we are beginning to recognize the vast and dynamic nature of the exposome. In this review, we systematically summarize the biological and chemical environmental exposomes in three broad environmental matrices-air, soil, and water; each contains several distinct subcategories, along with a brief introduction to the physical exposome. Disease-related environmental exposures are highlighted, and humans are also a major source of disease-related biological exposures. We further discuss the interactions between biological, chemical, and physical exposomes. Finally, we propose a list of outstanding challenges under the exposome research framework that need to be addressed to move the field forward. Taken together, we present a detailed landscape of environmental exposome to prime researchers to join this exciting new field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wei
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Zinuo Huang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Liuyiqi Jiang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Yueer Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Department of GeneticsStanford UniversityStanfordCaliforniaUSA
| | - Yuxin Leng
- Department of Intensive Care UnitPeking University Third HospitalBeijingChina
| | - Chao Jiang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Cell Biology, Life Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiangChina
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouZhejiangChina
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Soares MV, Mesadri J, Gonçalves DF, Cordeiro LM, Franzen da Silva A, Obetine Baptista FB, Wagner R, Dalla Corte CL, Soares FAA, Ávila DS. Neurotoxicity induced by toluene: In silico and in vivo evidences of mitochondrial dysfunction and dopaminergic neurodegeneration. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 298:118856. [PMID: 35033616 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Toluene is an air pollutant widely used as an organic solvent in industrial production and emitted by fossil fuel combustion, in addition to being used as a drug of abuse. Its toxic effects in the central nervous system have not been well established, and how and which neurons are affected remains unknown. Hence, this study aimed to fill this gap by investigating three central questions: 1) How does toluene induce neurotoxicity? 2) Which neurons are affected? And 3) What are the long-term effects induced by airborne exposure to toluene? To this end, a Caenorhabditis elegans model was employed, in which worms at the fourth larval stage were exposed to toluene in the air for 24 h in a vapor chamber to simulate four exposure scenarios. After the concentration-response curve analysis, we chose scenarios 3 (E3: 792 ppm) and 4 (E4: 1094 ppm) for the following experiments. The assays were performed 1, 48, or 96 h after removal from the exposure environments, and an irreversible reduction in neuron fluorescence and morphologic alterations were observed in different neurons of exposed worms, particularly in the dopaminergic neurons. Moreover, a significant impairment in a dopaminergic-dependent behavior was also associated with negative effects in healthspan endpoints, and we also noted that mitochondria may be involved in toluene-induced neurotoxicity since lower adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) levels and mitochondrial viability were observed. In addition, a reduction of electron transport chain activity was evidenced using ex vivo protocols, which were reinforced by in silico and in vitro analysis, demonstrating toluene action in the mitochondrial complexes. Based on these findings model, it is plausible that toluene neurotoxicity can be initiated by complex I inhibition, triggering a mitochondrial dysfunction that may lead to irreversible dopaminergic neuronal death, thus impairing neurobehavioral signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcell Valandro Soares
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Grupo de Pesquisa em Bioquímica e Toxicologia em Caenorhabditis elegans (GBToxCe), Universidade Federal do Pampa - UNIPAMPA, CEP 97500-970, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana Mesadri
- Departamento: Tecnologia e Ciência dos Alimentos, Centro de Ciência Rurais, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia dos Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Débora Farina Gonçalves
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Larissa Marafiga Cordeiro
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Aline Franzen da Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabiane Bicca Obetine Baptista
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Roger Wagner
- Departamento: Tecnologia e Ciência dos Alimentos, Centro de Ciência Rurais, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência e Tecnologia dos Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Lenz Dalla Corte
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Félix Alexandre Antunes Soares
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas, Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Daiana Silva Ávila
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Bioquímica e Toxicologia em Caenorhabditis elegans (GBToxCe), Universidade Federal do Pampa - UNIPAMPA, CEP 97500-970, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.
