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Moenning JL, Krause T, Lamp J, Maul R, Schenkel H, Fürst P, Pieper R, Numata J. Transfer of polychlorinated dibenzo- p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from oral exposure into cow's milk - part II: toxicokinetic predictive models for risk assessment. Nutr Res Rev 2023; 36:484-497. [PMID: 36345910 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422422000208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the transfer of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) as well as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from oral exposure into cow's milk is not purely an experimental endeavour, as it has produced a large corpus of theoretical work. This work consists of a variety of predictive toxicokinetic models in the realms of health and environmental risk assessment and risk management. Their purpose is to provide mathematical predictive tools to organise and integrate knowledge on the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion processes. Toxicokinetic models are based on more than 50 years of transfer studies summarised in part I of this review series. Here in part II, several of these models are described and systematically classified with a focus on their applicability to risk analysis as well as their limitations. This part of the review highlights the opportunities and challenges along the way towards accurate, congener-specific predictive models applicable to changing animal breeds and husbandry conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Louis Moenning
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, Berlin10589, Germany
| | - Torsten Krause
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish, Max Rubner-Institut, Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, Kiel24103, Germany
| | - Julika Lamp
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish, Max Rubner-Institut, Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, Kiel24103, Germany
| | - Ronald Maul
- Department of Safety and Quality of Milk and Fish, Max Rubner-Institut, Hermann-Weigmann-Straße 1, Kiel24103, Germany
| | - Hans Schenkel
- Department of Animal Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 10, Stuttgart70599, Germany
| | - Peter Fürst
- Chemical and Veterinary Analytical Institute Münsterland-Emscher-Lippe (CVUA-MEL), Joseph-König-Straße 40, Münster48147, Germany
| | - Robert Pieper
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, Berlin10589, Germany
| | - Jorge Numata
- Department Safety in the Food Chain, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, Berlin10589, Germany
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Ray A, Forrestal P, Nkwonta C, Rahman N, Byrne P, Danaher M, Richards K, Hogan S, Cummins E. Modelling potential human exposure to the urease inhibitor NBPT through the environment-food pathway. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 179:108149. [PMID: 37634297 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The urease inhibitor N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) has recently attracted a lot of attention attributing to its efficiency in reducing ammonia loss from urea fertiliser applied to temperate grassland soils. Ammonia gas lost to the environment causes soil acidification, eutrophication and contributes to global warming through increased greenhouse gas emissions and ozone layer depletion. The active chemical NBPT blocks the soil microbial enzyme (urease) and reduces ammonia emission. Furthermore, NBPT's use in agriculture might benefit farmers by reducing reliance on expensive nitrate fertiliser and aiding in a shift to more urea-based fertiliser (using NBPT co-applied with urea is more cost-effective). The present study was carried out to characterise the potential transfer of NBPT from grass to liquid milk and compute the associated human health risks. Using probabilistic risk assessment techniques, an exposure assessment model was developed to calculate the Estimated Daily Intake (EDI) of NBPT from milk, following co-application of NBPT with a urea N-fertiliser. Results show that the predicted mean concentration of NBPT in milk is 2.5 × 10-8 mg NBPT/kg milk, while the mean daily intake (EDI) of NBPT is 5 × 10-11 mg NBPT /kg BW/day). Back-calculations revealed that, under the studied conditions, for the EDI to exceed ADI of 3 × 10-2 mg NBPT/kg BW/ day, the NBPT application rate would need to exceed the NBPT fertiliser limit (0.09-0.2% by mass of urea nitrogen) set in the Commission Regulation (EC) No 1107/2008, and the bio-transfer factor would need to be over 100% (implausible). Sensitivity analysis revealed soil pH (SPH), phytoaccumulation factor (PF), NBPT permissible levels in fertiliser (NBPT%), pasture cover (P), and grazing rotation length (t) as critical factors influencing the EDI of NBPT. The present study concludes that NBPT presents negligible risk to human health under the conditions and assumptions studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Ray
- University College Dublin, School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Patrick Forrestal
- Teagasc, Crops, Environment and Land-Use Programme, Johnstown Castle, Co. Wexford Y35 Y521, Ireland.