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Shang B, Zhou T, Tao X, Chen Y, Dong H. Simultaneous removal of ammonia and volatile organic compounds from composting of dead pigs and manure using pilot-scale biofilter. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2021; 71:378-391. [PMID: 33094706 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2020.1841040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Odor emission is one of the most common problems associated with dead animals composting. Biofiltration treatment for eliminating exhaust odors formed during dead pigs and manure composting has been studied. The composting and biofiltration process consisted of two series of tests. Composting experimental trials lasted 6 weeks, and composting was performed using six pilot-scale reactor vessels. A total of 37 kinds of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in the air were identified, and temporal variations were determined during the 42 days of composting. Dimethyl sulfide (DMS), dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS), and trimethylamine (TMA) were identified as the main odors VOCs component according to odor active values (OAVs). Nine biofilter vessels containing mature compost were used in studying the effect of different (30, 60, and 100 s) empty bed retention times (EBRT) on the simultaneous removal efficiencies (REs) of NH3, DMS, DMDS, DMTS, and TMA. Results indicated that the inlet concentration of NH3 applied was 12-447 mg m-3, and the average removal efficiencies were 85.4%, 88.7%, and 89.0% for EBRTs of 30, 60, and 100 s, respectively. The average REs of DMS, DMDS, DMTS, and TMA were 79.2%-95.4%, 81.9%-94.0%, 76.7%-99.1%, and 92.9%-100%, respectively, and their maximum elimination capacity (ECs) were 220, 1301, 296, and 603 mg m-3 h-1, respectively. The optimal EBRT for the stimulation removal of NH3, DMS, DMDS, DMTS, and TMA was 60 s.Implications: Dimethyl sulfide (DMS), dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS), and trimethylamine (TMA) were identified as the main odors VOCs component during dead pigs and manure composting. Biofilter with mature as media can be used to stimulation remove NH3, DMS, DMDS, DMTS, and TMA, the optimal empty bed retention times EBRT was 60 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Shang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Waste Utilization in Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tanlong Zhou
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Waste Utilization in Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuping Tao
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Waste Utilization in Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongxing Chen
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Waste Utilization in Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmin Dong
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and Waste Utilization in Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Gallego E, Folch J, Teixidor P, Roca FJ, Perales JF. Outdoor air monitoring: Performance evaluation of a gas sensor to assess episodic nuisance/odorous events using active multi-sorbent bed tube sampling coupled to TD-GC/MS analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 694:133752. [PMID: 31401501 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the performance of a commercially available metal oxide semiconductor gas sensor (TGS 2602, Figaro Engineering Inc.) for activating a monitoring system when a nuisance/odorous pollution episode of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) occur, a widely used active sampling methodology based on multi-sorbent bed tubes (Carbotrap, Carbopack X and Carboxen 569) and analysis through automatic thermal desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used. Daily 24 h samples of multi-sorbent bed tubes were taken over a period of 14 days using an air collector pump sampler specially designed in the LCMA-UPC laboratory. Simultaneously, daily episodic samples were taken according to the activation of another LCMA-UPC sampler by the metal oxide semiconductor gas sensor. Sampling was done throughout January-February 2019 at El Morell (Tarragona, Spain), near the petrochemical area. All episode samples present higher concentrations of VOCs than 24 h samples, with an average ratio of 3.5 times for Total VOCs. VOC familial distributions present very similar values in 24 h and episode samples (r2 = 0.7466), correlating significatively (F-Snedecor, p < 0.05). A higher level of VOCs in the atmosphere in general, not derived from a specific compound or a VOC/s family/ies, seems to be the trigger of the activation of the sampler by the sensor. On the other hand, no significant correlations are observed between alcohols concentrations and relative humidity (F-Snedecor, p < 0.05). Additionally, Total VOCs concentrations in episode samples are in agreement with higher percentages of NE-SSE wind directions, coming from the petrochemical complex. Hence, these aspects validate the use of the evaluated sensor for its application for the activation of samplers in air quality evaluations when episodic events occur, an interesting and innovative technique. Thus, this study is an important contribution to the understanding of the performance of gas sensors and proposes an expansion of their field of use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Gallego
- Laboratori del Centre de Medi Ambient, Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria Industrial de Barcelona (ETSEIB), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (LCMA-UPC), Avda. Diagonal, 647, E 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jaume Folch
- Laboratori del Centre de Medi Ambient, Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria Industrial de Barcelona (ETSEIB), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (LCMA-UPC), Avda. Diagonal, 647, E 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Teixidor
- Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Universitat de Barcelona (CCiTUB), Lluís Solé Sabarís 1-3, E 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Francisco Javier Roca
- Laboratori del Centre de Medi Ambient, Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria Industrial de Barcelona (ETSEIB), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (LCMA-UPC), Avda. Diagonal, 647, E 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Francisco Perales
- Laboratori del Centre de Medi Ambient, Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria Industrial de Barcelona (ETSEIB), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (LCMA-UPC), Avda. Diagonal, 647, E 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Klein F, Baltensperger U, Prévôt ASH, El Haddad I. Quantification of the impact of cooking processes on indoor concentrations of volatile organic species and primary and secondary organic aerosols. INDOOR AIR 2019; 29:926-942. [PMID: 31449696 PMCID: PMC6856830 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cooking is recognized as an important source of particulate pollution in indoor and outdoor environments. We conducted more than 100 individual experiments to characterize the particulate and non-methane organic gas emissions from various cooking processes, their reaction rates, and their secondary organic aerosol yields. We used this emission data to develop a box model, for simulating the cooking emission concentrations in a typical European home and the indoor gas-phase reactions leading to secondary organic aerosol production. Our results suggest that about half of the indoor primary organic aerosol emission rates can be explained by cooking. Emission rates of larger and unsaturated aldehydes likely are dominated by cooking while the emission rates of terpenes are negligible. We found that cooking dominates the particulate and gas-phase air pollution in non-smoking European households exceeding 1000 μg m-3 . While frying processes are the main driver of aldehyde emissions, terpenes are mostly emitted due to the use of condiments. The secondary aerosol production is negligible with around 2 μg m-3 . Our results further show that ambient cooking organic aerosol concentrations can only be explained by super-polluters like restaurants. The model offers a comprehensive framework for identifying the main parameters controlling indoor gas- and particle-phase concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Klein
- Laboratory of Atmospheric ChemistryPaul Scherrer InstituteVilligenSwitzerland
- Present address:
Meteorologisches Observatorium HohenpeissenbergDeutscher Wetterdienst (DWD)HohenpeissenbergGermany
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric ChemistryPaul Scherrer InstituteVilligenSwitzerland
| | - André S. H. Prévôt
- Laboratory of Atmospheric ChemistryPaul Scherrer InstituteVilligenSwitzerland
| | - Imad El Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric ChemistryPaul Scherrer InstituteVilligenSwitzerland
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Banton MI, Bus JS, Collins JJ, Delzell E, Gelbke HP, Kester JE, Moore MM, Waites R, Sarang SS. Evaluation of potential health effects associated with occupational and environmental exposure to styrene - an update. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2019; 22:1-130. [PMID: 31284836 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2019.1633718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The potential chronic health risks of occupational and environmental exposure to styrene were evaluated to update health hazard and exposure information developed since the Harvard Center for Risk Analysis risk assessment for styrene was performed in 2002. The updated hazard assessment of styrene's health effects indicates human cancers and ototoxicity remain potential concerns. However, mechanistic research on mouse lung tumors demonstrates these tumors are mouse-specific and of low relevance to human cancer risk. The updated toxicity database supports toxicity reference levels of 20 ppm (equates to 400 mg urinary metabolites mandelic acid + phenylglyoxylic acid/g creatinine) for worker inhalation exposure and 3.7 ppm and 2.5 mg/kg bw/day, respectively, for general population inhalation and oral exposure. No cancer risk value estimates are proposed given the established lack of relevance of mouse lung tumors and inconsistent epidemiology evidence. The updated exposure assessment supports inhalation and ingestion routes as important. The updated risk assessment found estimated risks within acceptable ranges for all age groups of the general population and workers with occupational exposures in non-fiber-reinforced polymer composites industries and fiber-reinforced polymer composites (FRP) workers using closed-mold operations or open-mold operations with respiratory protection. Only FRP workers using open-mold operations not using respiratory protection have risk exceedances for styrene and should be considered for risk management measures. In addition, given the reported interaction of styrene exposure with noise, noise reduction to sustain levels below 85 dB(A) needs be in place.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Banton
- a Gorge View Consulting LLC , Hood River , OR , USA
| | - J S Bus
- b Health Sciences , Exponent , Midland , MI , USA
| | - J J Collins
- c Health Sciences , Saginaw Valley State University , Saginaw , MI , USA
| | - E Delzell
- d Private consultant , Birmingham , AL , USA