| | - Chikere Nkwonta
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15 D15 KN3K, Ireland.
| | - Niharika Rahman
- Teagasc, Crops, Environment and Land-Use Programme, Johnstown Castle, Co. Wexford Y35 Y521, Ireland.
| | - Pilar Byrne
- Moorepark Food Research Centre, Teagasc, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Martin Danaher
- Food Safety Department, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin 15 D15 KN3K, Ireland.
| | - Karl Richards
- Teagasc Crops, Environment and Land Use Programme, Johnstown Castle, Co. Wexford Y35 TC97, Ireland.
| | - Sean Hogan
- Moorepark Food Research Centre, Teagasc, Fermoy, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Enda Cummins
- University College Dublin, School of Biosystems and Food Engineering, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Bruinen de Bruin Y, Franco A, Ahrens A, Morris A, Verhagen H, Kephalopoulos S, Dulio V, Slobodnik J, Sijm DTHM, Vermeire T, Ito T, Takaki K, De Mello J, Bessems J, Zare Jeddi M, Tanarro Gozalo C, Pollard K, McCourt J, Fantke P. Enhancing the use of exposure science across EU chemical policies as part of the European Exposure Science Strategy 2020-2030. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2022; 32:513-525. [PMID: 34697409 PMCID: PMC9349036 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-021-00388-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A scientific framework on exposure science will boost the multiuse of exposure knowledge across EU chemicals-related policies and improve risk assessment, risk management and communication across EU safety, security and sustainability domains. OBJECTIVE To stimulate public and private actors to align and strengthen the cross-policy adoption of exposure assessment data, methods and tools across EU legislation. METHODS By mapping and analysing the EU regulatory landscape making use of exposure information, policy and research challenges and key areas of action are identified and translated into opportunities enhancing policy and scientific efficiency. RESULTS Identified key areas of actions are to develop a common scientific exposure assessment framework, supported by baseline acceptance criteria and a shared knowledge base enhancing exchangeability and acceptability of exposure knowledge within and across EU chemicals-related policies. Furthermore, such framework will improve communication and management across EU chemical safety, security and sustainability policies comprising sourcing, manufacturing and global trade of goods and waste management. In support of building such a common framework and its effective use in policy and industry, exposure science innovation needs to be better embedded along the whole policymaking cycle, and be integrated into companies' safety and sustainability management systems. This will help to systemically improve regulatory risk management practices. SIGNIFICANCE This paper constitutes an important step towards the implementation of the EU Green Deal and its underlying policy strategies, such as the Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Bruinen de Bruin
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Space, Security and Migration, Geel, Belgium.
- European Chemical Industry Council (Cefic), Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Antonio Franco
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate on Health, Consumer and Reference Materials, Ispra, Italy
| | | | - Alick Morris
- European Commission, Directorate General Employment, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Hans Verhagen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland
| | - Stylianos Kephalopoulos
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate on Health, Consumer and Reference Materials, Ispra, Italy
| | - Valeria Dulio
- INERIS - National Institute for Environment and Industrial Risks, Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | | | - Dick T H M Sijm
- Dutch Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- University College Venlo, Campus Venlo, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Theo Vermeire
- RIVM - National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Takaaki Ito
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France
| | - Koki Takaki
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, France
| | | | - Jos Bessems
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Mol, Belgium
| | - Maryam Zare Jeddi
- RIVM - National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Josephine McCourt
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Space, Security and Migration, Geel, Belgium
| | - Peter Fantke