| | | | - J E Kester
- f Kester Consulting LLC , Wentzville , MO , USA
| | | | - R Waites
- h Sabic , Innovative Plastics US LLC , Mount Vernon , IN , USA
| | - S S Sarang
- i Shell Health , Shell International , Houston , TX , USA
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Weisel CP, Fiedler N, Weschler CJ, Ohman-Strickland P, Mohan KR, McNeil K, Space D. Human symptom responses to bioeffluents, short-chain carbonyls/acids, and long-chain carbonyls in a simulated aircraft cabin environment. INDOOR AIR 2017; 27:1154-1167. [PMID: 28440000 PMCID: PMC5638674 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Occupants of aircraft have reported an array of symptoms related to general discomfort and irritation. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been suggested to contribute to the reported symptoms. VOCs are from products used, bioeffluents from people and oxidation reaction products. Thirty-six healthy, young female subjects rated symptoms and environmental quality during an eight-hour exposure to groups of compounds often present in aircraft: (i) long-chain carbonyls, (ii) simulated bioeffluents, and (iii) short-chain carbonyls/organic acids. Statistically more symptoms were identified for the simulated bioeffluents and, to a lesser extent, short-chain carbonyls/organic acids compared to a control condition, although they remained in the acceptable range. There were three temporal patterns in the environmental quality and symptom reports: (i) an adaptive response (immediate increases followed by a decline); (ii) an apparent physiological effect (increases one to three hours into the exposure that remained elevated); and (iii) no statistical differences in reported environmental quality or symptom severity compared to the control air conditions. Typical concentrations found in aircraft can cause transitory symptoms in healthy individuals questioning the adequacy of current standards. Understanding the effects on individuals sensitive to air pollutants and methods to remove the compounds causing the greatest symptom responses are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clifford P. Weisel
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
- Corresponding Author:
| | - Nancy Fiedler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Charles J. Weschler
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Pamela Ohman-Strickland
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Krishnan R. Mohan
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Kathy McNeil
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - David Space
- Environmental Control Systems, Boeing Commercial Aircraft Group, Seattle, WA 98203
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Norbäck D, Hashim JH, Hashim Z, Ali F. Volatile organic compounds (VOC), formaldehyde and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) in schools in Johor Bahru, Malaysia: Associations with rhinitis, ocular, throat and dermal symptoms, headache and fatigue. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 592:153-160. [PMID: 28319702 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper studied associations between volatile organic compounds (VOC), formaldehyde, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in schools in Malaysia and rhinitis, ocular, nasal and dermal symptoms, headache and fatigue among students. Pupils from eight randomly selected junior high schools in Johor Bahru, Malaysia (N=462), participated (96%). VOC, formaldehyde and NO2 were measured by diffusion sampling (one week) and VOC also by pumped air sampling during class. Associations were calculated by multi-level logistic regression adjusting for personal factors, the home environment and microbial compounds in the school dust. The prevalence of weekly rhinitis, ocular, throat and dermal symptoms were 18.8%, 11.6%, 15.6%, and 11.1%, respectively. Totally 20.6% had weekly headache and 22.1% fatigue. Indoor CO2 were low (range 380-690 ppm). Indoor median NO2 and formaldehyde concentrations over one week were 23μg/m3 and 2.0μg/m3, respectively. Median indoor concentration of toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, and limonene over one week were 12.3, 1.6, 78.4 and 3.4μg/m3, respectively. For benzaldehyde, the mean indoor concentration was 2.0μg/m3 (median<1μg/m3). Median indoor levels during class of benzene and cyclohexane were 4.6 and 3.7μg/m3, respectively. NO2 was associated with ocular symptoms (p<0.001) and fatigue (p=0.01). Formaldehyde was associated with ocular (p=0.004), throat symptoms (p=0.006) and fatigue (p=0.001). Xylene was associated with fatigue (p<0.001) and benzaldehyde was associated with headache (p=0.03). In conclusion, xylene, benzaldehyde, formaldehyde and NO2 in schools can be risk factors for ocular and throat symptoms and fatigue among students in Malaysia. The indoor and outdoor levels of benzene were often higher than the EU standard of 5μg/m3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Norbäck
- Uppsala University, Dept. of Medical Science, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Jamal Hisham Hashim
- United Nations University-International Institute for Global Health, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Community Health, National University of Malaysia, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zailina Hashim
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia (UPM), 43400 Serdang, Selagor, Malaysia
| | - Faridah Ali
- Johor State Health Department, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
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Mirasoli M, Gotti R, Di Fusco M, Basaglia G, Fiori J, Roda A. Efficacy of a titanium dioxide nanoparticles - based indoor anti-odor product as assessed by electronic nose and gaschromatography-mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 144:236-241. [PMID: 28336003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Indoor air pollutants and odorants may have psychological and physical impact on exposed individuals and the unpleasant room air is considered as one of the factors associated with sick building syndrome comprising general symptoms such as headache and lethargy. Approaches for improving the quality of indoor air are thus important as support for human health and well-being. Photo-oxidation catalyzed by titanium dioxide (TiO2), is one of the methods used for elimination of volatile organic compounds, which are the cause of odor nuisance in indoor and outdoor air. In the present investigation, the efficacy of an experimental anti-odor air freshener based on TiO2 nanoparticles was estimated by testing its ability in removing from a small air chamber (200mL) the odor of triethylamine solutions (50μL at concentrations between 0.700 to 700mM), used as a model volatile molecule for simulating fish-like unpleasant indoor environment. The evaluation was performed by electronic nose which provided a holistic and objective data on the efficacy of the product, demonstrating that the effects of triethylamine even at the highest tested concentrations can be completely removed by application of 3.0g of the product at 25% TiO2 nanoparticles concentration. The obtained results were confirmed by gaschromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis addressed to the quantitative determination of residual triethylamine in the environment after treatment by the anti-odor product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Mirasoli
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy; Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research-Advanced Applications in Mechanical Engineering and Materials Technology (CIRI-MAM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Roberto Gotti
- Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research-Advanced Applications in Mechanical Engineering and Materials Technology (CIRI-MAM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Di Fusco
- Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research-Advanced Applications in Mechanical Engineering and Materials Technology (CIRI-MAM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Basaglia
- Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research-Advanced Applications in Mechanical Engineering and Materials Technology (CIRI-MAM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jessica Fiori
- Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research-Advanced Applications in Mechanical Engineering and Materials Technology (CIRI-MAM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Aldo Roda
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Zhong L, Su FC, Batterman S. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in Conventional and High Performance School Buildings in the U.S. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:E100. [PMID: 28117727 PMCID: PMC5295350 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has been an indoor environmental quality (IEQ) concern in schools and other buildings for many years. Newer designs, construction practices and building materials for "green" buildings and the use of "environmentally friendly" products have the promise of lowering chemical exposure. This study examines VOCs and IEQ parameters in 144 classrooms in 37 conventional and high performance elementary schools in the U.S. with the objectives of providing a comprehensive analysis and updating the literature. Tested schools were built or renovated in the past 15 years, and included comparable numbers of conventional, Energy Star, and Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED)-certified buildings. Indoor and outdoor VOC samples were collected and analyzed by thermal desorption, gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy for 94 compounds. Aromatics, alkanes and terpenes were the major compound groups detected. Most VOCs had mean concentrations below 5 µg/m³, and most indoor/outdoor concentration ratios ranged from one to 10. For 16 VOCs, the within-school variance of concentrations exceeded that between schools and, overall, no major differences in VOC concentrations were found between conventional and high performance buildings. While VOC concentrations have declined from levels measured in earlier decades, opportunities remain to improve indoor air quality (IAQ) by limiting emissions from building-related sources and by increasing ventilation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lexuan Zhong
- Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Feng-Chiao Su
- Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Stuart Batterman
- Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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11