- Quantitative Sustainability Assessment, Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Driesen C, Zennegg M, Morel I, Hess HD, Nowack B, Lerch S. Average transfer factors are not enough: The influence of growing cattle physiology on the transfer rate of polychlorinated biphenyls from feed to adipose. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 270:129698. [PMID: 33556816 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Food of animal origin accounts for >90% of the overall human exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Food regulatory maximum levels help to control this exposure, but bovine meat has been found to be prone to exceed those occasionally. In order to ensure the chemical safety of bovine meat, the aim was to explore the dependency of the bioconcentration (BCF) and biotransfer (BTF) factor, and assimilation efficiency (AE) of PCBs on carcass lipid proportion and growth rate of beef cattle. Eleven bulls were fattened for 293 days with three different diets (7.0, 7.4, 7.5 MJ net energy for growth kg-1 dry matter) at PCB background levels, until slaughter at 530 or 600 kg body weight. Feed and perirenal adipose tissue were sampled for PCB analyses via GC/HRMS and carcass lipid proportion was estimated by the 11th rib dissection technique. For all tested PCBs, BCF (ranging from 0.7 to 18.4) and BTF (ranging from 0.1 to 2.7) decreased at least 1.5 up to 10.6-fold when the carcass lipid proportion increased by 4%, resulting from a typical dilution process. For a faster growth rate of 0.18 kg d-1 however, only a non-significant increasing trend in transfer factors (1.1 to 2.1-fold) was seen. Besides, the transfer factors increased with PCB chlorination degree, non-ortho substitution and lipophilicity. These results underpin the complex interaction between animal physiology and PCB physicochemical properties, making it challenging to interpret average transfer factors to support chemical risk assessment and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Driesen
- Empa, Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Agroscope, Ruminants Research Unit, Route de La Tioleyre 4, 1725, Posieux, Switzerland.
| | - Markus Zennegg
- Empa, Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Isabelle Morel
- Agroscope, Ruminants Research Unit, Route de La Tioleyre 4, 1725, Posieux, Switzerland.
| | - Hans Dieter Hess
- Agroscope, Animal Production Systems and Animal Health, Route de La Tioleyre 4, 1725, Posieux, Switzerland.
| | - Bernd Nowack
- Empa, Laboratory for Technology and Society, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Sylvain Lerch
- Agroscope, Ruminants Research Unit, Route de La Tioleyre 4, 1725, Posieux, Switzerland.
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Cui S, Hough R, Fu Q, Qi X, Liu D, Cooper P, Li P, Zhang Z. Concentrations and uptake pathways of polychlorinated biphenyls from soil to grass. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 182:109428. [PMID: 31302331 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Field coupled samples in soil and grass were collected to determine the concentrations and identify the uptake pathways of PCBs into the grass at a pasture from Scotland, UK. Concentrations of indicator PCBs (∑7PCBs) in soils ranged from 0.20 to 0.88 ng g-1 dw (dry weight), with a mean of 0.33 ng g-1 dw, and in grass ranged from 0.20 to 2.14 ng g-1 dw, with a mean of 0.48 ng g-1 dw. The comprehensive factors of low concentrations and detection rate (PCB28: 18.8%; PCB52: 37.5%) of PCBs in soil, as well as continuously declined air concentrations of PCBs in the UK since the 1990s suggested that the secondary emission from the soil is becoming the supplied source of PCBs to air and grass. The significant correlations between bioconcentration factor (BCF) values and the log KOW (R = -0.850, p < 0.05) and log KOA (R = -0.860, p < 0.05) of indicator PCB congeners were found in the present study, indicating that these two parameters are likely to affect the bioaccumulation and uptake of grass. A generic one-compartment model was employed to identify uptake pathways of grass and evaluate the uptake amounts for PCBs. This suggested that the most important pathway for uptake of PCBs by grass was at the aerial part, and the difference of PCBs concentrations between leaves and roots was about four orders of magnitude. Removing and risk transfer of PCBs or other organic pollutants by grass need to be investigated and assessed further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Cui
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China; The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK
| | - Rupert Hough
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK
| | - Qiang Fu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China
| | - Xuebin Qi
- China-UK Water and Soil Resources Sustainable Utilization Joint Research Centre, Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang, Henan, 453002, China
| | - Dong Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), School of Water Conservancy and Civil Engineering, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150030, China
| | - Pat Cooper
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK
| | - Ping Li
- China-UK Water and Soil Resources Sustainable Utilization Joint Research Centre, Farmland Irrigation Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang, Henan, 453002, China
| | - Zulin Zhang
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK.