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Klein F, Farren NJ, Bozzetti C, Daellenbach KR, Kilic D, Kumar NK, Pieber SM, Slowik JG, Tuthill RN, Hamilton JF, Baltensperger U, Prévôt ASH, El Haddad I. Indoor terpene emissions from cooking with herbs and pepper and their secondary organic aerosol production potential. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36623. [PMID: 27830718 PMCID: PMC5103204 DOI: 10.1038/srep36623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cooking is widely recognized as an important source of indoor and outdoor particle and volatile organic compound emissions with potential deleterious effects on human health. Nevertheless, cooking emissions remain poorly characterized. Here the effect of herbs and pepper on cooking emissions was investigated for the first time to the best of our knowledge using state of the art mass spectrometric analysis of particle and gas-phase composition. Further, the secondary organic aerosol production potential of the gas-phase emissions was determined by smog chamber aging experiments. The emissions of frying meat with herbs and pepper include large amounts of mono-, sesqui- and diterpenes as well as various terpenoids and p-cymene. The average total terpene emission rate from the use of herbs and pepper during cooking is estimated to be 46 ± 5 gg-1Herbs min-1. These compounds are highly reactive in the atmosphere and lead to significant amounts of secondary organic aerosol upon aging. In summary we demonstrate that cooking with condiments can constitute an important yet overlooked source of terpenes in indoor air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Klein
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Naomi J. Farren
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Carlo Bozzetti
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Kaspar R. Daellenbach
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Dogushan Kilic
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Nivedita K. Kumar
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Simone M. Pieber
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Jay G. Slowik
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Rosemary N. Tuthill
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | | | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - André S. H. Prévôt
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Imad El Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
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12
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Gallego E, Roca FJ, Perales JF, Guardino X, Gadea E, Garrote P. Impact of formaldehyde and VOCs from waste treatment plants upon the ambient air nearby an urban area (Spain). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 568:369-380. [PMID: 27300568 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Gallego
- Laboratori del Centre de Medi Ambient. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (LCMA-UPC). Avda. Diagonal, 647. E, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Francisco Javier Roca
- Laboratori del Centre de Medi Ambient. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (LCMA-UPC). Avda. Diagonal, 647. E, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - José Francisco Perales
- Laboratori del Centre de Medi Ambient. Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (LCMA-UPC). Avda. Diagonal, 647. E, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Xavier Guardino
- Centro Nacional de Condiciones de Trabajo. CNCT-INSHT. Dulcet 2-10. E, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Enrique Gadea
- Centro Nacional de Condiciones de Trabajo. CNCT-INSHT. Dulcet 2-10. E, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Pedro Garrote
- Centro Nacional de Condiciones de Trabajo. CNCT-INSHT. Dulcet 2-10. E, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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13
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Exposure to Particle Matters and Hazardous Volatile Organic Compounds in Selected Hot Spring Hotels in Guangdong, China. ATMOSPHERE 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos7040054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Abraham MH, Gola JMR, Cometto-Muñiz JE. An assessment of air quality reflecting the chemosensory irritation impact of mixtures of volatile organic compounds. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 86:84-91. [PMID: 26550706 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We present a method to assess the air quality of an environment based on the chemosensory irritation impact of mixtures of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in such environment. We begin by approximating the sigmoid function that characterizes psychometric plots of probability of irritation detection (Q) versus VOC vapor concentration to a linear function. First, we apply an established equation that correlates and predicts human sensory irritation thresholds (SIT) (i.e., nasal and eye irritation) based on the transfer of the VOC from the gas phase to biophases, e.g., nasal mucus and tear film. Second, we expand the equation to include other biological data (e.g., odor detection thresholds) and to include further VOCs that act mainly by "specific" effects rather than by transfer (i.e., "physical") effects as defined in the article. Then we show that, for 72 VOCs in common, Q values based on our calculated SITs are consistent with the Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) listed for those same VOCs on the basis of sensory irritation by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). Third, we set two equations to calculate the probability (Qmix) that a given air sample containing a number of VOCs could elicit chemosensory irritation: one equation based on response addition (Qmix scale: 0.00 to 1.00) and the other based on dose addition (1000*Qmix scale: 0 to 2000). We further validate the applicability of our air quality assessment method by showing that both Qmix scales provide values consistent with the expected sensory irritation burden from VOC mixtures present in a wide variety of indoor and outdoor environments as reported on field studies in the literature. These scales take into account both the concentration of VOCs at a particular site and the propensity of the VOCs to evoke sensory irritation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael H Abraham
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H OAJ, UK.
| | - Joelle M R Gola
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H OAJ, UK
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da Silva NR, Ferreira LA, Madeira PP, Teixeira JA, Uversky VN, Zaslavsky BY. Analysis of partitioning of organic compounds and proteins in aqueous polyethylene glycol-sodium sulfate aqueous two-phase systems in terms of solute-solvent interactions. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1415:1-10. [PMID: 26342872 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.08.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Partition behavior of nine small organic compounds and six proteins was examined in poly(ethylene glycol)-8000-sodium sulfate aqueous two-phase systems containing 0.5M osmolyte (sorbitol, sucrose, trehalose, TMAO) and poly(ethylene glycol)-10000-sodium sulfate system, all in 0.01M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 6.8. The differences between the solvent properties of the coexisting phases (solvent dipolarity/polarizability, hydrogen bond donor acidity, and hydrogen bond acceptor basicity) were characterized with solvatochromic dyes using the solvatochromic comparison method. Differences between the electrostatic properties of the phases were determined by analysis of partitioning of sodium salts of dinitrophenylated (DNP-) amino acids with aliphatic alkyl side-chain. It was found out that the partition coefficient of all compounds examined (including proteins) may be described in terms of solute-solvent interactions. The results obtained in the study show that solute-solvent interactions of nonionic organic compounds and proteins in polyethylene glycol-sodium sulfate aqueous two-phase system differ from those in polyethylene glycol-dextran system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno R da Silva
- IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
| | - Luisa A Ferreira
- Analiza, Inc., 3615 Superior Ave., Cleveland, OH 44114, USA; Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
| | - Pedro P Madeira
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
| | - José A Teixeira
- IBB-Institute for Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Biological Engineering, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia
| | - Boris Y Zaslavsky
- Analiza, Inc., 3615 Superior Ave., Cleveland, OH 44114, USA; Institute for Biological Instrumentation, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia.
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Sweeney LM, Kester JE, Kirman CR, Gentry PR, Banton MI, Bus JS, Gargas ML. Risk assessments for chronic exposure of children and prospective parents to ethylbenzene (CAS No. 100-41-4). Crit Rev Toxicol 2015; 45:662-726. [PMID: 25997510 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2015.1046157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Potential chronic health risks for children and prospective parents exposed to ethylbenzene were evaluated in response to the Voluntary Children's Chemical Evaluation Program. Ethylbenzene exposure was found to be predominately via inhalation with recent data demonstrating continuing decreases in releases and both outdoor and indoor concentrations over the past several decades. The proportion of ethylbenzene in ambient air that is attributable to the ethylbenzene/styrene chain of commerce appears to be relatively very small, less than 0.1% based on recent relative emission estimates. Toxicity reference values were derived from the available data, with physiologically based pharmacokinetic models and benchmark dose methods used to assess dose-response relationships. An inhalation non-cancer reference concentration or RfC of 0.3 parts per million (ppm) was derived based on ototoxicity. Similarly, an oral non-cancer reference dose or RfD of 0.5 mg/kg body weight/day was derived based on liver effects. For the cancer assessment, emphasis was placed upon mode of action information. Three of four rodent tumor types were determined not to be relevant to human health. A cancer reference value of 0.48 ppm was derived based on mouse lung tumors. The risk characterization for ethylbenzene indicated that even the most highly exposed children and prospective parents are not at risk for non-cancer or cancer effects of ethylbenzene.
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