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Bogdal C, Züst S, Schmid P, Gyalpo T, Zeberli A, Hungerbühler K, Zennegg M. Dynamic Transgenerational Fate of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Dioxins/Furans in Lactating Cows and Their Offspring. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:10536-10545. [PMID: 28876910 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report on two farms in Switzerland heavily contaminated by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxins (PCDD/Fs), occurring in the first case from diffuse sources and in the second case from PCB-containing wall paint. Extensive measurements of PCBs and PCDD/Fs on site (soil, forage, and paint) and in cattle (blood, fat, and milk) allowed validation of our novel dynamic toxicokinetic model, which includes the transfer of contaminants from the mother cows to their suckling calf and the uptake of soil by grazing cattle. We show that for calves, the mother milk is the main uptake route of contaminants. For both cows and calves, ingestion of contaminated soil, although often overlooked, is an appreciable uptake path. The remediation of the contaminated stable lead to a 2-3 fold reduction of the PCB levels in animals within one year. The transfer of animals to an uncontaminated mountain site during summer proved to be an effective decontamination procedure with up to 50% reduction of the levels within three months. Our study calls for a rapid removal of PCB-containing materials in animal husbandry farms and shows that the diffuse contamination of soils will remain a source for PCBs and PCDD/Fs in our food chain for decades to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bogdal
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Selina Züst
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Schmid
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Tenzing Gyalpo
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anicia Zeberli
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Konrad Hungerbühler
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich , Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Zennegg
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Takaki K, Wade AJ, Collins CD. Modelling the bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants in agricultural food chains for regulatory exposure assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:4252-4260. [PMID: 26336843 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5176-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
New models for estimating bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants in the agricultural food chain were developed using recent improvements to plant uptake and cattle transfer models. One model named AgriSim was based on K OW regressions of bioaccumulation in plants and cattle, while the other was a steady-state mechanistic model, AgriCom. The two developed models and European Union System for the Evaluation of Substances (EUSES), as a benchmark, were applied to four reported food chain (soil/air-grass-cow-milk) scenarios to evaluate the performance of each model simulation against the observed data. The four scenarios considered were as follows: (1) polluted soil and air, (2) polluted soil, (3) highly polluted soil surface and polluted subsurface and (4) polluted soil and air at different mountain elevations. AgriCom reproduced observed milk bioaccumulation well for all four scenarios, as did AgriSim for scenarios 1 and 2, but EUSES only did this for scenario 1. The main causes of the deviation for EUSES and AgriSim were the lack of the soil-air-plant pathway and the ambient air-plant pathway, respectively. Based on the results, it is recommended that soil-air-plant and ambient air-plant pathway should be calculated separately and the K OW regression of transfer factor to milk used in EUSES be avoided. AgriCom satisfied the recommendations that led to the low residual errors between the simulated and the observed bioaccumulation in agricultural food chain for the four scenarios considered. It is therefore recommended that this model should be incorporated into regulatory exposure assessment tools. The model uncertainty of the three models should be noted since the simulated concentration in milk from 5th to 95th percentile of the uncertainty analysis often varied over two orders of magnitude. Using a measured value of soil organic carbon content was effective to reduce this uncertainty by one order of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Takaki
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, School of Archaeology, Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6DW, UK
| | - Andrew J Wade
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, School of Archaeology, Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6DW, UK
| | - Chris D Collins
- Department of Geography and Environmental Science, School of Archaeology, Geography and Environmental Science, University of Reading, Reading, RG6 6DW, UK.
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Kar S, Roy K, Leszczynski J. On Applications of QSARs in Food and Agricultural Sciences: History and Critical Review of Recent Developments. CHALLENGES AND ADVANCES IN COMPUTATIONAL CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-56850-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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